finaltechnicalreportphasei & doeaward&:...

33
Final Technical Report Phase I DOE Award #: DESC0004388 Recipient: TechSource, Inc. Project Title: “Improvements to Simulation Codes for Electron Cloud Generation in Long Bunch, HighIntensity Proton Accumulator Rings” Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert J. Macek, TechSource, Inc., and guest scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Collaborator: Dr. Lawrence J. Rybarcyk, Los Alamos National Laboratory 1

Upload: others

Post on 07-Oct-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Final  Technical  Report  Phase  I    DOE  Award  #:  DE-­‐SC0004388    Recipient:  TechSource,  Inc.    Project  Title:  “Improvements  to  Simulation  Codes  for  Electron  Cloud  Generation  in  Long-­‐Bunch,  High-­‐Intensity  Proton  Accumulator  Rings”    Principal  Investigator:  Dr.  Robert  J.  Macek,  TechSource,  Inc.,  and  guest  scientist  at  the  Los  Alamos  National  Laboratory      Collaborator:  Dr.  Lawrence  J.  Rybarcyk,  Los  Alamos  National  Laboratory  

1

Page 2: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

I.    Executive  Summary:      

Low  energy  electrons  (often  referred  to  as  "electron  clouds")  in  the  beam  chambers  of  high  intensity  accelerators  and  storage  rings  can  limit  their  performance.    They  can  limit  intensity  by  causing  instabilities,  unacceptable  pressure  increases  or  increases  in  beam  size.    For  these  reasons,  electron  cloud  effects  are  a  very  active  topic  of  research  in  the  accelerator  community.    For  example,  a  fast  beam  instability  has  long  been  observed  at  the  Los  Alamos  high  intensity  Proton  Storage  Ring  (PSR),  the  proton  driver  for  the  spallation  neutron  source  at  Los  Alamos.    The  preponderance  of  evidence  shows  that  the  PSR  instability  is  an  electron  cloud  induced  instability  but  detailed  understanding  of  the  dominant  source(s)  of  the  electron  cloud  driving  the  instability  are  among  the  unresolved  issues.    Better  understanding  of  this  instability  and  the  electron  cloud  driving  it  will  not  only  benefit  PSR  but  will  benefit  numerous  accelerator  facilities  world  wide  where  electron  cloud  effects  are  an  established  concern  or  a  significant  technical  risk.  

Reliable  simulations  of  electron  cloud  generation  in  PSR  and  similar  machines  would  be  a  most  valuable  tool  for  improving  our  understanding  of  its  origin,  the  parameters  that  affect  it  and  how  it  might  be  controlled.    Such  tools  would  provide  cost-­‐effective  methods  for  designing  mitigation  measures  and  evaluating  them  before  going  to  the  expense  of  fabrication  and  experimental  testing  in  an  operating  accelerator  facility.  

In  this  project  we  have  developed  and  tested  several  significant  improvements  to  a  widely  used  electron  cloud  simulation  code,  POSINST.    In  our  version,  LANLPOSINST  V6,  we  have  add  several  important  features  including  the  capability  to  model  a  multi-­‐element  section  of  the  ring  consisting  of  two  quadrupole  magnets  with  3-­‐dimensional  magnetic  fields,  dipole  magnet  end  fields,  several  drift  spaces  and  various  electron  cloud  diagnostics.    Improvements  were  also  added  to  the  modeling  of  the  initial  primary  or  “seed”  electrons  from  proton  beam  losses.    One  important  conclusion  from  benchmarking  these  improvements  was  the  need  to  include  “seed”  electrons  produced  from  secondary  particles  resulting  from  the  primary  proton  beam  losses.  

2

Page 3: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

II.  Phase  I  goals:    

The  technical  objectives  and  tasks  of  Phase  I  at  the  start  of  the  Project  are  listed  in  items  1)  through  4)  below.    

1. Develop, implement, and test software/code changes to the PSR version of POSINST, now designated as LANLPosinstV6, and related post-processing tools that:

a) Add  the  capability  to  simulate  EC  generation  in  a  section  of  a  ring  (e.g.  a  section  of  PSR  or  SNS)  that  contains  multiple  beam  transports  elements  including  dipoles,  quadrupole  magnets,  drifts,  electrostatic  longitudinal  barriers  (also  known  as  electron  mirrors),  and  electron  cloud  diagnostics.    Include  a  user  friendly,  streamlined  input  and  problem  specification  capability.  

b) Improve  the  algorithms  for  generation  of  seed  electrons  born  at  the  wall  from  beam  losses  to  better  account  for  the  correlated  (z,  phi)  distribution  of  losses,  and  variation  of  seed  electrons  per  lost  proton  from  variations  in  the  grazing  angle  of  lost  protons.    Specific  input  parameters  to  the  code  for  the  PSR  application  would  be  obtained  in  item  2)  below.  

c) Add  the  capability  to  incorporate  a  measured  sequence  of  longitudinal  proton  beam  pulse  profiles.    

d) Provide  user-­‐friendly  post-­‐processing  tools  and/or  scripts  to  extract  and  display  the  output  results  of  interest  especially  those  needed  for  comparison  with  experimental  data.  

 2. Develop  and  test  new  codes  and/or  Matlab  scripts  for  post  processing  beam  loss  

output  from  ORBIT  and  other  beam  loss  codes  to  produce  an  improved  model  of  primary  or  “seed”  electrons  born  at  the  beam  duct  walls  from  beam  losses.  

3. Benchmark  the  improved  codes  and  simulation  tools  using  relevant  data  and  various  experimental  results  from  PSR.    

4. Investigate  the  feasibility  of  various  options  and  approaches  for  additional  upgrades  to  the  LANLPosinstV6  code  to  include:  

a) Closed  orbit  offsets  of  the  proton  beam.    A  key  issue  is  efficient  and  effective  algorithms  for  computing  the  space  charge  fields  of  beams  not  centered  in  the  beam  duct.    Implementation  would  be  a  task  for  a  future  project.  

b) Seed  electrons  generated  by  secondary  emission  from  the  stripper  foil  along  with  those  resulting  from  the  electron  stripped  from  the  incoming  H-­‐  beam  (aptly  named  convoy  electrons)  and  their  interaction  with  the  duct  walls  or  special  electron  beam  catchers.  

c) Capability  for  simulating  the  effect  of  a  variety  of  proposals  for  suppression  of  EC  generations  such  as  electrostatic  clearing  fields  and  the  idea  to  use  a  high-­‐transmission,  biased  conductive  screen  to  shield  the  duct  walls  from  the  electric  field  of  the  beam  and  at  the  same  time  suppress  secondary  emission  from  incident  electrons  striking  the  chamber  walls.    

 

3

Page 4: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

III.    Project  activities  and  accomplishments  compared  to  goals:    1.    Task  1  (code  changes)  activities  and  accomplishments  

 About  45%  of  the  Phase  I  effort  was  devoted  to  objective  1  and  tasks  1.a  through  1.d.    

All  of  these  were  successfully  developed,  implemented,  and  tested.    The  LANLPosinstV6  code,  developed  for  the  MAC  OSX  operating  system,  now  has  the  capability  to  model  a  multi-­‐element  section  of  the  ring  to  include  two  quadrupole  magnets  with  3D  field  models  or  hard  edge  quads,  two  linearized  dipole  end  fields,  two  longitudinal  electro-­‐static  barriers,  two  sweeping  electrodes,  two  vertical  corrector  magnets,  two  coaxial  electron  suppressor  grids,  and  multiple  slots  in  the  chamber  wall.    In  addition,  the  variation  in  horizontal  and  vertical  beam  sizes  as  function  of  z  are  now  included.    The  input  parameter  file  format  has  been  streamlined  and  simplified  and  is  much  more  user  friendly,  which  results  in  significantly  reduced  errors  in  setting  up  the  desired  simulation  model.    

