fingerprint history and introduction

7/28/2019 Fingerprint History and Introduction

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Personal Identification

Law of Multiplicity of Evidence

The greater the number of similarities anddissimilarities, the greater is the probability for the

conclusion to be correct.


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Early Method of identification

Tatooing

Maiming


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Alphonse Bertillion

Father of Personal Identification

1882, became head of the identification servicein the office of the Prefect of Police

Spread a new system of identification calledanthropometry

Combinedportrait parle with anthropometry


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Anthropometry

Anthropometry is a very old science whichrelates to the measurement ofbodydimensions. These may be:

lengths (e.g. the length of the thigh bone or femur), breadths (e.g. the width across the shoulders, the

biacromial breadth),

girths (e.g. waist circumference)

common measurements ( e.g. stature or heightand mass or weight)

measurement ofskinfold thickness at varioussites on the body (e.g. at the back of the upper arm,tricep skinfold).


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Portrait Parle

Literally means 'word picture'

Method of describing people verbally

Included in Bertillion's identification system

Foundation of present-day description ofcriminals and non-criminals


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Will West and William West

1903

US Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas

Almost exact Bertillion measurements


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History of Fingerprint

Picture writing of a hand with ridge patterns wasdiscovered in Nova Scotia.

In ancient Babylon, fingerprints were used onclay tablets forbusiness transactions.

In ancient China, thumb prints were found onclay seals. They referred to it as Hua Chi (Kiand Io)

In 14th century Persia, various officialgovernment papers had fingerprints(impressions), and one government official, adoctor, observed that no two fingerprints were

exactly alike.


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Nehemiah Grew

1684

Philosophical Transaction presented in RoyalSociety of London, England

Described the ridges and pores of the handsand feet


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Govard Bidloo

Studied sweat pores and ridges


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Marcelo Malpighi

Father of Dactyloscopy

1686

Professor at University of Bolognia, Italy

Written De Externo Tactus Organo

Discovery of Epidermis and Dermis layer

Malphigi layer


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JCA Mayer

1788

Anatomiche Kuphertafeln

First to state that fingerprints are never

duplicated in two persons


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Johannes Purkinje

1823

Professor at University of Breslau, Germany

Established a classification system of

fingerprints

Identified 9 type of patterns

Did not associate fingerprints with identification


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Herman Welcker

Took his own fingerprint twice with a lapse of 41years and showed the ridge formation remainsthe same


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William Herschel

1858

Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district inJungipoor, India

First to advocate the use of fingerprints assubstitute for signature among Indian natives toavoid impersonation

Based on superstition rather than personalidentification

Rajyadhar Konai local businessman, firstperson that Herschel took the palm print of


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Henry Faulds 1870's

British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital inTokyo, Japan

Credited with first fingerprint identification of agreasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle

Took up the study of "skin-furrows" after noticingfinger marks on specimens of "prehistoric" pottery

Published an article in the Scientific Journal,"Nature"

Fingerprint as means of personal identification

Use of printer's ink


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Gilbert Thomson

1882

U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico

Used his own thumb print on a document to

prevent forgery

First known use of fingerprints in the UnitedStates


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Mark Twain

1883

Samuel L. Clemens

Life of the Mississippi

a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprintidentification

Pudd'n Head Wilson

there was a dramatic court trial on fingerprintidentification


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Francis Galton

1888

First classification system

Developed the Arch, Loop and Whorl patterns

as general classification

Identified 9 types of patterns

First to establish a Civil Bureau of Personal

Identification

Minutia or Galton details

Stated that the possibility of having two

fingerprints alike is 1:64,000,000,000


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Juan Vucetich 1891

Argentine Police Official, began the firstfingerprint files based on Galton pattern types

System was accepted in most Spanish

Speaking countries At first, included fingerprint with the Bertillon

System files

1892 First criminal fingerprint identification

Francis Rojas-murdered her two sons and cut

her own throat (left a bloody mark at the post)


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Haque and Bose June 12, 1897

Council of the Governor General of India approveda committee report that fingerprints should be usedfor classification of criminal records

Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau became theworld's first Fingerprint Bureau

Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque and Rai Hem

Chandra Bose Indian fingerprint experts credited with primary

development of the Henry System of fingerprintclassification


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Edward Richard Henry

Father of fingerprint

Developed the Henry System of Classificationat Scotland Yard

Accepted by almost all English-speakingcountries

Published book "The Classification and Use of

Fingerprints"


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Edmond Locard

12 point system

Wrote that if 12 points (Galton's Details) werethe same between two fingerprints, it would

suffice as a positive identification

fingerprint history and introduction

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