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University of California, Berkeley Muna Güvenç College of Environmental Design Elena Tomlinson Tuesday, May 1, 2012 CP 111/ARCH 111: INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING FINAL EXAM REVIEW 1. In class final exam review is going to be held in Room 112 Wurster at 12.30 PM 2. The final examination is scheduled for Tuesday, May 10, 3:00 PM to 6:00 PM in Room 112 Wurster. Please do not be late. 3. The exam is worth 50% of the final grade and will be comprised of short questions as well as a long essay. You will not need a blue book for the exam. 4. Remember to bring your handouts and readers with you to the exam – you will be able to use them in the second part of the exam. 5. The exam will cover material from Weeks 2 through 14. This guide is meant to help you study for the exam and should be used in conjunction with your lecture supplements. Remember this is only a working guide. However you are responsible from the whole class material. 6. Finally, laptops, cell phones and any other electronic gadgets are strictly forbidden during the exam. Lecture 2: Housing As a Right 1. You should know the definition of Slum (Refer to lecture, handout and UN report in your reader) 2. Why housing is a right ? (you can refer to Harvey’s piece and handout) 3. You should be able to reflect on the slum evictions in Asian countries –mostly for opening space to global investments.

Lecture 3: Housing as a Program: Historical Insights 1. From Hall’s piece, you should get a good sense of the characteristics of housing in the industrial city in the late 19th century, in the US and Europe; the emergence of the charity model; what public housing policies were implemented at that time; and how housing policies in both areas were dominated by beautifying the city. A few key concepts to keep in mind: 1) Slum Clearance; 2) City Beautiful Movement; 3) The prevalence of anti-urban sentiments in America; 4) Environmental Determinism. 2. Drawing on Kate Bristol’s article, you should be able to discuss the myths related to the so-called failure of public housing. The Pruitt-Igoe housing project is often associated with two ideas: first, that housing projects represent for many a failure of modern architecture; second, that the project did not provide a habitable environment for the poor. You should be able to discuss how political, economic, social, and design factors contributed to Pruitt-Igoe's “failure.”

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3. Become familiar with the intent and some of the consequences of the Housing Act of 1949.

Lecture 4: Introduction to the Problematics of Urbanization, Poverty, and Development 1. You should be familiar with the history of development, key institutions, and the phases of development (refer to your handout).

Lecture 5: Migration and Urbanization in the Global South You should know: 1. The definition of urbanization 2. The reasons/ factors of migration urbanization (you should be able to discuss this via the movie we watched Cairo: The City Victorious) Lecture 6: Squatting and Governments’ Response to Squatting 1. You should know the definition of squatter, squatting (also the very processes of squatting) and the difference between ‘slum’ and ‘squatter’ 2. You should know Governments’ Response to Squatting (Refer your handouts) 3. And be familiar with AlSayyad’s and Neuwirth’s pieces. Lecture 7: Social Inequality, Marginality and Squatting 1. You have to know the theory of Marginality and the discussion on ‘the myth of Marginality’ and you should be able to discuss these concepts through ‘Favela Rising’ 2. In this context, you will have to know Janice Perlman’s piece well. Lecture 8: The Political Economy of Housing: Squatting, Informal Land Markets and Social Networks This week was about new forms of informal housing. Two broad topics that we covered: 1. Informal subdivisions—think about how and why this is different from squatting. 2. The colonias of Texas and Mexico—this is a case that you should be able to discuss with ease, delineating its key dimensions as well as policy implications. What are the important differences between the way colonias are formed in Texas as opposed to Mexico? What are the policy lessons that Peter Ward wants us to learn from the example of Mexico? Lecture 9: Housing and the Informal Economy 1. Draw on the Castells and Portes reading to understand why and how the informal sector supports the formal sector and acts as a reservoir of labor. You should have a sense of how the informal sector should not be looked upon as separate from the political economy of the formal sector. 2. The main focus of this week are the theories of Hernando de Soto. You should be able to discuss de Soto’s notion of "dead capital" and his vision to turn squatters into homeowners. Explain how according to de Soto, the formalization of the ‘extralegal’ world will increase