The  generation  of  seed  electrons  (from  beam  losses)  in  the  code  was  modified  in  Phase  I  to  use  a  2-­‐D  table  for  the  z  and  phi  distribution  of  beam  losses.  The  table  is  a  user  input  file.  The  existing  treatment  of  the  time  structure  for  the  seed  electrons  still  assumes  that  they  are  proportional  to  the  instantaneous  line  density  of  the  beam  and  was  not  changed.    

Prior  versions  of  the  code  used  a  single  longitudinal  beam  profile  that  was  repeated  for  each  turn.    In  Phase  I,  the  code  was  modified  to  allow  use  of  a  sequence  of  different  beam  profiles  (usually  a  measured  sequence)  that  can  also  have  variable  intensity.  

Numerous  MATLAB®  scripts  were  developed  or  improved  for  post  processing  various  output  files  of  LANLPosinstV6  to  generate  additional  results  and  graphical  displays  of  simulation  results.    Scripts  for  movies  of  electron  motion  in  various  regions  of  the  simulations  were  developed  and  are  most  helpful  in  visualizing  the  dynamics  of  EC  generation.    See  Figure  1  and  2  for  examples  of  results  using  these  scripts  to  post  process  simulation  output  files.    Scripts  to  analyze  and  display  various  aspects  of  the  wall  collisions  were  also  developed  or  improved.    Generation  of  the  signal  in  an  electron  diagnostic  is  based  on  post  processing  wall  collision  data  at  the  entrance  of  the  device  using  scripts  developed  in  this  project.  

 2.    Task  2  (seed  electron  simulation)  activities  and  accomplishments  

 Reliable  estimates  for  the  seed  electron  distributions  are  essential  for  accurate  

simulations  of  EC  generation  in  PSR  and  long  bunch  proton  rings,  as  we  have  pointed  out  several  times.    The  input  files  that  the  user  supplies  for  the  z,  phi  distribution  of  beam  losses  have  in  the  past  been  based  on  very  simplified  assumptions  or  hypotheses.    In  the  beginning,  for  lack  of  better  information,  a  uniform  distribution  of  the  beam  loss  was  assumed.    Often  phi  distributions  of  losses  related  to  the  transverse  beam  ellipse  were  used.  

In  Phase  I,  our  approach  [task  2  above]  was  to  simulate  the  losses  in  the  particle  tracking  code  ORBIT  using  a  good  optics  model  of  PSR  and  include  foil  scattering,  space  charge,  the  programmed  bumps  for  injection  painting,  and  numerous  apertures  in  most  of  the  ring  elements.    The  results  of  these  simulations  showed  that  most  of  the  losses  occurred  in  the  quads  where  the  beta  functions  were  largest.    No  losses  were  found  in  the  drift  spaces  except  for  some  near  the  entrance  of  the  quads.    Very  few  losses  occurred  in  the  

4

Page 5: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

dipoles  except  near  the  stripper  foil  and  for  a  limiting  aperture  near  the  extraction  magnets.    The  losses  in  the  quads  were  in  a  ±10  degree  band  at  phi  =  ±90  for  vertically  focusing  quads,  and  phi  =  0  and  180  for  horizontally  focusing  quads  and  with  grazing  angles  of  a  few  milliradians  or  less.    As  such,  the  grazing  angles  are  small  enough  that  the  number  of  seed  electrons  per  lost  proton  has  saturated  according  to  the  results  published  in  Thieberger  et  al,  Phys  Rev  A  61,  042901  (2000).    

Simulations  of  EC  generation  were  made  using  the  LANLPosinstV6  code  with  seed  electrons  from  the  Orbit  losses  as  described  above  in  a  PSR  quadrupole  and  compared  with  the  same  losses  on  the  pole  tips.      Seed  electrons  were  uniformly  distributed  in  narrow  ±10-­‐degree  band  on  the  horizontal  or  vertical  axes  and  ±10  cm  along  the  longitudinal  axis.  These  resulted  in  ~10  to  15  times  fewer  electrons  in  the  multipacting  process  for  each  seed  electron  compared  with  each  seed  electron  located  in  the  same  size  band  on  the  pipe  near  the  quad  pole  tip  (phi  =  ±  45  and  ±  135).    See  Figure  1  and  2  below  and  the  paragraph  between  them  for  more  explanation  of  the  Figures.    These  results  demonstrate  the  importance  of  any  beam  losses  near  the  quad  pole  tips  and  motivates  the  tasks  for  a  future  project  that  deals  with  other  loss  mechanisms  (e.g.  H0*(n)  excited  states  or  secondary  products  from  primary  beam  losses)  not  included  in  the  Phase  I  work.  

 

Figure  1.    Snapshot  of  one  frame  from  a  LANLPosinstV6  simulation  of  EC  generation  using  a  uniform  seed  electron  distribution  in  a  narrow  band  (phi  =  90±10  degree,  z=±10  cm)  on  the  vertical  y-­‐axis.    The  various  plots  in  both  Figures  1  and  2  are  explained  in  the  paragraph  that  follows  this  caption.    Note  that  the  number  of  seed  electrons  here  is  that  same  as  in  Figure  2.      

5

Page 6: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

In  both  Figures  1  and  2,  the  graphic  on  the  left  plots  the  electron  spatial  coordinates  (at  the  beam  time  of  the  snapshot)  with  color  of  the  dot  related  to  the  total  electron  velocity  as  indicated  by  the  color  bar;  m  is  the  number  of  macro  electrons  in  the  plot.  The  top  right  graph  shows  the  beam  intensity  (red)  and  electron  line  density  (green)  as  a  function  of  time  from  the  start  of  the  1st  turn.  The  time  of  the  snapshot  is  shown  in  blue.  The  bottom  right  hand  section  has  two  graphs:  the  left  graph  is  a  plot  of  the  electron  Z  coordinate  and  longitudinal  velocity  (Vz)  while  the  right  plot  shows  the  electron  line  density  (ldens)  as  function  of  Z.    The  Z  coordinates  of  effective  edges  of  quadrupole  are  shown  as  the  dashed  blue  lines.      

 

Figure  2.  Snapshot  of  one  frame  from  a  LANLPosinstV6  simulation  of  EC  generation  using  a  uniform  seed  electron  distribution  in  a  narrow  band  (phi  =  45±10  degree,  z=±10  cm)  on  the  pole  tip  region  of  the  quadrupole.  Note  that  the  numbers  of  seed  electrons  are  the  same  as  in  Figure  1.  

The  Z  vs  Vz  plot  in  the  lower  right  of  Figure  2  shows  numerous  electrons  with  high  Vz  (up  to  3  x  107  m/s,  or  10%  of  the  speed  of  light)  in  the  drift  space  (Z<0)  in  front  of  the  quad.    These  were  ejected  from  the  quadrupole  by  the  strong  ExB  drift  when  the  beam  pulse  is  present  and  best  seen  in  the  animation.  

Given  the  high  multipacting  gain  for  seed  electrons  born  at  the  quad  pole  tips  and  the  lack  of  beam  losses  on  the  pole  tips  from  ORBIT  simulations,  it  became  important  to  estimate  the  seed  electrons  that  would  be  generated  by  secondary  particles  produced  by  the  primary  beam  losses  at  the  beam  pipe.    We  examined  several  codes  -­‐  MCNPX,  the  collimator  module  for  ORBIT,  and  G4beamline  -­‐  that  might  be  used  for  such  estimates.    

