final saftey measures in lab
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Safety Measures in Chemistry Laboratory
SAFETY MEASURE IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Chemistry:
Chemistry (the etymology of the word has been much disputed) is the science of matter and
the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while
physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being
concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the
changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science which studies various
substances, atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or
combination, and which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the
spontaneity of chemical processes.
Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or
the kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry, the study of inorganic matter; organic
chemistry, the study of organic (carbon based) matter; biochemistry, the study of substances
found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes using
physical concepts such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics; and analytical
chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical
composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years,
e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system (see subdisciplines).
Chemistry Laboratory
A chemistry laboratory is a place where you can perform in actual the different reactions that
you had learnt in the books or heard in lectures. A good chemistry laboratory is fully
equipped with the basic measuring and analytical chemistry laboratory apparatus that allows
a good study of all the branches of chemistry. However all the different experiments should
be performed under the supervision of the lab instructor only. Adhering to safety norms is of
paramount importance in a chemistry lab. Chemistry lab equipment are used in school &
college chemistry laboratories and chemical research laboratories. Chemistry laboratory
equipment includes different types of chemistry apparatus.
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Safety Measures in Chemistry Laboratory
Types of Chemistry Laboratory Equipments:
A vast range of common chemistry laboratory equipment is discussed here under suitable
categories.
Viscometer Centrifuge Thistle TubeRectangular
Water Bath
Burner
BunsenWater Bath
Digital
Thermometer Thermometers pH Meter
Infrared
Thermometer
Dry Bath
Caring of Chemistry Lab Apparatus:
In a chemistry laboratory the most common and widely used equipment are those made of
glass. With glassware it is easy to spot what is happening inside. At the same time it is
essential to ensure the proper & careful use of chemistry laboratory equipment. The
chemistry lab apparatus usually deals with different sorts of chemicals and so they are prone
to chemical attacks and breakge. Some of the very common chemistry lab equipment includes
beakers, test tubes, bunsen burner etc.
.
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Safety Measures in Chemistry Laboratory
SAFETY IN THE CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Laboratory Safety:
Safety measures in the chemistry laboratory. Handling solids and liquids. Chemical spills andclean up. Laboratory fires. Chemical burns and swallowing of chemicals. Personal injury and
illness. The OSHA perspective towards lab safety.
Safety Management Guidelines:
There are many potential hazards in the chemistry laboratory and some of them can cause
quite a serious accident. However, many accidents in the laboratory can be prevented if each
person in the room observes a set of common sense precautions and uses proper experimental
techniques and procedures at all times.
REMEMBER YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SAFETY OF EVERYONE ELSE
IN THE LABORATORY!
In the following sections, general safety rules and some general techniques are described.
Although the list may seem long, an accident could happen if only one of these precautions is
ignored. Besides, it is a lot less painful to read this description thoroughly than to suffer the
pain of an accident.
GENERAL SAFETY RULES
Know the Locations of Safety Equipment & Learn How to use Them:
Know the locations of the eyewash fountain, safety shower, fire blanket, and the fire
extinguisher nearest to your laboratory bench. Be sure to know how to use this safety
equipment. Your action during an emergency might prevent a classmate from serious injury.
Wear Safety Glasses at all Times in the Laboratory:
Goggles are required to be worn at all times! Goggles are available to be worn over
prescription glasses. Wearers of contact lenses are discouraged from wearing these lenses
during the lab. Goggles designed for contact wearers is necessary.
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Safety Measures in Chemistry Laboratory
Wear Sensible Clothing:
In the laboratory, sensible clothing includes shoes that fully cover the feet; sandals and clogs
are not adequate. Shoes provide a great deal of initial protection in the case of dropped
containers, spilled chemicals, and unseen hazards on the floor. Sensible clothing also includes
old clothes, which are not too loose, especially at the sleeves. Laboratory coats or aprons are
even more satisfactory. All extra clothing should be kept off the laboratory bench. Tie back
long hair so that it will not fall into flames or chemicals. Do not wear synthetics if possible as
they burn readily.
Never Work Alone in the Laboratory:
All work must be performed under the supervision of a laboratory instructor/demonstrator.
The instructor should be aware of the exact nature of all work being done in the laboratory.
Do not Perform any Unauthorized Experiments:
Do only the experiment, which has been assigned by the laboratory instructor. Never do any
unauthorized experiment in place of the one assigned by the instructor. Do not change the
designated procedure without the advice of the instructor.
Know Exactly What You are to Do:
Occasionally incomplete directions or a misunderstanding of instruction causes accidents.
Whenever you are in doubt, ask your instructor.
Think About What You are Doing & Why You are Doing it at all Times:
DO NOT start any experiment involving the use of an experimental set-up (apparatus) until it
has been checked and approved by your laboratory instructor unless otherwise instructed.
Do Not Eat, Drink Or Smoke In The Laboratory:
For safety purposes, assume all chemicals to be poisonous either by themselves or because of
impurities. Also avoid direct contact with organic chemicals. Many are absorbed directly
through the skin.
