finds catalogue - cotswold archaeology · c227) hila ii continuous eurte to ita profilll. nom of...
TRANSCRIPT
104 CIRENCESTER EXCA VATJONS 1lJ
Richborough and it is, therefore, impossible to date pottery securely to the fifth century in areaswhich are separate from Saxon fashions. There are no types of Romanized pottery which occurabove levels containing the latest coins, and not in earlier levels, so there is no Romanized potterywhich is a candidate for an exclusively fifth century date. There are no types of pottery in thisdeposit which require a date after 400. The radio carbon sample when calibrated gives a daterange ofA.D 410 to 580 at a 68% level of probability; there is, therefore, one chance in three thatthe deposit is before 410 or after 580.
The presence of such a closely knit group of coins makes it clear that the rubbish accumulatedfairly quickly during the last phase of coin use in Britain, and not after. At present no one has anyevidence to extend coin use beyond 420, and Andrew Burnett would end even the use of silverbefore 415 (Burnett 1984, 163-8), and bronze, presumably, before that. The coins suggest a datefor this deposit around the year 410. Nothing in the pottery neither does, nor can, conflict withthis, and this is completely consistent with the radiocarbon date as precisely calibrated. Thepresence of such a large and homogeneous group oflate fourth century pottery and coins, noneof which would have been available for deposit later in the fifth century, fix the deposit firmlyaround the year 400 and leave no hope for Dark Age Dementia.
FINDS CATALOGUE
D.r. tlacl<uth
All the brooches are lIade of topper alloy, uolen other.,ise atllc"d.
Colchester Dedvative.
I. Flll- 77. CY v 8. The _pdng 18 held In the Polden 11111 .annet, anIIda bnr pllUU rhrouah the IIpring lind pierced pllltes lit the end ofthe "lngll. The chord of the sprlllg h held by II rOllflolard-fadna hookbehind tbe head of the bn... Elich "lng ill short and hall .. bu.dedridge at ttl en,l. The Junetion of ttle bo ....tth the "tng. is •••1<"dto elther ddt! by ao arched lIauldillS r1llng froll the "toSI. Theupper part of the bn" hilS, do .... ltll 111ddle, II sunken bend-tOlf IItoppednt itl bottotl b,. II pair of lentlcubr bau•• fOnll1ns II ·V· aero.. thebov. The rut of the bov 1. pldn .. nd ta.pen do..... to .. foot-knobwlth II eToss-.ouldlng above.
2. Fig. 77. CY IVl 8. The ,pTlrtg, now IIhllins, wu held .... in thll bat.tt.th Wing 18 thIn in propottlon to thll bow, i. ahort au ..... apronounced rldae at the end. The thielc. bow in Willl lI"",ped over thewing. and haa .. atep do ..... ollch aide curling oyer to joIn the back ofth" .. ing.. there I. a rldgl'! down t~ eeaeee of thll bow and, to each.Ide, II lIne of ..lIall bollle. rhlns froll tireular &roovOla. At thebettoll of the bow 11 a Douldl"8 "nder whIch la.. cOlle with threerldglla round It. lo""r edgo ..od whose bue h dhhed vith a thloprojlll:Uon In the centre.
lIoth brooelMla blllone to the t)'pe to orhlth the vr!t"r rlllltrieta the nalle"Oolphin". 8rooth 1 i. close to the lIaln type "h1le 2 has e"q&eratlldproportiona. 8rooeh 1 belo"8s to a dllltlnct .ub-&roup vhoae d1ntribution11 wldel)' acattered and whOM detaU. hardl)' Tary: the lentle"l.. r eeeeeeof one frO'll Shakenoak F.. rll. Wileote, Oxon. (IITodribb ee al. t911. ItOand 118-9, flg_ ~1, 10) have IIll,llan grooves. Neatl)' illthe spelllllen.hSVll " "Ught recurve In the lowllr PIIrt of the bow, but O"e frollCirenceatllr (CClrlni .... ttu"eu:1. C227) hila II continuous eurTe to ita profilll.NOM of tbe sub-al'Uup ha. a eeeure date known to tile writllr alld theeetleral datil for the Dolphin is prob.bly 1I0at appropriate IMlte. Theear11est d .. ted SplletlOlln. without a foot-Ic.nob or TidJ;e at the enda of thewirtg., appeara to be OM froll T1Ie wnt. "'ginton. Varu. (Hobley 1969,107, fig. 19.t) ""'ieh belonga to the peri04 A.D. (,4-t.70 (Hobley 1913,13-S). Althouah there 1ll a apllcilllln with a foot-knob fro," thll I'oldlln HillHoard (llritl.h Mu.e .... 46.3-22. 125). thllre ill no good Indllpendllnt dating.Othervl.e. tbe dating run. into thll aoeond e"ntury. One frc. \#ro"eter iadated A.D. 80-120 (BlI.hll-Folt 1916. 23, pl.XV, 5). Another froll W.Ubelol\i' to the flr.t few deende& of that centur), (Gould 1%7, l1, Hg.7,7) II don one froll Verularah... (Frere 1912, ll~. fig. 29, 10). A1I1nlatun ",,_pill fro. Shal<enoak Fan (lIro<!.ribb et d. 1968, 95. Hg.21, 7) datea to eeteee A.D. 180. ~ -
Then ia a. y",t no good "parate dating for brooch 2. The d1ltr1butlon oflIuch lnrge brooch(1I nppellr. to be rentrltted. running enentl"Uy frOllClreneeater and up tile Severn YoU"y. TheiT main (nt"reat lJea io .. hetlie)' be at_on lIethod of lI"nufacture. The "Ilight of bnoeh 2 In .Ughtea.pared .. Ith its apparent bulk and in apeelUe gravity Ie 4.20, whilethat of brooeh 1 11 7.33, thun the ratio of tbe vdaht of brooch 2 to 1 laL:L.18. The .petlf1" gravlty of brooch 1 .uggeSts that it Is lIede of
nolld lIetal .....ile that of 2 aUUIl.n that 1t elther h.a. a hoHow untre orII ehy eeee , Th" latter 11 likely a. an exallinatlon of the back of thehead of the bow .how. that th"re 1a a hollo., v!th burnt clay lIateria]foning it. bot tOR. Thllre la at lent onll 1I0re like thl. in WorcuterKu.e leh bettlly. th" eee of a elay eeee In II. hollow behind the h'ud ofthe bo AnotheT rec"ntly found in Woreenter (eKc.vaUon., M.O.H. Corver,to be publ18h"ol) condntl only of the root. but .ho... dearly 10 the brealc.th. core ",.teoollng dovn beyond the tOp of tha eateh-plat" and • vaUthlekneu to the eaatln,; of not 1I0re th.n 2_. thera e ee .Olle din. Onthll lant elt..-ple that th.. c .. teh-plate IUy havo been lIade '"pllratnl)' andtben the bov elllt round It.
3. 'IS' n. CY.XlV -+. Tile hllld only of 1I brooeb whOIll h1nllad-pin houandin pl .. in .,in,;a of circular ."ctlon. On tha head 11 th" .tub of .. ltlabar 11 a caat-on loop. The aeetlon of the .urvhln,; part of thebroad bow i. thin lind ha.a a .USht ,wlIlled front.
Altho\l&h there i. little pre"ent to glva a claar Id ..a of the t)'pe to IIhlchthe brooeh belonglffi and deapite the aba<lnee of any orn'II""t, thera are twot:rpea to which it tould be relat"d. Th" dlallooatle foaturaa nell to b.the hinlld pin, the thtrl eireul.r allcttoned "lns., the loop on the head.nd th" aeetion of thll bow. Orae typll haa eUlla1tH calla down the front1I0.t often arnnled III three 10Ilel\&e. and hili a dhtrlbutlon In theaouth-weat of Engbnd (Dudley 1967, 32, rig_ 11. g). The typo appflIIr. tonnaw a ddinlte progrellioo ftOll a atat. whllU therll ere Rouldina' .roundthe loeenllea.nd above (e.s. Pitt lh'era 188S. 116. pl.ICCVll,» toOne ¥bleh h lIuch plalner re.pr".ente.d by two frOll ClIarlooo (Whl'!eler.nd Wheeler 1925, 162.fi&. 13, 10-L). Th" dat" range. t. not well fludbut part of it certainly lie. in the .ecottd entury, on .. frOIl Ghaunoalc.Fan, V11eot", O:Ion .• dati", to 100-180 (llrodribb at a1. 1%8, 94, tiS.27.2). --
The. other po.. lblOl typl! i ••pr".d thro\l&h ,outh"rtl England. The trait. Itdbplaya are elreular • .,etlooN ott...... lIainly plain, a tllb or.occ.aion.a11)'. a loop on the hend, atepO do"" the. shl", of th.. upper bo.... ith, On the f.. ea of the bo.,. two Taiaed Iozenne.a erln-cronad withgrooYea (CL Neal 1974. 125, fla. 34, 19). Aaaln tha datlnl Ia poor andit lIa)' be nU&&lInted that the likely~ for both typ". and th.rqforafor the preaellt lrapent. Ia tha tirst ha.ll of the aecond century.
Hod HUI
4. :Fig. 77. CY YIII 26. Very poorly preaerved. the io""r part of thebrooch, with tbe eatell-plate, i ••i ...i"8' The alt1l bar lor thehinalld pin IIaa hoUl" in tha u.ud rolled-o"er head. Thue. arll thre.ahaUolI flutlla ecren the helld of the. bov .. ith. au&gesrLon of ..bead-ro" &1011& the edgll of the top oee . Thll .... nlvtna part "f th..bov hnd tllO venied .hallow flut ...
rbere Ia no publiahed evid«>ce to anav that the Hod Hill had appearad inIIrttain before the Roaan Cotlqueat. On diatrlbutton around. alon... 1I0at ofthe .peel...n. had palled out of u.e b)' Go. A.D. 60 and wau .. cry rar. afur". A.D. 70 "" the 8lII111l nuaber kno"" io the land" tllken Into the Provlnetlby CedaUn d ....OtI.tratll.. 10 tho prl'!aent cue, the flute. ae ee .. thehead. with thll pollibla badly atrue" b"ad-row, eOllflled with th. plainflut"d bow augge.t .tranal)' that the brooeh t. a .1Ilhl1y d.... a\v.d venlonof the parllnt type, the ""cIne. It 'ee•• unlillely thlt It aurvlv"d ••late a. l:.. A.D. 60.
I
THE FINDS 105
~,, 3
2
, I 5
I
o, 4
8
77. Copper alloy brooches, nos. 1-5, 7; silver objects 8-9 (scale I:l)
106 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
5. tig. 11. CY V~. One "lnl ...lth the lOll\!r hl'lll .. ttll ttle foot are.. tul"l_ 1'h" ule bar of the hinged pin 1m. hOl1lled in .. inge havingan oc eegonel ne-Hon. The survIving "ina 11 Hnhh"d off wteh"apherlcd bon In.. tng frolO a double 1I0uldlng. On the head of thebow I •• rough "plke and the I"eclon of the bOil h " trapnll111 vith"narro.. front fate.
6. D! Xl. Only part of" very heaVily corroded II1ns 18 pre,ent. The,,1ng hae 8 h"u&onal "ettlon end luls pAn of "lobed bracket lIountedon It. lront lete. At the end of the ...ing 11" lIouldin•• ponlblyonea beaded, beyond ""'teh 1" .. lacge spberted bou. Tho brooch hedbun" relachely robust "aning and there ere clear tracn of goldplatlnS on ttl ecr reee . Not 111 ....c[.ted.
Brooch 5, wtth ite tMn b"'" and ttl .,ull knob, should not be .. late a.the .. (ddla of the fO\luh c"ntury. The .pike on the hud h corroded .ndit 1. not clear ..hetller It had bun lnt"ndd to be pldn or • Ilount felr a'"parndy .. ad" knob. Even thouall tllen h HtUe left of tile brooch, thebov and "ing section. a' lIell n the .......b .nd tile .ouldinge at th" "lid IIfthe "lna, eee nllt parall"l"d 111 c_b111.t10n at e1ther Saalburg lIrZupantd: bMII dt... ""re abandoned £.. A.D. 260 (Bal-... 1912. Udl, 94-9.taUn, 16-21, 69S-822. Schonbergu 1%9. 116-1). Therdore, brooch 5ahould be d.ted .. t tha earHeat to the letter P&rt of ebe th1rd century.Kellcr#. andyeia of broocMe frail coln de ted grav.. h.. led hill to poaita progullive ."r1e. of typea eutt1ng s.. 290 (Kfl11f.r 1971, 32--53). WhUethe Int tVII are not "ell dat"d. the Urn four typ.... appen to follo"each other fairly ..dl (ibid .• abb.12), but the cr1terh by ..bicb hed1vide. th, brooc'Ma Illto his IroUP' do not .lnclude the featuru fouaei Onbrooch 5 b...re and it lfOuld eeee thet tbe Ciromcutn broodl h unHkel,. todate veTylluch into the fourth century. if n all.
llrooch 6 cannOt be 1denelfhd rlth One of Keller#a t)'pel 011 th" b..h ofthe aurYiving fraguent. Be....v'"'. tM d&e of th" ea.tlng. the pre.ence oftile br,c1rat orna."nt vbieh once fUted .lnto the ,011e bet"e"n t .......ID,1aaft<! the bov, aNi the heavy gild1ng ••1I0uld pl.c'" tbe brooch In the fourtllc",ntur,., but pollibly eee in the fleCeed half.
~
7. Fll. 77. CX XB 7. The plate coo.ht. of. atJt-flided Ug\l.u dthdeeply cOllCave aid.. fonill3 ..rked cu:ap. ,t tM eeeeer e , Tha Mngedpin arung"",eot h hidd.... behind the ollly One of tM po1at. to.urvi.... ll1tact. On the lac.. of th" plate h a rece.a who" outeredle follo"5 the .hape of the pi.te lind haa in ehe centre • circularcell of rOtton ena.. d d"fined by a ring of .. eta I , The outer cell hnrollln. of l!abt hlu" en ....l wlth tnce. of tn.erred circular .potain the cuapa, the colour nf the only .u1'VlYil1£ .pot belnl ".rlybhclt..
the col,. Brlthh paralhl. the lI1'itar hall noted both C"e fro. 1l0r#I'lOUl"• nd lin und.ted (Dud,h,. 1967. 56. fig. 22. 210-1). A brooch fro.Z\l.p.ntel (aQl\D.e 1972, lO~, td. 25, 960) appur. to telate th.. pro...nte••plll to a aueh wld er flchool which. ii, 00 the vbola. poorly dated and11 leoerally ..dlmod to th" aacolld ceotur,. ( ... " BolPe 1972, 39).
OSJaCTS OF SILVER
"L1nda V1ner
B. Fi,. 77. il.ias., Typ.. VltI (Slln1, 197B. 38 lied tig. 1).Ch.racterhtic r101 of the thtrd century. "ith tri.ngu1ar .houlderaprOJceUnl at an Insle to the benl, "ith. qrlted carlnltloo belovthe bezeL 'An 1.podnS fot'll .ffect.. d by the higher order. of1II0clety'. For a clofle paulle 1 IU !{heeler and Vlteel"r 1932. flg.16, 55. CX XVI 4.
9. F11' 77. Inacrlb",<1 ather r1ns .de of. thin .trlp of aetd I.w1de, thlc'ltenill3 to 2.. n..ar the bne!, orllillally c. 1!hD 1ndu..eter (00" fhttened). TIle 0...1 bnel. 6.5.. Ions a:li. by 4....hort. carriu ao Inch"d inact1ptioo U1L\.. (l\l.li(l») - (property) ofluliul. (lnfot'llation courteay of Knk l1&a..11). CQ XVI 3.
OSJaCTS OF COPP!R ALLOY
"L1nd. Viner
~
10. Fig. 1B. ling-headed ph. The lover half of tM r1ng containl thr"ec:1rcuh.r knob•• t..... 1.rler central on" retdning itl blue glau1of11L The upper Mlf h Hn"ly ribbd.
!Icavlltioo. 00 tho IUe of the SlIltOll Church in L965 (:Brolll1 1976, 19.fll' 3.1) pTo<lu.eed a very .i.lhr etllla"lled r.lng-hellded pin,belongIng to th. aroup of ibelC-hladed p1n.. charact.. ri ...d by therlbbtns of the r1na. (Foyler 1964, 98-160). CQ llXV 2.
n. Fil' 7B. Ph vith .pher.lca! Ir«n Illllu he.d ellcirclilll the top ofth'" thank .mich tapera to a Hn.. poiot. (Co.P&fe Viner 198Zh, HI'53.26). ex XVIll 2.
12. F11. 18. Pl0 "ith .ouldUlgfl at ha.d, .u .....unte<l by. knob .nd diac"Uh o...al .vellinl topp1ns • bllnd ,,1th inched lettic... CX lUI 9.
13. Fil' J8. Pin ef re<:taquhr .ection. th.. !M.d In the fora of alently dnuoUi S-curve, with. Itl. of t.periOI circv.l.. r ...ctloo. exVll IL
St,lu.
14. Pli' 7B. Taperlol rod with oce eed eXploded aft<! flattened to fora.wedl....h.ped er••u, the other hollo.... d with r...in. of the iron.criblD,1 polat. CQ J:l 2.
~
15. RibboD-.trip brac.. let, platn .. lth flatten ..d O'I"al cro ......ctl(llI. Ilothtlraiub ar" brokco. but ooe .. llhlb1ta part of th.. circul.r hole forf ..tloilll' m: n 1.
16. FiS' 7B. UbboD"nrip brueht, of fl.t rectanlllIar croll-..ctlon.tha '\I.t"I'h.l1li lhe.r decoratioo con.ht. of • centrd 11'00". runninlpaullel to the 1I1du Of the ereeeree , aod fllll\'lted by #f .... therins# onth" edgn. POllr tr.lIIver.. lroo...e, cn.plete ene orn••ent In front ofth.. hole lind for fa.tenlnl' DR IX I.
17. Fig. 78. Ptllpeut of rlbboD-.trip bnc:elet of fhttened oval• ... tion, daeorated .. ith el.borate panal' of elreh and dot,traDlY"rae gt'OOYell aNi DOtched ed&O d..coratioo.. Cf. Cluu 1919,HI' 37, 650, R...c!,ltl Obeerv.Uoo C. D! VllI. Plg. 78 n..bllU 16 and17 are probably cee .nd the ,."e br.celnt.
18. Ftl. 7B. Ilneelet of .011d .q\l.ll1'......cUoned wire. with the hook fata.ten1ns ...tvhlol· Decornloe dona the upper lurf.ce con.ht. ofpanel. of tnoneue lind dlalOn.al Irno..... Interaptlu"d with plain~o"la. StnUflI ft"Oll the book the 'n..erat.· rud ll:l 11111 llXl11III n . 01 IX 1.
19. FiS' 78. Bracel"t of oblong cro"-I.ction. with th. outer oarro"hcet ornallentlld by e..enly .paced IlOtchea, .liovinl conddeuble "ellr.DE VI 1.
20. il.ibboD-lltrlp braceht of fl.t rect'na\l.hr e ee ..- ....Ction, thedecoration alons the .ed1ll1 line of the lltrlp con,bUna ofinterlocUnl flattened ee....ned S-c:oih IIllde with. 11•• 11 c1rcul.rpunch. Cf. "'edlake 1982, fli' 91. 32 fra- Nettleton, llf. IX +.
21. Fl .. t ribbon-.ttlp of oval cron-.actlon, \I.ndec:01'llt.d. Doll end Iul.been wou.nd Iptnlly in the 6ft.e plane •• the br.ceht to fora,tenalna" CY XVll 1.
22. Fn.pent of ribbon-.tdp bracelet w1th thtt"oed reCtllnlulllr ere.....ection. decoration on th", upper llUrflle. cOIl.I.Una of S-colh litright .ngl", to the bracdat. CY V 8.
23. Ilracelet (or ear-ring !) of thio "ira. t ..... u ..1n. of onl ter.l.IlalcoUed [I.lc. rou.nd the body nf thlt bucelet (ot'lll11& an exPl'od1fllf..teninl· Ct. Vin ..r 19B2b, HI' 55, 4B. CQ XXVIII L.
24. Single ttrand of .. ir" lnto whlch. aUght td.t h.. b...... n introduced.t 1rresuhr lntery.l.. CL lIeblter L9n. HII. Ill, 27 atPortche.ter, CQ IV 1.
25. Tva strandl ef dre twleted tOlether, tho whob then fl.ttened toglYe a e rreet ae cro..-uctlon. One Itrand hIl' been .Iltanded te foraa hook faatenLng. Cf. Vin .. r 1982b. fll' 55,49. CQ I L. (A. dailarex""'ple ..n fO\lnd in CY III LO.)
26. R1bbon-nrlp br.eelet of r"ct'!l&uhr e ee .......ction...lth one Undndahowing. pierced hoh for futenlng. Decont10n on uppal' .urf.ceconal.tIII of dtern.tlnl nct.nguhr 111ched p.n..l. on the nutaredgu. "1th lnclsed crolln .. ithln the p.III1 •. CQ It 1.
27. Flg. 7B. lUbbon-at[lp brecelet of roctanguler eee ..-eecetee wlthd"coratlon on upper aurf.ee of .ltarn.tlnll V-ahaped llOtehe. produclnR• tlg-ug effect. CQ VI L A .1.. U.r br.celot but dth II .01'11pronounced EIII·ug .... found In CQ XUt 1. CL ",,,bater 1915, fli.112, 41 Ilt 'onchester.
28. 8ncll1et of obloq cro"-.Ictlon. the decoratioo eon.a1ating of1I1rern.tiol raiaed plain pIIInel. dth indentad li,htly-rld,aoltr.nlv..rl.. .ou1d Ulgll. cr , lIeb.t"r 1975, fli. 112. 42 .tPortcheater. ct lIt 13.
~
19. Ftl. 79. n.IIdIa.IId uppal' part of tbe bO'ill of' .poon, the hlNihdeconted ,,1th traoaven" aouldill3' .t th.. handle-bowl Junction,aiatlar to below. CY V 8.
3D. Flg. 79. B.IIdle.lld plrt of the bo"l of • IPOOa, tho blNih ne.r thej.mcUeo vlth th" bowl Ot'nP.lIllted dth tran.vene .ould.lna" CX IVL
31. PiS' 79. Piddl.....h.pad bowl v1.th haodie endins in ••plb. Cf. an,,:ullph fro. the floor of th.. later i.pro"UII<I .hrino .t ""tthton.10)ll1b"" 1982, 14B, US, 63. 4. DE IX l.
31. Fil. 79, Spoon haNile. C'f' +.
33. Loq .piud handle nf ••poon. tbu... qu.rtera of ttl hll.llth nurutthe bo ...l ha. b...n gt.. en • deceraUye resuhr tdat. Durvhins hllgth1~0 _. Rewl .hainl. CY Vltl 26.