6

Page 7: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

MCNPX  generates  the  needed  secondary  particles  and  tracks  them  in  material  objects  but  does  not  track  them  using  EM  fields.    The  ORBIT  collimator  module  has  the  necessary  nuclear  cascades  but  does  not  work  inside  a  quadrupole  field.    G4beamline  generates  all  secondary  particles  and  can  track  them  in  matter  and  EM  fields.    It  was  tried  with  an  input  beam  given  by  the  coordinates  of  the  protons  lost  in  ORBIT  projected  back  to  0.5  m  before  the  quadrupole.    Preliminary  results  indicated  that  numerous  secondary  particles  would  strike  the  quad  pole  tip  region  of  the  beam  pipe  and  thus  generate  seed  electrons.    Further  studies  using  G4beamline  were  beyond  the  scope  of  Phase  I.  

 3.    Task  3  (benchmarking)  activities  and  accomplishments  

 Several  benchmarking  activities,  task  3  above,  were  undertaken  in  Phase  I  and  more  

were  proposed  for  Phase  II  (not  awarded).    There  is  a  wealth  of  experimental  data  from  PSR  that  can  be  used  to  benchmark  EC  simulations.    This  includes  EC  signals  collected  over  the  years  from  EC  diagnostics  in  various  drift  spaces  and  the  electron  sweeping  diagnostic  in  a  quadrupole  in  section  4  of  PSR  as  functions  of  numerous  adjustable  beam  parameters  such  as  beam  intensity,  beam  emittance,  closed-­‐orbit  offsets,  etc.    There  are  also  results  from  experiments  using  electron  mirrors  in  the  drift  space  of  section  4  to  which  demonstrate  the  influence  of  electrons  ejected  from  the  quadrupole  during  the  passage  of  a  beam  pulse.    Benchmarking  quadrupole  simulations  from  previous  versions  of  the  LANLPOSINST,  before  the  modifications  introduced  in  the  current  project,  assumed  rather  uniform  phi  distributions  of  seed  electrons  in  the  quadrupole.    These  gave  reasonable  agreement  on  EC  signal  pulse  shape,  timing  with  respect  to  the  trailing  edge  of  the  proton  beam  pulse  and  rough  agreement  on  electron  energy  spectra  from  diagnostics  with  an  adjustable  repeller  voltage.    See  R.  Macek,  PRSTAB    11,  010101  (2008)  and  references  therein.  

One  of  the  motivations  for  the  additional  improvements  to  LANLPOSINST  undertaken  in  the  present  project  was  to  simulate  the  results  of  an  experiment  in  2007  which  incorporated  2  pulsed  electrons  mirrors  as  shown  in  the  layout  of  Figure  3.    The  relevant  diagnostic  signals  for  the  experiment  are  shown  in  Figure  4  below.  Simulations  using  seed  electrons  proportional  to  the  ORBIT  losses  in  narrow  bands  on  the  coordinate  axes  did  not  reproduce  the  experimental  results  very  well.    Better  agreement  required  using  a  component  of  seed  electrons  near  the  quad  poletips  in  order  to  be  consistent  with  the  experimental  results  for  the  ES41Y  signal  shown  in  Figure  4.    Note  that  pulsing  the  ES41Y  sweep  electrode  reduces  this  signal  and  reduces  it  even  more  when  the  mirrors  are  both  pulsed.    This  is  further  evidence  that  seed  electrons  ejected  from  both  quadrupoles  seed  most  of  the  drift  space  EC  signal.  However,  the  simulations  still  do  not  reproduce  the  large  buildup  of  EC  in  the  quadrupole  diagnostic  (ES43Q)  when  the  mirrors  in  the  drift  space  are  energized  to  -­‐2  kV.    This  remains  a  significant  unresolved  issue.    Is  there  some  physics  still  missing  in  the  EC  simulation  models?    The  benchmarking  simulations  also  reveal  significant  mixing  and  intermingling  of  electrons  ejected  from  the  quads  and  those  trapped  in  the  linearized  end  fields  of  near  by  dipoles.  However,  we  have  no  direct  experimental  results  to  test  this.  

7

Page 8: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Figure  3.  Schematic  layout  of  section  4  of  PSR  showing  dipoles,  quadrupole  magnets,  electron  mirrors  and  two  EC  sweeping  diagnostics,  labeled  ES41Y  and  ES43Q.    ES43Q  is  inside  the  downstream  quadrupole  magnet.  

 Figure  4.  Simultaneous  signals,  from  the  experiment  (2007)  using  pulsed  electron  mirrors  and  a  pulsed  sweep  electrode,  provide  evidence  for  electrons  ejected  from  nearby  quadrupoles.    ES43Q  is  the  diagnostic  in  the  quadrupole  and  ES41Y  is  the  diagnostic  in  the  adjacent  drift  space.  Electron  mirrors  are  placed  upstream  and  downstream  of  ES41Y  but  between  the  quadrupoles  as  illustrated  in  Figure  3.    The  large  suppression  of  the  drift  space  signal  (ES41Y)  when  the  electron  mirrors  are  pulsed  occurs  because  the  mirrors  prevent  electrons  ejected  from  the  quadrupole  magnets  from  reaching  the  drift  space  diagnostic.    Also  note  the  large  signal  increase  in  the  quadrupole  diagnostic  (ES43Q)  when  the  mirrors  are  pulsed  to  -­‐2kV.    4.    Task  4  (feasibility  studies)  activities  and  accomplishments    

The  feasibility  of  certain  additional  options  for  code  improvement  was  examined  (task  4  above).    Adding  closed-­‐orbit  offsets  of  the  proton  beam  (task  4.a)  was  explored.    A  key  issue  is  efficient  and  effective  algorithms  for  computing  the  space  charge  fields  of  beams  

Slide 30Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D9/12/2008

RJM_HB2008

Dipole Dipole

QuadrupoleQuadrupole with ES43Q

ES41YRFA

Electron Mirror II

Beam

Electron Mirror I

8

Page 9: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

not  centered  in  the  beam  duct.    The  effort  was  estimated  to  take  several  months  and  further  work  was  not  undertaken  in  Phase  I.  

We  examined  the  feasibility  of  incorporating  seed  electrons  generated  by  secondary  emission  from  the  stripper  foil  along  with  those  resulting  from  the  electrons  stripped  from  the  incoming  H-­‐  beam  (aptly  named  convoy  electrons)  and  their  interaction  with  the  duct  walls  or  special  electron  beam  catchers  (task  4.b  above).    These  can  be  added  in  future  projects  as  separate  routines  with  minimal  impact  on  the  rest  of  the  code.    

The  feasibility  of  adding  the  capability  to  simulate  effects  of  two  concepts  (task  4.c  above)  for  suppression  EC  generation  was  studied.    These  were  electrostatic  clearing  electrodes  and  a  coaxial  electron  suppressor  screen.    The  concept  for  the  latter  is  sketched  in  Figure  5.    It  would  use  a  high  transmission,  biased  conductive  screen  to  shield  the  chamber  surface  from  the  E  field  of  the  beam  and  at  the  same  time  suppress  secondary  emission  from  the  incident  electrons  striking  the  chamber  wall.    In  Phase  I,  a  simplified  model  of  the  coaxial  electron  suppressor  screen  was  incorporated  in  LANLPosinstV6.    Simulation  results  of  its  use  in  a  quadrupole  with  an  applied  voltage  of  -­‐250V  on  a  3mm  gap  between  screen  and  wall  gave  an  encouraging  order  of  magnitude  suppression  of  EC  generation  for  the  worst  case  of  seed  electrons  generated  near  the  quadrupole  pole  tips.      

 

 Figure  5.    Sketch  of  biased  screen  and  EM  shield  (aka  coaxial  electron  suppressor  

screen).  For  clearing  electrodes,  LANLPosinstV6  now  has  a  capability  to  incorporate  2D  

electrostatic  fields  of  electrodes  that  subtend  an  azimuthal  segment  of  the  beam  pipe.  It  has  been  used  successfully  to  model  the  sweeping  electrode  in  a  drift  space  electron  diagnostic.    The  E  fields  that  it  generates  are  close  to  those  of  a  clearing  electrode  stood  off  from  the  beam  pipe  by  short  insulators  and  would  be  suitable  for  simulating  their  effect  on  EC  generation.    Use  of  this  capability  was  proposed  for  Phase  II  (unfunded)  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  clearing  fields  for  suppressing  EC  generation  through  simulations  that  include  the  full  compliment  of  seed  electron  sources  in  the  drift  spaces,  quadrupoles  and  dipole  end  fields  of  section  4  and  0  of  PSR.    