Keep the Laboratory Clean at all Times:
Any chemical spilled on your skin or your clothing, should be washed immediately and
thoroughly. If a solution, a solid, or liquid chemical is spilled on the bench or on the
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laboratory floor, clean up the spill immediately. Notify the laboratory instructor of the spill.
When leaving the laboratory, wipe the bench top thoroughly. Make sure that your work area
is clean and free of spilled chemicals or scraps of paper. Wash your hands with soap and
water.
Dispose of Waste & Excess Materials in the Proper Manner:
Used matches, paper, broken glass, or porcelain ware should be placed in the appropriate
containers but not in the sinks or cup sinks. If you have any questions concerning the waste
disposal, ask your instructor for the proper procedure.
Use the Fume Hood When Necessary:
Use the fume hood when you are so directed by the laboratory instructor, or when it is
indicated to do so on the experimental procedure. Fume hoods remove toxic vapors and
irritating odors from the laboratory. The removal of these materials is essential for protecting
the health and safety of those people working in the laboratory.
Light Burners Only When Needed:
Properly extinguish any flame not being used. Any open flame may ignite reagents being
used by you or others near you. Many organic liquids are highly flammable and these liquids
should be heated only on hot plates or heating mantles.
Never Look Directly:
Never look directly into the mouth of an open flask or test tube if it contains a reaction
mixture.
Avoid Touching Hot Objects:When heating a chemical in a container, the clamp holding the container and the burner will
also become hot. Place the object on a piece of asbestos board or on wire gauze, which is not
directly touching the bench top. Glass objects take a long time to cool, so allow plenty of
time to cool before touching them.
Use Extreme Caution When Inserting Glass into Stoppers:
Be very careful when inserting glass tubing, glass rods, thermometers, funnels, or thistle
tubes into rubber stoppers or corks. Protect your hands by holding the glass and stopper with
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a cloth towel or multiple layers of paper towels. Always lubricate the glass surface with water
or glycerol.
Use Only Equipment, Which is in Good Condition.
a) Defective equipment is an important source of accidents.
b) Some defects to watch for include: Chipped tips on burets, pipets, and funnels.
c) Chipped or broken rims on beakers, flasks, funnels, graduated cylinders and test
tubes.
d) Cracks in beakers, flasks, graduated cylinders, test tubes and crucibles.
e) Star-shaped breaks in the bottom of test tubes or near the bottom edges of beakers and
flasks.
f) Severe scratches in the bottom of beakers, flasks, and test tubes.
g) Sharp edges on glass tubing and glass rods.
h) Inflexibility in rubber stoppers.
i) Separations in the mercury column of thermometers.
j) Non-working parts of screw clamps, buret clamps or rings.
Report all Accidents to Your Instructor Promptly!
Report to the laboratory instructor immediately all accidents that cause injury, no matter
how minor the injury might seem.
Gloves:
Glove Types and Removal Gloves should be selected on the basis of the material being
handled and the particular hazard involved. Glove manufacturers and the Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDSs) accompanying products in use are good sources of specific glove
selection information.
PVC protects against mild corrosives and irritants.
Latex provides light protection against irritants and limited protection against infectious
agents.
Natural Rubber protects against mild corrosive material and electric shock.
Neoprene for working with solvents, oils, or mild corrosive material.
Cotton absorbs perspiration, keeps objects clean, provides some limited fire retardant
properties.
Zetex® when handling small burning objects. These are a good replacement for asbestosgloves.
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Safety Measures in Chemistry Laboratory
(Asbestos containing gloves may not be purchased or used in labs since asbestos is a
known carcinogen.)
When working with extremely corrosive material, wear thick gloves. Take extra
precaution in checking for holes, punctures, and tears. Care should be taken when
removing gloves. Peel the glove off the hand, starting at the wrist and working toward the
fingers. Keep the working surface of the glove from contacting skin during removal.
Contaminated disposable gloves should be discarded in designated containers (e.g.,
radioactive or biohazardous waste containers).
Wash hands as soon as possible after removing protective gloves.
HANDLING LIQUIDS: OBTAINING THE CHEMICAL
Take an appropriate container to the reagent shelf. Avoid measuring volumes of strong acids
and alkaline solutions with your graduated cylinder held at eye level. Support your graduated
cylinder on your bench; add hazardous liquids a little at a time, inspecting after each addition.
Reagent in a Dropper Bottle:
If the general supply bottle is equipped with a dropper, use it, but be sure that the dropper
never touches your container or the contents in it. Never put it down on the bench top, but
return it immediately the right reagent bottle.
Reagent in a Stopper Bottle:
If the general supply bottle is equipped with a stopper, the stopper should either be held
during the transfer or placed on its flat top. Do not lay the stopper on its side on the bench
top. Pour chemicals from the general supply bottle into your container. Be sure that the
proper stopper is returned to the supply bottle; do not interchange stoppers.
Mixing:
If liquid chemicals are to be mixed with water, always add the concentrated chemical to water
rather than the other way around. This keeps the new solution dilute at all times and avoids
many accidents. Usually addition should be done slowly, using small quantities. It is
especially important to add acid to water because of the heat generated.