~
34. Flg. 79. kect&lIIIulu .heeL of copper alloy, rolled to fon • tube ofD-llhap"d profU". Cl Vll 8.
Pl.te
35. Fli. 79. lectangu1ar plat.. of .heet copplr .lloy. S.an LI-ab.pedbalU11" of .et.. l which v.. OIlC" .lIochted witb the pl.te. X-1'&ytoellc.te. th.t the b.aodl., wn soldered on, prob.bly "ith • Ph-Sn101d ..r. CQ UI 2.
36. Fig. 79. Ilnll-plate foned fro_ two .trip' of COppllr IIlloy, holdtogeth.. r by tbr.......ll rhet•. Cf. VIner 19B2b, fig. 57, 91. CQXXIl l..,.
37. Fi8' 79. Bdf drele of cog-.h.ped wh"el. CQ "'1111 O' 3,
ToUet In.tr.... ent.
38. Long oval ICOOp. ooc" part of • 118u1&. Survlvinl length 4i_, IIldth10 _. ex II 1.
39. FeRr .haped dropper frOtt • tnU.. t In.trUilont. Survl...1ng lentth 38_.CX VIII +.
40. Fig. 80. tldl de.nn. Of circu1u .ectton, plerced for '\I.lpella1on.th.. ahank deeonted ...lth flllel, Indeed latttce Unn. CQ 1 1.
THE FINDS 107
-.- e
- .10
-.
, ,
-.
14
"13
-e12
19
/
/
18
-G
I r
16
17
::r.
78. Copper alloy objects, nos. 10-14, 16-19, 27 (scalc 1:1)
108 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATJONS IIJ
i;
-e
-.., -.
I I
31
I
•
30
I·
···"······· ,•....
- ,. '- -
II
\\
32
If36
34
-29
79. Copper alloy objects, nos. 29-32, 34-37 (scale 1:1)
THE FINDS 109
52
~~; " - •,'}'", ;\",>~-'i." ~~~~.\
~~,,, .~ •
~~ . ,,' 41
, ,40< 7
l ,
---'-62 -I
r1t 6 3
67
71
-.66
70
I
~
69
65
I
Ii"'''r-
, t
68
IIn
80. Copper alloy objects, nos. 40-41, 52, 55, 62-71 (scale 1:1)
110 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
75
- -
76
"
, I
79
~-
lI I
78
82
81. Copper alloy objects, nos. 73--79, 82 (scale 1:1)
THE FINDS
Bucket Mount
111
41. Fig. 80. Decorative stud with ml111ng 'hank.. Notehed edge and threeconcentric cirel... of "na."l in altero.atlll8 t..o-<:010ur I"pente. Cf.1,/'''811 end Coodburn 1972, fig. 37,96, dated A.D. LSO-ISS/lbO. ex 1L
42.. Decorative flat topped stud for luther. Diallletor 38_. cr. Viner1982b, fig. 56, 74 for lUustrlltl011. ex xv 7.
43. Clrcubr dose-headed stud. Lenath zo.>.. Cf. Viner 1982b, HS' 56,71. CY V 8.
44. Conlcal-heoded cock, 80Ud lIe-.l dLlllleter 5... ex 'Ollila.
45. tacit, round head, 'quare-.eetloned .1IInlt. Length 22.... CQ 14.
46. Fln-topped circular stud, dia'u!ter 1011", the shanlt Up h•• beeeflattened into ....diet circle tlldicleing the Uud had be<!n nu-eredtllfOUSh. pleee of vood or leather, ". 6.. thlek. Cf. Vioer 1982b.BS' 56, 76. cs VillA 9.
H. centce i domed db., of capper ,Uoy with l .....d In£1111ng around I .. (roll.• hanll. for attaclu~nt a, a aeeereerve fittIng or k.nob for furdtur".Dla."t"r 1~. height 22... DF II 1.
48. IInlipherlcal dOlled atud .. ith r ..lI1na of Iud filllfll. aa above. II!!.ix 2.
49. Saall irapent of helli.pherlcal dOlled head of a .tud, d1.all~t~r 12_cs, Viner 1982b. flS' 56, 74. C~ XlX 64.
50. Stud nth .olld globular head. and u""rll1j1; .hank. of .q.... re.ectlon. Length 14•. cr. Vber 1982b, fig. se, n . CX vru 7a.
51. Undecorated dllc, '11th readn. of cIrcular .hank On the ullder.ldediameter 29., CQ XXXVIU 7.
52. Fig. 80. Fob 'lith opeavork trlake.le. deeoration for ntachalent tol ..ther. The RePOrt of the Colch...ter aDd &a.ex I1uUUlI for AprU 11956 Karch 1962, 33-4. fig. 14, (767.57). CQ X 8, sealed ulld~r
lloulc no. 25C.
53. Penanonlar rlpg of vlre. vith flattened cirenlar .ecUon, eee endadrawn into a cIrcle to Deet. rather tha" O'O"ulap. DlI.•eeer 24_. CYV 24.
55. PlS.80. Oeusonal rlnS .etUnS fUled .. ith sree" Slan, i.l1nltftdto the O'l"al hoop of the rill,ll by two oval coneava ~lem~u. Dr.l'l.Irtin Benig write" '1t 11 a hllU1er thlrd century type, .e" Denig1979, 149-51. fil' 44, 10 dhe....i"3 a ring fr... Upaarden, of the.on called 'BOliana-Bdt1lh i.ltatlon.-, and Denill 1978. 112-3. A.taUar ."...pla froa Froceatu (Dania 1978, 256, no. 562, p1. XVIU)rdhcu the blgh perc~ntase of Ito....o-Britlah i.ltatioll, ..hlch COIlefroa Glouceaterahire.· CQ 1 3.
56. Si.ph finger rlnS of nattePed D-aection. ~ VUt 2.
57. Ung (T or buckle) of oval eroll-lectlon. Dlaaner 25fl1:1. CY V 8.
58. RinS of flattened rlbborrstrip aheet. m eeeeee t7 .... CY V 1.
59. Flnaer rIng frasment. Plain, oval eroaa-sectlon. CX XIII L.
60. Finser rIng frapent - band of fht reetangular aection e"pIIndlngto_rda the upper face. Dla!lleter 14.... CQ II ~/6.
61. Lonp of copper alloy vire in the for- of a ring. Dlalleter 27_. CQXXIX 1.
BucklU pInOla and .trap ends
62. FiI.80. Belt bucll.1e of Hawkn and DunnIng Type n A 0%1,50). DEIX r.
63. FlS' 80. Buckle. CQ XXX vrn 7.
64. US. 80. Double D-ah.p~d buckle. II!!. XV +.
1>5. I'1S' SO. Small D-ahaped buc.kl~ vlth 1.on hInge-bar. A all.all sectIoncondating of ah; dreula. Interloc.king loopa of eopper alloy chain..ere found In a..oelation and aay have o.iglnally belonged to theb..ckle. DE IX 2.
66. 7il' 80. Rectangular b"",kle vith e flat tn"",r .u.face, and aquauupper face. The tOp face ia deeorated vUh ahort aelli-c1rcularindeed Unea. Straigbt hing.... ba. dth corrod~d remain. of Irontoague. DE IV -t. ? Hedieval.
67. 71S' &0. Sheet ItrLp of copper alloy. tbe outer bo.ders decorated'11th a ain.tle line of V-lhaped lochiona. The central paoel hal fourholea arranaed In a pytamid, '11th evteeeee to .usgeat tbat a fourthrovof four e"hted do"3 th~ broken edge. The oppo.lte edge appeauto have been pierced by one alnah eentrally phced hole. CQ 1I 1.
68. Fig. 60. Spear-.hap~d obje<:t with equere and rectangular eeeeea"etion. CX XVIlI 4.
69. Flg.90 Strarend vith pear-ahaped front aM aplayed. aquare-~nded
aplit butt. intO utlich tbe belt and vas inS<!rted and then aecured byone rivet. Hawke. end Dunning 1961. Type V A, Cf. Cualnllton, Oxon.vn (1942) 65-6. Hg. 15, pi. V,c. Dl!. X black/gr"y depo61t. --
70. Flg. 80. Buckle plate decorated .. ith an open"",:rll. arcade dcalgnconabtlng of four reetanlular openinga vlth three pIerced cirel"a.R_dna of two rIvet!. The break auggeau that the plate haa been.napped in tV<l. Hawkea aM DUlUllP3 1%1.55-7. Typa 11 A. LaU 4thurIy 5th century. CQ XXX 1.
71. Fla. so. Esc..teheon or bucket handla ao..nt. leaf-.haped. pierced forhandle a""pendon. Cl V 8.
72. Key 'lith perforated. handle ."d corroded reaaipa of iroll .t"a. Al1aHar ""lI!I.ple froa il1chborouah VII found io Ana 11,1, alld. datad. tobefon c . A.D. 90 (!luahe-Fox 1949, pi. nxIV.86). Colltinentale1'Jd .....ee vnald .uuut that key. vith thll type of bandle date fro.e- A.D. 150 ~ >taU. ZupaJltal, ree, XlII, 51). ex vn 11.
Steehard
73. F18.81. Rectangular .trlp of copper alloy .. Ith both hc... decoratedby a eentral Une of ...11 inciaed dota b~tween two paraUel flanUQiaroDV". A half-aooll projection of a"tal otl tha .Ua of ope 1011&face, appeara to have or1&lnally been plereed for ....pen.lon.Likeviae, the fraetur" outlin" at one ead sug"",t. the reaalna of a.ecolld. ....p"ndon hole. (Kacsregor 1978. HS' 21, 2a9 'lith furtherrafareneee.) DF Vltl brow .011.
74. FIg, 81. Cireular east vdght. pierced for auapen.ion. CT V 8 .
7~. F1S.81. Lenlth of edle blndin8, of V-.ection. CX VII block C 3.
76. PIg. 81. Strip .. ith apiral tvial at one end. 1frap""t of bracelet.CY XVI! 1.
Caaint
77. Fil.8t. Half-_n .haped abeet of eopper alloy. tlynch pin. CQXXXVIUA 5.
7a. Pig. 81. Prap.....t of dhc, with flat bad... and aUshtly dOlled uppnraurface, the circ .... ferenee of vhleh i. groov"d. D!t IV +
79. Fia. 81. PnplIPt of h~aVJ" ellt .heet of eepper aUoy .. itb on"nAtural .tralgbt edge aurvlviQi. Parallel to thb edg" h a lipe"SseaUng that the .heet vu origInally held vlthin a (\fOoden')fr..e , The a.. rfac. ia aunnth and doea not aho .. any .1gn of tinning.CX xn 2.
80. Sheet of blShly poU.bed u"tal vitb conalderable eorrolioo producusdhering. CQ X a.
~
81. Tenll1nal .,Uh Iron fixing pip aurvlvlnS withIn the cora. CQ XXI 1.
!:!!2
82. FlS' 81. The fona of thl" obJaet sUSgUla paralid...ith theEool:lorphlc l ..pa frDIII lupantel, I.1ncoln and LoMon. aa Ulustu.t"dby Tho.p"0n 1971, La3, pIG. XXVI-XXYII fInd London Mu"e"" Catalogua,London tn Ro.an Times 1946, 61. fig. 14, 4. CX VItll- 9,
For a crccreie fUgDent fro. ex VIllA 9 used to ue1t eopper alloy .eenetlno: Analyda of Industrhl Redd ..u by Juniaa Bayley.
OIl.JECTS OF 1R.mI
>,L1nd& Viner
83. Ilnding fraga""t with r .....lo. of naU hole. Lenath )5_. gEeaU.t.,tdth 30-. CQ 11 1.
84. Buc).et handle uounL, aurviving 1en&th 4211•. For an illustration andde.eription of the type eee l'l.Innlns 1972, £11.66, 53-4. ExapleafrOll creeeeeeeee 111""trated in Vinu i982b. fil' 63, 177-178. CQ 1I.
85. FIg. a2. Bod of iron vlth tllD 'l"'tulate eeae . Probably orillnaUyfoned a blnding for a "noden door or po.t. Length 72... CQ nu 1.
86. FIg, 82. PlIlte ...ith targe circular perfnration at one end, aurvlvinghngth 43... a bucket hand 1" !IIount, CQ XXXY 2.
87. Dl.e .. ith central perforation. OVerall diaaletnr 35_. CQ XXXIV 4.
Cuttln! Toola
88. KDife blade, frapent 10_ 10 lenath. Kannina 1976. 37, Type I, HI'21.121. CYIY 14,
89. PoInted tip of k.nlfe blade, a .. rviving lensth 52.... Kannil1jl; 1976. 37Type 1 probably. Dr It 1.
90. Knife blade, aurvlvlq; lenath 75_. Manning 1976,37 lype 1. DE II+.
91. Narrov knife blade ....rvivll1Jl length 95_, "ith at •• lght cut tins edSeand baek of blade eonversing to a poInt. HtInnina 1976, 37 Type I,fiS. 21, Ill. CQ Xll 1.
92. Narrov knife blad" 'lith atraight CutUQi edg" a"d back conve'gIna toa point. Length 95... HtInnlng t976. 37 Type 1, fll' 21. 121. CQ 1I.
93. KnUe, .. Uh blade and handle Jllade In one piece. TOtal length 100...Th~ end of the handle la c ..rved to fo.... a auapenlion hoop. Th"cutting edge of the blade h s conv.,,; Curve. HannIng 1976, 37 Typena. For a .1aUar blade froa Cireneeate. lIee Viner 1982b. fig. 62,156. CQ 11 1.
112 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
t
.e
158
..-=
"
• 213
-A
-.
"
- -
~ 107
-.
o 212
104
196
, ',
•
•/
-
86
-I
85
188
J
- ..
•82. [ron objects, nos. 85-6, 104, 107, 158, 188, 196, 212, 213 (scale 1:2)
94. Fnpent of IulUe blade vith elo"ind tIong handle. Lellgth 80 ...."-lining 1976, 37, Type rt •. CQ ltV I.
114. L-ablped bar of aquare ernn-lIleUoo, ar.a 60 IIfId 20- tn hnath. CQXVI 3.
95. 1J:>1f". The blade 11 t1'18"3111a1' In 0Iltl10", .. ith the edge and backItralght - lun!yinG length 50... CQ \'lll L.
96. Tans"'" uUe - 1I1th the bock of the blode lIl(gntly arched and theedge tending to e cODyeJl curve. The tang 14 set On the mid-Une ofthe bhd~,. 81~o US. long, tang 30... Hanning L91b, 37 Type 1.CQV1111,
91. Knife. The b..,1< of the blsde 18 etnight and continue. the 11ne ofthe loelteta4 tanS. vlth" eOI1"''''' curve to th .. cuuing edge. Length180 .... lb.ooln& 1976, 31 type 1. CQ XXIVll 1.
ge. Platn .heet of 11'011 of ttian&u1ar ah"p"' ...1'>11 .. nell knHe blede .. ithatn1llht edgu Upe1'IIlS to .. point. KaMins 1971>, 37 type 1. CQXXIV 1.
lU. rnpent of biT, lenath 42., 7. tblelt. CQ XVl 3.
ttL L-ahlped bar of aquare erOl.-lfletinn, o1'18111111y poaalbl,. pin of..an honl<. CQ XVl 4.
118. t-ahBped rod of iron of aq..are crou-"ectton, 60 .. long. CXlXC 2.
Lt9. Iaperlna rod with Iq ..ar,,- ...etiOll"d lUll, 100. long. CV v 8.
120. Reetangula1' plate, 60.. 1\ 3D•. CX V11!YIll W.ll C 3.
UI. Trtangular plate. 25.. at the ba.e nlnevlng to In a"tended polMb"nt It right anst"" to the plate. CX XV 7.
gg. Knife bide .. ith r .... ainl of una On til" .ld-l1ne. Ih" beck .ndC.. tUllS ed8" u" p.rallel curving sharpl)' to • point. L"nath tOO...CQ XXVtll +.
100. Knife bhde, th" becl< bdna IUahtl)' uChed and the cutUllg edg" "ithI sHlht cony"" eurve • Hannl'll8 1976,37 Type [. CQ XXXIV L
101. Fr.pcnt of knUa bhd", "1th atrdaht top adae, Ind CU1'yed cutUIIJl"dg". l1Ilnnlnli 19710, 37, Tyl't' llA. CQ XXXV 2.
102. lC.Dih blade, ..."lvll1£ length 110m. Klnll1l11 19710. 37 Type llA. CYIV 1.
U2. Reetantulu ber nf Iron 80 .. 1\ 30... with a ....11 piereed hole It cueend. CXXA L2.
123. BIT of l1'on, of r"ct"n,guler netinn. CV V111 L
12~. Snlid cLg.r-"h"ped -rod of !ron, 8~ ... long "nd 24_ In dh"etor. CVXlV l.
12~. s.q..or....."etloned bar of troo, 72.. long .nd n_ "qu"n. CY XLX +.
U6. Curved ber of iroo. of [Ktel\&uler cron-aecdon, HO.. 10"£. CY Vr.
103. Frapent of heav11y conoded knUe blade••untYing lenath 70...l1Ilnnll1£ 1971•• 37 Typo 111. C1' 11 1.
101>. Plg. 82. Knife blld" .,Hh lnte81'81 bindle, 8~_ Ions· C1' IV 1.
127. T.....rtn,g rod of loUd trce , of elrc..1er cron-.ectlon n"rrowlng to.blunted potnt. CV vn 12.
Ull. Rectangular hl[ wtth "ple:red eentu. CV Vilt 210.
105. Tip of knlfll bIlde. CY 111 1.
lOb. Ruo1', ...rvlvlna len8th 70... Klnn1na tH6. 37. Typo'l'1P" Ill. CTXU +.
129. I ....urvidng hnlth lOOID. CX UnA 1.
130. Rod of lro" , wtth r"o::tl"" .. I41' ."ednn, and r..blt" at the h.ek. exV111 to•.
107. Plll. 81. Soo::kIlted alcU" blade. CY XlX 4.
lDa. Knlfe bIlde with elona.ted tina handla, o::_plete, 110- 10Q&.Hlnnll1£. 19710 37, Type llA. C1' XIX +.
109. I.DUe blad", t3~_ In lenath. lhnn1ll8 1976. 37 Type 1. Ct V 8.
131. U.." d ..... t e r 40•• of .qu.... crOIl-Hetlen. CQ IV 1.
132. "r...~t of [i.., 01 clreuter eecee- ... eUoo. db...tar SO•• CQ IV •.MDdu".
HO. Fnp.... t of nile bl.de, 115. long. ttann1na 19710. 37 type 1. CTXIV 1.
111. Knit.. blade, lurvlvlq l"nsth 85•. I\Innln81976, 37, TyP" 1. CYxrn L.
133. at'llS, dta.. ter 31•• of reet.lIJlular eron-.ectlon. CQ IV l. Modern.
13~. Rl..." dta.."tor 30_. I)f -reetanguIlr ....c t t oa, Mod..rn. CQ XIV l.
112. IC.DUe blade, ..."lYing lenath 80•. CY III ~5.
!!.!.!!136. Lal\lth of 11'on hoop. of "quar" erOIl-Mctlon. Dta."ter 100_, ex
XU 1.
113. InO::OIIphte bu of iron of loUd pyr..tdal ah.pe, length )0•• CQ Ir.
138. PrapeDt of rittg. dl,• ecer .3.... 0: V ••
THE FINDS 113
139. Ring. dla.",t.,r 32m. CY V 8.
1.0. llina. of "ir<:ul.r "ron-...eeree, dlallilter 50 ... CY V 1.
141. Peoannual.r ring with overbppina t.,noln&la. of thin reeUnguhr,,,,,UOIl. CJ[ XA 12.
142. Rlllg, eireular eron-""etloo. diallet.,r 36_. 0: XV 5.
143. Oval rins. are.ten diall.,ter 65_. eireular ercse-eec eaee , ex VI 1.
144. llina. dr"u.l.ar "rO'I-uctio". d1alleter 63 ... 0: VI 1.
Snli
145. St11uI. ""onillS 1916. 34. ere.. t/1I. fig. 21. lOS cd 109.eonl1etiftl, of • alender rod. Uperittg to. point.t 011'" end. 'Ddflllttel1ed into .n ern"r '1' the Dther. Lel18th 100_. C<I nIl 1.
146. Poinr of ••tylW1. CY 1:l +.
~
141. Spiked end fro•• U-e.b.aped .. ,11 hook, of taperill& r'"Unau.l.,rC1'on-Iection. ""nning 1912, 184. HI' 68, 86-9 for typ",. Cl lXB +.
1.8. l.-lh"ped hook. n_ Ions. CX XXI 4.
149. l.-lIhaped hook of oq"ere eeeeree , 60.. 1001. CY tv 1.
15O. U-llhaped well hook. CX vn 11.
151. Prapent of U-lhaped book. CY 11 5L
152. l.-ohaped hook, 95.. 10 Iensth. CY XV +.
153. llook, •• fot a door or cue eeeee . fKodar;n. DE I +.
134. 'rapent of U-eb.ped hook. CY VlIl 26.
U5. l.-.haped hook. C'I VlIi 26.
156. Fragment of L-ahaped book. CY XVlI n.
151. U-.baped VIllI hook "itb .plit-pin .pla1"d ter.lnala at right angleato the plMe of the hook. CQ n L
158. Fll' 82. Curb bit. CQ III 1.
159. Pnpent fro<ll a t1fO-Itnlt ao.Ule bit. llannlog 1912. 170, tiS. 62,aa. C'I 111 1.
IfJO. HInge, t'lfO .rll, InterloeUng around a central pivot, aurvlvlft1, length100 •• CY 1I l.
161. nlngo fr.pent of drop or loop type, MannIng 1912, fig. 66, 63.od64. Survlvlna length 50.... CY IV \.
162. FrlglleDt of loop-linked tJPl! of h1nae with re_11la of O"e nll11 hole.Inc01lplet .. , 451D long. CQ XXX\'lli 3.
163. One aL"1l of. loop-Unbd typo of hlnse. vlth the re ...ln. of ,nallhead In one of the t1fO hole.. no. io length. CQ VI 1.
164. PnpeDt of a", of loop hinse, 70.. long. CY XIX +.
1M. !lr of iron vitb one end. foning. laoped ~er.inl1 for a bloae. CYXIx +.
166. ling-he.ded phI. ...ith t.perloa .te. of aqUlte cro.a-ae"tloll.. Lenath110... The end of the .telll 18 beavily corroded. Mannina 1912, HS'69, 96. C<I XXII I.
161. Sill hone.hoea (or fr.pent. of) vere reco"ered durlna the coune offlIt.lvation. all frOll ""atl'ltUled or Period III cooteI1'8. Por tblllr ..,.oo, and thl probl... of d.ting hor"lboea in the ablflnce ofatratUled context., nO"e hava boen 111uerr.ted.