9

Page 10: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

IV.    Products  developed  under  award  activities:    1. Software modifications: LANLPOSINST, Version 6.0 modified in collaboration with Dr. Lawrence Rybarcyk, LANL, AOT-ABS under LANL contract number FIA-10-035, a Non-Federal Entities Work-for-Others Agreement. The modifications are described in Project Activities section above. The intellectual property and licensing rights reside with the Los Alamos National Security, LLC. Some documentation and instructions for using the code modifications were written. 2. Various MATLAB® and IGOR scripts for post-processing LANLPOSINST V6 output files to do further analysis, compute quantities that can be compared with experimental results such the time profiles and energy spectra of signals from EC diagnostics in the quadrupole and drift spaces; generate graphical results such EC animations and quantities that give further insight into the EC dynamics; study variation of results with respect to input parameters for additional testing of EC hypotheses. 3. ORBIT models of PSR (for various experimental setups) used for simulation of beam losses that can be post-processed to generate the seed electron distributions needed as input to EC simulations in LANLPOSINST V6. The post-processing includes MATLAB®  scripts to generate seed electron distributions from the ORBIT loss distributions. 4. A preliminary model of PSR sections 4 and 5 was developed for the G4beamline code to post-process ORBIT loss output and track secondary particles produced by primary beam losses in quadrupoles. The first results were described in the previous section on Project Activities. 5. A Phase II SBIR proposal document Application Number 95649B10-II submitted to the DOE SBIR on April 19, 2011. Not selected for an award.

10

Page 11: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

V. LANLPosinstV6.4 Code Information & Documentation

The main features, assumptions, calculation methods and algorithms are summarized in the Introduction of the User Guide (Notes for running LANLPosinstV6.4 under Mac OSX) starting on the next page. Validation and bench marking activities are discussed in Section III.3.  

11

Page 12: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Notes  for  running  LANLPosinstV6.4  under  Mac  OSX.  L.  Rybarcyk  (4/8/2011)  (updated  5/5/11)    Introduction     POSINST  [1][2]  is  a  code  for  studying  the  interaction  of  particle  beams  and  electron  cloud  in  beamlines.  The  code  has  been  used  to  study  electron  cloud  in  the  Proton  Storage  Ring  (PSR)  located  at  the  Los  Alamos  Neutron  Science  (LANSCE)  facility  at  Los  Alamos  [3].  The  LANLPosinst  version  of  the  code  is  built  upon  the  POSINST12  version,  which  was  written  by  Miguel  Furman  &  Mauro  Pivi.    POSINST12  gives  one  the  ability  to  study  the  proton  beam  and  electron  cloud  interactions  in  a    transverse  slice  in  some  beamline  element,  e.g.  drift  space,  quadrupole  magnet,  etc.    In  the  LANLPosinst  version  we  have  extended  the  code  to  allow  one  to  incorporate  typical  beamline  elements  used  in  the  PSR  as  well  as  allow  the  user  to  model  a  complete  section  of  the  PSR  (with  some  approximation).  The  code  currently  does  not  have  a  full  3D  model  of  space-­‐charge  for  the  electron  cloud,  but  rather  a  series  of  non-­‐interacting  2D  slices.  It  also  uses  a  Runge-­‐Kutta  integrator.  Currently  can  handle  2x106  macroparticles.  Electrons  that  move  outside  the  region  of  interest  defined  by  zlimits  of  the  problem  are  killed.    Here  is  a  list  of  features  available  in  the  LANLPosinstV6.4.1  

• Beamline  components  o Quadrupole  magnet  

§ 2D  § 3D  hardedge    § 3D  w  fringe  fields  described  by  Enge  expansion  coefficients  

o linearized  end  field  of  PSR-­‐like  dipoles  o vertical  correctors  o electrostatic  mirror  –  longitudinal  –  field  array  from  R-­‐Z  Poisson  calc  o electrostatic  sweeper  –  transverse    

§ 2D  hard  edge  § 3D  field  array  from  “E&M  Studio”  for  a  150  deg  angular  size  

device,  with  pulsing  capability  o coaxial  electrostatic  electron  suppressor  

• Field  diagnostics  o Samples  field  in  x,  y,  z  at  t=0  

• Beam  diagnostics  o electron  detector  –  sieve  pattern  

• Problem  definition  o SLENGTH  ranges  in  z  from  Zmin  to  Zmax  with  n  slices  o Proton  beam  transverse  size  vs.  z  for  proton  beam  space  charge  calc  o Proton  beam  loss  (for  producing  seed  electrons)  includes  2d  

correlated  or  uncorrelated  map  o Proton  beam-­‐pulse  sequence  with  multiple  bunch  shape  definition  

 

12

Page 13: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Input  file  format  by  line  #  (any  line  in  the  input  file  beginning  with  “!”  is  a  comment)  see  below  for  a  definition  of  the  terms    

1. Title  2. subdirectory  name  w/o  leading  “/”  for  Auxiliary  files  3. random-­‐number-­‐seed  4. ibtype,  xnpnom,  beamem  5. iden1,  iden2  6. beamsig.dat  7. icerff  8. ishape  9. filekick  10. fillpatt    11. circ,  nharm  12. ach,  bch,  hch,  ichsh  13. ek0phel,  eksigphel,  sigyphel,  pangphel,  refleff  14. photpbppm,  queffp,  dilution  15. temperature,  ek0ionel,  esigionel,  crossect,  pressure  16. ek0plel,  eksigplel,  idisplel,  pangplel  17. plossratepbppm,  plelyield  18. number-­‐of-­‐macroparticles  19. matsurf  20. E0tspk,  dtspk,  powts  21. tpart1,  tpart2,  …,  tpart6  22. enpar  (multiple  parameters)  23. pnpar  (multiple  parameters)  24. P1einf,  P1epk,  E0epk,  E0w,  powe,  epar1,  epar2,  sige  25. Ecr,  P1rinf,  qr,  rpar1,  rpar2,  pr  26. dtotpk,  pangsec  27. strvolt,  strwidth,  strgap  28. dek  29. dtres,  dek0,  ek0top  30. winx1,  winx2,  winy1,  winy2  31. ctrx,  ctry  32. ibbk  33. ispch,  npbsccntr,  mecsccntr  34. gridszx,  gridszy,  zscmin,  zscmax,  ngrz  35. nsteps  36. dtchk  37. inst  38. idis  39. nout1,  nout2,  dtdis  40. ibbb  41. ihisxy  (if  ihisxy<>0    than  next  two  lines  required)  42. nbinsx,  nbinsy  43. xplot1,  xplot2,  yplot1,  yplot2  

13

Page 14: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

44. idumpphsp  45. irepst  46. irelk  47. iwcoll  48. iwcorr  49. iprob  50. icull  51. ievol  52. icpu  53. iim  