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Pipetting:
Liquids are drawn into the pipet by applying a slight vacuum at the top, using a small rubber
suction bulb but NEVER THE MOUTH.
Heating:
Liquids in beakers and flasks can be heated by placing them on a ring stand on wire gauze
with the container supported by a clamp. Liquid should never be heated in a graduated
cylinder or in other columetric glassware.
Disposal:
Check with your laboratory instructor before disposing of any chemicals down the drain. If
the liquid chemical can be disposed of in the skin, dispose of it by rinsing it down the sink
with large quantities of water. Avoid unnecessary splashing during this process by pouring
the chemical directly down the drain while the water is running vigorously.
HANDLING SOLIDS: THE CONTAINER
Take an appropriate container to the reagent shelf where the general supply is kept. Solids are
somewhat more difficult to transfer than are liquids, so a wide-mouthed container such as a
beaker is preferable.
The Transfer:
During the transfer, hold the stopper or lay it on the bench without contaminating the stopper.
Solid chemicals are most easily poured by tipping the general supply bottle and slowly
rotating it back and forth. Mere tipping of the bottle alone often causes large chunks to come
out very suddenly which leads to spills. If you use your own spatula, be sure that it is
absolutely clean. Return the proper stopper to the general supply bottle; do not interchange
stoppers.
Mixing:
If the solid is to be mixed with a liquid, add the solid to the liquid. Additions should be made
in small quantities except in special circumstances.
Disposal:
If the laboratory instructor directs you to dispose of any solid chemicals in the skin, flush it
down the drain with copious amounts of running water. All other solids should be disposed of
in special containers provided for this purpose.
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If an Accident Occurs........
In spite of the best efforts of all concerned, accidents sometimes occur in the laboratory. Use
good judgment and do not panic in case of an emergency.
CHEMICAL SPILLS
Locate spill cleanup materials. Laboratories should be equipped with spill cleanup kits.
Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, goggles) when cleaning up
spills.
Acid Spills:
Apply neutralizer (or sodium bicarbonate) to perimeter of spill. Mix thoroughly until fizzing
and evolution of gas ceases. NOTE: It may be necessary to add water to the mixture to
complete the reaction. Neutralizer has a tendency to absorb acid before fully neutralizing it.
Check mixture with pH indicator paper to assure that the acid has been neutralized.
Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label, and place in the fume
hood. Notify supervisor.
Caustic Spills:
Apply neutralizer to perimeter of spill. Mix thoroughly until fizzing and evolution of gas
ceases. Check mixture with pH indicator paper to assure that the material has been
completely neutralized.
Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label, and place in the fume
hood. Notify supervisor.
Solvent Spills:
Apply activated charcoal to the perimeter of the spill. Mix thoroughly until material is dry
and no evidence of liquid solvent remains.
Transfer absorbed solvent to a plastic bag (if compatible), tie shut, fill out and attach a waste
label, and place in the fume hood. Notify supervisor.
Mercury Spills:
Using a mercury vacuum, vacuum all areas where mercury was spilled with particular
attention to corners, cracks, depressions and creases in flooring or table tops.
Place the contaminated sponge in its plastic bag, tie shut, fill out and attach a waste label, and
place in the fume hood.
LARGE CHEMICAL SPILLS ON THE LABORATORY BENCH OR AREA.
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In all cases, immediately alert your neighbors and the laboratory instructor of the spill.
a. If the material is not particularly volatile, nor toxic, and poses no fire hazard:
Liquid can be cleaned up by using an absorbent material which neutralizes them, for
example, sodium bicarbonate solution or powder for acids, or sodium thiosulfate solution for
bromine. Rubber or plastic gloves should be worn while using absorbent materials. A dustpan
and brush should be used to remove the absorbent material. Then, the contaminated area
should be cleaned with soap or detergent and water; and the area mopped dry.
b. If the material is volatile, flammable or toxic:
ALERT everyone in the laboratory to extinguish flames, disconnect spark-producing
equipment, shut down all experiments, and evacuate the laboratory. The laboratory instructor
will handle the clean up.
CHEMICAL SPILLS ON A PERSON.
1. OVER A LARGE AREA:
Within seconds, quickly remove all contaminated clothing while person is under safety
shower. Flood the affected body area with cold water for at least fifteen minutes. If pain
continues or resumes, flood with more water. Wash off chemicals with a mild detergent
solution. Do not apply any materials such as neutralizing agents or salves, to the area. Obtain
medical assistance immediately.
2. OVER A SMALL AREA:
Immediately flush area thoroughly with cold water. Wash with a mild detergent solution. If
there is no visible burn, scrub the area with warm water and soap.
3. IN THE EYES:
You will need to assist the person who has chemicals spattered in the eyes. Immediately
drench the eyes at the nearest emergency eyewash station. Force the eye or eyes open to get
water into them. The speed of your response to this emergency is extremely important. Notify
the laboratory instructor of the accident immediately.
SWALLOWING CHEMICALS
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The laboratory instructor should determine what specific substance ingested.
The individual should be forced to drink copious amounts of water while en route to medical
assistance. The Health Center or Hospital should be notified while the individual is in transit
as to what chemicals are involved.