ConteIlI ioc1ude:
CQ I +.CY III +,DF It +.CX IX W.ll D +.CX :al 3.DF 11 +.
t-.ta,lu
168. T-atepIe, 25<:l1 In length. ano of 1013. Vinor 1982b, Hg. 63. 183 forillWltr.tlon and further eereeeecee , CQ IVUI 1.
169. Bead of .....teple, 15....ida. DF 11 1.
.od.110. T.pering rod v1~h one poInted end, the other .lightly splayed, 170_
long. CQ V 2.
111. T.perina rod of iron, very he.vl1, "orroded. CQ nIl 2.
172. Tapedlll! rod., badly diatorted in outline by corrodon. CQ:O:V 1.
173. Band of iron, 8~llIIIl wide, po .. lbly part of a collar or bindIng tolene ',.ul~ituda of f\l.octions', .ee lIallnlng 1972, fig. 69. 125. CQItI 1.
Lo"ke and ken
114. brb-.pring padlock key vitb a rolled loop at one Md and the ee.....insof the aqu're bl~ III' the o~her. CQ 11 •. ror 111"stra1'lon of th~
~ype ..,e vreee 1~2b. flg. 61, 134.
115. Tl,IIIbler-loek Blide key, vlttt. plain bit and pierced handle. The type11 iU.... trated by lIanninl 1912, He. 68, 77. CX X 8 9
116. Sprina lIechanlsOl for a borb-al'r1na pedlock. CX Xll + on vaLl B.
117. TuAbler-lo"k alide key, .. Ith plain bit ,od pier"ed hindle, 60.. 1011&'CX X 2.
118. l.-ahaped ~UIIlblor-loek abUt key. CX V 4.
179. TulIlbler-lock alide by, vith plein bit IIod pierced hlndle. 40wn lona.ex XIIiA 8.
180. B.rb-aprlns padlock key, 170.. Ions. Cx. XX 8.
181. Prepent of barb-aprlo! padlock key. Dr 111 +.
182. Barb-aprlng pIIdlock key with rolled loop .t one end of ~he ahank andthe r_all1a of ~ho aquare bit lit tM other. CY IV l.
183. Iron key froll a t..-bler-loek Blide lock. Klnnlng 1912, fi8' 68, 7~.
C'I V 20.
Si>!de Iroo
184. Spade Iron for drl1n or poot-cutting apado. Ifodero. CQ lOt 1.
Split-apilte loops
185. Head of 8pllt-IIplke loop, lengtb 60... For 111uetratlon eee Viner19a2b. fie. 62. 161-8. CQ XXX111 L.
1&6. Split-aplite loop, with lroo produetl rnalning vitbin the loop. T\roaplit-Ipiltea vero often joIned to for. a dOlpIe hinge, and the"otrodon produetll 11081 be the relll10a of thla aecond ex_ph. length65_. CI XIX 8.
187. Spllt-apike loop. 111rvivina lensth 30.. ex VIII 76.
188. Fig. ea. Splh-.plb loop, 8S. long. CX Vt 7.
189. Split-.plke loop with e1'lll of reet_ngu.l.ar cro'a eee eree , Xl_ long exXI>. 12.
190. Spl1~-.plke loop. CY IV I.
191. Head of .plit-Ipike loop. CY V 8.
192. Sp11t-.pl.... loop .. ith cbl1n attached throll3h the loop. Dr 11 1.
193. Split-aplke loop. DE VII.
B.a.ndIa
194. Drop-hlndle, .. htt. OIi88101 teniol1 •. Modern. CY VItI 1.
U5. L-ahaped objee.t vou.l.d perblp. be tbe r ....ill.. of • join..u dOS, 60_long. hllnlng 1912, H8. 68, 84.
196. Fla. 82. Prlpent of jolDer'. dog. ex XVI ••
197. rupent <If j01ll.er·. dog. CIIX +,
Shoe Cl ... ta
198. 0.. 11 pllte and On" II1'l1 IUrvlvittg of " shoe deat. Vlntor 19112b, fiS'59, 111. CQ lXJ:VlII 5.
199. Sboe clelt. CQ I 3.
200. Oval plllte and r ....doa of oDe or .. of a IIhoe cree e . CQ XVI ~.
201. Sboe delt. CX Vlll unltl'lUHed OD 7b.
202. Shoe d""t. CY IV 1.
203-204. I'IIo eeee cle.ta. CY VI I 1 26.
205-206. Pupent. frOll two ehoe clelta. CY XVI B.
207. Dille, dl...eeee 42_. CQ XXIX 2.
206. Shein conahting of OM> blade. the tans act in line .. lth the back ofthe blade, hlade 90 IIlI In Ielll!th. See Viner 1982b, flg. 62, 1~7. CXXVI r.
209. An of a pair of acloaon! Dr III +.
210. AIe. !todern. 0: 1 1.
211. So"keted ferrul",. CY rv 1.
212. Fig. 82. Ferrule. tapn1na to & ao11d tip, with. plere"" holo totab a nail. CY 11 1.
' 1 ,\1 eo ."". ' .'''1 .... 1 'l"' O~111 l l nn P-l l1 'P 1 10<1" nl . ... .. ~ (l J q 1" 10<1 ' '' 1 '11\ " • ... n 'lplll) O 1 J A ' ~ R ' 1 1d " 6( l
nl1'" ) 0 l:-tqO
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• • • • • • •......
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.-:""- .. ..:....~7:;,.;.'i .:- .......t . . "• . < :"~ . ..... ~ .- ~ -- -.~ .•.., . • _ ~.'..'., ._. ' ._: '" ..ltr:.j~'"" ,--. ;JII..:: l'r- r:.o,.,b .. t·~~l z, .r;jtt. e;....~-. " ... _ . . . .. . • ~..... ..~ . ;> _'t- . ... ...... .. ..~ - ... - - ..,. ' ;0 ' .".• ot·~_• . ..... ......t - , '.\ ' .. ....... . · 1... ..' ~ ;.~. ~~."""'"':"'~ ~~ ~.; ;.:.. ,..--.,. .. '\'.. .. . .. " . . .. _... ---~ __ .
III SN OLLVi\ V::JX 3 l 131S3::JN3111J
II ~~ ' • .'1'1 \
. '
THE FINDS 115
o
0.".j
219
o@
@@"
@218
..<@).@@@@@)
@.•. @@@@···•. ·@JO ·
' ..--------_ ........._-' 220
'~,
\ ", ,
233..237
I236 ,~ 238
\
-,.~ '~
" "'j '"
r, I'
232..
""',234, , , I
84. Bone objects, nos. 21&-221, 22&-9, 232-8 (scale 1:1)
116 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
I
~248
GIi,e ~JI
245
-e
247•
/
85. Objects of antler, shale and jet, nos. 239, 241, 243-5, 247-8 (all 1:1, except 239 and 243 1:2)
OBJEClS OF SHALE Alll) JET
>, 248. Pig_ 66. Seal-c:1r<:obr 1I*<:er bead of ju, nat with two c1rCII.h....boriag_ aholrlna Ilsna ot "en. The lover ••rlb'l of tbec1r<:..hrence ahov four ..-,1"'1 of oppodllll V-allaped llieu ..<lecor.UoD.. DE VI 1.
ClASS OBJ!:CTS240. I0ll8h1y-ahaped dhc of .bale. dtaane... ~O_, ..hleh .pp...... a to be ..
enr'!- diae, or Ta .plndl~oTl. ex YIlt 10.
Spindhlrhorh
241. Fla. 85. Turned 81\.11••plndle,,"orl, 3D,. dl......e ... of D-eectton. DI!.vt 1.
262. Turnod .ptndhllhorl of 'hale, dblletet 33_...lth • flattenedD-~p<'Id ...cUnn. De. VI I.
Type Ulun ...ated In Chnlea""nh 1982, US, 69, 310.
2.'. lllael; al.... d"cd • .,dae., dus"........ 12_. CQ ax 1.
~
243. 1'111_ 85. !au of turned .luIh bovl vUIl s ..dl pedestal fee~. Aascend frlpent she... the upriaM dd. ef the bed vith I ...11narrov horltOI1tal lip vUh gr'C>evl. D! '1111 1.
2SO. rale bl..... a1 .... dOlled lurf.ee, duane ... l.... DE: 1 undor nibbleaboTe W'llrD atooea.
151. Illeek alln vith cireulu iul.tl of white ell.d r"'" BlIII. Dllaeter £..20.. OE VII 1.
~
244. Fig. 8$. Fugaent ef turnecl Ihale brseelet, dllCc>rl~e4 'With tc....Ilroo.,u, vitb flint tuees of V-shaped .. leu It ri8h~ lnal.. to the!lrooves Ilcq t .... riqu. T'Vo Intertlll feeeti. cq I 3.
252. Length of thlll char ahn rod with drop-lin held, lunlvlna lell&th33_, CY III 1.
24$. J'11' IS. Turned hrleelet of ehde ef cireular section, vlth lroovedIpiral dec-orarlon. CY VIlI 26.
246. Part of I turacd ehele brlCelet vith rounded ."tertnr lad tveintern.al feeeti. D1 II +.
253. Vollftd beld In green glen, lenath )_, Culdo I'H8, 92, UI' 37,1.CY VII U.
""2U. Fil' I). Section of r1ns nf lhale (tbelli). CI. rv 5.
2)4. Opsque grlliln llan. lenath 5•• DIl. Xl 1.
THE FINDS 117
Cylinder
256. Tranaparent pele blue glaee bead, dlaneter 14..... GuIdo, 1978, Ha,l7, 4 and 5. CII:.:<:< 5.
257. Pale blue opaque glaaa, d18lleter 4..... DY XV +.
time than the l e t t e r (first to third centuries as opposed tothe late third and fourth centuries) and the greenishcolourless fragments represent vessels of much thinner bodythickness. The fin.'ll impression must be that the later volumeof glass vessels supplied to theee sites by far out-numberedany earlier supply.
258. Opaque bed in blue ,lan, eieeeeee 51111. CY XV 1.CAST FRAGMENTS
259. Ttandueent green glass. The ouuide appeara worn aod -a7 behu;agonal rather than truly tubuler. CY IVll 72.
260. Opaque aree" glen. Length 2... diaueter 51111. CQ:<XXVI 1.
261. Creen opaque cylInder bead. length 6..... dUlleter 5.... CQ Xl 1.
262. Cylinder bud In opaque green alen, length 2_, dialleter 5•. CXXlV 2.
263. Tranduc''''t gr~n' gun. with a db_eter of 7_. CY III 10.
264. Opaque gree" glan. d.....eter 5•• CY lVll 1.
21i(,. Green gl.... dUlleter 4•• DE IX 1.
267. Cylloder bead in opaque green gun. length 41111. DR VI +.
268. Opaque green abae bead. dialleter 6... DE IX 2.
269. Ine""pleu. fup""t of a aqllllr..-aecHonad long or eul>lt-.haped bead.10 opllque green gian. Width 4... Guido 1978. %, fig. 37. 6 and 7.1'loat date frn. the third and fourth "e"turi.,.. CX VII 11.
270. Long bead in tundueen" blue a1&.. , length 5_. DE VI +.
Dbllond-ahaped
271. Tranalucent, dialiond-ahBped blue glen bead, length 6.... Culdo 1978.fig. 37, 7. CQ VBl 1.
PolychrOll'.e Ghss287. CO XXXV 2. Small fragment of green and white marbled
glass. Mid-first century A.D.
Monochrome Glass •288.DE 1>: i. Small fragment from the side of a piller-moulded
bo",l (laings 1957, 18-9, form 3a). Deep blue glass.Wheel polishing on interior surface. Part of one ribextant. Mid- to late-first century A.D.
289. CX XVIB 4. SIlliIll fregment as for no. 288. Good bluecolourless glass.
Naturally COloured glass (bluish-green etc.)290. DF III 3. Fragment as for no. 288. Greenish-blue
glass.
~~i~~~:~ W~;~gm:~~: ofC~~:1~~:db10~1~~~OCh~~:ean10~~tu~:;trfragments represent some form of supply to or near to the siteduring the first century. Sadly, with so little of themarbled fragment (no. 287) aur'vfvInq , it is not possible toelaborate upon its original form but e mid-first century detefor the vessel's r.aanufacture i6 cer t a i n . The piller-mouldedfragments (nos. 288-290). however, belong to ewell-knownvessel type that was cceecn in this country and most otherprovinces of the Empire during the first century (lsing6 1957,18; Price 1978, 71-2, fig. 52). In general. the bowls inmonochrome metals re .«. nos. 288 end 2891 tend to pre-datethose produced in naturally coloured met.'lls (e.g. no. 290).The latter continue in circuletion, and possibly inproduction. until the end of the first century A.D.
Re:...gooal
272. Be"1IS0nal. o.,.que green gla"", lenath 5_. Cuido 1978. 96, fig. 37.9. CY IX S.
273. Be"ago".l, opaque green gLan, length 6•• CY XU: +.
BLOWN FRAGMEm'S (including mould-blown bottle fragments)
Monochrol'lE! Gl.'lsS291. CX VIllA 1. Fragment from the rim of a bowl (e.g.
Charlesworth 1972, 199-200, fig. 74, nos. 6-101. Ambercoloured glass. Rim folded outwards to give a flattenedt ubu Ie r rim. Late first or second century.
274. SlIall trallalueent green glau bead, diamete" 3... Guido 1971:1. HC'37. 12 - fourth-fifth "entury date, On parallela IIlth e1l8llpllla frOllLankhilla. CY XV 1.
275. Crean glllla bead, tUlllllueent. dUlieter 51111. CY XVI 8.
276. Opaque green slan. di...eter 4•. DE VI +.
217. Tranlll<><:l!nt blu.. bleonical gbllS bead, dl ....tef 5... CY XVII L
278. had in tundu"ent blue-green sIan. dUlleter 4•. CY XVII 1.
Diac
292-4. CO XL 4; CX VIII 12; ex XB 10, Three fragments ofamber coloured glass from vessels of indeterminate form.
295-300. CO XXXV 1; CO I 2; CO VIU 4; CO Wall 01 3; COXL 4; CX XIV WillI A,j-. Six fr.'lgments of blue colouredglass from vessels of indeterminate form.
The bowl form represented by no. 291 is one of the morepersistent of first century forms which continues to beproduced in naturally coloured metalB well into the thirdcentury le.g. no. 435 below). The embe r metal of no. 291,however, is an indicator that this pe r t Lcu l ar bowl wa6unlikely to have been manufactured after the middle of thesecond century.
f evourab l y with a veeeer ,manner, from Verulamium77,461, which was probablyand made in the second or
COlourless Glass301. Fig. 86. CX XIX 8. Fr.'lgment from the lower part of a
bowl or beaker. Very good thick colourless glass,ground .'lnd polished on exterior surface. Applied padbase-ring with an outspl.'lyed ground and polished foot.Hemispheric.'ll body decorated with two horizontalwheel-cut grooves.This fragment comparesdecorated in a similar(Charlesworth 1972, 208, fig.a product of the Rhinelandthird century.
2.81. Frag.ent of turquol.e felenee. CX VIliA 9.
279. D1IIc bead In tT.na1u"ent green 8 1as" , pierc..d longitudinally,di8Jlleter 15ea. Guido 1978, Hg. 37, 17. DE vi L.
Hl!1oo
282. Frag<oent of n llleion bead of turquoiaa faianee. CY l{l 4.
280. TranallU:ent blu.. gla". for a aquere bead IIlth truncated eorn..ra,length 7•. Guido 1978. Hg. l7. 20.
Diallond- facl!t ..d
283. Helon bl!ad O)f turquol"e faIence. dUlIeter 13_. DE IX L.
Clobular
284. Opaque .,.1" blue ,IallS b....d. diallerer 8•. CQ 11 +.
285. Traosluc..nt pate blue gbbulllr bud, dlalleter 10..... CY XXVlll +.
302. Fig. 86. CX VIII t ue , Smllil fragment from the rim of IIbowl. Colourless gl.'l5s. Rim thickened. fire-rounded.'lnd outsplayed. Late first to third century.
303. Pig. 86. CY II 62. Pr.'lqment from the rim of e bowl orbeaker. Colourless glass. Pire-rounded rim flattenedinto a trianguI.'lr section. Second or third century"
Cireular
28f>. Trandueent elreular sreen glasa bud. Dllllletl!r IS.... CY Xl 8.
THE VESSEL AND WINDOW GL~SS
by
John Shepherd
A total of 730 fragments of glass were recovered from sites CO(building XII,I). CX/CY (building XII,2), and DE/DF (buildingXII.3). or these, 66 (nos. 951-IOi6) are post-medieval ormodern in date ~nd have been appended with no description orcomment. The remaining fragments arc 11.11 Roman in date with adefinite emphasis upon the later periods. There is one (no.287) polychrorne frl'lgrnent, 12 It.onochrome fragments (nos. 288-9,and 291-3001. 74 colourless fragments t nos • 301-374),243naturally coloured frag~ents (nos. 290 and 375-616). 263greenish colourless fraaments (nos. 617-880) and 70 windowglass fr.'lgments (nos. 881-950). Although the silllilarity innumber-a of the naturally coloured fragments and the greenishcolourless fragments might, at first sight. indicate asimilarity in eceue I vessel supply, it must be pointed outthat the former metals were in use for a greater period of
304. Pig. 86. CO XVI 4. Small fragment from the rim of abowl. Good, colourless glal5S. Rim thickened,fire-rounded and slightly Lnapl ayed , Possibly from an'Airlie" type bowl Iisings 1957, 102. 85b). Late secondor third century.
305. CO I 4. Small fr.'lgment from the side of a hemiephericalbowl. Good colourless gl.'las. Oecor.'lted with wheel-cutov.'l1 facets Ivertic.'lily orientated) of which juet one ieextant. Second or third century.
306. Fig. 86. CY II 51. Fragment from the lower part of abowl. Colourless glass with a faint greenish tint.Straight-sided vessel with a rounded carination. Treilof same met.'ll applied at cer rnet Icn, Second or thirdcentury.
307. Fig. 86. OF II 3. Smllll fragment from the sidc of eceexer l!sings 1957, 47, form 33). Thick, good qualitycolourless glass. Wall of vessel decorated with eppliedovals in relief which; apparently, have then been ground.'lnd polished. Only the lower pert of one of thcse isexeene • Late first or second century.
308-374. Sixty-seven fragmente of colourless glal511 fromvessels of indeterminate form.
CO 33 fregments from 19 contexts;CX 24 fregments from 15 contexts;
439
436
434
,
J==-==.7'306
(,
I,303
:--1--"',
CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
,1 c- ~:J,
, ,302
301 r ==r L_,304
, I
,~ 11307 '~'~,
, 432,I
~ F -j '\,435
\-1-1 \-1-7 , Hlt
r , 437 . , 438
118
l_'----..JE - --6442
)441
,=L_- ~
440- - « - =====::r----It__
~L---...\)-443
~If------,;~), '620
;j621
, r L, Fi
, , 629
, 623
,632
, r, r, ,
~~625
y - fU'?v: '--j, , 633
86. Vessel glass, nos. 301-4, 306-7, 390, 432, 434-444, 617--<526, 629, 632-3 (seale 1:1)
THE FINDS 119
cr 9 frllgments from 7 contexts;DE 1 frllglllent from 1 context.
375-9. CO xr 5; CX XIX 8; CX VI 6; CX XX 9; ex IV 1. Fivefragments from the rims of bottles (laings 1957, 63-9,forms 50 or 51, the square-sectioned and cylindricalforma r eapec t Lve l yl . All folded inwards and flatteneddo....nwarda to give the characteristic 'mushroom' profile.
390. Fig. 86. CO XIV 9. Fragment from the base of asquare-sectioned bottle (lsings 1957, 63£, form 50).Mould-blown, thick greenish blue glass. Base decoratedin high relief with a design consisting of twoconcentric circles with the dot in each corner of thebase connected to the outer circle by means of 1I smallbar orientllted on the diagonal. Late first or secondcentury.
360-9. CO XXXVIIIA 5) CO VII 6; CX XX 9 (2 fragments); CXVII II (2 fragments!; CX VI 7; cr V 24) cr VIII 26;CY II 51. Ten fragments from the handles of bottleslforms .'10 for nos. 375-9 above ! . All applied to freeor mould-blown vessels. All combed. (N.B. nos. 367 and369 are definitely from the square-sectioned form laings50. The remainder are probably also from this form butwithout any of the bady surviving it is impossible todifferentiate!. Late first or second century.
a bowlfoldedthird
from the rim of acc t spt eyed , hollowte ee first to third
8. fragment from the rim and upperthe handle of a flaEk (Isings 1957,
72-4, form 55). Applied to aRim folded inwards and flattenedhandle. Thick bluish-green glass.
century.
6. Fragment from the base of a beaker orbright greenish-blue glau. Pushed-inbase ring, imperfectly accomplished.
CX XIX 9. FragmentGreenish-blue g11l9S.lip folded inwards.
86. CX 6. Fragment from the base of a bowl.bluish-green glass. Folded hollow-tubular baseLate first or second century.
Fig. 86. ex XB g. Small fragment from the rim ofor beaker. Dull greenish-blue gl .... 99. Lipoutwards, outsplayed and flaring. Second orcentury.
Fig. 86. CX VIllA 10. fragment from the rim of ajar/beaker. Greenish-blue glass. LIp folded in to givea hollow tubular, slightly outsplayed rim. Second orthird century.
Fig. 86. C'i V 8. Fragment from the pedestal base of abeaker or flask (see nos. 64g-650 belowl. Thick, poorquality bluish-green glass. Deep, pushed-in ceee with ahollow tubular base ring. r.eee third or fourth century.
Fig. 86. C'i XIV 1. Fragment from the base of a bowl.Thick greenish-blue glass at the base, thin bodied.Pushed-in base with a hollow tubular base ring. Latefirst to third century_
Fig. 86. ex XXII A 2. Small fragment from the rim of abowl ("Airlie' type? see no. 304). Greenish-blue glass.Thickened, fire-rounded, and slightly insplayed rim.Late second or third century.
Fig. 86. CO VIII 1. ?ragment from the rim of 8 bowl(see no. 291 above). Bluish-green glass. Lip foldedoutwards to <;live hollow t ubu l e r rim. L.... t e first tothird centuries.
Fig_ 66.jar/beaker.tubular rim,century.
Fig. 86. CY XIflask. Thick,hollow tubularFourth century.
Fig_ 86. ex I 1. Fragment from the base of a bowl orbeaker. Bluish-green glass. Hollow tubular base ring.First to third century.
Fig.Goodring.
fig. 86. CX XIXsticking part of69-71, form 52;free-blown vessel.down. Multi-ribbedLate first or second
442.
441.
440.
439.
437.
435.
443.
438.
436.
444.
