Fingerprint Technology For Information Security

Joy Dutta

Exam Roll : 97/CSM/130033

M.Tech in CSE

2013 -15

Calcutta University

Protecting Your PC, Privacy and Self“The minute you dial in to your Internet service provider or

connect to a DSL or cable modem, you are casting your computer adrift in a sea of millions of other computers – all of which are sharing the world's largest computer network, the Internet. Most of those computers are cooperative and well behaved, but some are downright nasty. Only you can make sure your computer is ready for the experience.”

Daniel Appleman, Always Use Protection, A Teen's Guide to Safe Computing

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Agenda

♦ What information security?♦ Why Biometrics?♦ Fingerprint Patterns♦ Advanced Minutiae Based Algorithm♦ Identification vs. Authentication♦ Security♦ Applications♦ Versus other Biometric Technologies♦ Industry

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What is Information Security?

♦ The practice of defending information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction

♦ Process by which digital information assets are protected

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Understanding the Importance of Information Security

♦ Prevents data theft♦ Avoids legal consequences of not securing

information♦ Maintains productivity♦ Foils cyber terrorism♦ Thwarts identity theft

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Latest Trends - Identity Theft

♦ Crime of the 21st century♦ Involves using someone’s personal

information, such as social security numbers, to establish bank or credit card accounts that are then left unpaid, leaving the victim with the debts and ruining their credit rating

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Why Biometrics?

Why Biometrics?

Know Password, PIN

Have Key, Smart Card

Are Fingerprint, Face, Iris

♦ Biometrics is a security solution based on something you know, have, and are:

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Why Biometrics?

♦ Passwords are not reliable.– Too many – Can be stolen– Forgotten

♦ Protect Sensitive Information– Banking– Medical

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Why Biometrics?

♦ Has been used since 14th century in China– Reliable and trusted

♦ Will never leave at home♦ Fingerprints are unique

– Everyone is born with one

♦ 80% of public has biometric recorded in China

♦ 50% of public in India is now Biometric Recorded.

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Fingerprint Patterns

Fingerprints

♦ A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger.

♦ Their pattern is permanent and unchangeable on each finger during the whole life time of an individual.

♦ The probability that fingerprints of two individual are alike is about 1 in 1.9×1015.

♦ According to FBI the accuracy and reliability of fingerprint scans are correct 99.8% of the time.

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Fingerprint Patterns Arch- The ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in the

centre forming an arc, and then exit the other side of the finger.

Loop- The ridges enter from one side of a finger, form a curve, and then exit on that same side.

Whorl- Ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger.

Arch Loop Whorl

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The human population has fingerprints in the following percentages:

Loop – 65%Whorl -- 30%Arch -- 5%

Fingerprint Patterns

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Fingerprint Patterns

♦ Minutiae– Crossover: two ridges cross

each other

– Core: center

– Bifurcation: ridge separates

– Ridge ending: end point

– Island: small ridge b/w 2 spaces

– Delta: space between ridges

– Pore: human pore

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Fingerprint Patterns

♦ Two main technologies used to capture image of the fingerprint– Optical – use light refracted through a prism

– Capacitive-based – detect voltage changes in skin between ridges and valleys

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Fingerprint matching techniques

Techniques available for Fingerprint matching are :

1. minutiae-based .

2. correlation based.

Minutiae-based techniques first find minutiae points and then map their relative placement on the finger.

The correlation-based method is able to overcome some of the difficulties of the minutiae-based approach.

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Advanced Minutiae Based Algorithm (AMBA)

Advanced Minutiae Based Algo

♦ Advanced Minutiae Based Algorithm– Developed by Suprema Solutions– Two processes

• Feature Extractor• Matcher

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Advanced Minutiae Based Algorithm

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Advanced Minutiae Based Algo♦ Feature Extractor

– Core of fingerprint technology– Capture and enhance image– Remove noise by using noise reduction algorithm– Extract Minutiae

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Advanced Minutiae Based Algo♦ Feature Extractor

– Most frequently used minutiae in applications

• Points of bifurcation

• Ridge endings

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Advanced Minutiae Based Algo

♦ Feature Extractor – Minutiae Coordinate and Angle are calculated– Core is used as center of reference (0,0)

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Advanced Minutiae Based Algo♦ Matcher

– Used to match fingerprint– Trade-off between speed and performance– Group minutiae and categorize by type

• Large number of certain type can result in faster searches

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Identification vs. Authentication

♦ Identification – Who are you?– 1 : N comparison– Slower– Scan all templates in database

♦ Authentication – Are you John Smith?– 1 : 1 comparison– Faster– Scan one template

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Security

♦ Accuracy– 97% will return correct results– 100% deny intruders

♦ Image– Minutiae is retrieved and template created

• Encrypted data

– Image is discarded• Cannot reconstruct the fingerprint from data

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Security

♦ Several sensors to detect fake fingerprints– Cannot steal from previous user

• Latent print residue (will be ignored)

– Cannot use cut off finger• Temperature• Pulse• Heartbeat sensors

• Blood flow

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Advantage of Fingerprint:

♦ Very high accuracy.♦ Is the most economical biometric PC user authentication

technique.♦ Easy to use.♦ Small storage space required for the biometric template,

reducing the size of the database memory required♦ It is standardized.

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Disadvantages of Fingerprint:

For some people it is very intrusive, because is still related to criminal identification.

It can make mistakes with the dryness or dirty of the finger’s skin, as well as with the age (is not appropriate with children, because the size of their fingerprint changes quickly).

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Applications

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Applications

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Versus other Biometric Technologies

Technology Accuracy Convenience Cost Size

Fingerprint 5 5 4 4

Voice 1 5 5 5

Face 2 3 4 3

Hand 3 3 2 2

Iris 5 2 3 3

1 (worst) – 5 (best)

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Versus other Biometric Technologies

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Industry♦ Hot market♦ Lots of $$$

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Conclusion♦ Want to protect information♦ Passwords are not reliable; forget♦ Fingerprints have been used for centuries♦ next generation of fingerprint recognition devices which are highly

reliable and accurate♦ Fingerprints are unique; can verify♦ Very accurate♦ a broad acceptance with the general public, law enforcement and the

forensic science community a broad acceptance with the general public, law enforcement and the forensic science community

♦ Lots of applications being developed♦ Hot market. Lots of $$$♦ Hence, they will continue to be used for human recognition, for

Information Security & new systems that require a reliable biometric. 35

References♦ http://spie.org/x108321.xml♦ http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/authentication/biometric-scanning-technologies-finger-facial-retinal-scanning-1177

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Thank You!!!