BURNS
For burns by hot objects, flames or chemical, flush the affected area with cold water for
several minutes. Notify the laboratory instructor of the burn and he will arrange
transportation to the infirmary if necessary.
FIRE
Give assistance to people first. If the person clothes are on fire, guide him/her without
running to the fire blanked station or to the safety shower and drench him. Do not hesitate
because of such insignificant things as shrinking sweater, ruined hairstyles, or soggy
discomfort. While the victims are being cared for other available people should try to shut off
or reduce the fuel supply to the fire. Get a fire extinguisher and direct its spray toward the
base of the fire. If the fire is too big to extinguish, have the laboratory instructor call the fire
department and sound the fire alarm.When the fire is out, be sure all extinguishers used are
tagged as empty and are replaced.
INJURY OR ILLNESS
Render assistance if necessary. For minor cuts, wash them thoroughly, apply a good
antiseptic, and a band-aid. For major cuts, severe bleeding or serious illness, send someone
for help and administer first aid. Only a physician is trained to treat serious injury or illness.
Notify the instructor immediately.
LAB SAFETY SIGNS
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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET OF VARIOUS
CHEMICALS USED IN CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY
1. SAFETY DATA FOR ACETALDEHYDE
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Physical data:
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -124 C
Boiling point: 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.78
Vapour pressure: 755 mm Hg at 20 C
Vapour density: 1.52 (air = 1)
Flash point: -39 C
Explosion limits: 4% - 57%
Autoignition temperature: 185 C
Water solubility: miscible in all proportions
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. Vapors may cause eye irritation. May cause transient
corneal injury. Lachrymator (substance which increases the flow of tears).
Skin: May cause skin irritation. May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction, which
becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May beharmful if swallowed. May cause central nervous system depression.
Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause narcotic effects in high
concentration. Exposure produces central nervous system depression. Vapors may cause
dizziness or suffocation. Can produce delayed pulmonary edema. Inhalation of large amounts
may cause respiratory stimulation, followed by respiratory depression, convulsions and
possible death due to respiratory paralysis.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated
eye contact may cause conjunctivitis. Prolonged skin contact may cause erythema (redness)
and burns. Long-term inhalation studies of acetaldehyde produced laryngeal cancers in
FIRSTAID MEASURES
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Eyes: In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for a t least 15 minutes.
Get medical aid immediately.
Skin: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with soap and plenty of water. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if symptoms occur. Wash clothing before
reuse.
Ingestion: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical
personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid.
Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.
Notes to Physician: Persons with kidney disease, chronic respiratory disease, liver disease,
or skin disease may be at increased risk from exposure to this substance. Treat
symptomatically and supportively.
ACETIC ACID
Physical data
Melting point: 16.7 C
Boiling point: 118 C
Specific gravity: 1.05
Vapour density 2.07
Vapour pressure 11 mm Hg at 20 C, 20 mm Hg at 30 C
Flash point: 40 C
Explosion limits: 4% - 16%
Ignition temperature 426 C
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation of concentrated vapors may cause serious damage to the lining of the nose, throat,
and lungs. Breathing difficulties may occur. Neither odor nor degree of irritation are adequate
to indicate vapor concentration.
Ingestion:
Swallowing can cause severe injury leading to death. Symptoms include sore throat,
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vomiting, and diarrhea. Ingestion of as little as 1.0 ml has resulted in perforation of the
esophagus.
Skin Contact:
Contact with concentrated solution may cause serious damage to the skin. Effects may
include redness, pain, skin burns. High vapor concentrations may cause skin sensitization.
Eye Contact:
Eye contact with concentrated solutions may cause severe eye damage followed by loss of
sight. Exposure to vapor may cause intense watering and irritation to eyes.
Chronic Exposure:
Repeated or prolonged exposures may cause darkening of the skin, erosion of exposed front
teeth, and chronic inflammation of the nose, throat, and bronchial tubes.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired respiratory function
may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician.Ingestion:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Give large quantities of water or milk if available. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Call a physician.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
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ACETONE
Physical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Liquid.
Odor: Fruity. Mint-like. Fragrant. Ethereal
Taste: Pungent, Sweetish
Color: Colorless. Clear
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: 56.2°C (133.2°F)
Melting Point: -95.35 (-139.6°F)
Critical Temperature: 235°C (455°F)
Specific Gravity: 0.79 (Water = 1)p. 4
Vapor Pressure: 24 kPa (@ 20°C)
Vapor Density: 2 (Air = 1)
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water.
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation of vapors irritates the respiratory tract. May cause coughing, dizziness, dullness,
and headache. Higher concentrations can produce central nervous system depression,
narcosis, and unconsciousness.
Ingestion:
Swallowing small amounts is not likely to produce harmful effects. Ingestion of larger
amounts may produce abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Aspiration into lungs can
produce severe lung damage and is a medical emergency. Other symptoms are expected to
parallel inhalation.
Skin Contact:
Irritating due to defatting action on skin. Causes redness, pain, drying and cracking of the
skin.
