final study guide: biology midterm - liberty...
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FINAL STUDY GUIDE: BIOLOGY MIDTERMINSTRUCTIONS: 1. Start by looking through the study guide and filling in everything you know in PENCIL ,
without looking in your notes or book (you know this stuff already)2. Go back and fill in the rest of the answers in another color, such as BLUE ink using your
notes, and verify your original answers3. Finally use RED ink for questions you look up in book ones have to ask the teacher4. Remember you may find some of the answers in your labs.5. Study the completed study guide daily until the final.
RULES: The study guide will be turned in on the day of your final for 100 pts. If your study guide is 100% finished at the beginning of the period on December 14 th … You
will be given a 5x8 note card and you will be able to use the note card on the day of the exam, and You can use both sides of the note card, but note cards must be handwritten and you will be turning in your note card. The study guide must be 100% finished at the beginning of the period or you will N get a note card…. NO EXCEPTIONS!
1. What are the steps of the scientific method?
a. ______________________________________
b. ______________________________________
c. ______________________________________
d. ______________________________________
e. ______________________________________
2. Explain the two types of observations and give an example of each.
a. ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between a Hypothesis and a Theory?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. What does CONPTT stand for? Give an Example of each.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is a variable?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. What are the different types of variables?
i. ___________________________________
ii. ___________________________________
b. What is the difference between them?
i. ___________________________________
ii. ___________________________________
6. What is a control?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. Example_____________________________________________________________________
7. What are the “Inferences” that Darwin made after his trip on the HMS Beagle?
a. ____________________________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________________________________________
e. ____________________________________________________________________________
8. Explains Lamarck’s theory __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. What did he call the traits? ___________________________________b. Was his theory valid? _____________
9. What is a Species? _____________________________________________________________________________________
10. What is an adaptation?_____________________________________________________________________________________
11. What is a variation?_____________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is natural selection?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. List the different lines of evidence for Evolution and give an example of each
a. ____________________________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________________________________________
e. ____________________________________________________________________________
14. What is the difference between Analogous and Homologous Structures?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. For both sets of structures, Identify if they are Homologous or Analogous and explain
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. What is a Vestigial Structure? Give and example
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
16. List the different types of Evolution and give an example of each.
a. ____________________________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________________________________________
17. What are the two ways that a new species is produced
a. ______________________
b. ______________________
18. Name the Kingdoms and give one special trait of each of the 5 kingdoms
i. ______________________________________________________________________
ii. ______________________________________________________________________
iii. ______________________________________________________________________
iv. ______________________________________________________________________
v. ______________________________________________________________________
b. What general traits are used to classify them
i. ____________________________________
ii. ____________________________________
iii. ____________________________________
iv. ____________________________________
19. What does the term vertebrate mean? _____________________________________________
20. What are the 7 characteristics of something that is alive?
a. _____________________________________
b. _____________________________________
c. _____________________________________
d. _____________________________________
e. _____________________________________
f. _____________________________________
g. _____________________________________
21. Draw a flow chart of the different parts of the ecosystems from smallest to largest. (5 parts)
22. What is a collection of ecosystems with similar characteristics called?
___________________________________________
23. What is the difference between an abiotic and biotic factor?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. List an example of each
i. Abiotic___________________
ii. Biotic____________________
24. What two things generally define a biome?
___________________________________________
25. What is a Trophic level?
______________________________________________________
a. List the different Trophic levels by name.i. _________________
ii. _________________iii. _________________iv. _________________
26. What is the difference between an Autotroph and a Heterotroph?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. What are the other names we call Autotroph and Heterotrophs?
__________________________ and ________________________
27. What is biomass?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. Explain the rule of ten, using a biomass pyramid to help me understand. Using any animals you
want or even humans.
28. What is biological magnification?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
a. Give an example using math to explain.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
29. What is a food web?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. Why do we use a web instead of a chain?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
30. What is biological magnification?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
31. What are the different types of “Community Interactions”?
a. _________________
b. _________________
c. _________________
d. _________________
32. What does symbiosis mean?
_______________________________________________________________________________
A. What are the different types? Give an example of each (3).
i. ____________________________________
a. _____________________________________
ii. _____________________________________
a. _____________________________________
iii. _____________________________________
a. _____________________________________
33. What is ecological succession?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. What are the normal steps of plants replacing each other?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. What are the different types of Ecological Succession? Give and Example.
a. _____________________
a. _____________________________
b. _____________________
b. _____________________________
34. What is the difference between a pioneer and climax communities?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
35. What are the different types of population growth?
a. _____________________
b. _____________________
c. What do the different curves that represent them look like?