432.
the base designs to link bottles from a common mould. Withthe example from here, however, no. 390 (CO XIV 9) there isnot even a comparable design, let alone a mould-link. Thatthis is the only example of such a design known to me is notof any real significance since there exists a large number ofunique design types. Only through the publication in full ofeuch vessels can this number be reduced.
445-616. 172 fragments of naturally coloured glass(greenish-blues and bluish-greensl from free-blownvessels of indeterminate form.CO 72 fragments;CX 65 fragments;cr 22 fragments;DE 5 fragments.
Fragments nos. 435-442 represent the fashioned parts ofvessels which were in use by the glass-maker for long periods.With only these parts surviving and no body profiles it wouldee unwise to cceeeent. further, other than to note that no. 435can be compared to the long-lived bowl form as represented byno. 291 tcoe r i esvcrtf 1972,199-200, fig. 74, nos. 6-10!, andthat no. 439 is probably another 'Airlie' type bowl (e.g.perhaps, no. 304) and probably not earlier thlln the latesecond century.
434. Fig. 86. CY 111 30. Fragment from the rim of anink-well. Greenish-blue glass. Lip of rim foldedoutwards to give a hollow-tubular section, and then thewhole rim is pushed in to give a narrow aperture with abroad, overhanging rim. Late firlt or early secondcentury.
AS is the case with the bottles above, these flask forms arewell-known during the late first and early second centuriesthough not as common. Manufactured probably as tableware,they appear to come mainly from the Seine/Rhine region (Price1967, 74}.
Greenish colourless glassAll the fragments l i s t ed under this clltC!gory are eaeen t i e t t ynaturally coloured, but the colour lind quality of the metalare those achieved by the glas6worker8 of the late third andfourth centuries and so have been separated from thoae above.All will be seen, the forms represented by euch metalll conformto our expectations of the t e ee Rocnan glaasworkers'repertoires.
433.CO XL 4. Fragment from the lower part of a conical-bodiedflask I Ls i.nqs 1957, 72-4, form 55). Greenish-blueglas5. Body decorated with vertical marvered trails ofthe same metal of which just one is extant. Late firstor early second century.
Such veeeer e are rarely identified. laings (1980, 288) notesthat they may have been a variety of oil-flask or hanging lamp(they are normally fitted with small, generally three, loophandles). However, the internally overhanging r irn certainlysuggests that they were intended to prevent spillage. (Seealso lsings 1957, 93, form 77; fremersdorf 1958, pl. 131;Isings 1980, 288 and 3161. For II lamp with such a rim formsee Fremersdorf 1961, 36, pl. 47 from Koln.
sides ofas for no.
<h.l fo rm
391-418. Twenty-eight fragments from~1~i~e-sections mould-blown bottles
CO 5 fragments from 5 contexts;CX 16 fragments from 14 contexts;cr 7 fragments from 4 contexts.
Naturally coloured glass (excluding greenish-colourless)The fragments catalogued under this category represent vesselsfor which no apparent attempt was made to neutralise thenatural colouring agents in the raw materials (or in thecui let) _ Fragments of the distinctive late Roman metals (poorgreenish colourless), which should normally be included here,have been catalogued separately below_
The identifiable vessela have not been listed in chronologicalorder, the fragmentary nature of the assemblage preventingaccurate identificaiona to allow this, but according to form,I.e. bottles, flaaks, jars/beakers/bowls.
As might be expected with any glass assembillge showingIflltcrial of the late first and second centuries, thecylindrical and the square-sectioned bottle (especially thelatter) are well represented. These sturdy, utilitarian forms...-er e produced in large numbers across the Empire, thecylindrical form being more restricted in distribution to thenorth-western provinces. Their function as liquid orsemi-viscous commodity containers is obvious but their rigidbodies may well have allowed them to be transported with theircontents. Their presence on any site, therefore, will be moreof an indiclltion of these contents - the intrinsic value ofthe bottle itself being open to question. Of course, once nolonger required as a 'package- such vessels may easily serve asecondary function as storage vessels.
~~atever the interpretation of the presence on any site maybe. the fact that these bottles exist, as here, in largenumbers must imply that their proportion of the glass-ware incircuilltinn during the late first and second centuries musthave been impressive. Any analysis of such vessels may appearto he [rustrllting since there is little regional variation inrim lind hllndle types. However, the designs imparted on thebases of the square-sectioned land related rectenqurer andhexflgonall mOUld-blown vessels do allow for a more objectivea nal ye Ls 8ince it is, of course, possible to compare through
419-420. CO XXXV 2. Two fragments from the bodies ofcylindrical bottles Ilsings 1957, 67-9, form 51l.Free-blown, greenish-blue glass. Late first or earlysecond century.
421-431. Eleven fragments from the necks and ahou Id e r a ofbottles of indeterminate form ILe. Isings 1957, 63-9,forms 50 or 51!. Late first or second century.CO 2 fragments from contexts;CX 3 frllgments from contexts;cr 4 fragments from contexts;DE 1 fragment from context)Of I fragment from context.
The composition of the colourless glass assemblaqe isrestricted to bowls lind beakers, some being long-lived typesfor which precisE.' dlltes are difficult to achieve (for examplenos. 302-) leo XL 41. and no. 306 (CO XVI 4)). This problemis further 1l99rllvat~ by the fact that the surviving frllgmentsare 80 SIllIIII lellving very incomplete profiles. Io.'hlltever, theforms tho!lt 8ppeo!lr to be represented are mainly of the secondand third centuries. The inturned rim fragment, no. 304 (COXVI 41, which probably comes from an 'Airlie' type bowl, istypiclII of this period liS is the wheel-cut fllcetted vessel.no. 305 (CO I 4) of which just II very small fragment survivesgiving us no indication of the original shape of the vessel.
The beaxer fragment with applied and, possibly, ground andpolished relief ovals does not relate to these fragments andis earlier in date. Such vessels are not common nnd occur~inly in north Italy and Switzerland, e.g. Locarno, PalazzoloVercellese, Gauting (lsings 1957, 47f)_ Most examplea of suchvessels have their decoration simply applied and manipulatedinto the required shape. This vessel, however, as previouslymentioned appears to have had the decoration "cleaned-up" bybeing ground and polished. Vessels treated in a similarmanner occur at Vindonissa (Berger 1960, 74, nos. 180-1828).These examples have relief ovals along with other decorativeelements (circles, leaf-shaped motifs! but it should be notedthat the decoration is in low relief, unlike that on thisexample.
120 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
"\, ,,
,
ill ~- =r c.
%42
,638 \,,11f:~- 641
,
'''--L-/639 ~, ~=-. ~:. )), 643
, "'"-.......""'!~L --/
646 647
'£--==6 --d648
)
650 ~~, I 651
,
1~, I 654
87. Vessel glass, nos. 635-9, 641-3, 645-8, 650-1, 654-5 (scale 1:1)
618. FIg. 86 . os r r 2. Fr8gllll!nt ...9 for no. 617 but from II
different vessel. Below <h. horhontlll trail aroundthe lip eppear s to be a spirol trail, 11180 of the samemetlli. Tho lip of this vessel, unlike "0. 617, i.folded inwards. Let. third or fourth century.
Fig_ 86. CO XIV 1. The upper sticking put of thebe nd l e and part of the rim of II flask IIsing" 1957,150-1. Conn 120bl. Handle attached below veSllel lip lind98thered to form II looped thumb-grip. Rim fire-roundedwith II thick bor Laonta l tCllil of the Sllme metalimmcdi(ltely below. r.e te third or fourth century.
FIg_ 86. DE VI 1. Fragment from the rim of 1\ flask.Flllred rim with II hor Laonta I trail of the 8am!! metalbelow the lip and ~ade a! an extension of it (i.e. thelip has been fOlded in and the whole has then b!!enfOlded out and down IIgllinst the neck of the vessel, thehollow tubular portion forml!d when the lip WIIS infoldedforming the hori~ontal collar. This is a most uncommonmethod of producing neck trails on such vessels). Withsuch II sma)1 body profile surviving and without anyother detail such as a handle, it is not posaible todifferentiate this veasel from other contemporary formswith such rim erer rr ee (e.g. Isings 1957, fonna 102.120b, 121, 126, 127). All are flasks or bottlea. LIItethird or fourth century.
617 .
619.
620. Fig. 86.flask ormllny IIhor fourth
CX I 1.bottle.
bubbles.cel'Jtury.
Fragment from the outsplayed rim of aThick greenish-colourless glllss with
Form type as for no. 619. wte third
All the flask forllls represented here ere well-known among latethird ana fourth century Romano-British assemblages and. a8et eevnere , the flared rim with the applied trail below the rimis the most cornman flask rim type {compared to thll folded andflattened type of earlier IIssemblages). The rarity of thotechnique employed to fashion the rim of no. 619 hilS alresdybeen commented upon (flee above). 16ings f orm 120b,represented here by nos. 618-9 and, pos s Ibl y , 619-21, ee eee tothe fourth century (Harden 1979, 217) and pr-obe bt y lllightlyearlier although mast datable spec tmeee date to the latefourth (Isin9s 1957, 150-11. The bulky g1811S of t ho thumh-gripappears to be responsible for helping this form to survive andbe separated frOIll other flask types (c.f. thumb-9ripa ...,ithsmall portions of rim frorn Froc!!ster Court - Price 1979. 44,nos . 3'7&-38). The see i i cylindrical flail); with 15mllll dolphinhandles is, 8gain. quite COlMlOn in the nert h-wee t er nprovinces. It nUlllber of such vellllelll have been reccve red fromgrllve contexts e.g. two pain fom Lui I ingstone ( JRS XLIX,1959, 133 llnd pI. XVIII), 'tork t ne rden 1962. 141, ng. 89),Ospringe (Whiting 1931, 58-9, pl. XXXVlll.448). lind LllnkhlIll1cemetery. Winchester (H8rden 1979, 220. creee IX, nos. 20 •211. Fragments are numerous e.g. Frocester Court {Pr i ce1979. 44. no. 42), Shakenoak (llarden 1973. 104, nos. 232-3.fig. 52) and Lankhills (Harden 1979, 220, no. 4111 to CHIljust a few exsmplell.
625. Fig. 86. CO XXVIII 1. Numeroull fragments from the billieto the rim of a conical bellker (111in9S 1957, 11:9f, forml06cl. Greenish-colourlclIS. PU6hed-in bllse. Rimknocked-off and slightly outsplayed. Late third orfourth century.
624. Fig. 86. CY 6. Fragment from the base of a bottle(16ings 1957, form 100) or a beaker (Isingll 1957, form106). Thick greenish-colourless glass, thin bodied.Slightly pushed-in base. Pontil scar visible. Latethird or fourth century.
623. Fig. 86. CQ VIII 1. The upper part of a cylindricalbottle. Greenisb-colourless glass. Neck of the vesselconstricted at junction with the body, fashioned with ahori~ontal shoulder. Neck tapers slightly upwardstowards a knocked-off lip. Two eee r r 'dolphin' handlesattached in the angle of the body and the neck. (lsings1957. 119, form 100). Late third or fourth century.
Fig. 86. CX I I. Fragment from the lower per t of thehand l e of a flask. Thick greenish colourless glllssapplied to .II free-blowl'J vessel. Rod nenate , 'o'-shapedin ae et.Ion a5 it reeves the lower attachment. LIItethird or fourth century.
Although the form to Which this handle belongs (it wasprobably bulbous in llhapll) can not be identifiedexactly, the type of handle is well known {c.f. Price1979, 44, no. 44 for an example from ereceeeer Court.and Harden 1979, 217-9, classes VI and VII for bulbousone-handled flaSks and, so-called, Diotae fromLankhills, Winchester). -----
633. Fig. ". DE vrr r .. Fragment " tcr "0. 626. D. 0' ,i•
"" I 001lml.
634. OF If! I. Fragment ., '0' 00 • 626. D. or d. 76nvn.
635. Fi9' 97- Frll9ment from the dm of e beaker ( lIIinge 1957,126-131, form 106) • ". fire-rounded '"' outaplllyed •t.eee third 0' fourth century.
636. Fig. ". DE IX I. Frllgment " fO' "0. 635. D. 0' d.s, 7Omm.
637- Fig. ". or rv .. Frllgm(!nt ea for "0. 635 . D. 0' r fms, 70ll1ll.
Fra9lmmt as for no. 626. D. of rim £.:. 90mm.
CX IV 1. Fragment as for no. 626. O. of rim
CY XIX +. Frllgment from th(! rim of /I benkerfor no. 6251. Good thick gr(!cnish ccj cur i eeeKnocked-off rim. slightly outspillyed.abrllsions on lip lind.£.:. 15mm below. Fourth
I"rll9ment as for no. 626. O. of ri/ft £.:. gOmm.
DE XIV +. Fragment as for no. 626. O. of rim 90mm.
Fig. 96. CY VllI26. Fragment as for no. 626. D. ofrim £.:. 74mm.
DE IX 1.
DE VIII 2.
Fi9. 86.85mm.
Fi9' 86.(form a69 1aSS.Hor1zontlllcentury.
DE XIV +. Fragment as for no. 626. D. of rim 96mm.
627.
626.
628.
629.
631.
632.
630.
620 but with athe lip. Late
II +. Fragmllnt liS for no.same metal IIpplied belowcel'Jtury.
86. DFof ene
or fourth
Fig.trldlthird
621.
622.
THE FINDS 121
644. CX XIII. Fragment as for no. 642. D. of rim 128mrn.
642. Fig. 8? DE IX 1. Small fragment from the rim of a bowl(e.g. Isings 195?, 143-4, form 116a). Goodgreenish-colourless glass. Knocked-off rim, slightlyoutsp1ayed. Late third or fourth century.
639. Fig. 8? CY XIX ... Fragment from the base of a beaker(form as for no. 635). Plain, slightly pushed-in base.Late third or fourth century.
640. DE IX 2. Fragment as for no. 639.
641. Pig. 87. CY V 8. Fragment as for no. 639.
Such conical beakers, either with or without the abradedlinear decoration, with plain outsplayed knocked-off orfire-rounded rims and with pI ",in pushed-in bases (e.g. Isings1957, form 106c) are coenon in Britain during the late thirdand, especially, the fourth century, e.g. Shakenoak (Harden19?3, 103), Portchester ~Harden 1975. figs. 197-8) andrz oces t e r Court t p r i ce 19?9, 41-21.
This is a most interesting fragmellt. The quality of the glassitself is much poorer than any of the late metals from thissite. If this is taken in conjunction with the ratherexceptional mode of decoration. this vessel, whatever its formmay have been, certainly stands out from the rest of theassemblage. That the actual style of decoration is similar tothat of post-Roman 'claw'-beakers tt.e , applied decoration tothe outside of the vessel but with tooling from the interioralso) might suggest a 'prototype'. Simple ",pplied endmarvered decoration is well-known in the late Roman period,(e.g. no. 653 above) and applied loops do occur Ie c q .Frocester Court. Price 1919, 42, nos. 20-1) but none arefashioned into hollOW bosses such as this.
655. Fig. 87. DE IV +. Fragment from the side of a beaker orbowl. Poor greenish colourless glass with many airbubbles. The decoration has been applied, a flattenedblob with a relief trail around its edge, but thenpushed out from the inside of the vessel making theresulting decoration reminiscent of the well-knownpost-Roman 'claws'. Body also decorated with ahorizontal trail of the same metal sealed hy the applieddecoration described above. Fourth or (?)fifth century.
Vessels decor at ec in such a manner do occasionally occur inearly Roman contex t s but they are more common in the laterperiod on such poor quality greenish colourless metals such asthe example here. Similar fragments occur at Frocester Court(price 1979, 42, no. 19), Shakenoak IHarden 19?3, lOa, no.196) •
of a beakerbase. Bodyorientated
DF IV +. Fragment as for no. 642. I). of rim
DE IX 1. Fr",gment from the basefor no. 635). Slightly pushed-inwith wheel-cut oval facetsLate third or fourth century.
Fig. 87.l form eseecor aeeediagonally.
643. Fig. 87.192mm.
638.
Bowl fragments similar to nOS. 642-4 occur quite frequently infourth century conte~ts on sites in Britain e.g. PortchesterlHarden 1975, fig. 197). Frocester Court (Price 1979, 42, no.121 and Shakenoak (Harden 1973, 102-3, fig. 52).
Fig. 8? CY XI 12. Fragment from the base of a bowl.Thick greenish colourless glass. Coarse, solid appl i edbase-ring. Slightly pushed-in at the centre of thebase. Late third or fourth century.
Fig. 87. DE IX 1. Fragment from the base of a bowl.Thick greenish-colourless glass. Flat, plain base.Late third or fourth century.
Fig. 87. CY V 8. Base of a bowl {e v q . Isings 1957, 144.form 116; as nos. 642-4 abovel or f La s k (e.g. Isings1951,121-5, forms 103/104). poor quality greenishcolourless glass with many air bubbles and solidimpurities.Plain, slightly pushed-in base. Pontil scar visible.Fourth century.
NOS. 655-1 are all fragments bearing decorative elementsCOJmlOn to the late Roman period and such fragments frequentlyoccur throughout the Empire.
Fragment from the side of a beaker. Greenishwith many air bubbles and impurities.
with long oval indents of which just oneLate third or fourth century.
CY XIX ...colourlessDecoratedsurvives.
6570
656. DF II 1. Two small fragments from the side of a beaker,jar or flask. Very good greenish colourless glass.Body decorated with deep oval indents orientatedvertically. Just part of one is extant. Late third orfourth century.
Greenish colourless indeterminate body fragments659-880. 222 fragments of greenish colourless/yellowish
colourless glass from free-blown vessels ofindeterminate form. Mainly late third or fourth centuryin date.
658. OF II ... Fragment from the side of a flask or bowl.Good greenish colourless glass. Decorated with veryfine applied trails (probably a spiral) of the samemetal. Late third or foruth century.
bowl.D. of
Fragment from the base of aa hollow tubular base ring.or fourth century.
DE II 2.base withLate third
Fig. 87.Pushed-inbase 66mm.
647.
646.
645.
648.
654. Fig. 870 CY III 60. Small fragment from the side of abeaker, bowl or flask. Thin greenish colourless glass withmany air bubbles. Body decorated with applied marvered trailsgathered into diamond patterns. Third or fourth century.
With insufficient of the profiles of the vessels representedby nos. 645-650, it is virtually impossible to be preciseabout identifying the e~act form. However, the metals of allthese fragments can be dated to the late third or, especiallyconsidering their poor qualities, to the fourth.
Decorated FrsgmentsMost of the fragments below (nos. 651-81 are too small tooffer an identification of their original forms. However, thedecorations that they display make them worthy of description.
651. Fig. 870 DE VIII. Fragment from a bowl or flask. Goodgreenish-colourless glass. Body decorated wi th anapplied and stamped "pr un t ", Decorated with a rosettedesign and probably just one of a number on the vessel'sbody.
These small stamped rosettes are not cceeecn . A flaskdecorated with such elements is in the Corning Museum, NewYork Iu nprovenanced r Smith 195?, 159 no. 326) and the onlyother e~amples xncwn to the author are just individualrosettes, i.e. Shakenoak (Harden 1968, 16. no. 5, flg. 26,31and Bath, The Temple Precinct Site lforthcoming). Hardendates vessels decorated in such a manner to the late secondend third centuries but it should be pointed out that theCorning e~ample is unprovenanced, the Shakenoak example isfrom an undated deposit and the Bath fragment comes from alate third or fourth century conte~t.
652. CY V 8. Small fragment from the side of a bowl orbeaker. Colourless with a greenish tint. Decoratedwith applied marvered blobs in monochrome metals ofwhich just one in turquoise glass survives. Fourthcentury.
653. CY XI 13. Small fragment as for no. 652. One large deepblue marvered blob remains. Fourth century.
Bowls, beakers and cone-lamps decorated with SUCh applied andmarvered blobs, especially blue. are common in fourth centuryEgypt and Syria (Harden 1969. 59). They do, however, occurjust as frequently in Italy and the west but with a greatervariety of colours (e.g. blue, green and brown) applied withmore diversity in design on mainly just bowls and beakers ofthe fourth century re .«. Calvi 1968, 110f for examples fromAquileia. See also Fremersdorf (1962) for examples from theRhineland, especially :Koln, Bonn and Trier).
1018. Fig. 88, irillngle Of lead. aidell 30II1II In length, 15D1l thick, theupp ..t autf.. ce .,.,ooth. the basil pitted. CQ IY I.
QBJECTS OF LEAD
881-907. Cast/moulded window glass. 27 fragmen~s: Naturallycoloured with one matt and one glossy finish. E denotes anedge fragment, 'M' denotes a trace of mortar that may havebeen employed to glaze the pane.
CO 3 fragments (2EI;CX 11 fragments (1M and 3EIlCY ? fragments (IE).
908-950. Blown window glass. 43 fragments. Some naturallycoloured pieces but the greater majority are in a poor deepgreenish colourless metal. Both surfaces tend to be glossy.in some cases one side being slightly matt in finish as aresult of its contact with a marver slab. 'E' denotes an edgefragment.
CO 7 fragments;CX 17 fragments (3EllCY 17 fragments (2EI;DE 2 fragments.
Post-medieval and modern vessel and window glass951-1016. 66 fragments.
CQ 6 fragments tCX 37 fragments;CY 22 fragments;DF 1 fragment.
1017. Hg. 88. A heavy conk"l IUlllp of l ...d, ith a diallond-shaped holethrough the centre. ?...eight att..ched to noden ..haft. CQ VII.
Dtopleta of ",olten lead of ".rioue ..eights .. ere tecoveted from 21cont.. lIU. Ihe largest cOn<:entratlon of aheet and droplet frallments .... s inCX XIX. suggutlng that vorking of IUd lIl"y hBve been carried out in thisar ..a.
T\lenty-tvo off-cut a of aheet lead .. ere found, of varying aizes sndthicknesses ...ith one or fIIore cut or ss"" .. dg .. s. Cut .. arke and M:ored1ln.. s 1l11st on so .... of th.. aheets.
Linda Viner
>,
Roman WindOW GlassBoth of the two varieties of window glass, cast and blown,occur on these sites. The former was produced maInly duringthe first two centuries A.D. but IndIVIdual panes may ~ell
have been retained and re-used in later structures. The blownvariety appears to be predominately third or fourth century indate.
CX V 3. Small fragment as for no. 648.
Fig. 87. CQ IV 1. Pe r t. of the base of a flask orbeaker. Thick greenish-colourless 91"'55. Pushed-in.domed base with a flattened hollow tubular base-ring.Ponti 1 scar visible. Late third or fourth century.
649.
650.
122 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS 1II
LOL9, Fig_ M. ConicAl lUlll.p resembling the end of .. lead ptE_ lIe1ghtng~21 . SgtI. ex Ull 5.
