Fingerprint Recognition

Presented By:Ranjit R, Banshpal

OutlineOutline

• Introduction to biometrics• Fingerprint• What is Fingerprint Recognition?• Fingerprint recognition system • Advantages• Disadvantages• Applications• Conclusion

Biometrics

• Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological data

• Biometrics refers to technologies that measure and analyze human body characteristics, such as DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns ,facial patterns and hand measurements, for authentication purposes.

• The two categories of biometric identifiers include :

physiological characteristics.behavioral characteristics.

Physiological characteristics :Fingerprint face recognitionDNApalm printhand geometry iris recognition(which has largely replaced retina)Odour /scent.

Behavioral characteristics :Gaitvoice

Fingerprint

• A fingerprint is the feature pattern of one finger.

• It is the pattern of ridges and valleys (also called furrows in the fingerprint literature) on the surface of a fingertip.

• Each individual has unique fingerprints so the uniqueness of a fingerprint is exclusively determined by the local ridge characteristics and their relationships

• These local ridge characteristics are not evenly distributed.

• Fingerprints are distinguished by Minutiae, which are some abnormal points on the ridges.• The two most prominent local ridge characteristics, called minutiae, are

1) ridge ending and2) ridge bifurcation.

Fig 1. A fingerprint image acquired by an Optical Sensor

• A ridge ending is defined as the point where a ridge ends abruptly.

• A ridge bifurcation is defined as the point wherea ridge forks or diverges into branch ridges.

Fig 2.ridge and valley

What is Fingerprint Recognition?

• Fingerprint recognition (sometimes referred to as dactyloscopy) is the process of comparing questioned and known fingerprint against another fingerprint to determine if the impressions are from the same finger or palm.

• The fingerprint recognition problem can be grouped into two sub-domains:

Fingerprint verification : Fingerprint verification is to verify the authenticity of one person by his fingerprint.

Fingerprint identification:Fingerprint identification is to specify one person’s identity by his fingerprint(s).

Fig 3.Verification vs. Identification

FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION SYSTEM

• Fingerprint recognition system operates in three stages:

(i) Fingerprint acquiring device (ii) Minutia extraction and (iii) Minutia matching

Fig 4. Fingerprint recognition system

1.Fingerprint acquisition:For fingerprint acquisition, optical or semi-conduct sensors are widely used. They have high efficiency and acceptable accuracy except for some cases that the user’s finger is too dirty or dry.

2.Minutia extractor :To implement a minutia extractor, a three-stage approach is widely used by researchers which are

preprocessing minutia extraction and postprocessing stage.

Fig 5.Minutia extractor

• For the fingerprint image preprocessing stage:

Image enhancement Image binarization Image segmentation

• The job of minutiae extraction closes down to two operations: Ridge Thinning, Minutiae Marking,.

• In post-processing stage, false minutia are removed and bifurcations is proposed to unify terminations and bifurcations.

3.Minutiae Matching:

• Generally, an automatic fingerprint verification is achieved with minutia matching (point pattern matching)instead of a pixel-wise matching or a ridge pattern matching of fingerprint images.

• The minutia matcher chooses any two minutia as a reference minutia pair and then match their associated ridges first.

• If the ridges match well, two fingerprint images are aligned and matching is conducted for all remaining minutia.

ADVANTAGES Very high accuracy.Easy to use.Small storage space required for the

biometric template.

DISADVANTAGES

Dirt , grime and wounds .Placement of finger.Can be spoofed .

applicationsBanking Security - ATM security,card

transactionPhysical Access Control (e.g. Airport)Information System SecurityNational ID SystemsPassport control (INSPASS)Prisoner, prison visitors, inmate controlVotingIdentification of CriminalsIdentification of missing childrenSecure E-Commerce (Still under research)

Conclusion

• The implemented minutia extraction algorithm is accurate and fast in minutia extraction.

• The algorithm also identifies the unrecoverable corrupted regions in the fingerprint and removes them from further processing.

• This is a very important property because such unrecoverable regions do appear in some of the corrupted fingerprint images and they are extremely harmful to minutiae extraction.