 54. Ezpb  55. restore-­‐flag,  save-­‐flag  56. Definition  of  PSR  Section  4  begins  here  

   These  instructions  are  based  upon  those  provided  Miguel  Furman  for  use  with  the  original  POSINST  code.  I  have  modified/augmented  as  necessary  to  reflect  changes  that  have  been  incorporated  into  the  LANLPosinst  version  of  the  code.  One  must  consult  M.  Furman  references  on  secondary  electron  emission  model  for  information  regarding  those  parameters.    ibptype:  beam  particle  type:  =1:  proton  =2:  antiproton  =3:  positron  =4:  electron  =5:  mu-­‐plus  =6:  mu-­‐minus  =7:  Au79+  =8:  Pb82+  =0:  other  (need  to  specify  particle  charge  and  mass)    ***  iden1:  transverse  proton  beam  density:  ***  iden2:  transverse  electron  cloud  density:  =0:  point  charge  =1:  Gaussian  (elliptical  or  round)  =3:  flat  density  =4:  parabolic  (rho=2*(1-­‐(x/ach)^2-­‐(y/bch)^2)  (elliptical  or  round)  (recommendation  iden1=1,  iden2=0  for  PSR)    ***icerrf:  algorithm  for  computation  of  the  complex  error  function  =1:  table  interpolation  to  4th  order  =2:  Pade  approximation  (Talman  via  Ziemann)  =3:  IMSL  library  function  CERFE(z)  (recommendation:  use  icerrf=1)  

14

Page 15: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

 ishape:  longitudinal  bunch  density  profile:  =0:  read  from  external  file  (must  specify  current  vs.  time)  =1:  Gaussian  shape  (sigz  must  be  specified)  =2:  beta-­‐function  shape  (fwhmt  must  be  specified)    circ:  circumference  [m]  nharm:  harmonic  number    islice:  bunch  slicing  in  longitudinal  dimension:  =1:  equal-­‐spacing  =2:  equal-­‐weight  (recommendation:  use  islice=1)    ***  nobjtype:  type  of  object  being  simulated:    (in  LANLPosinstV6.4  this  is  internally  set  to  4  i.e.  PSR  section  4)  =1:  field-­‐free  =2:  dipole  bending  magnet  (must  specify  vertical  B  field)  =3:  solenoidal  magnet  (must  specify  longitudinal  B  field)  =4:  PSR  section  4  elements    ichsh:  chamber  cross-­‐section  shape  parameter:  =1:  elliptical  (ach,  bch  =  ellipse  semi-­‐axes)  =2:  rectangular  (ach,  bch  =  rectangle’s  half-­‐width  and  half-­‐height,  respectively)    ***  matsurf:  chamber  surface  material:  =-­‐1:  perfect  electron  reflector  (unphysical,  but  may  be  revealing)  =0:  perfect  electron  absorber  (unphysical,  but  may  be  revealing)  =1:  generic  metal  (must  specify  secondary  electron  parameters)  (recommendation:  use  matsurf=1)    idisplel:  transverse  generation  of  beam-­‐particles-­‐loss  electrons:  =1:  generate  plosselectrons  uniformly  around  the  chamber  (excluding  the  antechamber)  =2,  generate  plosselectrons  around  the  chamber  such  that  the  vertical  walls  are  weighted  by  sigx,  the  horizontal  by  sigy.  =3:  user  supplied,  uncorrelated  z-­‐phi  ploss  distribution,  filenames=plosszdist.dat    and  plossadist.dat  for  z  and  ,  respectively  and  are  located  in  Auxfile  directory  =4:  user  supplied,  correlated  z-­‐phi  ploss  distribution,  filename=plzadist.dat  and  is  located  in  Auxfile  directory    ibbk:  primary  electron  creation  switch:  =0:  seed  electrons  created  at  rest  (unphysical,  but  may  be  revealing)  =1:  seed  electrons  created  normally  (physically  correct  option)  (recommendation:  use  ibbk=1)    

15

Page 16: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

***  ispch:  electron-­‐cloud  space-­‐charge  computation:  =0:  no  space-­‐charge  =1:  compute  grid  fields  and  apply  kick  at  every  step  (Pivi  method)  =2:  compute  grid  fields  and  apply  kick  at  every  step  (Blaskiewicz  method)  (generic  case  is  ispch=1;  option  2  is  much  faster  but  is  inly  rigourously  correct  for  azimuthally  symmetric  electron  cloud  density)    inst:  coherent  dipole  instability  studies  =0:  no  =1:  yes  (must  specify  nbdisp,  iwxy  and  disp)    idis:  output  macroparticle  phase-­‐space  distribution  =0:  no  =1:  yes  (must  specify  nout1,  nout2)  (note:  option  1  can  generate  a  lot  of  output)    ibbb:  instantaneous  (step-­‐by-­‐step)  electron  density  x-­‐y  histograms  =0:  no  =1:  1D  histograms  =2:  2D  histograms  (note:  option  1,  and  more  so  option  2,  can  generate  a  lot  of  output.  If  ibbb  /=0,  must  specify  other  stuff)    ihisxy:  time-­‐averaged  electron  density  x-­‐y  histrograms  =0:  no  =1:  1D  projections  of  the  density  distribution  =2:  1D  and  2D  energy  and  density  distributions  (note:  if  ihisxy  /=0,  must  specify  other  stuff)    idmpphsp:  dump  macroelectron  phase  space  to  disk  file  at  end  of  run  =0:  no  =1:  yes  (recommendation:  use  idumpphsp=0)    irepst:  report  intra-­‐bunch  statistics  (runstatsn.dat  files):  =0:  no  (report  only  for  those  time  steps  when  bunch  current=0)  =1:  yes  (report  at  every  step)  (recommendation:  use  irepst=1)    irelk:  electron  relativistic  kinematics:  =0:  nonrelativistic  kinematics  =1:  relativistic  kinematics    iwcoll:  save  every  electron-­‐wall  collision  data?  (file  wallcoll.dat)  =0:  no  =1:  yes  

16

Page 17: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

 (note:  option  1  can  create  a  lot  of  output,  but  is  necessary  if  you  want  to  post-­‐process  electron-­‐wall  collisions)    iwcorr:  integrated  energy-­‐angle  and  energy-­‐time  correlation  plots  (xxxcorr.dat  files)  =0:  no  =1:  yes  (requires  iwcoll=1;  must  specify  other  stuff)    iprob:  algorithm  for  the  probability  for  generating  secondary  electrons:  =1:  Poisson,  per  incident  electron  =2:  binomial,  per  incident  electron  =3:  Poisson,  per  penetrated  electron  =4:  binomial,  per  penetrated  electron  (recommendation:  use  iprob=4)    icull:  cull  the  macro-­‐electron  phase  space  one  in  a  while:  =0:  no  =1:  yes  (must  specify  other  stuff)  (irecommendation:  use  icull=0)    ievol:  primary  electron  generation:  =0:  generate  seed  electrons  from  all  bunch  passages  (physical  case)  =1:  generate  seed  electrons  only  from  the  first  bunch,  and  artificially  suppress  seed  electron  generation  from  all  successive  bunches  (unphysical  but  revealing)  (recommendation:  use  ievol=0)    icpu:  compute  and  print  out  cpu  time  usage  by  certain  subroutines  =0:  no  =1:  yes  (must  edit  the  program  to  include  timing  calls)  (recommendation:  use  icpu=0)    iim:  image  fields  from  the  beam  and  electron  cloud:  =0:  no  (unphysical  but  faster)  =1:  yes  (physical  but  slower)  (recommedation:  use  iim=1)    beamsig.dat:  filename  of  x,  y  beamsize  vs  z.  located  in  Auxfile  directory    filekick:  filename  of  beam  kick  data,  located  in  Auxfile  directory    fillpatt:  filename  of  fill  pattern  data.  located  in  Auxfile  directory    npbsccntr:  used  to  apply  proton  beam  space-­‐charge  kick  every  1  of  npbsccntr  time  steps.  mecsccntr:  used  to  apply  ecloud  space  charge  kick  every  1  of  mecsccntr  time  steps.    