Lead weights, all "re circular with r.,ll$1na of the Iron suspend"nhook/loof"
CQ xrn
Plaln pieces of red, "hlte, pIll',;, yellov-brolll\, orsng", dsdo sugseated byfragm..nt of plnl< splodged .. tth blue, pinl< nd whlte. pldn ..Mtoo"erpsinted with aroOn stripe 20.. Vide, angled frapent fro.door/wIndow/recess, cr y vhite bacq;round with rc.alns of D.rOOn On tOp.
1020. FIg • ... Diameter 35l11ll, weight 2338"" ex XVHI 2.1021. Fig. ... Dialleter 30llllll, ",eight 191.8p. CY XVI i.1022. FIg. ... Dialleter 10 ... , weight 44.2.3""" CYIll ".1023. Pig. ... DI.meter 60 ... , weight 480p . OF 111 +.• No. 1022 11 encased In copper 811oy.
CQ XIV
SIt.. boo',; reference to plaster: initstLon .... rbHng .. 1th pink. snd redsplash.. s, plaln coloure of derl< red, pinK, wMte with en orsnge/brolll\strip.. ; corner of r ..d strLped psnel. Mac\; atripe, blacl< spla.hes On...-hlt ...
lIALL PLASTER
>,Linda Viner
CQ XXXVI
Site 11.001< refer ..nce to p1nk. pleater~ on north .....11.
Rullding XU,I CQ 8 2
CQ II 1
Red, pl&ln fragments, de<:oratlve elelllents are suggested by the &ucY!"alof slIall frlO.gllent" with ClID or aOte adjacent "-olour., IIsroon and y"UOIt,pill\ snd "aroon, lI'llroon overpainted vith pink. the junction further"Ilphadil'ed by (l white nripe, 1... ",ide, pInk with 2. "hire atrlpn, each6.. wide, sod 220.. aput, parallel to one anoth.. e , psle green vith vhitostrI~ of 111D. .. idrh. UrOOn background "ith fre..-hand white paintedcv..r.
Plain frapents of r ..d and white, &usgeatLon of p.nel dealgn, "Lth rodand black .djac..nt.
CQ C I
Pla.ln "hlte, panel design or .. tu re bsck,ground "lth .aroon sULpe l~..."Id .. and orange stripe 10 ... "Lde, 20... apart.
CQ III 1 8uUdln& Xll,2
Red. and white pldn fraga ..nts. decoraUve panels or blacl< lines andcircl.. " palnted On pinl< bscq;roll1\d. trapent of aosled plut.. r fra.dndo"/door/receas. painted pink.. wIth blael< stripe at tho angh.
c vSite book referene.. to plast.. r - red, pinl<. DSroOO ...hite ••nd sOlIe pioeea"teh thln )'dlo" stripes.
ex IV 1
Sit.. book reference to plaster - "T(ld pInter foune! near north vall ofbuUding.
CX V 1
CQ VIll SIISU qu.ntiti... of purple, r ed, grey and vlllt .. of poor quality.
cx V 2
CQ IX Site boo',; r .. ference to .... ll plalt .. r I,Lng be.. do,"", at .outhern end ofreee , sho".. channel .yste•.
Site book. refer..nc .. to plalter - white and purpl .. dado. red. hla<:t,lIaroon platn fr.pents; yello" llteh wbite at rip... CX YIn
CO' ....11 plast.. r, vary rough crude, ltne. Ineg"l.r.
S"rvlving fnpenu of plane r .. o"ld suggest the rollOlllng: ex VIU!XlllA
PhIl< dado; and panels vtth the folloving adj&<:ent eolouu: sr n/pint/Vttit .. /red (ptnl< 18_. "hite 6....tde), yellov/sreen/blu.. (sr n 12.."id..). hlue!ydlow/ r ed/sreen (y.. Uo.. / r ..d 12.. OIlde).
Sit.. book r .. fer ..nc .. to plasur.
cx xrn
CQ XlI/X. Plaln vllit .. plaster 00 top of "oll4ic.
Qusrtar-round lIo"ldlng seron threshold. exXIV
Fras,"onta of plaln yeUo" , pint, cren, psnel desIgn .uggeat ..d byfollo"ing sdjacent colouu, cuaOl/yellov, dlvlded by white Itdpe of 3_darK blue/gro.. n, .. ith dividIng white atrip.. of 6... cream/yellOIl wtth dar',;hlu.. anlpe bet.... en or 6a:o. "ith red a...... p over the blue.
Plain colours of pale turquolse, blue, r ..d, purple, and white, ana ....nfrepent of panel dealgll of purple adja<:ent to vh1t1.
cr w
Site book. reference to plast .. r of pI.ln "hite and red.
1022
1019
1021
1018
1020
~-
88. Lead objects, nos. 1017-1022 (scale 1:2, except 1023 with copper alloy casing 1:1)
THE FINDS
CX XVI
Phln red philter. ""Y IIUStelltlolli for p...eI .. otif ..ot prell~nt. H.3.pinl< philter 11ning In.lde of hypoc.ullt chan..el.
Dr. Mntto Ilt:n1Jl
123
CY 1 1
Grey-blue bllC:qround, red, ",hlte p.Lnted fr.lI.. entll IIre ..n lind red panelll",hI!. 6.... ..nIce .tripe bet",..en,
CY 1 6
g"d .nd g rey panel "'HI!. yello.. and black dIvIdIng lltrip 10_ wld", greybad',eround overpalnted vitI!. yello...nd bl.el:. IItrlpe c. 12-. ..ide.
"" 1White b"'ck&round vith re.1I1n. of red va"h on top.
CT IV 1
O.do of e re......ith white. red lind pink apl.nhell, cru. back&round .. lthyflllo'" .nd purple er r t pea , 12 Ind l)m wide respecti'llely. 20_ apatt.
CT IV 14
Ansled fupent for dl)(lr/wlndow/recell8. whHe hllCkground with pinl<overpalnted on nne aide of angle. and blue-green on the ntber.
INSCRIPrIONS
H.W.C. Ballll8ll
A reet.ngular oo11te block)O ClII 10"& b,. 24 c::a high and 24 c::a thIckdlaco'llered In a I18condllry cnntellt. 11nlng one of the nun le.d1na fro.the stokehole in CQ Vl into uo. III (1910 CQ II 9).
Th" inllcription readll'
...A]VG!.
.. .jVIR!
10 the prel1Dinllty publ1catioll of tbh piece (Wrillht and Ba...ll 191L,289, nO. 3, pl. XXXVIII.B) It was lIuueated tbat the atone ..y havefOl'lled the oedlal part of • frien io.cribed vith a dedic.Uoll to Sllnperor or hh ntallQ. in honour of vb_ the oOIlu:aent or buildIng froa
~Chi~::r~::~;~P~~~:c:-n: ~:0Ullbett~.~~eu:1 ~~eW;~~rth;-eaa~::S.~eee~:~r.There .re of cour&<! aond par.llell for the dedlc.Uon of hrg" pubUcbulldill81 to .... peron - in lldt.in 0.... thl ..ks of th.. f.aOUll for..inacrlptiolls .t V..rul_ita snd IIroxet.. r s .. t up to tItus Slid Badrl.nre.pectively. but aiaUar dedlclltlona to tbe~ of an eaperor. orr.ther the rn..ina AUlustor.. - tho DIvIne Powerll of tbft totalHy ofeepeee ee , put alld pr ...ent. csn .0.110 be pa.ral!eled. Of the. 61.plaraphicoccurrencea of tile iapertal n...en in &ritdll a hrll" proportinn co... elldedtclltiono on eluro, oft",n~at1Itaryc:.Olltextll, alld sre not rele'llllll.t,but. dOt-en nr po buUdiOS illl"tlptiona of one 1I0rt or .nother are kllOwn.Tho boat pardhlll lite .!!! 1056 (South Shlelda) vbere the n.... lo.AUIUlltor... an ilnked with .ooe fell.h divinity••ctUlllly On part of thefriue of • t ...pl..... U& 656 (Tork) rl!cordlng tbft erectloo of • Ihrineditdlcned to the nto:llna AuSUlltOrUIII and the nea .!2sl ...• and RIll 101. thenll-k_ dedic.Uon of the theltre It.ge .t 8tou&lrorr-B_ber. where thework w.. c.rtl..d out by an .edile of tbe vicl18 in hollOlU' of tttll divineboUle of tbe e.peror AlItotllnUII Pilla .ad tl>e oualna ADa_tor....
Of aor. iut.. r ...t. bllt itl • tsntllUr.lng WIly. 111 the second lioe. whIch ...on tbe fdne frna South Shleldl, will probllbly ha'l'e c.rrled the e..e oftbe dedIcator. VII. could cOllC:eh.bly be pert of hill n..e , but it 1. 1I0re11ks11 to be part of 1111 epIthet UIIed to dellcribe the ...... .tatu.. Inthll c... lluovlr h the probable upan.loll, the first recorded occurullc"on ••tone Inlcdptlon frna the provinc. of the tttle. Thil fact init..If 11 I reU..etloll of the d"rth of ep1auphic ••terial frOll southernBritaio, 1I10c.. ellch civital - no Ie.. than th .. four coloQise o§ theprovlnCII - will h.lve h.ld II pilI' of thelle ann_lly elected -.ghtratel. A.Otl lnuiluillS ponibil1ty 111 th.lt tlle word w.. Sevlr Ausustalb. TheSeveri Au,llaul.l. du. frna the ,",althy fr"edllen "1 fotllld • collll&"of .b prIest. concerned with s.""ror worlhip. Th colhln _rerqular Iostltutlo... In loaIIn colonie:. 111 llritalo for ex..ple, ttl'" sradiuctly &Ctelt.d .t tork .nd. Lincolll • but In C.ul and. the ~lnellnd the,..re 11 ... fOt;llld. thou&h leu c~l,. io civitatea perearioae •
!!ill.!t. RIB 141; B. Cuoliffe. I ...... n !.11th (Society of Antiqusriu Rf!learch
Report 110 xxiv), pp. 186-~lind ph. xxxllt"'xli. especIally pI.xlI.
2. D. Pishwicl<. 'The Illperial Nu..en in Roman Britaln' • .J...:...~.!-n_S.t~.d.i!,.!'
11x (1969). 16-9l.
3, Co.pare S.S, Prere.~ (1961). P'P 206-1. For til." tlle n ...poof tbe colonill of Gloucenu. giving in abbrevIated foro the name ofdlHlvlri IIl1d d.... viri qulnsuennsles, a.... eapecially J. ROlla!!.2!-~.l.!."
illY (1955), 69. pI xlv, snd.!.!!.!.!! hBi (1968). 212. no. 48.
4. J. lI.o_n Studi"" xl (1921), 101 • L'Ann.... EpIStllphiqu.. (1922), nO 116.nd for snoth.. r ..u.pIe m 618.
S. See C.I.L. sUI. Inde:.: Xl P. with cro"" referencea to Ind.." It.
For an Inllcribed lIilver 1'1118 llee fia. 71 110. 9.
Sculpture c.r'l'ed in ooUttc rteeeeee... por,trs.l"f.n8 Portu...... fro. CQ VI 2end 3 (fillll. 90-1). lhll worll 111 eeeeervee &II s fr~rundi.ns atatuute ofthe sodden .eated upon. throne - er perhepa a bII.ke~-chair of a typecOlllllon 1.. tbe North Welt prOYince.l• The detaUI of th1ll howeYer, areonly roughl,. IndIcsted. In eff ..ct the aurvivJ.ns partl of tlle figure lirenot free of the .toee IIstrix although the he...d, now .illllo•• pru\lIIlIbly.... a.
OI.eUlllona, lurvivln,g ht:lSht 54 aol; br ..adth 41 ClIII.
I'ortull.& ....rll • laD« Itola. b.. lted bel_ her 'brelllt., .nd ovar this IIIl!llt or ..ntle. The upper e<!ae (If ber ~t. WOtl. below til.l atols 111
vial Ie around h.. r o..ek. jUlt clur of the break ~hat hll. reaoved herhud. A bracelet 11 .hown 011 her riSht sra. The front of her feet h.viQ&brok.en away. It II not certaIn vbeth..r ""e .... wearin8 Iho... or not.
Her right h.nd rest. 00 • "beel, dedS....d to be eeen only 00 .Itl out.. rface ..here fiye of itl .pok... .r" yhlble. III her hft bani! ...he 'holdl.coraucopla.
Iconographlc.lly there ere no lIurpria.... The wheel vbich~~ Ihn.....ith~. godden of r .. tribution. revelllll her .. a dflity who turnl thecoura.. of fete. Allongllt otber r ..pe...en.t&Uon. of Pnrtuna fro. BriUlnlbown with wheeh ere tho.e fro. the Llentvit Hajor .. illll. l'Iatlborougb,L.llClIe.ter and Rud.ton2. Sillliler I)I'IIOOlillll. not .pplrentl, pru"nt On thecrreeeeaeer fi8ure. h ~o be &<!en ill~ steering-oar (Which iapU...that the aodde.. .teer. the courae of ..vent.) ud ber Ilobe 'of IIfOrUrde3. She 111...,.. holh a ssressae. one nstunlly boped thIIt bTtlll1ewould be Sond fortune sod that th.. turnlna of ber ""'eel (or of ber rlllllokt)~.... fielal for one.
Fortuna often atood In 'boUII,""••nd e.pecially (u 111 ths e.... of oU!'~te) 1I1thill bllth-.ult.... where oil... lII!ght 1001< .fter ......d (Ind henceYul ....rsble) '&en .nd protect the build log frna Ure. lI.tlrbou""I, prIvate.nd I"'b11c ...ere phces of relaxat10ll where lI"ab11n, took. place IndFortuns pruid..d ov ..r a&o"" of .eheoce. Tbst Pnrtunll .... 111;voll.ed 1II0re~than thh ill .hown &taphlcally on a rel'ieT'Iriia tllo Stooellfioldvilla, 0ffordll1l1to where Ihe appearll on s rd lef witb !.!!!!!! h.atua(Success) . The writer beU"""" that .any of tbe people who nt ,up 111&&l1liof the .tOdde...t bOlle. or vore representlltlon.1 of her On the1r ~1·anet
rlnlla wer .. thiollog of tbeir .ffaln In senerd. not jUlt of bathin••
The quaUty of vorb.nlhlp tIIn8". wIdely. frOll the hi8h .ccooplhboent ofthe Chi18rove at.toette to tb. vill.ge .tyle of the Uttle figlU'e frooI:iogacote. The raeeeeeeeee lpecl.en 1. not only lar••• but h areurkabl,. .cco.plhhed Ipeclaen of pro'l'wcllll CIIrvina. Til.. eon..olutedfoU. of the dtllpery (rRnd..nd 10 sn upeclally proficient ..nner wherethe aantle 111 pulled U8ht 00 her rigbt .boulder. where it haoa. loo.elydown ber left dda Ind over ber .r., and agdn 111 th" frIll ina of tbeIItoia around her .0Ue.) .re cut .. itb • real ecnee teuene.. of linearbu.uty which aall,. people todll)' rather elllloe1ete wIth late Anala-Saxon andll.on.anelque work th.n uith Romana-BriUab aculptute. aceevee , this 111.reeeuee of a srellt de.l of tha better Iculptura froa the p,ovlnce lindthere .....0 clearl,. a partlcularl,. iopartant IIchool In our Ire.. ·A O'er,.IItrlklog parallel ill the otetuette of Portuna, or poeeibly Abund.llt1e. (heronly remeln~n8 IIttrlbut" 1.. cornucopIa) froll the telllple of Hilden. atLydney Park. The fold. of the dupery which cover the body &a'le pleall1ncccrvt i aee...r patteroa jUllt ... they do On our fIsure. In teru of q.....Uty.the bellt sculpture fro. Clrellcen..r it.elf 11 tbe f.ooUII fi8ured CAplt.l.p..rh.pa froa a free-.undlnS votive col.. lI. \ie lUy note here thet therolla of dr.pery on BaCChUll' .Upp..d tunIc on the caplt.1 rsse.bIe the.trntoent of th~ plllls 00~ left lide whUe the agra rntrailledlin.. of til... oaen.d'. glraent m.tch those of Fortun...' ••tol.. Tva group.of Katre. fro. Alhcroft .. rIO c..rved "ith l~aa refineacnt. 11thongh thebold. unfuaay drap..ry 11 .Ull lIatillfylll8' Added Interest here 1aprOVided by lin alur found with the. d..dicAted by su11n~O.on of Br.uc:etull.who call. hI.aeIf a aculptor on II110ther ...lear at !.11th • A trllv..lling.culptor 111 Ukely to bo on .. Who haa eatabUahe d a reputstion. til.e aort oflIIan. it IDII)' be llugauted. who would beve bee.Yl c...lled upon to catVe thecult lollse of Kercury for the tellpIe st Uley . Leuer contraetll wouldgenerally hey.. dC'IIolYcd on all8l11t ...llta or apprcntlcu, Thull. notaorprla1ng•• high percentage of our telDllIning aculptur.. h dee1dedlyaecond-claaa. The own.. r of buUdlng XU,l "aa ablo to d1spl.y bIll """lIlth- lind tute - by cn ..hdonlng the beat fIaure of Portuna a'llaUsbl .. (th..worlr. of a auter IIcutptor) for dlllpisy In hh blth;:--H;;dlna .11 it h.n,la 18 a lIIost .lsnIfIcant addition to the aur'llivlng Il.O"'1I Iculpture froaCirenc..n .. r. •
1. J. Liv.. raidge. Furniture In Ro.... n Britein. (Londoll. 195~). 1~-26.
2. A.R.A. R08$. The Ll""twit Major VUla. BrItannta. V, 1914, 242-4, pI.XXA.; C. Word.worth tn Wi!uhlr.. Archa~. KIst. ~. XXXIV.1906. 205-1, and B.W. Cunliffe lind H.G. Fulford, ~J.l!..-li!J!'E!~1m etii Romani. Grellt Britllin Vol I P.lcicule 2. R...th ond th"- Restof Wenex, Oxford. L 2 2 -8. no 1.02, pl. ; J. Col11ngwood Broce.~11 S"pt..ntrlonele (London, 1975) 368, no. 701. E.J.rhlI11psIn 1. tl. Stead. Iludlton Iloman Vllla, (Leede, 1980) 129 00.1.
3. J.tl.C. TO)l"llbee III A. Down Cbichut..r Excavationl 4. the Il.o.... Y!!!.!-!'lit Cbil,rove snd Up!.rden (Cblchellter. 1919). 181-3. pl. 11;CunUue and Pulford. ibid. 21. no.lOl. pI. 21.
4. C. Speake. A 1l....lIo-Bdthh Sculptured relIef froa' It_dleld.Odord.ln.~ LlttI.1982. 311-9. pi, LVI•. 1.1110 noteCaerleon rdiel, ill 318.
5. H. B..olS. A fIllUre of Fortuna fro. KiOSlcote. Glo ••• !oat. J. LXI,1981. 3~L-2. pl. LDla; l:.!' A Corpus of Ro.... El1J!.ra'lled ca..tOlles frnallrlt1ah Site. (BAR a. 2nd Edn., Odord) 16 .nd 224-6. no•. 31.-39.K. B.. nlg, in 5.5. Frere. The BillDllr VUh, !!.ll!!!..!!.!.' un, 1982,193-4. pl. nn.c, (frOll Ilillnor).
6. E.J. PhIllip•• A lIoruhop of 11.0.... Sculptors lit CIIrIlIl"' • .!lrlte!'!'!~
Vll, 1916. 101-6 ( • piono,,-r IItud,. for :IIritdn),
124 C1IlE NC EST ER EXC AVAT IO N S III
H(j . Fra g llH.'llt of inscription reused ill flue lini n g
1. 1 ,[ . I'l. III".. I.. ...01 " . \'. ~l,.,.. h r. "'pon ... !...Iw_~~!,W_. l t~~ 0 1..•"'nUtter ! . , ~n .... ' 011-"_ Sin It l l . " . ] ".!~...5 _1 !'!J_'J(Soc h t ,o f Uq... f1 .. . Od or4, \ . 11). 6f 01 ,1. " ' - , "' .
S . [ .J 11 1' ., J . hit . ",."'-01. CDI I , 1.1_, n .... \ ul"'d a U y
lU p i oul 1 I "
t . ' 0Ila .... t l.t .u(b..ol~ un, IU1 . 110-) .
10. III 10) (C lr tu ) &Ad 1)1 ( ... h) .
11. 0\ . [Ilho.. ..... " 11 ... 11 ......Uqully LV. I'll, 4) ... . I roa ll . p' o u ...4
h.cll" • •• .
OI.1!CT'S or non
IIItno I nc _ p l U G " " •• ll on •• , ,I I fro. 'U l a<! I ll , <"nl " . n, . ... It" !Tolo.lul \ ".."Iur! on . CQ UII I , CQ UI I, e x XVI 4 , CV II I 10 ,CT 111 fill, DE ll¥ t , O[ 11 l. 0' II t ; ond Df II t .
" ..nt.I, o f ..on. o....r u • • , .... u Oft . .. pe r ll r hl ll ."d - . l'"'cI..... o.. . lyo n 10..... ...p,U r l.l t ot 101.y . [ 1 _ C... .... to .... '1. N "" r••.,v ... . 4t._ t t.. .au ,I I 1Ioe " po" IH .. 10 , I .. t ••• 0 1_ .· 00M ' ''p''''' l ol.... 101 _1_4 " " t"'" let. D• • w..4 Perk l • • "", 0 ""1' 4 I t t o b., . ... S1L,. 0 . . All ........ U 1•• 01 _ Ibt "",11''' ..d ...rlle•• • ...r , I ..thlclt... . . f._ Il -20- . t_ 110 .o4d ltl _ ....... .. I "", 11 1""d .Id lth I.H,M ""..,.1 t .. tIM 11.1 . ... . l oti . H" ,
Cont u u CQ 1'1 I (2 l u .._tt ) . CQ 11 \ (2 ' t.L " Vt. C'1I 1~ . " 11 1 • • C' II I). CT I ulII ..1 hJP _ I , Of; I. , Df II r • All..... I . ... ' .. I....t III c lI. I •• II .
"" 1,," c.. plul - c....... . h.l l , .... t ltlc 11...tll_. c •••• t o 11,1>.' .. ' -10.0.... III colo... . t o p f l a l> ..., do _I . b.o w .. II tlw bott _ 01 tlMo
.0.. l d l " , • • ••_tl>IJ c ..t .. lItI 0 .. 1 ....... . II.I ,M I ' e.. Cl ••• IB.d ••t,.p. t'iA 10, Dr t ., .C . 11 61' . C(l UXV I L.
Co l ..o c . p l ll i - c...... ''''1 1, _ tLt. , c ..... " c .. I .." • . Do_I hoi. I nt Op , d.o " . 4 . . .. 110' o ll lO P 0 1 .I>.c... . "".. 14 1,.•• re ••• , ....... . 1t.I,htl) .~CII. t,,. YI lt . CT vtt t l b .