Eye Contact:
Vapors are irritating to the eyes. Splashes may cause severe irritation, with stinging, tearing,
redness and pain.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged or repeated skin contact may produce severe irritation or dermatitis.
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Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Use of alcoholic beverages enhances toxic effects. Exposure may increase the toxic potential
of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as chloroform, trichloroethane.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention.
Ingestion:
Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, vomiting may occur spontaneously, but DO NOT INDUCE.
If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration into lungs. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention.
SAFETY DATA FOR AMMONIA (ANHYDROUS)
Physical data
Appearance: colourless gas with a penetrating, suffocating odour
Melting point: -77.7 C
Boiling point: -33.3 CVapour density: 0.89 g/l
Vapour pressure: 0.597
Specific gravity: 0.77
Flash point: 11 C
Explosion limits: 16% - 25%
Autoignition temperature:
Water solubility: High
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POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Ammonia is very alkaline and reacts corrosively with all body tissues.
Inhalation:
Corrosive. Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory
tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of
breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm
inflammation and edema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary
edema.
Ingestion:
Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to
death. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea.
Skin Contact:
Dermal contact with alkaline corrosives may produce pain, redness, severe irritation or full
thickness burns. May be absorbed through the skin with possible systemic effects.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive. Can cause blurred vision, redness, pain, severe tissue burns and eye damage. Eye
exposure may result in temporary or permanent blindness.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure
may cause eye, liver, kidney, or lung damage.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
No information found.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before
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reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
Note to Physician:
DO NOT induce emesis, perform gastric lavage or attempt neutralization after ingestion.
Dilution with milk or water may be of benefit. Endoscopic evaluation may be required.
ANILINE
Physical data:
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -6 C
Boiling point: 184 C
Vapour density: 3.22 at 185 C
Vapour pressure: 0.7 mm Hg at 25C
Specific gravity: 1.082
Flash point: 70 C
Explosion limits: 1.3 - 11%
Autoignition temperature: 615 C
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Toxic. Affects ability of blood to carry oxygen. Symptoms may include bluish discoloration
of lips and tongue, severe headache, nausea, confusion, dizziness, shock, respiratory
paralysis, death.
Ingestion:
Toxic. Lethal dose may be as little as one gram. Symptoms of ingestion parallel those of
inhalation exposure.
Skin Contact:
May be absorbed through skin. Symptoms of skin absorption parallel those from inhalation
exposure. May cause skin irritation. Local contact may cause dermatitis.
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Eye Contact:
Vapor is an eye irritant. May cause tearing, blurred vision. Splashes may cause corneal
damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Aniline is a blood toxin, causing hemoglobin to convert to methemoglobin, resulting in
cyanosis. Lengthy or repeated exposures may result in decreased appetite, anemia, weight
loss, nervous system affects, and kidney, liver and bone marrow damage. Any exposure may
cause an allergic skin reaction.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver or kidney function
may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance. A NIOSH study reported an excess
bladder cancer risk in workers exposed to aniline in combination with other dyestuffs and
intermediates, although it is not clear which of these materials, or combinations, were
responsible for the higher incidence of bladder cancer. Based on the results of this study,
historical epidemiology evidence which shows no correlation of pure aniline with bladder
cancer, and experimental test results, it was concluded that aniline, most likely, is not
responsible for the increased incidence of bladder tumors in the NIOSH study.
FIRST AID MEASURESInhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is
difficult, give oxygen. Do not give mouth to mouth resuscitation. CALL A PHYSICIAN
IMMEDIATELY.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person.Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
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AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Physical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Solid crystalline powder.)
Odor: Odorless. (Slight.)
Taste: Cooling, Saline.
Molecular Weight: 53.49 g/mole
Color: White.
pH (1% soln/water): 5.5 [Acidic.]
Boiling Point: 520°C (968°F)
Melting Point: Decomposition temperature: 338°C (640.4°F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1.53 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
. Solubility: Soluble in cold water, hot water, methanol. Insoluble in diethyl ether,
acetone. Almost insoluble in ethyl acetate. Very slightly
soluble in Ethanol; Solubility in Ethanol: 0.6 g/100 ml water at 19 deg. C. Solubility
in Water: 29.7 g/100ml water at O deg. C
75.8 g/100 ml water at 100 deg. C 37.8 lbs./100 lbs. water at 70 deg. F 28.3% (w/w)
in water at 25 deg. C Soluble in liquid ammonia.
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of
breath.
Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea,
vomiting and diarrhea.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain.
Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain.
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Chronic Exposure: No information found.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: No information found.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention.
SAFETY DATA FOR BENZENE
Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: 5.5 C
Boiling point: 80 C
Specific gravity: 0.87
Vapour pressure: 74.6 mm Hg at 20 C
Flash point: -11 C
Explosion limits: 1.3 % - 8 %
Autoignition temperature: 561 C
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation :
Irritation, ringing in the ears, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, difficulty breathing,
irregular heartbeat, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of drunkenness,
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disorientation, blurred vision, lung congestion, blood disorders, paralysis,
convulsion, coma. May cause hearing loss, visual disturbances, reproductive
effects, brain damage, cancer in long term exposure.