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the squatters' bargaining power, give them the possibility to use their property as a collateral for credit, and ultimately bring the entire economy up to speed by an infusion of foreign capital. 3. What are some of the critical arguments brought against de Soto's theories? Lecture 10: Self Help Housing Alternatives and Critiques You should know: 1.The definition of self-help and the ways in which it is practiced. 2. The actors involve in the process of self- help /their roles and self-help alternatives. (i.e. sites and services, core housing) 3. The advocates and critiques of the self-help. Lecture 11: Representing the Periphery? Lessons from Latin America 1. Draw on Lisa Peattie's article to discuss the ways in which planners represent squatter settlements. What are some of the characteristics of informal settlements that these representations are missing? 2. Familiarize yourself with the notion of urban acupuncture. Lecture 12: Housing as a form of Insurgency: State-Society Relations and Housing 1.You have to be familiar with the ways in which housing can be used a tool to manifest a specific political agenda (i.e in the case of Turkey and Lebanon) and the role of non-state actor in housing. (Hezbollah case) Lecture 13: Building Socialism in Eastern Europe and USSR: Narkomfin Communal House 1928-1930 1. Describe the type of housing that was built during socialism and how did that relate to the notion of a classless society? What are the techniques of construction and the physical characteristics? 2. Become familiar with Nikita Khruschev's mass housing efforts. Lecture 14: “Transitions:” Re-creating Property Rights After Socialism 1. Become familiar with some of the differences between urban growth in capitalist and socialist cities (refer to your Lecture 14 handout). 2. You should have a good sense of the process of privatization of formerly state-owned housing in the post socialist period. You should be able to discuss the social inequalities that emerged as a result. Lecture 15: Public Housing in SouthEast Asia: The Experience of Singapore 1. You should know all the factors that made Singapore’s Public Housing successful. (Here you can also refer to Castell’s and Phang’s pieces)

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2. You should be able to compare other countries’ public housing practices with Singapore. Lecture 16: Housing and Ethnicity 1. You have to know the ways in which housing served to draw boundaries between different racial groups. (Particularly in the context of Chinese Americans and African-Americans-here you can refer to lecture 26 handout as well ) Lecture 20: European Public Housing I: Segregation and Marginality in France 1. You have to be able to compare and contrast the segregation practices between US housing and French housing 2. You should be able to discuss exclusionary logic of France through the movie “La Haine” (refer the pieces of Wacquant and to your handouts from lecture 20 and 21.) Lecture 21: European Public Housing II: State Housing Programs 1.You have to know the effects of two critical moments (post world war II and rise of neoliberalism) on housing in Europe. (cases: England and France) Lecture 22: The Genesis of American Housing Policy 1. You have to know Jeffersonian model, policies after world war I. Lecture 23: Understanding Urban Restructuring: Urban Renewal and Gentrification This is our week on urban renewal and gentrification. The Neil Smith article is quite theoretical and we don’t expect you to remember this Marxist terminology. Instead, we expect you to be able to tell the following stories: 1. You should have a good sense of how urban renewal transformed American cities, of what its main intent was as a policy, and what consequences this policy had for the urban poor. You should be familiar with Robert Moses and the urban renewal schemes he carried out in New York. 2. The various myths and discourses that enable gentrification. 3. The various phases of urban change in the Lower East Side example. You can use San Francisco as an example as well. Lecture 24: American Inner-City: Homelessness 1. You should be able to discuss the key dimensions of contemporary American homelessness. You don’t need to know the Murphy and Mitchell articles in great detail, but they are a useful study of some fundamental issues related to homelessness. You should know the following: 1) What are the causes of homelessness? What are some policy responses to homelessness?

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2. The Skid Row case (shown in “Lost Angels” documentary film) is important as an example of living on the streets in American cities and can be compared and contrasted with the Third World examples we discussed earlier in the semester. Lecture 25: Public Housing and Homeownership in the American Context, Foreclosure Crisis. You should know: 1. The birth and decline of Public Housing, factors that made US Public Housing to fail ( difference between Singapore’s success)

2. The main factors that played a major role in building Forecloure Crisis of today (refer to your handouts)

Lecture 26: Designing Community: The Myth of New Urbanism and Gated Communities. You should know: 1- Four mechanisms of Segregation during the post war II era in United States

2. The birth of suburbs and nature of suburbs (Remember the clips we watched in the class and the example of Levittown)

3. Characteristics of New Urbanism and its goal (you should be able to refer to the examples from the class i.e Seaside, Celebration)

4. Critiques of New Urbanism (again you should be able to refer to the examples from the class i.e Seaside, Celebration)

Lecture 27: Housing, Consumption, and Social Distinction 1.You should have a sense of forms of capital that Pierre Bourdieu argues are the resources that enables one to exercise class domination in social relations and to maintain a position in the status hierarchy of society.

Lecture 28: Making World Cities

1.You should know the definition of gated communities and be able to reflect on the commonalities between new Urbanism and Gated Communities (Refer to handout from lecture 26)

2. From the lecture you should have a sense on the discussion of ‘World City’ and would be able to discuss the practices via examples. (i.e Dubai, the move of international companies to the city, marketing the city, the boom in real estate market..etc)