17

Page 18: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

gridszx:  space-­‐charge  grid  size  in  x-­‐direction  [m]  gridszy:  space-­‐charge  grid  size  in  y-­‐direction  [m]  zscmin:  z-­‐location  of  lower-­‐limit  of  problem  and  space-­‐charge  region  [m]  zscmax:  z-­‐location  of  upper-­‐limit  of  problem  and  space-­‐charge  region  [m]  ngrz:  number  of  equal  length  slices  to  divide  z  region  into.  1<=ngrz<=50    Ezpb:  effective  Ez  component  of  proton  beam  space  charge  field  [V/m]    restore:  flag  for  restoring  electron  phase  space  coordinate  saved  from  previous  run    0=:  no  1=:  yes  –  read  from  file  ‘ephsspc_in.bin’  save:  flag  for  saving  electron  phase  space  coordinates  at  end  of  run  0=:  no  1=:  yes  –  write  to  file  ‘ephsspc_out.bin’    -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐    Other  significant  differences  with  previous  versions  or  POSINST  (included  here  for  completeness):      ***  (1)  The  parameter  xnpnom  (nominal  number  of  particles  per  bunch)  must  be  >=0.  You  can  choose  negatively-­‐charged  beams  by  appropriate  selection  of  ibptype.    ***  (2)  If  you  specify  a  peak  SEY  value  (dtotpk)  that  is  different  from  the  default  value  (which  results  from  the  input  parameters  Pleinf,  Plepk,  Plrinf  and  dtspk  will  be  rescaled  by  the  *same*  common  factor  dtotpk/(default  value).  In  previous  versions,  only  dtspk  was  rescaled  (while  keeping  Pleinf,  Plepk  and  Plrinf  fixed  at  their  input  values)  in  order  for  the  SEY  to  attain  its  designated  peak  value  dtotpk.    (3)  If  nobjtype>1,  the  B  field  can  be  >0  or  <0.  For  a  dipole  (nobjtype=2),  B>0  means  pointing  upward.  For  a  solenoidal  field  (nobjtype=2),  B>0  means  in  the  same  direction  the  beam  is  moving.    (4)  The  previous  file  RUNPAR.DAT  is  now  called  RUNPAR.SUM.    (5)  The  previous  files  STATNENERG.DAT  and  STATSCOLL.DAT  have  been  augmented  and  are  now  called  RUNSTATSn.dat,  where  n=1,2,…,6.    (6)  An  output  data  file  contains  plotable  data  if  an  only  if  its  file  type  is  “.dat”    (7)  The  Posinst12  postprocessor  is  the  same  as  Posinst12  itself,  except  you  have  to  recompile  it  with  modepos=2.  If  you  compile  with  modepos=0,  Posinst12  will  process  the  input  file(s)  and  then  stop.  This  option  is  convenient  if  you  want  to  check  the  existence  of  all  required  input  files,  and  compatibility  of  switches.  The  normal  operating  mode  is  modepos=1.  

18

Page 19: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

 ***  (8)  The  parameter  sigyphel  *  must*  be  >0.  If  you  want  the  photelectrons  to  be  generate  uniformly  around  the  chamber  cross-­‐section  surface,  specify  the  “effective  photon  reflectivity”  parameter  refleff  to  be  1.  If  you  want  the  photoelectrons  to  be  generated  at  the  right  edge  of  the  chamber,  choose  refleff=0.  Values  of  refleff  in  between  0  and  1  will  give  you  a  weighted  mixture  of  localized  and  distributed  photoelectrons.    (9)  The  phase  space  of  the  macroelectrons  is  now  represented  by  (x,  y,  z,  bx,  by,  bz,  chm)    where  (x,  y,  z)  is  the  position  in  meters,  (bx,  by,  bz)  is  velocity/c  (dimensionless),  and  chm  is  the  macroparticle  charge  (=number  of  particles  per  macroparticle).  Presently,  chm  is  the  same  for  all  macroparticles,  so  it  doesn’t  really  serve  any  purpose;  but  I  put  it  there  anyway  for  a  future  upgrade  in  which  chm  will  vary  from  macroparticle  to  macroparticle.    ***  (10)  The  variable  sigyplel  has  disappeared  because  it  doesn’t  seem  very  physical.  The  “ploss  electrons”  are  either  produced  uniformly  around  the  cross  section  of  the  chamber(idisplel=1),  or  are  produced  preferentially  on  the  horizontal  “sides”  of  the  chamber  (if  the  beam  is  flat),  proportionally  to  the  beam  aspect  ration  (idisplel=2).    (11)  The  chamber  cross-­‐section  shape  can  be  elliptical  (ichsh=1)  or  rectabgular  (ichsh=2).    (12)  The  bunch  population  is  allowed  to  fluctuate  from  bunch  to  bunch.  This  is  controlled  by  the  fill  FILLPATT:  the  2nd  column  (rhp)  is  now  a  real  variable  instead  of  an  integer,  defined  to  be  the  ratio  of  the  actual  bunch  charge  to  the  nominal  charge  xnpnorm  (this  latter  is  entered  in  the  input  file).  As  before,  the  FILLPATT  data  is  terminated  with  a  negative  entry  in  the  2nd  column.    (13)  POSINST12  does  not  require  a  “ring  model”.  You  only  specify  the  length  and  B-­‐field  (if  any)  of  the  object  you  are  simulating.  All  results  from  POSINST  pertain  to  this  section  of  the  ring  and  nothing  else.  In  particular,  the  wake  field  obtained  will  be  the  contribution  from  this  section  only  to  the  wake  field  of  the  entire  ring.  To  obtain  this  latter,  you  have  to  superpose  all  such  contributions  from  all  elements  in  the  ring  (assuming  the  superposition  is  valid  –  see  Chao  “Instabilities”  for  the  validity  conditions).    ***  (14)  The  variable  plossrate  no  longer  exists.  Instead,  you  must  specify  the  particle  loss  rate  per  beam  particle  per  meter  of  beam  traversal  (plossratepbppm)  in  addition  to  the  electron  yield  per  proton-­‐wall  collision  (plelyield).  Fror  the  PSR,  the  old  value  for  plossrate  was  4x10-­‐6  number  of  lost  protons  per  beam  proton  per  turn).  Thus  the  corresponding  value  of  plossratepbppm  is  plossrate/circ=4x10-­‐6/90=4.444x10-­‐8  [m-­‐1).    

19

Page 20: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Description  of  New  Features  in  LANLPosinstV6.4.1    BEAMLINE  ELEMENTS  The  following  is  a  description  of  the  input  line  format  for  each  beamline  component  implemented  in  the  code.  You  are  allowed  a  maximum  of  4  of  each  type  of  element  in  the  input  file.  For  each  element  the  input  line  begins  with  the  letter  ‘E’,  then  a  two-­‐character  designator  and  a  6-­‐character  label.  This  precedes  the  actual  parameter  specifications  on  the  input  line.  Here  is  a  list  of  the  beamline  element  types  and  there  parameters  (I've  added  fictitious  labels  for  clarity).  The  parameters  a  spelled  out  with  units  where  appropriate    a)  an  infinitely  long  quadrupole  magnet  E  Q2  'SRQ201'  Gradient(T/m)  X0(m)  Y0(m)    b)  a  hard-­‐edged  quad  magnet  E  QH  'SRQF41'  Grad(T/m),  Zcen(m),  Zlen(m),  X0(m),  Y0(m),  Dia(m),    c)  a  3d  quad  magnet  w/  fringe  fields  from  Enge  expansion  coeff(a1-­‐a6)  E  Q3  'SRQU41'  Grad(T/m),    Zcen(m),  Zlen(m),  X0(m),  Y0(m),  Dia(m),  a1,  a2,  a3,  a4,  a5,  a6,    d)  a  coaxial  electrostatic  electron  suppresor  E  CX  'SQCX00'  Vgap(V),  Zlolim(m),  Zuplim(m),  InnerRad(m),  OuterRad(m),    e)  the  linearized  end  field  of  a  Horizontal  bending  magnet  E  LB  'SRBM41'  Zlolim(m),  dZ(m),  dB(T),  Rotation-­‐Angle(deg)    f)  a  longitudinal  electrostatic  mirror  WITH  Poisson  T7  map  file  E  MF  'FullMIRROR1V1.T7'  E  MI  'SRMI01'  Vmirror(V),  Zcen(m),  Ton(s),  Toff(s)    note:  the  MF  line  must  precede  the  first  MI  line.  You  may  add  a  second  mirror  with  just  the  addition  of  an  MI  line.  Both  mirrors  use  the  same  T7  map  file.    g)  a  hard-­‐edge  vertical  corrector  magnet  E  VC  'SRVC87'  B(T),  Zcen(m),  Zlen(m)    h)  a  2d  (R-­‐Z)  electrostatic  sweeper  E  S2  'SRS201'  Vswpr(V),  Angular-­‐size(deg),  Central-­‐angle(deg),  Radius(m),  Zlolim(m),  Zuplim(m),  Ton(s),  Toff(s),  Emax(V/m)    i)  a  3d  (x,y,z)  electrostatic  sweeper  with  a  150  deg  angular  size  created  from  Mafia  model  E  SF  'sweeper_h_phi150_mc_e.dat'  E  S3  'SRS399'  Vswpr(V),  Central_angle(deg),  Zcen(m),  n-­‐start-­‐pulse,  m-­‐pulses,  t1,  t2    