114'.... tll • • II I• • • . 1 1011... til.. ' .10.1 • • •. 10..1 ...,. k.d " 0' .... t .. l .It-..t o_ . I 111... ... 11 re 10 I.. CT 1(\'1 . . CI IVII I , C' lit 10• ... CT I I t . '!>I' f._ C1 I I 6 10' r.. I "'" _., ._,t.,.-et I••etl lIll _ I_ 1_,tI, . "" t l'lI _ .1 ~_ t b l . " . Th f • ••
••1>1 101 ••4 . ,&,-.1 1_11 t o 1 "" ._u. 0 1 ,"'" """ . 11 1 1Ito_ ( ""t l> 1I• • eto_ ) til . fOI ._It.., , .to ..... ..... .. t"'" p''''U• • 10 " ••,.10 11._.. .
.... tt .ro • • , ,to""" 1• • 11 • • unl t 11 t o 11,,11"".111. 1( . I u CX) - .... tt• • . n.... hcll I tl> o f 1 1 Old. 1.__llIl cIt_ .to... . . "" t..4 . ft " -!Iotto'" c I , . I IM 1.. • 1. ..... II,.'I ... ... _ ••• I U M 10 fo II,ltt . ... h . It 1 1 .... 1.... Th. 11_ .f ... " •.....t. ' p'p"'. ' t o d ••I _ • •• I d. t M u • • • • . , Utl' .fbl~u l.l ·n~. .. I t d.ptlt lI-l0 ~ . ",III .. f c ""' 1 1' tII11-\ 6..
Qto.... u o• • . " • . 92 . C(l l ll i I .
'.bl t .. , .. f Uu. 110...... . '1 • .•2, 0.. c 01, 0 ' t lw
••c t uJ•• t.tol t .. , h •• • 'Olt ll ' 11 , ""..:ont.d.. 0._..- 10100:10. 1"11 ,. f h , h i • . I.or. d _ , 1•• of • • c t l ••.... ""......lto .. '.d .1d.... t I It II . M ,- . .... I., 10.... lIc to,Soli .,. <1919. " '-111) . C(l ltV I .
"O. I . C. 0.• • \1 1
A • • .1 1 ......101.. , .. o f p ••M.t .. . I . utlfect. c _ , . I1 I .. , Il v. I t . 0 1..o . k.d ' ilo t . "" • • 1.... 11 c _ p l . l .... ,.<fo• • ',"", pol l ....d . ' " n 4 .• ..:o••••d It I. t,. 0 1 cOIU . ' " .. ItM...1' • • CQ. CI, C, .nd llIt . All..••• fo Ld 1 , ••• • 1.. _ . n o. I • • •• d.,.,. ' _,......... . 11' N fl Ito , 10 1... . .. .. ' I. ,I>.. Il l nt •••,' • • h. 1._ 411 c_I • • " 0 1 • •• 11• • d ." .... . 4" " ' 0,.4 , I I>....... l b lllt ,. t lwo ' 01 1 01 ._. o f t"'" I " .'. l .. t< 04"".4 .. ,.oc ......'I••• of IM. ' . U t._.01..._ •• • _ , b 1-.1 o..t . JIll. , ••'l"' . ,.II,•• In... 1 t o II.. .4 1'11.. tool I ••' .... " t l , I .. ..M _-.on . I te •• 114 • • ,. tw 0 1l I.d 10. ' .... 1. \n"" . ,, ••1... o. h n..n••0. poll.I1••• .
Col .... c . plt . l. CI XV" . 0011 .1. h • ••l oo • • " .... I .. colo.... . Do... l1 Of the II • • f llot. , t tl b l ed •• 0 . bled. I (CQ 1 11 4 . til ¥ ••....t. In t op . "" .. 14110, • • •• , _.a,. nd d...... . 11.1.", I) ... CI III 1) ..... 011 1 1.&'" c • • • • , ,..I n • . 0 ..1, 0 'n, .1 . . .. 1 .. . .
THE FINDS
W. Statuette of Fortuna
91. Statuette of Fortuna
125
126 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
..... ......
-.; .. '
.:.~
'".;;•.:,
.:. :" :", ';.:.
:'.:.' .,:;"::".:":\'::.;•••;•• r : .,.' •
", .;..:::;':'.:;"..;".::.:.':':" .. - ,",." -.
f····,". :.:::.:::.; -.?t ., -'.. :".:-....:.. '.,: .. "..
,;- f(.", ~~~'" .: ...' ....:.:.::..:>: >:.:-.:::.:.::i:'·:;:;".:::.... : ':;":.:;jl.i~ . ." . " ::.;
.:::.::«:" , .',:' ':;'.
".::,::': .';'
'"
92. Objects of stone (scale 1:4)
•93. Prehistoric adze (scale 1:2)
THE FINDS 127
(ex xv 1) repunnted by odie dll.aq,e down OM dde. Tht. u_. flint hlIl1. aPIlII arell of secondary fleUng lIada lI.ub...qu ene to, and tharefore 1I0rencently t\u.n, the fonuUon of the paUna. " Melol1thtc or Neolithicdate "",,,,ld be 1I01t l1kely for these pie...... The felllain1t1li CliO flinta arelJ1lpatllllted and hoth <lertv.. fro. layer 1 on CQ (CQ lOtVIll 1, CQ VII).One of the pIece. h II. broad aquat flllu >/ith • pronounced htn.lle-frectureat the <liard end ..nd problbly dlldved fro. the ."'flace of a polishedflInt i.pInene, 1I0at l1le1y a" .xII.. The .occaM flint (CQ VII) Is anUrOll bhde, orlaind1y OVa'" ~O_ lona but no'" broken at the proltilUlend, 111 • hona)' coloured flint. Duplt. conddenble recent da_ase &lonsboth dele e<lg<!l it 11 den that thia pl..:a v.. originally finelyretouched al0ntl the .ldn. and wn probably II. lulif... A Neolithic datewould be 1I01t appropriate for thue t\lO flinta.
The 1I0at apectacular find ••onz thl••II.U sroup of prehl.torlc lI.teru.li. "ndoubtedl)' tha polhhtd atone adite ( fi8' 93). recovered frail CY UlSO. A1tboU8b the butt h dt,ht11 dalla8-' the overall preeer"aUo" oftbi. plece 1& O'er)' aood and it proddea a · ... reeee additi"n to the kno....renae of dlltlllt ite•• frOOl .... t .. nl C10uee.urehlre. In outline theialphaent diepla,a a garud1)' t1'&piroida! for. with a .... iaI.. 1etl,lth ofjUllt over 97_, a bla'h "idth of 50 .. and a butt .,idth of .bout 23...Pronounced aide facete with an avua&e "idth of 6_ are e"'&88IUated bybevelling doll'D the long etdu .0 producing an octe80na! crou-uction.The longitudinal profUe ia ..,...etrlca1 which coupled >rIth th" fact thatthe blade he. a IItral8ht edg .. and hlunted profUe .Uo..... clauUlcatlon a.an adte rather then all a1l:e. Kacroa.,opl.,aUy th" illp1meut 1& AreeD-greyIn .,olour, and h pollahed all a.oer. A few flau IICUII .,ao."d duringInitial roughing-out of the lIIplea.... t ar e vhlble, and po.t-productiondcaq;e to the hutt h .ho prennt.
A thin-aection prepared fro. a .lice tak.en Out of the illpl_t near thebutt end .... e",..illed b1 th .. Illlph..... t htrolO&y Suryey of tbe South-We.t( a..pl" n..see C l2L P 17(7) who found th" roek to be .n epidotiredintaraedl..ate tuff of a type cOlIpanhle to tbet found at Pite of Sticllle.CUllbrl.a, and de.ignated petrological Croup vt ( Creat unad.I. ) origin.1II.pleaent. eere produced in Croup VI rock throughout the Neolithic period(,.3000bc:. - 2000bc:. ) and ao greater pr"dalon eee be added to the datinaof the ieecbe. "Road aped.eu. SOli" 13:t. of kno.." neolithic unperforatedatone IIX". (iochJdlng adr•• , chlada etc.) fOWld io Cloucester.hire are ofCroup VI orllia, althouah ..b.... it I. re_b"nd thet rUnt a",es lI... t all10be lne.luded when nllll ..lo.g the everer t iaportsace of vario... aources, theCroup Vl cootributioD ..ounta to rsther 10.. tben 5 % of aU axu koown atpreaent.
PETROLOGY OF THE STAMPED CERAMIC TILES
by
Tim Darvill
In all, 64 tiles bearing complete or fragmentary atamps wererecovered from the excavations in Beeches Road between 1970and 1973. Six principal atamp forms were present (TPF, TPFA,TPFP, LHS, TPLF and ARVERI), although aeveral of these wererepresented by more than one die type (aee Table 2), Thedivision of stamp types between the two principal buildingsshows that most of the tiles came from XII, 2, only fourstamped bricks being derived from contexts in building Xll, 1(see Table 2).
Little comment can be made as to the reading or decoding ofthe stamps. 1I1though Wiseman 11979) sees them as names andlIbbreviated names. There can be little doubt that theyrepresent insignia or e reeeeerxe of the tile producers andwith this in mind the Beeches Road tiles ....ere studied .... ithinthe r reeevcrx of l!I more generlll research prograll'llne attemptingto gain insights into the operation and organisation of Romanbrickmaking. Several e apec t a of this ....ork have already beenpublished, and reference Should be made to these for detailsof research design and methodology (Darvill 1979, 1980, 1982).The purpose of this brief note is to sUmlRllrise the findsrelevant to the Beeches Roed assemblage, which as a singlegroup constituted by far the largest collection analysed.Table 4 sunmar Laea all tiles recovered from the excavations.
After a macroscopic examination of the ti ree , thin sectionswere prepared from 1I1most all the specimenll r eee Table 4) 50that the fabrics could be visulilly com~red in detail under aconventional petrological microscope. Preliminl!lry inspectionof the slides showed that the r/lnge of non-plastic mineralinclusions was small and dominated by cOfl'lfnon minerals such asquartz and ndce . Accordingly, charlicterisl!Ition was achievedby textural analysis t cr • Darvill , Ti:nby 1982). Thisprocedure involves measuring the long axis of qUl!lrtz greinsand using these measurements to calculate et ee parameterswhich lI110w comparison of grain et ee distributionl!5 in eachsample. The assumption is mace that clays of similar acurcehave similar grain size diatributions. Mean grain size andstandard deviation were celculated from measurements of 100randomly selected grllin6 IIccording to the methods outlined byFolle anc Ward 11957). as these were found to be useful fordiscriminating samples during experimental stages of theresearch. From the tile group all e whole four fabric eypeewere determined, although it is not certain that ~ore thanthree sources are involved. Theile groups are site specific/lnd cross cut and subllume fabric groups defined for eachletter group. During an early stllge of processing the BeechesRoad tile a series of nine tile samples from the site itselfand two tiles from Minety in North Wiltshire were subjected tooptical emission spectroscopy by the Oxford ResellrchUlboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art I eee Tite1972. 260-4 for method). Nine elements were tested for in theanalysis, and while advances in tloe technique have recentlybeen made, it is the case that the reaults hang together al!5 avalid set of compe r at i ve data Idthin the constraints of themethodology practised in 1974. The curves resulting from theanalysis are shown on fig. 94. Figure 95 shows a ce t t e rq r arnspresenting the textural data (:nean 'lrain size I'lgainllt standarddeviation) where the pro>\imity of points to one anotherrepresents similarity in fabriC.
Fabric group 1
This is the largest fabric group represented at Beeches Roadand accounts for 62% of the tile. Examples derive frombuildings Xli, I and XII, 2, and bear the stamps TPF, TPFA,TPFP, LHS (a) and LHS (d). In the hand spec teen colourvariation between tiles is quite mar ke d , as also is hardnessand firing condf.t.Lcns , All are united, however, by thepresence of creamy White flecks and small frsgments of browncoloured iron ore in the clay matrix. Under a hand lens thefabric visible in fresh breaks appears -grainy· and someindividual quartz grains can be seen. Odd angular pieces offlint sometimes occur on the surface.
Under the microscope the groundmass contllins sub-angularquartz grains, quartzite, plagioclase fe l apar , iron ore andferrous oxides. The quartz grains rllnge in size frolll O.OSlOlOacross to 1.0mm across. Quartz grain to matrix ratios in theorder of 4:10 are usual. The size parameters of quartz grainsshown on fig. 95 show good clustering and interllJixing ofsamples, although the LHS samples both lie on the periphery ofthe distribution. OVerall, the mineral inclusions and thetextural analysis both point to a single source area for allthe tiles included as fabric I, and it has been ahownelsewhere (Darvill 1979, 318) that Minety in North wiltshireis a strong candidate for such a source on geological groundsand is further strengthened in such a claim by the presence ofLHS and TPF stamped tiles in loose association with knownbrick kilns on the site (Mcwhirr 1979, 181). Another line ofevidence connecting Minety with fabric group 1 tiles atBeeches Road is the results of chemical analysis undertaken asa comparison between the clay fired to ~ake the Cirencestertiles and tiles from Minety. A visual inspection of thefabric group 1 curves and the Minety sample curves shown onfig. 95 shows just how similar the amounts of the nineelements tested for are between samples.
Fabric group 2
Fabric group is composed exclusively of tiles stampedARVERI, which all derive from building xt t , 2. As a group.these tiles constitute about 2U of the entire assemblage,They all bear the same stamp die and are remarkablyhomogeneous in texture, hardness and colour. Most of thebricks in this group are pilae although four cannot beascribed to any particular type with confidence. There is onetegula bearing an ARVERI stamp in this fabric.
In the hand specimen the fabric appears even-textured withlittle in the way of visible inclusions. Under the microscopethe ground-mass is dominated by a liberal scatter ofsub-angular to rounded quartz grains up to O,ISmm in dillmeter,and mica in lath-like flecks up to O.3mm long. In a~~1tionthere are iron-ore flecks which give the fabric itscharacteristic orange/red to red/brown colour. Density ofquartz qra Lne was visually assessed as .£..:. 10-IS\ and mica .£..:.10-IS\ (see Terry and Chilinger 1955 for method), As a whole,there is some variation in the distribution of grain sizes(fig. 95), but overall the group is quite tight anddistinctive of a single clay source.
Chemical analysis of two specimens of ARVERI tiles shows thatthe clay is indeed different from the Fabric 1 cl/lY, the moatmajor disparities being in calcium, manganese an~ chromiumlevels. The best match for the ARVERI clay is a sample takenfrom a deep trench beside the roundabout north of the OuernsHospital, Cirencester, only a few hundred metrea outsi~e thetown wall of Corinium. The clay in question is probablyfound at varying depths over a wide area however. and otherthan suggesting a source for the ARVERI tilel!5 to theaouth-west of Corinium, and not far from the town, littleprecision can be added.
Fabric Group 3
The tiles in this group all bear the s eaap TPLP in a singledie type and overall constitute about 12\ of the totalassemblage. They appear in contexts within both buildingXll.l and Xll,2, the latter havinq the most exall',ples. With sofew bricks it is hard to say much about their typologicalbias, but three tegulae are present and t ....o pilae are alsodeterminable (see Table 3).
In the hand specimen fabric three tiles are dark red/orange incolour and are hard .... ith .II well-finished appearance. Like theARVERI tiles, there are few visible inclusions and the fabrictexture is fine grained. The similarity with the ARVERIfabric (febric 2) is also evident under the microscope, withquartz and mica dominating the groundmass ...lith densities ofabout 10-15% each. The quartz grains are rOunded and up to0.15mrn across, while again the mica is in flecks up to 0.31m1long. A smaller quantity of iron-ore fragmenta are alsopresent. The grain size distributions are very aimilar too,except that in general TPLF tiles have a slightly highers t ende r d deviation and a more constant mean (see fig. 9S).The minerological and grain size s Imd Ler i t f ea do. however,point to .II similar source to fabric 2, although probably notat exactly the same place.
Fabric Group 4
The only two tiles in this group are stamped LHS, and derivefrom contexts within building Xll,2. One example would seemto be 1I box flue tile while the other is a pila, although bothare fragmentary. In the hand specimen both tiles are finerthan the LHS tiles fabric 1 and contain very little by ....ay ofvisible inclusions. Under the microscope they lireexceptionally fine grained. No quartz over 0.08mm across iopresent, and what little mica there is tends to be very finegrained. The groundmass is blotchy in appearance (aee Oarvill1979 plate 18, 11,1.) geceuee of the low density of quartzpresent in the samples. counting lind measuring grllina was
128 CIRENCESTER EXCA VATIONS III
TPF tiles %90
50
10
5
2
1
TPFA and TPFP tiles
AI Ca Mg Fe Ti Na Mn Cr Nix10 x10 xlO x100 x100 x1000
AI Ca Mg Fe Ti Na Mn Cr Nix10 x10 x10 x100 x100 x1000
LHS tiles/ Minety samples
AI Ca Mg Fe Ti Na Mn Cr Nix10 x10 x10 x100 x100 x1000
%90
50
10
5
2
1
ARVERI tiles
AI Ca Mg Fe Ti Na Mn Cr Nix10 x10 x10 x100 x100 x1000
94. Optical emission spectroscopy curves from tiles found at Beeches Road, Cirencester and Minety,Wilts.
THE FINDS 129
difficult, which mIght explaIn the way the two samples arespread out on the scattergrsrn lflg. 95). There is a parallelfor the fabric with an LHS stamp at VIctoria Road, Cirencester(Darvill 1979, 3281, but other than drawing generalcomparisons with lias clays from the Cotswolds, no positivesuggestion as to a source for fabric 4 can be given.
It is clear, therefore, that much, if not all, the demand fortiles w~s met by producers within 10 miles of Cirencester,even though there were almost certainly several producers inthat area. The use of different clays inevitably meant thatdifferent quality bric~s were produced, and this fits neatlyinto the emerging overall pattern of a complex productionnetwork with different facets of the industry attempting toprovide for the requirements of particular types of demand.
The results of undertaking a fabric analysis of the tiles frombuilding XII,l and Xll.2 show very clearly how a variety ofsources combined to meet the demands of a building project.The chronological patterns represented in the depositionalcontexts of stamped bricks at sites other than Beeches Roadsuggest that production of stamped tiles was a feature of thesecond ~nd early third century, so that it might be postulatedthat all the examples from BeecheS Road were re-used fromother places. This may be so, but there is little chance thatstamped tiles were differentially selected for re-use, andoverall it is most li~ely that if they are re-used they stillreflect the ma~e-up of the original assemblage from which theywere drawn. Just how many non-stamped tiles went to abuilding project or demand loci along with a single stampedtile is not known, but it is quite likely that stamped tilesonly represent a fraction of the total output.
Building Building TotalXII,l XIl,2
1 16 62 2
10 103 3
Context
CIR 73/9CIR 73/7CY I 5dCY I 5aCY I 7bCY I 6CY I SeCY I SaCX V j 1CY I 7bCX V j 1CY I 7bCY I 7bCY I SaCY I b 10CX V k 1CO IV 1CO II 1exCIR 73/1era 73/2CIR 73/8CIR 73/3CIR 73/4CIR 73/11CIR 73/12CIR 73/13CO 11 1CIR 73/5CIR 73/6CIR 73/10CIR 73/16CY I SaCIR '13/14CY I SaCY I 5eCY III 1CY IV 14CY IV l5aCY IV 15aexCX V q 1CX V stokeholeCX V m 1CX V j 1CX V m 1CX V m 1CX V 1CX V j 1CY VI 14CX V stokeholeCX V j 1CX V q 1cx V q 1CO VIII 11exCX V j 1eyex vCX VI 14exCY I 7bCY I IV 14CY I 7b
R 260II. 249
R 248box II. 246
R 266R 247R 259R 226
R 214R 251R 231R 256R 242R 253R 255R 364R 243R 21BR 241R 23BII. 217II. 234R 232II. 240
te9ula R 230II. 26'R 22~
R 235R 236
II; 262R263R 237
II. 250R 228R 225R 224R 223R 221R 216R 220R 213R 212R 219R 244
box R 227R 233R 239R 222
pila
pila
pilapHapila
pilapilaboxpilapila
tegula
pila orpilapilapilategu1a
pitapilapilategulabox?tegula
box or
Tile Type T/S no.
R 258II. 257R 245R 266R 254
pilategula orpilapitapilapi Ill.pilategulatequlategula
tegula or
TFF/dTFF/dTFF/dTFF/dTPP/eTFF/eTFP/fTFP/fTPF/fTPF/fTPF/fTPF/fTPF/fTPF/fTPF/fTPF/fTPFA/aTPFA/bTPFA/bTPFA/cTFFA/cTFFA/cTFFF/aTFFF/aTPFF/aTFFF/aTFFF/aTFFF/aTPFF/bTPFP/bTPFP/bTPFP/cLHS/aLHS/bLHS/dLHS/eARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aARVERI/aTFLF/aTFLF/aTFLF/aTFLF/aTFLF/aTFLF/aARVERI/aTFF rTPF ?ARVERI/aTPF/dTFLF/a
Catalogue of Stamped Tile
IPFIFFTFFmTFFTFFTPFTPFTPFIpFIpFTPFTPFTPFTPFTFFTPFATPFAI"
TPFA)PFA)PFA!FFP)PFPTFFF
leeT"TPFPIpFPTPF[TPFPTPFPL'5IH'r.asLHI
ARVElARVERIARVERIARVERIARVERIARVERIARIARVERIARVERIAHIARVERI]RVERIARVERI
TPLF]PLFTPLFTPLFTPLFTFL[
ARVERITPF]TPF[
ARVERITPFTFLFTFFTFFTFF
Table 4
Cat. StampNo. Stamp Die
016017010019022oaa024025026027.28029030031032033044047048052053054073074075076077078
'"08508609610010911511616416516616716816'110171172173lHi-s
'"198199200201202203221aaa22324724.24'250251252
64
e14
60
14
Stamp type distribution by building
Stamp" die type
TPF 1.1TPF 1'1TPF leiTPF IflTPF ,
TPFA I. )TPFA Ib)TPFA '0)
TPFP I. )TPFP Ib)TPFP I,)
L" ,.,L'5 (blLH' ('IL'5 (el
TPLF 1.1
ARVERI (.1
TOTAL
Table 2
* See Darvill 1979 ~nd 19B2 for details of Stamp types. Keyr
Table 3 Fabric groups and tile typesCat. No., catalogue number of stamp as recorded in Catalogueof Roman Stamped Tile, compiled by Tim Darvill and AlanMcWhirr, deposited in Corinium Museum
Building Xll,l Building Xll,2
T . , T B P '?