Eye contact : Irritation.
Skin contact :
Irritation, blisters. May cause tingling sensation in long term exposure.
Ingestion :
Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of
drunkenness, disorientation, visual disturbances, lung congestion, paralysis,
convulsion, coma. May cause impotence, cancer in long term exposure.
FIRST AID MEASURES
General advice : None.
Eye contact : Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Then get immediate
medical attention.
Skin contact : Wash skin with soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention, if needed. Thoroughly
clean and dry contaminated clothing and shoes before reuse.
Ingestion : Contact local poison control center or physician immediately. Never make an
unconscious person vomit or drink fluids. When vomiting occurs, keep head
lower than hips to help prevent aspiration. If person is unconscious, turn head to
side. Get medical attention immediately.
Inhalation : If adverse effects occur, remove to contaminated area. Give artificial respiration
if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be administered by
qualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention.
BROMINE
Physical PropertiesPhysical state and appearance: Liquid.
Odor: Pungent. Suffocating. (Strong.)
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 159.808 g/mole
Color: Red-Brown (Dark.)
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
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Boiling Point: 58.78°C (137.8°F)
Melting Point: -7.25°C (18.9°F)
Critical Temperature: 315°C (599°F)
Specific Gravity: 3.11 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 23.3 kPa (@ 20°C)
Vapor Density: 7.1 (Air = 1)Volatility: Not available.
Solubility:
Easily soluble in diethyl ether. Very slightly soluble in cold water. Freely soluble in
alcohol, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, concentrated hydrochloric
acid, and aqueous solution of bromides
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Both liquid and vapor are corrosive to all body tissues and may cause serious burns.Excessive inhalation of vapors may be very irritating and damaging to the respiratory tract
and lungs. Symptoms include headache, cough, nosebleed, vertigo, pulmonary edema, and
abdominal pain.
Ingestion:
Corrosive! Sore throat, vomiting and abdominal spasms may occur. Estimated lethal dose: l4
mg/kg.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive! Symptoms may include skin discoloration, pain, serious burns, blistering, and
slow healing ulcers.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive. Can cause blurred vision, redness, pain, severe tissue burns and eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Pulmonary edema, pneumonia, diarrhea, and rashes may be delayed complications of severe
exposures.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired respiratory function
may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removingcontaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before
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Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
No information found.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse.
Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting
upper and lower eyelids occasionally. Call a physician if irritation persists.
3. BENZYL CHLORIDE
Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid with a pungent odour
Melting point: -45 C
Boiling point: 179 C
Vapour density: 4.36 (air=1)
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Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 20 C
Density (g cm-3): 1.1
Flash point: 67 C (closed cup)
Explosion limits: 1.1% (lower), 7.1% (upper)
Autoignition temperature:
Viscosity: 1.3 centistokes at 25 C
Critical temperature: 411 C
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Toxic. May be corrosive to the respiratory tract, symptoms may include sore throat,
coughing, and labored breathing. May also cause central nervous system depression,
pulmonary edema, kidney and liver damage, and death.
Ingestion:
Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to
death. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. May also cause systemic poisoning with
symptoms paralleling inhalation.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe burn can occur.
Eye Contact:
For Vapor of Liquid: Corrosive. Contact can cause blurred vision, redness, pain and severe
tissue burns. Permanent eye damage is possible if exposure is severe.
Chronic Exposure:
Mild leukopenia(abnormally low number of circulating white blood cells), liver function
disturbances and kidney problems.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing neurological disorders, liver or kidney problems may be more
susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
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Ingestion:
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention
immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately
CHLOROFORM
Physical data
Appearance: clear colourless liquid with a sweet odors
Melting point: -63 C
Boiling point: 61 C
Vapour density: 4.1
Vapour pressure: 159 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 1.48 g cm3
Flash point: none
Explosion limits:
Autoignition temperature:
Water solubility: 8 g/l at 20 C
Refractive index: 1.4459 at 20 C, 589 nm
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Acts as a relatively potent anesthetic. Irritates respiratory tract and causes central nervous
system effects, including headache, drowsiness, dizziness. Exposure to higher concentrations
may result in unconsciousness and even death. May cause liver injury and blood disorders.
Prolonged exposure may lead to death due to irregular heart beat and kidney and liver
disorders.
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Ingestion:
Causes severe burning in mouth and throat, pain in the chest and vomiting. Large quantities
may cause symptoms similar to inhalation.
Skin Contact:
Causes skin irritation resulting in redness and pain. Removes natural oils. May be absorbed
through skin.
Eye Contact:
Vapors causes pain and irritation to eyes. Splashes may cause severe irritation and possible
eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged or repeated exposure to vapors may cause damage to the nervous system, the heart
and the liver and kidneys. Contact with liquid has defatting effect and may cause chronic
irritation of skin with cracking and drying, and corresponding dermatitis. Chloroform is a
suspected human carcinogen.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or
respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURESInhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact: Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
Note to Physician:
Because kidney and liver effects may be delayed, keep victim under observation for 24 to 48
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hr. Administration of fluids may help to prevent kidney failure. Obtain blood glucose,
urinalysis, liver function tests, chest x-ray, and monitor cardiac function and fluid/electrolyte
status. Monitor liver and kidney function for 4 to 5 days after exposure. Disulfiram, its
metabolites, and a high carbohydrate diet appear to protect somewhat against chloroform
toxicity. Do not give adrenalin! Tests may show increased bilirubin, ketosis, lowered blood
prothombin, and fibrogen.