20

Page 21: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

note:  The  use  of  n,m,t1  and  t2  are  the  same  as  in  the  previous  versions  if  n-­‐start-­‐pulse.LT.0  then  (!this  more  is  good  for  keeping  sweeper  voltage  applied  over  several  turns)        m      ignored,  can  be  any  integer        t1  is  the  absolute  start  time  of  sweeper  voltage        t2  is  the  absolute  stop  time  of  sweeper  voltage    else  if  n-­‐start-­‐pulse  .GE.  0  then  (good  for  repetitive  pulses        n-­‐start-­‐pulse  is  the  first  pulse(where  0  is  the  first  turn)  where  sweeper  voltage  is  ON        m-­‐pulses  is  total  number  of  sequential  pulses  during  which  sweeper  voltage  is  applied        t1  is  the  start  time  of  sweeper  voltage  in  seconds  (wrt  start  of  a  turn)        t2  is  the  duration  of  sweeper  pulse  in  seconds    BEAMLINE  DIAGNOSTIC  The  diagnostic  feature  allow  one  to  add  lines  which  will  sample  B  &  E  fields  along  z  at  specific  time  and  writes  output  to  a  file.  One  can  add  up  to  4  of  these  lines  in  the  input  file  anywhere  after  the  restore/save  input  line.  The  input  line  begins  with  letter  ‘D’,  followed  by  the  two  character  designator.  The  label  input  is  6  characters  in  length  and  will  be  used  as  the  filename  for  the  field  data.  a)  E&M  field  profile  diagnostic  D  FP  'filnam'  dz  X0  Y0  t      BEAM  DETECTOR  The  beam  detector  is  presently  implemented  as  an  electron  detector  with  a  sieve-­‐like  aperture.  It  is  considered  a  black-­‐hole  detector,  i.e.  once  the  electron  goes  in,  no  secondaries  are  created.  That  is,  the  position  coordinates  of  the  seed  electron  are  produced.  If  the  seed  electron  is  inside  a  detector  slot  then  then  current  seed  is  thrown  out.  The  loop  then  begins  again  with  the  calculation  of  a  new  seed.  The  input  line  begins  with  the  letter  ‘P’,  followed  by  a  two-­‐character  designator,  then  a  6-­‐character  label,  then  the  parameter  list.    The  input  line  must  be  given  on  the  next  line    P  BH  label  alf0,  dalf,  nalf,  falf,    zlo,      zup,  nz,    fz              where  alf0  is  the  central  angle  of  the  slot,  0  to  360  deg  dalf  is  the  slot  width,  0  to  360  deg,  0=>  no  slot  nalf  is  the  number  of  equal  segments  to  divide  the  width  by,  0=>  no  slot  falf  is  the  fractional  width  of  slot  open  in  angle    zlo  is  lower  limit  of  slot  along  z,  meters  zup  is  upper  limit  "  nz  is  the  number  of  equal  seqments  to  divide  the  length  by,  0=>  no  slot  

21

Page 22: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

fz  is  the  fractional  length  of  slot  opening  in  z.    AUXILIARY  FILES  needed  to  run  LANLPosinstV6.4.1    plzadist.dat    This  file  contains  the  correlated  ploss  distribution  by  z-­‐bin,  each  of  which  is  divided  into  phi  bins.  Add  a  blank  line  to  the  end  of  the  list.    Z1lowerlimit  Z1upperlimit  Weight  NphiBins  Phi-­‐1-­‐lowerlimit  Weight  Phi-­‐2-­‐lowerlimit  Weight  …  Phi-­‐n-­‐lowerlimit  Weight  Z2-­‐lowerlimit  Z2-­‐upperlimit  Weight  NphiBins  Phi-­‐1-­‐lowerlimit  Weight  Phi-­‐2-­‐lowerlimit  Weight  …  Phi-­‐n-­‐lowerlimit  Weight  .  .  .  Zlast-­‐lowerlimit  Zlast-­‐upperlimit  Weight  NphiBins  Phi-­‐1-­‐lowerlimit  Weight  Phi-­‐2-­‐lowerlimit  Weight  …  Phi-­‐n-­‐lowerlimit  Weight      plossadist.dat  This  file  contains  the  relative  weight  for  each  angle  bin  over  360  degrees  over  1  degree  steps  (this  is  fixed  in  the  code).  Add  a  blank  line  to  end  of  list.    0,  weight1  1,  weight2  .  .  .  359,  weight-­‐bin-­‐359    plosszdist.dat  This  file  contains  the  relative  weight  for  each  z-­‐bin,  which  is  specified  by  the  relative  location  within  SLENGTH.  Max  number  of  bins  is  100.  Add  a  blank  line  to  end  of  list.    0.00,  weight  0.05,  weight  .  

22

Page 23: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

.  0.95,  weight        fillkick  This  input  file  describes  the  proton  beam  bunch  vs  time.    In  this  version  of  the  code  the  derivative  of  the  kicks  pattern  is    used  to  estimate  the  Ez  component  of  the  proton  beam's  electric  field.    The  derivative  of  the  'kicks'  pattern  is  supplied  by  the  user  and    incorporated  into  the  'kicks'  file  as  a  third  column  of  numbers  (labeled  diff).  The  distribution  should  be  normalized  to  a  max  value  of  1.    The  ‘Ezpb’  line  of  the  LANLPosinst  input  file  contains  the  Ez  scale  factor  V/m  to  applied  to  the  derivative  distribution.      The  fillkick  input  file  is  as  follows:    PSR wall current measurements; proton beam energy=1.735e9 eV "original data from WC41c, 7/1/08, resampled by Bob, 9999 kicks" this file obtained from WC41ave32 701c 7/1/07. diff added 5/20/8 "time [s]; curr=bunch current [arb. units], normalized to sum(curr)=1" k time_a curr_a diff 1 3.00530053E-11 4.47581383E-03 3.76499059E-11 2 6.01060106E-11 4.91895303E-03 -1.24312279E-08 3 9.01590159E-11 5.36170341E-03 -2.72813682E-08 .  .  .  9998 3.00469947E-07 1.58186877E-04 -1.29749424E-02 9999 3.00500000E-07 7.53671327E-05 -6.09226559E-03  fillpatt  You  may  now  provide  different  kick  files  for  each  turn.       a)  The  FILLPAT  file  must  be  modified  to  include  a  THIRD  COLUMN  which  contains  a  numeric  index,  e.g.  1,  which  will  be  appended  onto  the  name  of  the  kick  file  and  preceded  by  a  '-­‐',  to  produce  the  filename  it  will  read,  i.e.  kickfile-­‐1,  kickfile-­‐2,  kickfile-­‐3  and  so  on.  The  SECOND  COLUMN  in  the  FILLPAT  file  contains  the  relative  intensity  of  the  bunch  wrt  the  intensity  specified  in  the  input  file  as  the  number  of  protons  in  the  bunch.  Here  a  sample  FILLPAT  file  that  contains  3  bunches  of  relative  intensity  1,  2  and  4  and  are  represented  by  kick  files,  kicks-­‐1,  kicks-­‐2  and  kicks-­‐3.    