36. What general factors effect population growth?
a. _____________________
b. _____________________
c. _____________________
d. _____________________
37. What are the two different types of limiting factors? Give an example of each.
1. _____________________
a. _____________________
2. _____________________
b. ______________________
38. What is carrying capacity?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
39. Complete the following statement: Energy ________________ but Matter _________________.
40. Draw the carbon cycle.
a. What processes add Carbon Dioxide to the environment?
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
b. What process removes Carbon Dioxide?
_____________________________________________
41. What is a fossil fuel and how are they made?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
42. Why do living things need nitrogen? ________________________________________________________
a. What is nitrogen fixation?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. How do plants get the nitrogen?
____________________________________________________________________________
c. How do we and other animals get the nitrogen?
____________________________________________________________________________
d. How does nitrogen get back to the air
____________________________________________________________________________
43. What is the only way water gets back to the atmosphere ________________________________________
a. Explain in simple terms what transpiration is?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
44. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
45. What are the 4 four main groups of Polymers/ Macromolecules in living organisms?
a. __________________
b. __________________
c. __________________
d. __________________
46. What is the purpose of Carbohydrates?
_________________________________________________________________________________
a. What is the difference between carbohydrates in Animals vs. Plants?
________________________________________________________________________
b. What is cellulose? Give examples of where we might be able to find it.
________________________________________________________________________
47. What is the purpose of Lipids?
______________________________________________________________________________
TYPE OF LIPID FATS WAXES PHOSPHOLIPIDS
PURPOSE / FUNCTION
WHERE YOU MIGHT FIND IT
Fill in table below:48. What is a Protein?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. What are Amino Acids __________________________________________________________
b. How many Amino Acids are there__________
c. What is the relationship between Amino acids and Proteins?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
49. What is an Enzyme?
_________________________________________________________________________________
50. What is an Active site?
_________________________________________________________________________________
51. What is a Substrate?
_________________________________________________________________________________
52. Explain how an Enzyme works and then draw a picture to illustrate how they work. (Steps)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
ENZYME DRAWING
a. Why do we need enzymes?
________________________________________________________________________
53. What are the two (2) different types of Nucleic Acids?
a. ____________________________
b. ____________________________
c. What is their Function?
i. __________________________________________________________________
54. What is the smallest unit of matter? ___________________
55. What is the difference between a compound and a molecule?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
56. What is a Chemical Reaction?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
57. Label the Product and the Reactant sides of the equation. 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O 58. Give another example of a Chemical Equation.________________________________________________
59. What is the pH scale and what does it have to do with acids and bases? Give Examples
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
60. In the Got Milk Lab, we worked with Lactose and Lactase; explain the interaction between the two and why
we ended up with Glucose.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
61. In the Identifying Macromolecule Lab, we looked at how to test for the different macromolecules; which
indicator is used to test for:
a. How would you test for protein? ______________________________________
b. How would you test for glucose? ______________________________________
c. How would you test for starch? ________________________________________
d. How would you test for lipids? _________________________________________
62. Complete the following table
Polymer Function Monomer (Sub-units) Example
Lipid Fatty Acids 1.
2.
3.
Carbohydrates Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Cellulose, Starch,
Glycogen
Nucleic Acids Nucleotide 1. DNA
2.RNA
Protein Amino Acids 1.
2.
63. What are the three points of the Cell theory?
a. _______________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________
64. What does the term Eukaryotic mean? ____________________________________
65. What does the term Prokaryotic mean? ____________________________________
66. Is there a bigger difference between plant and animal or prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
67. Cell Structure and Functiona. Function: and what does it do?
b. Where: Then tell me if it occurs in a plant or animal cell or both ( put and “X”)ORGANELLE FUNCTION (B) ANIMAL
CELL (C)PLANT
CELL (C)BOTH
(C)
CELL MEMBRANE
CHROMATIN
CELL WALL
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
RIBOSOME
ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM
LYSOSOME
GOLGI APPARATUS
CYTOPLASM
MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPLAST
VACUOLE
68. What is the chemical equation that represents Photosynthesis?
_________________________________________________________________
a. Where does Photosynthesis occur in the cell? ________________
b. Why are light/ sun needed for Photosynthesis to occur?