12. Safety data for carbon monoxide
Physical data
Appearance: Colourless gas
Melting point: -205 C
Critical temperature -140 C
Boiling point: -192 C
Specific gravity: n/a
Vapour pressure:n/a
Explosion limits: 12.5 - 74 vol% in air
Autoignition temperature 620 C
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalaton : Changes in body temperature, changes in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting,
chest pain, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, headache, drowsiness,
dizziness, disorientation, hallucination, pain in extremities, tremors, loss of
coordination, hearing loss, visual disturbances, eye damage, suffocation, blooddisorders, convulsion, coma. May cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite,
headache, dizziness, visual disturbances, blood disorders, heart disorders,
heart damage, nerve damage, reproductive effects, birth defects, brain damage
in long term exposure.
Eye contact : Frostbite, blurred vision.
Skin contact : Blisters, frostbite.
Ingestion : Ingestion of a gas is unlikely.
Chronic Health Hazard: Not applicable.
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FIRST AID MEASURES
General advice : None.
Eye contact : Contact with liquid: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Then get immediate medical attention.
Skin contact : If frostbite or freezing occur, immediately flush with plenty of lukewarm
water (105-115°F; 41-46°C). DO NOT USE HOT WATER. If warm water is not
available, gently wrap affected parts in blanket. Get immediate medical attention.
Ingestion : If a large amount is swallowed, get medical attention.
Inhalation : If adverse effects occur, remove to uncontaminated area. Give artificial
respiration if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be administered byqualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention.
Note to physicians : For inhalation, consider oxygen.
13. SAFETY DATA FOR CHLORINE
Physical data
Appearance: light greenish-yellow gas with an irritating odour
Melting point: -101 C
Boiling point: -34 C
Vapour density: 2.98 g/lVapour pressure: 5.8 bar at 20 C
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Specific gravity: 1.47 g/ml at 0C
Critical temperature: 144 C
Flash point:
Explosion limits:
Autoignition temperature: n/a
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
General: Chlorine normally exists as a gas at room temperature and the most
important route of exposure is inhalation, followed by eye and skin exposures.
Inhalation: Chlorine is a severe nose, throat and upper respiratory tract irritant.
People exposed to chlorine, even for short periods of time, can develop a tolerance
to its odor and irritating properties. In mild exposures, clinical signs include
rhinorrhea, cough, headache, sore throat, chest pain, dyspnea, nausea and
pulmonary function deficits. After more severe exposures, clinical signs include
ulcerative tracheobronchitis, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure and death.
The following is a listing of chlorine exposure thresholds and estimated clinical
effects:
0.2 - 0.4 ppm – odor threshold (with considerable variation among subjects)
(decrease in odor perception occurs over time)
1 - 3 ppm-mild, mucous membrane irritation, tolerated up to 1 hr
5 -15 ppm – moderate irritation of the respiratory tract
30 ppm – immediate chest pain, vomiting, dyspnea, cough
40 - 60 ppm – toxic pneumonitis and pulmonary edema
430 ppm – lethal over 30 minutes
1000 ppm – fatal within a few minutes
Skin Contact: Airborne gas may irritate and burn the skin.
Eye Contact: Chlorine gas is a severe eye irritant. Stinging, a burning sensation,
rapid blinking, redness and watering of the eyes have been observed at
concentrations of 1 ppm and higher.
Ingestion: Ingestion is not an applicable route of exposure for gases.
Chronic Effects: A small number of human population studies conducted have not
shown significant respiratory system effects in workers with long-term, low-level
(typically less than 1 ppm) chlorine exposure. One study examined 332 workers
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exposed to time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of between 0.006 and 1.42
ppm (0.15 ppm average) for an average of 10.9 years. No relationship was found
between exposure to chlorine and the occurrence of colds, breathing difficulties, and
abnormal heartbeat or chest pain. Significant effects on lung function were not
observed. Studies of workers who have had experienced one or more exposures to
chlorine which produced short-term health effects tend to show long-term lung
dysfunction.
Carcinogenicity: Chlorine is not classified as carcinogenic by ACGIH (American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) or IARC (International Agency for
Research on Cancer), not regulated as carcinogens by OSHA (Occupational Safety
and Health Administration), and not listed as carcinogens by NTP (National
Toxicology Program).
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation: Take proper precautions to ensure your own safety before attempting
rescue (e.g., wear appropriate protective equipment, use the buddy system).