23

Page 24: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

PSR  3  bunch  passages,  -­‐1  is  used  to  specify  the  last  bucket  in  the  run.                                                                                                                                                          PSR                                                                                                                                                                nbkt,        rbp          index            0,      1.000000    1            1,      2.000000    2            2,      4.000000    3            3,    -­‐1.000000    0.         b)  The  LANLPosinstV6.1  input  file  also  requires  changes.  You  must  specify  the  generic  name,  i.e.  without  the  hyphen  and  index  number,  of  the  kick  file.  The  program  with  then  read  the  FILLPAT  file  and  determine  what  index  should  be  appended  to  the  generic  kick  file  name  along  with  a  hyphen  to  open  and  read  the  kick.  All  kick  files  must  start  with  the  same  generic  name  and  end  with  the  hyphen  plus  index  number.  These  kick  files  must  be  located  in  the  Auxiliary  files  directory.    beamsig.dat  Contains  the  following  information  about  the  transverse  size  of  the  proton  beam  at  zlocation  along  the  beamline.  ‘idens’  must  be  set  to  1  to  use  beamsig.dat    The  format  of  the  file  is  the  following  comment  npts  z(1),xsig(1),ysig(1)  z(2),xsig(2),ysig(2)  .        .              .  .        .              .    .        .              .  z(npts),xsig(npts),ysig(npts)    

24

Page 25: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Additional  information    

Appendix  I  has  some  scanned  images  of  instructions  from  Miguel  Furman  (Feb  6,  2004)  for  setting  up  and  using  his  version,  Posinst12.    These  notes  have  additional  useful  information  on  some  of  the  parameters  still  in  use  in  LANLPosinstV6.    Also  included  are  some  notes  for  modifications  we  added  in  2006  for  “sieve”  style  detector  slots  and  the  electric  field  from  a  sweeping  electrode.        Instructions  for  running  LANLPosinst  on  Mac  OSX    

1. Create  a  directory  that  will  contain  your  input  file  as  described  above.  2. Within  it  create  an  “Auxil_file”  subdirectory  within  which  you  will  place  the  

beamsig,  filekick,  fillpatt,  Mirror-­‐T7,  plosszdist.dat,  plzadist.dat  an  3D  sweeper  field  files,  

3. Execute  command  a. LANLPosinstV6.4.1  <inputfilename    if  executable  is  in  your  path  else  b. ./LANLPosinstV6.4.1  <inputfilename    if  executable  is  in  this  directory.  

   

25

Page 26: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Compiling  LANLPosinstV6.4.1      The  following  files  are  required  to  build  the  code.  In  addition  the  IMSL  Math  and  Stat  library  and  the  Unix  library  are  required.    LANLPosinstV6.4.1.f90  beamline.f95  bldiag_fp.f95  blelem_base.f95  blelem_cx.f95  blelem_lb.f95  blelem_mi.f95  blelem_q2.f95  blelem_qe.f95  blelem_qh.f95  blelem_s2.f95  blelem_s3.f95  blelem_vc.f95  blpdet_bh.f95  date_time_cpu_PC.f95  detectors.f95  diagnostics.f95  machine_name_long_PC.f90  math_constants.f95  mkdep_F95  platform.f95  precision.f95  upcase.f95  vectors.f95    The  code  was  built  for  MacOSX  using  the  Absoft  Fortran  95  compiler  V11  with  the  following  switches:    64-­‐bit  code,  Snow  Leopard  10.6,  Optimize=Advanced,  Speed  Math=2,  StackSize=8MB,  Auto-­‐Parallelization,  Auto-­‐detect  Host  Architecture,  Round  to  nearest  ,  Fixed-­‐Format  source  file  with  132  character  line  length,  Default  Integer  size=Integer*4,  Static  storage,  External  Names=lower-­‐case  with  suffix=_,  Common  Block  Names=Upper-­‐case,  Variable  Names=UpperCase,  Option  Packages=UnixLibrary  &  IMSL  library.      

26

Page 27: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

References    [1]  M.  A.  Furman  and  G.  R.  Lambertson,  in  Proceedings  of  the  International  Workshop  on  Multibunch  Instabilities  in  Future  Electron  and  Positron  Accelerators  MBI97  (KEK,  Tsukuba,  Japan,  1997),  KEK  Proceedings  97-­‐17,  edited  by  Y.  H.  Chin,  p.  170.  [2]  M.  A.  Furman  and  M.  T.  F.  Pivi,  PRSTAB,  Vol.  5,  Issue  12,  0124404  (2003).  [3]  M.T.F.  Pivi,  and  M.A.  Furman,  PRSTAB,  Vol.  6,  Issue  3,  0324301  (2003).  

27

Page 28: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Appendix  I.    Notes  on  Posinst12  and  early  modifications  at  LANL      Posinst12  Instructions    Below  are  scanned  images  of  instruction  from  Miguel  Furman.  First  page  is  instructions  for  compiling  and  setting  up  the  executable  code  from  his  version  12.    The  four  pages  afterward  describe  various  switches  and  input  file  variables.    The  last  page  (6)  gives  some  description  of  the  features  Larry  added  for  “sieve”  style  detector  slots  and  electric  field  from  sweeping  electrode.  

Page  1    

28

Page 29: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Page  2  

29

Page 30: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Page  3

30

Page 31: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Page  4

31

Page 32: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

Page  5

32

Page 33: FinalTechnicalReportPhaseI & DOEAward&: !DE$SC0004388!/67531/metadc829515/...II.Phase&Igoals:! ThetechnicalobjectivesandtasksofPhaseIatthes tartoftheProjectarelistedin items1)through4)below.!

For  the  latest  PC  version  we  have  added  sieve  style  detector  slots  that  act  as  black  holes  i.e.,  they  absorb  the  electrons  hitting  them  and  generate  no  secondaries.    Its  parameters  are  in  the  second  to  last  input  line.    We  have  also  added  a  2D  electron  sweeping  electrode  and  its  input  parameters  are  in  the  last  line.    Details  and  an  example  of  the  input  lines  follow.    For  the  slots:     0. 90. 9 0.5 0.2 0.7 5 0.5 alf0, dalf, nalf, falf, zlo, zup, nz, fz where alf0 is the central angle of the slot, 0 to 360 deg dalf is the slot width, 0 to 360 deg, 0=> no slot nalf is the number of equal segments to divide the width by, 0=> no slot falf is the fractional width of slot open in angle zlo is lower limit of slot along z, meters zup is upper limit " nz is the number of equal seqments to divide the length by, 0=> no slot fz is the fractional length of slot opening in z For the case above the slot is centered about 0 deg with a width of 90deg It is divided into 9 equal segments of 10 deg and each opening occupies 0.5 or 5 degrees. The slot goes from z of 0.2 to 0.7 meters and is divided into 5 equal segments with each opening occupying 0.5 of that length or 0.05 m.  For  the  sweeping  electrode:  The  last  input  line  should  have:  electrode  voltage(V),  angular  width  of  electrode(deg),  central  angle  of  electrode(deg),  on-­‐time(s),  off-­‐time(s),  Emax  (V/m)    Page  6    

33