finance terms and concepts
TRANSCRIPT
Finance Terms and Concepts
Stocks – Ownership in Company• Prices – Determinants
– What people think it will be worth/profit in
future
– Expectations of Future Earnings
– Cheap/Expensive – not based on price
• Earnings
“Blue Chip” Stocks
• Giant companies with solid reputations.
• General Electric, Intel, Visa, Wal-Mart and
Walt Disney
“Penny” Stocks
• Common stock valued at less than one
dollar, and therefore highly speculative
Types of Investing
• Investor
– Long Term Growth
– Dividends
– Buy and Hold (2-3 yrs)
– Diversify
• Speculator
– Quick Profit
– Day Traders
– High Risk - High Reward
– Penny Stocks
Analysis
• Fundamentals
– Earnings
– Annual Reports
– Management Team
– Conference calls
• Technical
– Charts
– Formulas
Historical Returns
• Gamble but best place for your investment
dollars when young
• 1990-1999 = 15.3% average return per
year
• 1926-2002 = 10.2% average return
Exchanges
• Buy/Sell Meeting Places
New York Stock Exchange
• "Big Board“
• American stock exchange located at 11 Wall
Street, NYC
• World's largest equities-based stock exchange
Indices (Indexes)
• List of stocks – Give snapshot of market
– NASDAQ – 3,200 Tech Heavy
Dow-Jones Industrial Average
• Price-weighted average of 30 significant
stocks traded on the New York Stock
Exchange and the Nasdaq.
• Invented by Charles Dow back in 1896.
Standard & Poor’s 500
(S&P 500)• American stock market index based on the
market capitalizations of 500 large
companies having common stock listed on
the NYSE or NASDAQ.
Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)• Government commission created by
Congress to regulate the securities
markets and protect investors.
Stocks
• Stock Categories
– Size (Large Cap vs Small Cap)
– Sector – Part of Economy
• Stock Types – Best Returns over long term
– Value (On sale at discount) vs Growth
Dividends
• Profits – Payout to owners of corp
(Stockholers)
• DRiPs – Dividend Reinvestment Plan
Mutual Funds• Individuals invest money together (pool)
• Professional Money Managers
– Benefit: Manage Portfolio
• Fee - 0.5% to 2%
– Financial institution
– 1000’s of different types
• Diversified portfolios of securities
– Investment objectives different – Safe vs Aggressive
• Most Retirement Accounts (401K)
Selling Short
• Expecting price of stock
to decrease
• Betting against
– Very Risky
• Sale of security that is
not owned by seller, or
that seller has borrowed
• Hoping to buy back at a
lower price to make a
profit.
Buying Long
• Buying of a security such as a stock,
commodity or currency, with the
expectation that the asset will rise in value.
“Bubbles”
• Big price increase in technology/housing/stocks
• Over inflated prices -> crash
Diversification
• Spread risk of stock failures
– Minimizes profits/losses
Risk vs. Return
• Higher Risk = Bigger Return on investment/money
Efficient Market Hypothesis
• Investment theory
• It is impossible to "beat
the market" because
stock market efficiency
causes existing share
prices to always
incorporate and reflect all
relevant information.
Bull Market
• A market in which share prices are rising,
encouraging buying.
Bear Market
• A market in which prices are falling,
encouraging selling
Market Crashes
• 1929 – Great Depression follows
• Oct 19th 1987 – Worst one day drop –
22.6%
• Financial Crisis of 2007-2008
– Sub prime housing market crash
– Banks collapse
– Bailouts from government
Stock Splits
• 2 for 1 Doubles # of Shares
– ½ price for shares
– Makes shares more tradeable
– Reverse split – Not good
Bonds
• Debt investment -investor loans money to a
corporate or governmental group
• Borrows funds for defined period of time at a
variable or fixed interest rate.
– Long Term Bond – More Risk – Higher Return
– Shorter Term Bond – Less Risk – Lower Return
• Used by companies, municipalities, states and
sovereign governments to finance a variety of
projects and activities.
Junk Bonds• Bonds with low ratings
• High risk
• Offer high interest rates in
exchange for high risk
• Pay between 3-5% higher
interest rates than the
regular bonds
Corporate Bonds• Debt obligations, or IOUs, issued by
private and public corporations.
• Typically issued in multiples of $1,000
and/or $5,000.
Municipal Bonds• Debt obligations issued by
governmental entities
• Raise money to do projects for the public good
• You are lending money to an issuer who promises to pay you back a specified amount of interest and return the principal
• MUNIS
– bonds that are free of federal taxes
Silicon Valley
• California
– Where all the technology companies are located
IPO
• Initial Public Offering
• First time a company is offered to the public.
• Investors make the big money
– Venture Capital guys
“Pink Slip” Party
Monopoly
• Exclusive control of a commodity or
service in a particular market, or a control
that makes possible the manipulation of
prices
Sub-Prime Mortgages
• Type of loan granted to individuals with
poor credit histories (often below 600)
• Result of deficient credit ratings, not be
able to qualify for conventional mortgages.
One company absorbs another.
In a merger, absorbed
company often is forced to abandon
its identity