____________________________________________________________________________
c. Why is the dark reaction important to the whole photosynthesis reaction?
____________________________________________________________________________
d. What are the steps to the dark reactions?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
69. Where does Cellular Respiration occur in most cells? ___________________________
a. What is the chemical equation that represents Cellular Respiration?
____________________________________________________________________
b. What are the products of Cellular Respiration?
____________________________________________________________________
c. What are the two types of cellular respiration?
i. _____________________________
ii. _____________________________
d. What are the major differences between the two types?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
e. Aerobic Cellular Respiration is a 3 step process, what are the 3 steps?
i. ___________________________
ii. ___________________________
iii. ___________________________
a. Which step results in the most amount of ATP production?
_______________________________
b. Which step is carried out by all living organisms?
_______________________________________
70. Why does everything have to be broken down to glucose in order for the cell to be able to use it?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
71. What does ATP stand for? _____________________________________________
a. How many ATP molecules are created? _________
b. How does ATP store energy
______________________________________________________
c. Describe its importance for living things?
______________________________________________________
72. What is a Phospholipid? _______________________________________________________________
a. Draw a Phospholipid and label it.
b. What part of the Phospholipid is hydrophilic? ________________
c. What part of the Phospholipid is hydrophobic? _______________
73. Explain why the cell membrane is a bilayer. Focus on the parts of the
membrane itself, specifically the phospholipids.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________
74. What does it mean to be semi-permeable?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
75. What is the difference between active and passive transport
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
76. What are the differences between a channel protein and a carrier protein?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
77. Draw a concept map of the different types of cellular transport
Word Bank: Diffusion , Facilitated Diffusion Channel Protein, Active Transport, Carrier Protein, Passive
Transport, No ATP, Requires ATP, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
78. Fill in the following table…
Definition Analogy Energy Needed? Protein usedDiffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
ActiveTransport
79. Explain what a concentration gradient is how it relates to cellular transport.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. Why do we compare a concentration gradient to a playground slide?
____________________________________________________________________________
80. Complete the following table make sure to note where the water is going using arrows
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
DEFINITION:HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
DEFINITION:ISOTONIC SOLUTION
DEFINITION:
Before After Before After Before After
81. What are the 2 types of chromosomes?
a. ______________________
b. ______________________
c. Draw a chromosome and label it.
82. What are the two types of Cellular Reproduction?
a. _______________________________
i. Example______________________
b. _______________________________
i. Example______________________
83. Why do cells need to divide?
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
84. What are the stages of the cell cycle and what occurs in each stage?
a. _________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________
85. What Controls cell division? (look in the reading from the homework packet)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
86. What does the term haploid mean? ____________________________________________
a. Where would you find haploid cells? ______________________________
87. What does the tern diploid mean? ____________________________________________
a. Where would you find diploid cells? _______________________________
88. Where does Meiosis occur? ________________________________
89. Where does Mitosis occur? ________________________________
90. In one sentence, tell me the difference between meiosis and mitosis.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
91. What is the order of the steps of Mitosis?
a. ______________________
b. ______________________
c. ______________________
d. ______________________
92. Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis Meioses
a. Which one results in genetic diversity? _______________________________
b. Which one results in identical cells? _________________________________
c. Which one results in four non-identical copies? _________________________
93. When do chromosomes separate in meiosis? ____________________________________
94. When do chromatids separate during meiosis? __________________________________
95. What is a tetrad? _____________________________________
a. When does the tetrad occur? _________________________
96. What is crossing over and when does it occur?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. What is the importance of crossing over?
____________________________________________________________________________
b. Draw what happens in normal Human fertilization using 46n as the chromosome number.
97. What is fertilization?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
98. What is a Karyotype?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. How is it used?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
99. What is Nondisjunction
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. What is Trisomy?
____________________________________________________________________________
i. Example________________________
b. What is Monosomy?
____________________________________________________________________________
i. Example________________________
c. Diagram
100. What is Cancer?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. Name two genes that keep us from getting cancer. ___________________________________
b. What do we call genes that cause cancer? ________________________
c. Name at least 2 risk factors for cancer
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
d. Why doesn't everyone get Cancer?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________