Die Type, defined for each letter group in Darvi!l 1979 and19B2
Tile Type
Fabric TFF 111Group 1
TPFA 111
TFFP 11)
"" 111
Fabric ARVERI (1)Group 2
Fabric TFLF 11)Group 3
Fabric eH' (2)Group 4
TOTAL
10
26 25
T/S no., thin section catalogue number in Department ofArchaeology, University of Southampton, Thin Section Library
OBJECTS OF FIRED CLAY
by
Linda Viner &. Mike Stone
Detailed quantitative and qualatative an~lysis of non-stampedtile from the Beeches was not possible because of the policyat the time of the excavations of d i s ce rd i nq tile and brickunless there was clear evidence of a stamp or print. Sometile was removed from the site and stored in the CoriniumMuseum, but selection was arbitrary and for this reason it wasonly feasible to note the range of forms and to describe indetail specific items of interest.
~ey: T Tegula; Imbrex; B Box; F = Pila
Forms recovered from primary, secondary and residual contextswithin the building dnc l uded tegulae. imbrex. pilae.voussoir and box flue tile. Three of the more unusual tileforms will be discussed first, namely a half-box flue tile, acylinder and a roller-stamped voussoir.
Half-box flue tile fig. 96zxtens rve research by Gerald Brodribb has located 26 sites in
130 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
Mzl00
:6-
-
3-
-
Tile source 1(Minety, Wilts.)
o TPF
TPFA
TPFPLHS
1 -
o0.1 03 1 " \5 6'r
Mzl00 Tile source 2(?)
6
ARVERI
3
0 0.1 03 0.6 1.5 6'1
Mz 100 Tile sources 3 and 4(?)
6
°0 •• • TPtF
• LHS3
o 01 0.3 0.6 1.5 6'1
95. Scattergrams showing distribution of samples according to fabric group and stamp type
The roller pattern is not deeply impressed, and this may bedue to the fact that a worn die was used or that the clay hadbeen allowed to become too hard. The die itself is the largervariant of the "billet~ type (Lowther 1946, Group 6, Die 25),identified by Johnston and Williams (1979) as Die 52/53.
Cylinder fiq. 20, in situ e r ee CQ XVIIIThe cylinder appears to have been part of a longer one as oneend is broken. The surviving portion is 20cm long with adiameter of zt cm, and a body thickness of 3.5cm. Otherexamples of such cylinders have been noted by Brodribb fromWroxeter, Chester and Holt Lar odr i bb 1983).
Roller-stamped voussoir by Mike StoneA single fragment of a roller-stamped tile was recovered froma period III context C'{ XIII 73. Sufficient remains of thispiece to identify it as part of a voussoir tile (Latin:~ cuneatus) with the roller pattern impressed on one ofthe long a Ldee .
Britain ....here II totlll of 42 complete or ~l'"tial examples ofsuch tiles have been identified lBrodribb 198)). TheirIIverllge dimensions are: length 40cm, ....idth 32.8cm, with anexte r ne I depth of flange I.weraging B.2em. The large race neecombing to aid keying of pr es te r . The ti lea were set on thewall vertically, probably held in place with large T-shllpedcramps or holdfllstS. Fragments wefe recovered from twocontexts: CQ xxxv 2 llnd CQ XLII 5 (illustrlltedl.
Voussoirsvoussoirs with combed decoration a nd meAsuring approximately250m deep with square sides of 13 and 15cm respectively wererecover-ed in obviously secondary contexts, lining the mainf l ue channel of the hypocaust in room ex XVI lfig. 491.
(Wilts.). A sample of Die 52/53 from Wanbornugh has beenthin-sectioned at Southampton University {a r i de 546 and 11852)and was shown to be made from the Oxford clay, probablyorlqlnat1ng from the Minety industryr this corresponds toFabnc 1 (see previous section).
Although no example of the ~billet" type of roller pattern(Lowther 1946, Die 25; Johnston and IHllillms 1979, Die 52/53)has yet been found at the main kiln site at Minety (Stone1983) it seems likely that this is, in fact, the source forthis particular frllgment. Whilst examples of Die 52/53 occuron tiles 1n Fllbric 1 at Wanborough and Cirence6tcr, thosefound at Littlecote villa, Shakenoak villa and at WorshamBottom (Oxon.) lire on tiles of a different fabric. Thissuggests that the tilers might move into an arc!!l to fulfill aspecific contract lind use their own dies on tiles made fromthe local clay.
Pilae~normal form of~ consisted. of tiles of various sizesranging from 20cm square to 30cm square lind clime from thehypcceu e t systems in CQ XVIII and CX XIV. Thiclcnesll of thetiles varied from 3-4cm. In Rome cesee a two-fingersemi-circular mark was made on one face of the tile.
be macroscopically very similar to52/53 from Cirencester Abbey,
from the tile kilns at Minety
'0Die
".dThe fabric was foundother fragments ofWllnborough (Wilts.)
IIf\
THE FINDS 131
lWllOCAlUlON AlfALYSlS
A •••ple of aniul bone recoY\lred fro. the blael; earth depoalt eoyerlq DIP.:.. aa ae"t to the carbon-U/Tritl\lll Keuurnente Laboratory at Rarvell foraoal,.ala, produc:.1ng the follov:Lng reaulta,-
Tegulae and imbricel'lFrll.9JIlents of these tUes found on both sites suggest thatroofs were not extensively covered with such material and itIs likely thllt most tigulae and irnbrices were used in asecondary context, 11.5 or example the teouia used in thestokehole of room ex v which vas stamped TPLF.
brwell Ref: llAlI.-t623
PIPECLAYPlpeclay frame, fig. 96.In pipeclll)' Cabric, paleprobably pa r t of 1I fnllDecontain II. pipecll1.)' figurine.
pink in colour, thisfor a dOlllestic shrineCY XIX';'.
fragment isdesigned to
O£LCt3 (1/10):
Age bp C,..ra) ,
bp-L9SO:
-23.1
IS70. +70 (add .inue b, pen)
ad 380
J,RALfSIS or lNDusnUL USIDll!S
Tha I1qa frOll 11111 three ph4ln "ere aiaUar and ..11 indicate irOD• !thin8 On II. eeeeeeebte ecere. Then are • couple of ptecee (urked withan alteris). in Tnble~) which <:ould MY" cOIle frail II nelting o~Ut10D
but the overall r&!l3t! of nnterb.l aUSluti they "11.1'11. probabl,. prod""ed 111....lthlng Mllrth thlluBh thlly.u .000ellhllt .typic..l in IIppe.r.nc.e. Theiron-worUng eould be "ootlnuoUft througbollt the life of the aite Or thefloda in hter ph..... "ollid 1111 be resldusl aaterial fro. period 1.
The elay etc. whIch hll.e. up thll he.rth structure be"OIIU vitrified 011 thll"lIrhc:.e in eontact wlth the fire. Thla "urified .aterlal is l;nolOnhearth linII13.
In I slaUlar ...,., I •• ller, dhc:.rllte pIe<:.n of clay etc. CaD fall Into afire Ind ble...e totall,. "hrHlad al they are U ....ed by the uh at hIghtllaperat"rn and produclI plac.ea of f"el .ah alas. It the Hre produc:.lngthla Ilag .... betng used for .etll1vorl<ing the .111& aa,. Indode tracea ofthll .etal coocerned.
The ..aU pIeces of Ilag produc:ed 111. a ••tth1na heartb are deacribed e..althlna ala!!.. It often eolleeta together Into larger ....e. at the bUllof the he.rth, "."ally roUlhly e1reular 111. outline and plano-eon"ex oreeeeeee-eeeeex In eee race . Theae are known a. hearth botto.a and arefound exhlbiting Y.ryinB degre... of poro.lty .nd cootll1nlng Yaryiug..ounu of "Ilod and/or cMreoal. (Slua given are "aX. dla•. x lIin.dUll. x depth!thleknua).
There Ie 11.0 bard .nd fut 11ne betveen fuel uh .lag. and sal thIng elag aea&nylnteraedillte Iron contonu lire fourld. The Iroo-rleh fuel uh Blllll.are al.oat eertdnly the prod""'t of .aithlng operatIo05 though tbeyeoaUln leu Iron tban aatehlng Il&ga.
The Nl Lab in addIUon ••ke. the follovilll; pointe:-
When ealIbrate4 l18a1nBt the blgh pre<:.hion eurve of Stuher (1982) tbiare.nlt doea not IIlt.O neatly wlthl11 ttle range of the e01l1 elltiDS' It"allbr.t"" to AD ~30 "lth .n error apan of 410-5BO .t 601 probabUitylevel. 1111. InoSIc.te. a rather later date tban the eoln., although it
does .110" tille for a elrcul.. tlon la8, but ls • htu' dllte co,"psUb1e .. Ithtbe pottery 7
The very hte upper lialt of the c"Hbration Ia a result of theirr"gu14rltlea of C-14 produ"tion revealed by the high precialoncol Ibration.
COllpar" theue cc ..llmt. lIith thollC .. ade by Or 11..11. Reeee in SectionI (Ed.) ,
IIlMAN BUlI.lALS
"J"aUne flayley .nd Antbon,. ltltl&
To the DOrth-ean of the aain b"ndlng eoaplex of CQ an infant burial va.ullc:01'ered lyIng nil. iee hilt alde "ith the haa dflllOn up to the bod,..Orlentation of the burial.... " ••t-wut, 1y1n8 creee to tho outll1de ".11of the bul1dlnJ, In area Xl.IVn. Aeeoapallylns the burld ...... eompletepot, HB. 112, ee . 221 burled to the alde of the ehlld vitti II tUe ofatone aetiDl •• a ltd.
Ad.jacent to the burlal vn a ahallow, IItone-edBed depreaalon or piteonta1D.lnll anI..t bo".. and pottery .herd.. Ita funeUon u ""otiv" orofferlna pit hu I>.....n .USBee""d.
TtIe bone. "ere ...baltted to Julltine Bayle, of the Andent !lon.-ent.Laborator,. who Undly IIlIppl1ed the folloviog report, »lL no. 3979:-
The II1l'.e of the bODU .uggest the infant dl"d at or ll00n after b1rth,Thill i. eonfiraed b, the dqree of deYelo",""nt of the teeth and thedegree of fualon noted In the bonn of the .kull ("ecall and \laid1963, Oaviell t%7).
Within the gu.. tteer of ao..an buriah eeeee aea fro. Circeneeeter thie8...11 ehUd is no. ~G3 (Clrenc.. t"r Exuvationll II 1982, 207).
IndlYidUIIl ldontifleaUone
Pllriod 11CQ XXXV 2CQ xxxv 2CQ XXXVlllCQ XXXVtli
CQ XXXVllICQ XXXVlIICQ XL 5CX III 8CQ X 8
Context~III
~CQ XL 5CY Vll 12
CY Vll
UnphuedOF II tOF III +OF V tDE vt n 2Spoil hup
lron-rieh fUlIl esh .1aBHearth bottolD 11 x to x 3Hearth bottoll over 13 x 9 x 7 C"'S - Yery light,cootained .. uch "ood/ellarcosl
I)enlle hearth botto. oYer 6 x 9 x 4 ClOS.. ithing alaaS.. ithlng alagrupents of o.. ithing .leg ond lIas11 'hearth botto",'(1 X 4 x 2 ca.) containing .ueh wood/choreodSlIithing lI1agHearth lIningHeerth botto," to x 1 x 5 <:lI1IVery denlle heerth botto. o~er tl " 11 016 ""'0Smithing l<lag
~IICrlptlon
SCllthlng .tagFrapent of den.1I iron alll8-S.ithlng lI1ag and hearth bottO"1I 13 x LO x 6 CllI8.nd 11 x 9 x 4 <;IIa alao ...all hearth botto.. ae.g, 7 x5 013 <;1111Hearth botto. 12 x 10 x 4 CllI.
Salthing .lag anel aeullic t eeeSaith1ng alag .nd iroor-rlcll f"el &811 111118S.. Ithing 111118 "nd Iron nbjeeUCorroded eopper aUo, .. ith adhering fuel &lib slagHearth bottoa. 15 x 12 x ~, to x 8 x 4 and9 x 8 x 6 ee••nd part of 1I00ther ¥bleh i. ratherthI"lterJdenur than nor .. el"
Andy.is of the .nI..al bone d"poatt. withIn alt"a m:/or by Tony King,d111CIIIIOed later, ruutted te the Identifleation of tW'O frapent. of h anbonll, Theee ""re the prollI..l portion. of One left and one right fe e,both fro .. on adult IndlvtdueL Tho dhtal ende hod be"n broken oft afterburlal and the prox1aaI endo lIere 01110 eroded and d4lll0ged. Since no otherhlllllan hone. lIere found, It 'eelllo very unl1kely th"t the.e tltO boll.es >rerefound in their orlBI"al poolt10nll, nnd it ill probobte thet they haye beenrede"""Ited. Thoreforo, atthouah on flr.t conalderation the bones a"1appear to MVe benn part of.n Intrallural, and polleibLy illeBa1 burlal,tbe "IrCIllll.taneee of theIr deposUion end recovery .ake thleInterpret.. tioo lIoat unlikely.
Crue1ble Fras-ent
Ancient 1I0ntaenU 1.IIboratory report nO. 3984, no L
Crucible fragaent fro. CX VUllo 9, 111uetrated flg.l05 roo 48, hIId bellnu.ed to .. elt copper "Uoy. The .. auive depoait of corrodIng. aeteL Inllldetbe cruc:.ible "aB "nalyaed qualltaUvely by x-r8y fluore.c:.ell.C-e, and foundto be " ll111ded gun.etal (Cu + Sn + :1:0 + Pb). Suc:.h abed. 81loYII ~re ""edquite eo_only In 1\011811. time•.
When eo .. plete the crue1bh, elouly reumbling other ,.etat .. cItingcecc naee , "Iluld h.ye h.d e aax1.JllUll dlpeter a little gteatllr than that ofene beaded ri... and ..n in"ipient pedestal ba"e, The fine undy fabric.would ba~e been .ufficiently refractory for Its pllr""IIII,
132 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS !II
//
II,,
, I
/1 /.
I II I
I I/ I
" II II II I, ,I II ,
\ I\l II I\ II I\ II I
: : ~-I I\ \!.. l
t
t
96. Objects of fired clay (scale 1:4 for half-box rile, 1:2 for surround)
ANIMAL BONES
As indicated above the excavation of DE/DF was undertaken by a team from the Institute ofArchaeology under the guidance of Dr R.M. Reece and they recovered all the animal bones fromthat site. These are reported upon by A.C. King. The bones from CQ, and CX/CY are only asample and do not necessarily reflect the total assemblage which would have been present onthese sites. This group of bones has been examined by Bruce Levitan (Editor).
THE VERTEBRATE REMAINSFROM SITE CQ AND CX/CY
byBruce Levitan
SUMMARY
Bones from periods I-III are present, and most of the 952 bones are from period I (Table 6).Cattle were the most important species, and formed 66.1% of the mammalian assemblage.Ovicaprids (mostly sheep) and pigs were oflesser importance, but none of the other species are atall well represented.
Cattle increased in importance over the period represented (Table 6) and analysis of the bonesindicates that they were generally kept until quite old before being slaughtereed - perhaps asmuch as 70% surviving beyond about four years of age. The stock must have been of highquality as they are in the upper end of the Roman size range for the country (representingimproved stock compared with the small native breed). Analysis of fragmentation and butcherymarks indicates that a proportion of the remains may be primary butchery waste with limbextremity bones predominating, but domestic waste also appears to be present.
Sheep were probably reared mainly for meat since the main peak in kill-off appears to havebeen at around three years of age, rather early if wool was the main reason for exploitation.Evidence for butchery, etc indicates that the exploitation patterns were similar to other Romansites in the region. Pigs were reared for their meat (and by-products), and were killed as early aseconomically viable (about two-three years old).
The problem of intramural farming at this site is not easily resolved on the basis of this smallsample alone. There is some evidence for the hypothesis, for example the presence ofinfant/perinatal bones, and factors discussed in King's report (below). C.l balance this samplecannot be taken to support the farming hypothesis, but neither does it refute the possibility.
Table 6 Summary of species represented
Species Period I Period 11 Period III Site Total
n % MN n % MN n % MN n % MN
Cattle 186 60.3 46 142 64.3 40 176 75.5 52 504 66.1 139Ovicaprid 73 23.4 25 37 16.7 17 26 11.1 14 136 17.8 56Pig 38 12.3 18 30 13.6 18 19 8.1 12 87 11.4 48Horse 7 2.3 5 2 0.9 2 6 2.6 4 15 2.0 10
134 CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
Table 6 contd.
Species Period I Period II Period III Site Total
n % MN n % MN n % MN n % MN
Dog 1 0.3 1 6 2.7 5 4 1.7 4 11 1.4 10Red deer 0 0.0 0 3 1.4 2 2 0.9 2 5 0.7 4Roe deer 1 0.3 1 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 1 0.1 1Hare 2 0.6 2 1 0.4 1 0 0.0 0 3 0.4 3N mammal 308 74.6 98 221 84.0 85 233 84.4 88 762 80.0 271
Fowl 1 25.0 1 4 100.0 4 1 50.0 1 6 60.0 6Goose 2 50.0 2 0 0.0 0 1 50.0 1 3 30.0 3Bird 1 25.0 1 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 1 10.0 1N Bird 4 1.0 4 4 1.5 4 2 0.7 2 10 1.0 10
C-size 58 57.4 29 76.3 41 100.0 128 71.1S-size 38 37.6 9 23.7 0 0.0 47 21.1O-mammal 5 5.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 2.8N indet. 101 24.5 38 14.4 41 14.8 180 18.9
Total 413 100.0 102 263 99.9 89 276 99.9 90 952 99.9 281
Notes: percentages are, for mammals n/N mammal, for birds n/N bird, for indeterminate n/Nindet., for totals N/Total.C-size = cattle-size, S-size = sheep-size, Ovmammal = other mammal.
lnt n>4uc tion
SOllee fl'Oll euaUtied h1'!U II'llro Identified allel atllllyse4: • toUI of 952bonel repreulltil'll thirteen epeciee WtO exaaloed.. ISO fragaenta are DOttclentlUab1e and have been designaud •• ·uttle-dt"· (U8. 13.5%).",heep-ehe" (41, 4.91) and othor __41 (5, 0.51). All but three apedella .... __18 (942, 9S.9:t). Th" throe radn1l'l1 Ipatin are all blnil.
Thl! ..terial uy be grouped iota thrill! ph•••• ""let! ••y bl! .-..rl&ed .. :Pertod 1 - ..ke-up Ind. benutb the b.,Udll18 and th.... pn-fonnhc_tllry; ruidual pottery In theae laye .. aa1<.....0 .... prulee daUq1.poulblll.Pertod 11 - oceupUloll lind construetlon.l1 dteraUOIl depodtl, foun::hClllltUry.
Period 111 - poet-occupation depoaito indudln& r'\Ibble ...cC.... uJ..UOIl•• l.t~
fourth century.
The ",..eablall" ta nther nall 10 that dtvlllon Into the throe ph..1IIoate. certatn level. of .naly.h dtfrtcl,l1t - in .uch ea .... the ..._blaS".. a .mol" il coneid~r~.
EKploltation of c"'ttl~
Clttl" bonel 1101'0 by f.r tho ooat n"'~n;I\ll!I of th~ reaain••0 ou.t haveb"en th.. OOlt loport",nt Ipeelu e"ploHed. They fOOled $3% of theu.eabhse. and Tabl., (, Indlc.tea th.t th ..y hcr....ed III l.portance overthe period repruellted f~ Ul~l.
Kolt of the eattle-lIze fragg.~u e re prob.bly eetth••0 thenproportlona .. Ight b", hiEhor. IIlnl....... n ....b"'n of Indlvlduall (1Ul) ar.. alaoglv~n In Table 6. but pereMuglll aI''' not e.leulat~ bee",uu the nall..opl", II1n OJ;lglI~ratoea ene blu thla IIhel to .ueh data.
A,ehlS evld~ee: Th" .andlbl.....ple ill tOO nan to pn;ldd" a r..U.bleindleatlon of llloeing ••0 tho 1".. rellabl" ..plphy...al fualon edden"", ha.been u.ed. Table 7. Looting flnt at the .Ite totd ~.ulu It appeal'1lth.t the~ were rev c.ttle pre.ent in the two younge.t age-elane. (aod",rnequivalente • [0 n...... bom - 7 .onthl lind 7-111 .onth.. all ag.. ",.tllllot".liven belo.. are al.o baaed On .odem d"ta. "'1. SHver 1969), In thethird .ge-el... (14-36 1I0nthl) approJ;l_etely • flIth of th~ cllttle ..~reyounger than thh .g~, .nd by the Iltut age-cl ... (J(,-48 lIlnnth.) ne.dy •third did nnt autvive b",yond thh .s~. C..n~r.lly .. nat cntl", ee re nld",rthan .bout four ye.n ••nd _oat of thou which died befnre tllta _reUlloed. b"'tV1!en .bout tWO ye.n old to four yU" of age. Thh swerdtr~nd .ppe.... to bold true for P",rl0.h I .nd n. but the reecr ee forPeriod I aI'''' r.ther d f f f e rent al thel'e app rs to have been an earlie["Ill-off "pe.... " in the tliO-thre", yeara old d , .nd a 1.1"8er proportionof .urvlvnrehip beyond the fourth y.... r (.bout three qu.rtore of theenttl .. ). t..ault. froG .gdl\& of o.ndlble. (o"ly .even In the lIu.... bhge)do "oe appeor to contradlet tho abov,",
Motrteal anBlz&la: Tb'" naU .tu: of the oee billle • .",n. thae ther", erefew ouaured bon.... Only .etllpodl.1a .nd tlbl eonalllt ..d of 1I0re tbanftve .. ea.ured apeelll~a••o In .Ollt c.nell 1t hall not been pOlllllbl .. to.&den varlotlon in the dt",,,,nalons of the bones. and thuB to oak"Interpretation. about 1I1Ee and aln changell_ COIIparloon "tth Ilellaurl!llent.fl'Olll oEh"r Ro••n tovn. lndl<:.tea th.t tbe cee e t e he[e "e .... "Hlltn ehes"""nl atEe r.IIi"'. encountt!red. SOCIe of the .....uresent•• re ...... r1ud
In Table 8. Thl ••hav. th.t the Clr"neelter bonOl aI'''' .oeoewtllt h1'8erthan tho.e fnl. !:.eter. but Kaltby notoed. th.t eboe !:'(et"r .toet V<lre...Uoer th.n elaMen In the eountry (lIaltby 1919, 31), th", are ...eh.Ore al,otl.r to Ilebe.ter .nd to other R....n .He. 1n the aO\lth ..... t .nd""'lit "'tdlllodo. 81,. hom core. vera veIL ""OUSb prwOOt"OM to proVide beutdll1lene1one. lind th" .In .nd confo",.Uon of thtllo .USRtl.t th.t thtly .. e ree.. tr.tea (4) and cnva (2), .11 ....11 end oho[t homed (A1'IIltnso .ndClutton-Bnlck 1976 331).
Iluteboerz and fra,",entatlon: Andral. of butch.. ry 1a difficult bee.u.. thon!'C:onl of butchery ..ding. e.nnOt b" t.t"" to b.. e ...plou'. To .0110tl'(t~nt a eonlld",r.Uon of .ndent fragameatlon aay proV1d~ utra clue..bout t",chnlquea. but even .0 conclul1on. lIun be general. r.tlluru 91 and98 Illunrete the butehery and fng.ent.tlon for the eHe, an.plea or" too•••U for thl. to be don" for Ind(vld ... l ptI.. u in th" c.n of th",butehery "al1llns•• A .ubj",etlve .urv"y of the ruult. for tho ph.....indlc.tes th.e there v" no &roe&t dlff",renee.o that the Usun ••,. b"taken to be fairly preuntat1Ye. Thl. fI&un (llS' 91) ahov. that eutlI.rll••nd chop ".,ra ..d. On oo.t boo ..a ••nd ",rhap. thtl "dlfferfllC:e·beeveeft th.... ta not l.portant, ~.t butebt!ry .... 0" tbtl ford1llb •p.rt1cularly .t tbe ahoulder and elbov jotnta. but vlth •• rIl.a On th"."toc.rpala .lao. Theae Indlclte th.t the forelillb 11&. cut Into .houldorjoints. upper fordl.b jolnta.nd lowr forellllb joint. - OlIl<:ept for thela.t two catellorl.. thl. h vary alan. l' to the p.ttflm. d ...crib"'" byGrant (1975, 390). the hlnd11ll.b .... dbj(l!nted .t the ••Cf\IIl .nd.eet.bul......nd the pe1vta va. ehopp"'" tbrouab the 111l.l1l' • patum very&lIlUn to thet of Portchester (Crant 191$). Th~ care pl'Obeblybutchered on • tabl" or On th.. ground mth.. r than twill up, erub ..."wu.., chopped lat.. rally.nd !lOt divided &:llall,. le.pulee wen HUeted.,.. a Indlc..ted b, r .... oval of the .plno\l& proc.....nd "cortnl on the thnmelewing. The etuU v.. reaovoed by chopplna ehnlll,£h the eraDlal ••peet of th"atl 8utehery .nd batterlns On th .. oandlble. Indlc.tee that tOl\&u. and• et er ou.clu vere probabl,. rll!lloved. Pigurel 98 .h_a that thore 1& •fall' II.n.rHy In fr~",nt.tlon ","uem. frOlll eaeh pUlC!. Leutlna-ent.1')' booo. are Clxtrll!llH,. bone.' tho.e wtItch .... v.ld not h...e betntubJeeted to th bu.tchery and IIblch at.o tut"01ve bCltter th.n Ions bone.,ete. Long bon are Il!lloraUy fairly fmlllloentary. thnltll of the hlndllJlbbelns Ie... c platll than the forell_b. Other than Indlc.th& that .1.l1arproceufla .0 to have been ln fo..,e thruuahout, th...e 1'II.u1t. do oot add.llCh to th.. butehery rexu1U. but .enoe to cooflno th .. 1IIpr..uloo lIa1n ..d.
Anat_teal repre.entat1on: 71gure 99 Uluatrat". the .n.toalcalnpreaent.tlon In the fom duerlbed by O'COMor (1982, 16-19) and LavlUa(Iorthcoatng). the .oxt .trlUng retult ta the unlfonoly poorreprCllentatlon of OOtt .td.. cal al ......u: valu•• l .. u thao 1.0 .rlt e .....vhere the f .....Clnta preaent do not reach. hllh .. nouah n..ber to nt. theItdecal nan.. ror ex ..ple, t.ne re u·e elghte"'n vertebme fmpeat. !rnaPertod. I vbleb 11 ....n.n lod.ftll valuo of 0.4) .ttar be1q adjuatoed forfms.mtatlo .. and tha .teleul nOno. Thue <l.t••hnul<l not be teet...ed.. ith KlJl oeatt..tea vhleh .re ealeul.ted dtfferentl,.. Th., "conod pol.ot bthat tbere h ltttl .. eorreapllllC1l1llu between the Period.. 'lbe 'enod t....ault he., o'f ..reU. the leaat 100<1 repre.ontatiOll. but 1I'1tb emnl.l an<llI,.trll!lltt,. bone. bCl.t repre.ontoed. Period It h.a the .o.t u"tforacaprelentation. ll'Itc.pU"Il _etataraalx, t ...al. and phd.nll" whleh are allvell represented. Poriod III he. the _o.t variablo pattern. but ••aln thebext repreaented bonn are llab eatr.,.ltl... Tha c_on eee ee e ."1l!II1 tob.. th.t • at .. ~ type bonea .re beat repre.ented - pflrhap. thh Indle.te.th.t the lI1n••nt prloary butchery w••t e , but hllher fragamution ofth.. other (-eat bearha) bone. lI&y at.o hav .. had • pert to thlll pettarn( ...e f1s",re 98).
ANIMAL BONES 135
Skeletal ,bnoradiU..a, Thue were very f.w. Post-cranial ca...s consistof t"'" Ipeel.aene, a hrtod 1 .... tatacsal with 11pp10g ...d nllitoda ftc theproxiaal Jollie lurfate, and I Period III HIlle phalanx "Uh oatcoarthrltla(prod••1 Joint hall Ilpphl. UOBtods, pitting Ind abr1la1on). Dental~tholoaY .... r~onled in nVGI ~.ndiblell. TVa are ft'Otl Period I. Bothh.ve loen.dalcal attrition. periodontal dI6eI.e and p1t"entatlon of theprlllery dentine. tTl one. the pertodonc:al infection is It grade 2/3 fortil" flree ..ola .. , and thu.. is levere (Levitan forthc,.lng). A dRgle• Indlble fl"Olll Period 11 II.. the aa-e an_lIlien an tbe o.bO'l". but withperiodontal Inff'ctloll at grade 1. There are alao fairly heavy calcululdepodU (whtch .....y .. 1I0C bel'o ......ov~ by "sahing 8S in ocher clles. Four••ndlbl,.. fl'Oll Period 111 have dned IllOll.alln: ClIU wleh (1 cong""iu.i).bnnce of the permanent .ecood premol..... All fou'" haue pigllentation ofthe prillary denUne. Two have cuea of l11tradental .tt1'Hilln and OM' haa"plat.," depolit. et the .b....l.r aargill (lee L..uit.n forthco.. ing fordetllned d...cripUon.).
!lcploitDtlon of sheep lind pha
The ao&1181. of Iheep and pig bones has b.... n neceuerll, ilion ......ory thanfo ... cattle aa the aalllplu are .maller (Teble 6). Strict11 Ipuking Iheepbonel Ihould ee reree eed to ee ouicaprid bonea aa not ali h.ve beenpoaiUualy idmtified DD eheep. However, none are definitely goet ••ndfift .... n are defioatdy Ibeep. Thua, if goat wa preaent it prob.bly 01&8Dot p.rticularly i_portant, aod the oviceprid bo"ee w11l be refe rred to oe.hoep.
yeil\& aVidence: The aheep 1II.nd.ible .....ple h larger th.en for canh (11)but i ••t111 too ...all to glue l'e1iable oge1l18 eatilllf!tU, pig lIIeodiblelan few (4), ttwl a8eln8 evidence for both Ipec1ea 11 baa~ on epiphys..alfUlion data (Tlble 9). Thie tAble l1lustTatea that th .. individual phueroeu.Itl aI'41 unreliabl .. due to nall a8llplea, but p.. rIllpl .000e e eeaeeee lIIaybe given to tho lite totel ...ea.uta. If ao, both epee tee Ihow a daUarpauIlm: very few deathl "",curTed \>efora two yeeu of Ige (in thll ca.e ofIhllep, thelll W01'II of iofaota - polllibly fint vioter calUlltlal), aDdIbout hllf lIa)' hIve lurvied beyond. their thid y.. lr. There.re I~.
dUf.rencca: Iheep .....pllri.need a kill-off pelk in their third ),ear, butlIany .urvived bllyend 42 IIOnths of agll, pigl .....pert..fteed a cullinl peak h.their aecond y"lr. and relativel)' few lu ..dve:! beyond 42 1I0nthi old.
"etrical anahlia: Thll a...ple of IIll1euTed aheep al1d piS bonea ia too..aU to bll worth tabulatioo - 8enerally the IIll1aurllllmtl appear to belillU.1' to tho... f ...... ocher ROIIan IUn. For ex ...plo. diatal b ....adth ofahllep Ublall have th" rouse 24.8 to 26.].. (_3), alllUar to the lI.... naIhen in KlIlcby (1981, 190).
lIutchery and frapentation: lIutchery IISrlta on a\>eep and pill banu ...ere£Ow. Tho.e on ahellp bonea indicated. tllat aklllla vere chopped. off .t theatllll/axia Jolnt. ellt lind cbop IIsrlta 011 the pelVis lndieued. a ainU.rpatto", to thnt of cattle (ne fig. 97). Butehery .a:rk.a.re alao pRaanton ribl, hUller! and tibiae, but aro too few to dra" concluaiooa abouttechniqu.... The eVidene.e for pig is oven leu: one alwll hid bo..1!.
chopped addly, and butehery lllda ore also present on a acapula. pelvia.nd hUllenJl. 1'rapentatioo of aheep bonea is aUllllsriaed. io figllre 100.thil illultntea thlt .heep bonos are more f""81Il1ntary than eattle bones.and that thll p.tte",1 are 1I0re variable. Geoerally oxtre-ity booes are1I0r.. e~plltt! than oth"r booes. Th.. euidence for pia (fiaure 101) ia eUID1I0re Ylnable, al1d thia mult partly be the e.OllflllqUene.e of &:11.11 I..pleli~e, but a8aio ut1'l!lllt)' bollea are the beat preserv~.
Ao.toIIica! repreaeotatlon: 1'igure 102 illultratea tbe aoatOllie.a!1"IlpreaelltaUon for aheep bonea. Dupita th .. lotanlittent 191<1..e.., the'::_00 factor 1a tbe good repnlOllt.tioo of aantIiblel io all phil". Theother boo... are &ene rally Dot >fIlll ntpnaeoted., tbooab tn r e r io4 1ellt1'l!lllt)' bones fOnl • eeeeea puk. The llain point of 1I0tl Ibout tba PLa:09id""co (f1gG1'e 103) ia the 1I111foPlly bad nprueotlUOo of the boou:only 10 eee cue ia the vallie ab""e 1.0. l'Iand.iblel ara ralatlval)' .. all.... preaeoted. aDd e1.llU.rly "PPU l1.llb bonea •
$Itdetal .booma.lit1eI' Th...... e re no plthal",i.::al anoaaliaa 10poat-cranla! boo ... of aheep Or piS' The seveeeeee Iboep aandlbles_rerecorded uaing tbe lIethod of Leuttall (forthcOOliQ). The follori"8aanaliol were 1I0ted: intradmtal eee eretee occurad in Hfreeo of thelIandibles, .nd.. with othe1' .Uea 11 the c~.oneat dental ·aoalla1y~.
Anotber - leu frequent annaly l'e1at~ to O'urerovdiDfl Ind lIa1oee1uliollia uoeY"" ""ar. Hero it occu...a in four aandiblea: t"o. Partod 1, tllO,Fortod 11. anUtioo and di.p1a.::"ent of teeth ie allO ...otated. tooUClrerovdins, and ho .... occllrred in 000 spllcia"" f.... Period I.Fipentatioll a.y be cauaed by artlfieial stalll1n8, but aiSht DIU> be duato infection. Here pi81lentation occur~ in prilaary sl1d secoodary dmcloein three 1I&"dibloa, and. eight had pis-""tltion of prillary dentinfl only. A1I0re sedoua infection. periodontal dilflau., waa prllaClnt in tlfO...ndibles, one of vhich had gradfl four inf..cUon 10 the fi1'lIt .nd .econdlIolar 1'egioo (with Dnte-lllOrte. lou of thllle tnth). Dhturbllllea of thaventral 1lI1l1in ...aa obaerved in one spacill"" - thia anOllaly aay arhlboca~e thfl depth of the .....ua 1& too saaU to COlltaln a dflvelopina,unerupted tooth (usually - III here - 1t 1a the fourth p...... ola ... whiche.auaea tbe probll!!l). the final .nOllelly 1a the eecueeence of eur.nutrient for-ena: ee ee, ef.ee apecillen. a"'e 10volved., aile 1thieh has threeext ..... for&llf!llll. The t.at had one utn fo ...... en. In the ca.o of piglIandibloll. olle had grade tllO periodontal iofee.tioll 1n tho ftnt-leeolld.. ol.t re8ion.
Other .....al.
Flve other apeciea of ....al are repreaent~ (T.ble 6). all in mallo..bera. Hone a"d dog, tbe only otber dOlleaticated. __all, are tho 1I0atc""",on of thoae apeeiea, but ,,1th onl)' fifteen a"d e1 .... en bone.reapeetl"ely, che lIallple 111 too _all for detailed. Inalylil. 1I0ne InddoS bonll. are all fl"Oll lIatu1'l! 1ndividual., eee cOllplete ...ndiblerepreaenU a dog of "averlJl;e~ lin - i."., about the ahe of a shaapdoa·R~ and roe deer are repreuoted, roe in Poriod 1, red in Periodl II Ind111. The benea indicate lIaturo iodiuiduall, and red dller, It Illllt, "ereh"nced for food dnee butchery ..rka lire preaenc on 101111 of thoe bOllol: OneIIctac.rpal aod ClIO tibiae. 0110 hare booe (pillute) lllIa alia butchered·Ail three species vere probably hllnted and eatlln, but would have beoen anI)'occulooa! additiooa to the diet.
OOll... tie fowl aod (T dom.e.tie) BOllse ia represented, but in vllr)' 11111.11
proportlona (Table 6). In fact birds fom.ed only 1.01 of thll aaaelllblage.One other apecies 1& pre.e"t. an unidentified humenJa. but pOlllibl)' arapt o e.
111 conelusioo, It ...y be seen that the .b.eep Ind pi8 e"iden.::e is "Otsubltlnth11y different frolll the rut of the aUe.!IIblaae repon~ in thia
C: ChoppedK: CutL : LateralA: AxialT: TransverseB: Battered
CK,C
KC
K
K
~----,DOOc00
oo•,••·:
h KK
K
97. Summary of butchery marks on cattle bones
13(, C IH EN C EST EI( EX CAVATIONS II I
> 75
51 75
D 25 ·50
D <25%
of bone complete
•...--"-' ;y...JO~
;,~~1,·
• >75
~ 51 75
D 25 ·50
[/ < 25 %
of bone comple te
____)DDO~
OJ---.....-~ e,···,
> 75
51-75
D 25 50
D <25 %
of bone comoete
C)H . Fragmcumrion of catt le bo nes (a) Period I, (b) Period II . (f) Period III
nN
2
arj
N
3
2
o11N
3
2
a
ANIMAL BONES
PERIOD I
r---
PERIOD II
-r---
--
- -- ---I
r---
PERIOD IIIr---
I---
r---
-- -
-- -
I -
137
(j) (j)(j)
V)~ '"0 .o ~ .!!! ::J.c ~ V)(J ""0 (j)
::J (j) ::JC C ~
a. E '"~
'"~ '" ""0 c0~
(J ::J '"I :2; (f) I a:: :J
99. Anatomical representation of cattle bones
V)
'" V)V) (j)~ rn
~ '" V) cV) ~
~::J
'" '" '" .!!!E ~ V)
'".n (j) ~
(j) (j)
i= :2; ~s:
c... u... c...
138 CIRENCESTER EX CA VATIONS 1/1
Pha,anges eof bone complete
> 75
51-75
D 2550
D < 25 %
of bone complete
> 75
51-75
D 25 -50
D <25 %
of bone complete
Pha,angeS e
....
I(~) _ Frag mentat ion o f sheep bones (a) Period I, (b) Period II. (c) Period III
ANIMAL BONES
< 25 %
of bone complete
> 7551-75
[£1 25-50
D < 25 %
of bone complete
> 7551-75
[2125 -50
LJ < 25 %
of bone complete
101. Fragmentation of pig bones (a) Period I, (b) Period II, (e) Period III
139
140
"N3
2
1
o
"N3
2
1
o
"N2
1
o
CIRENCESTER EXCAVATIONS III
PERIOD I
r-
~
r-r----
r-- I---
- nI
PERIOD II
PERIOD III
-r--
------, I
VI
'"(ij
~VI
~ VI C. '"'" .!!1 ::l ~ '" Cl.0 ~
.0 ~ VI '" ~ ~ VI c-a ::l '" .2 o VI ~
'" c. E '" .S; ::l .!l! '" '" .!!1c: .....'" -a '" ..... E VI .....
'"'"~ .0 ::l c: '" Qj .0 ~
'"~o '" '" r:- s::2: a:: (J) I a:: :J :2: a.. u, i= :2: a..
102. Anatomical representation of sheep bones
vGl .... c, howe e ..., the "attle boo"a f['QII thle p"rt of tb" dre differ illa"etc.1"&! pru".. t.atioD, "tth hllJher proportion. of blltehery ee 'boou- -an of ll,1l1-off va_ dllnat. Per1od" 1 and II ..ere not ...." ee eee InKotIlS·' ••t .....l.1. 8" tht" part of the ••n...blqll fo"l "" laporteor'''ppleunt to the previ".... wn.onu, problaa of lrItrallUral b.-Ina aetlvlt1el 18 not "adly u,lved On thebad" of eMI ...pl0 in SeDam, thb .usblqe eannot be •• id todllfinltlily rule out" hnltflll eeeeexe , but nor t" the ...... aneat deal of
poaltivo avidatee, Ponlbly the prnu,u,,, of 1Il.tllnt/perlnat&l Il1dhld",d"is one faetor which 'Upp'HU II fa", tlypothnh. lUaa CODeluded that theboool D\lpported the f... hypothuh, partl"ul&t'l'J bocaun vlI01e e..n:••••nm to be ~prfluoted. but On the vlIole thl. alon'" e.aonOt n.U'J bo tak.n•• e.ooc1".1YfI.' the "te .lght ....p1'J bfl ODO! Wet'fI aoi.al, ee ee broUllhtto be b.. tchered. King", flnal note of ca .. Uoo aut b'" rfl1tfl"totd hll.reeee boee flvldeo"e "flflllllt be takell to dud'J ,upport th", IlItflrpntatlOIl oftb.. .It.. aft '" fara.
'1N
J'1N2
1
o
ANIMAL BONES
PERIOD I
PERIOD II
141
'1N
J103.
PERIOD III
Q) Q)
'" '"..Cl ~
..Cl :;)-0 Q) a.c -'"
~ ..Cl '"~o
:2 0:: (J)
Anatomical representation
!!2 en
'" '"en a.~ en
:;)
'" en ~
~ en ~ '"Q) :;) o en :;) .!!! -'" '" '" '"E -0 '" - > E :;) en -:;) '"c Q) Q) ..Cl ..Cl ~ Q)
:2Q)
~ :2:I: 0:: ::J 0.. LL l- LL
of pig bones
Eplp'hYlleal fusioo d.~. for ,;attlp
bone Pe ~lod 1 Period 11 Period Ul s ree, , , , , ,.... urpal P , z 0 , ,
" zPel .. 1. 0 5 0 0 0 , 0.-IIIr881 P 0 , 0 , 0 " 0% unfuBed 11.1 0.0 ,., 5. ,
BCBpW.B 0 0 0 0 • 0 e 0hu:aeruB 0 0 z , 5 0 , ,...dl"l P 0 ,
0 , 0 " 0plull."xl P 0 H 0 , 0 " 0phd."a p 0 , 0 , 0 a 01 un fused 0.0 ,., 0.0 e....c.~al D ,
0 ," ,
t1bb 0 t 0 0 e ,.... t.ud D 0 , a u •% ""{"led. 22.2 s. , 18.1:1 18.9
eale.':'""" P 0 0 0 0 , a , ,h..."ruB P 0 t 0 0 0 0 0 ,radius 0 a , 0 0 z 0 5 ,
uiDA P z 0 , 0 0 0 a 0fl!llur P 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ,fe<our D , 0 0 0 0 0 , 0tibia P , 0 0 0 , 0 • 0% unf.... ed '-' 50.0 42.9 30.0
reei e .,S....9' of selected "BUb bone ••nllum..nt.
bone .~. ranle ••d • ., ., .,hu''''n1a " a 62 .s 67.4-96.6 69.1 so.a.-carpel " n )2.2 46.4-61.3 •. 5 e.s 48.8 52.3 52.9
" n 56 .e 48.t~2.9 ••• a.e 46.6 52.9 51.6rib .. " • 56.5 52.1~4.0 55.4 50.7·rtar..l Ip a 45.) 38.1-50.1 .., '.0 40.8 45.5 44.4
" • 51.4 46.2-$9.6 .., r.s 49.9 54.5..cra•. "
, 60.' 59.2-61.4 55.2 61.3". • 48,3 44.4-54.6 50.5 57 .4
* wrldth of diat.-l .rUcw.nion"!fi .. Eutu Beall (tIaltby 1979, table 65), .z- Ilc:heater ."n(Levitan 1982: t.ble 11); .:3. 8eec:hu IIlMIl. (King thh report: t.hle 16)
Table " Epiphyseal fu810n data for sheep and p1&,
bone Perlod 1 Period II Period 111 She
", , ,
i.lIhllOp
lI.-c:arpal P 0 , c ,.-tar..l 0 0 0 0 0:r: unf.. sell 0.0 100.0 0.0 16.1
radi ..s P 0 0 o 0 0pehla 0 0 0 0 0:r: ""f.. sed 0.0 0.0 0.0 '.0
.-carpal D 0 , , 0 ,tibia D 0 0 , 0 0phalanxl P 0 0 0 0 0 0:r: uofucaed 0.0 100.0 0.0 12.5
radius D 0 0 0 0 0tibia P 0 , 0 0 ,c.lc.o".... P 0 , 0 0 t:r: unfus"d 100.0 0.0 50.0
H.piC
m.e ...... D , 0 z 0 , 0 5 0radi ..lI P 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 ,peldll 0 0 t 0 0 0 , 0:r: unf...ed 0.0 0.0 50.0 14.3
.....carpal. 0 , 0 o 0 0 0 ,tibia D 0 , , 0 0 , ,.-taBlI1a 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 0:r: uofuaed 50.0 50.0 50.0
h_eNS P 0 0 0 0 0 0radl'" D 0 , 0 0 , ,tibia P 0 , 0 , 0 0 0 a% unfucaed 100.0 33.3 lOU.O 71.4