Remove source of contamination or move victim to fresh air. If breathing is difficult,
oxygen may be beneficial if administered by trained personnel, preferably on
doctor's advice. DO NOT allow victim to move about unnecessarily. Symptoms of
pulmonary edema can be delayed up to 48 hours after exposure. Apply artificial
respiration if victim is not breathing. Induce artificial respiration with the aid of a
pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical
device. Give Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if there is no pulse AND no
breathing. Obtain medical attention IMMEDIATELY.
Skin Contact: Quickly remove victim from source of contamination and flush with
lukewarm, gently flowing water for 15 minutes. Obtain medical attention
IMMEDIATELY.
Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with luke-warm running water for 15 minutes.
If a burn exists, cover both eyes with a sterile dressing. Obtain medical attention
IMMEDIATELY.
Ingestion: Ingestion is not an applicable route of exposure for gases.
Note to Physicians: Following exposure the patient should be kept under medical
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review for at least 48 hours as delayed pulmonary edema may occur.
14. Safety data for copper (II) sulfate
Physical data
Physical State: Crystals
Appearance: blue
Odor: Odorless
pH: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: 7.3 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
Vapor Density: Not available.
Boiling Point: 150 deg C (dec)
Freezing/Melting Point:110 deg C (dec) .
Solubility: Soluble.
Specific Gravity/Density:2.2840g/cm3
Molecular Formula:CuO4S.5H2O
Molecular Weight:249.68
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation:
Causes irritation to respiratory tract, symptoms may include coughing, sore throat, and
shortness of breath. May result in ulceration and perforation of respiratory tract. When
heated, this compound may give off copper fume, which can cause symptoms similar to the
common cold, including chills and stuffiness of the head.
Ingestion:
May cause burning pain in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Hemorrhagic gastritis,
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, metallic taste, and diarrhea may occur. If vomiting does
not occur immediately systemic copper poisoning may occur. Symptoms may include
capillary damage, headache, cold sweat, weak pulse, kidney and liver damage, central
nervous excitation followed by depression, jaundice, convulsions, blood effects, paralysis and
coma. Death may occur from shock or renal failure. Fatalities have occurred as a result of
ingesting gram quantities of copper sulfate.
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Skin Contact:
May cause irritation and itching.
Eye Contact:
Dust may cause irritation. Contact may cause conjunctivitis, ulceration, or clouding of the
cornea.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure to
dusts of copper salts may cause discoloration of the skin or hair, blood and liver damage,
ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, runny nose, metallic taste, and atrophic
changes and irritation of the mucous membranes.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, impaired liver, kidney, or pulmonary function,
glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency, or pre-existing Wilson's disease may be
more susceptible to the effects of this material.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty
of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing
before reuse. Call a physician.Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
15. SAFETY DATA FOR DIETHYL ETHER
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Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -116 C
Boiling point: 34.6 C
Specific gravity: 0.71
Vapour pressure: 400 mm Hg at 18 C
Flash point: -40 C
Explosion limits: 1.7% - 48%
Autoignition temperature: 170 C
Water solubility: 6.9% (20 C)
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Irritant. General anesthesia by inhalation can occur. Continued exposure may lead to
respiratory failure or death. Early symptoms include irritation of nose and throat, vomiting,
and irregular respiration, followed by dizziness, drowsiness, and unconsciousness.
Ingestion:
Irritating to the mucous membranes. Ingestion of 1 or 2 ounces may be fatal. Because of
volatility the stomach becomes distended, which may cause belching. Other symptoms can
include vomiting, unconsciousness, and coma.
Skin Contact:
Irritating to the skin and mucous membranes by drying effect. Can cause dermatitis on
prolonged exposure. May be absorbed through skin.
Eye Contact:
May cause irritation, redness and pain. Prolonged exposures to high concentrations of vapor
can cause eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Repeated exposures may be habit forming. Prolonged exposures may result in headache,
drowsiness, excitation, and psychic disturbances. Teratogenic effects are possible.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver, kidney or
respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance. Alcoholic
beverage consumption can enhance the toxic effects of this substance.
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FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician.Ingestion:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.
Skin Contact:
Remove any contaminated clothing. Wash skin with soap or mild detergent and water for at
least 15 minutes. Call a physician.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
16. SAFETY DATA FOR DIETHYL SULFATE
Physical data
Appearance: colourless oily liquid
Melting point: -24 C
Boiling point: 208 C
Vapour density:
Vapour pressure: 0.29 mm Hg at 25 C
Density (g cm-3): 1.177
Flash point: 104 C
Water solubility: insoluble
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
HIGHLY TOXIC! CORROSIVE! CARCINOGEN! Delayed appearance of symptoms may
permit unnoticed exposure to lethal quantities. Once absorbed into the body, lung damage
and liver and kidney injury will occur.
Inhalation:
Extremely toxic vapors and liquid; a few whiffs could be fatal.
Material is extremely destructive to tissue of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory
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tract, eyes, and skin. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasms, inflammation and edema
of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may
include cough, swelling of tongue, lips, larynx, and lungs (later), shortness of breath,
headache, nausea, and vomiting. Lethal concentrations as low as 97 ppm/10 minutes have
been reported in humans.
Ingestion:
Extremely toxic if swallowed. Corrosive to tissues. Symptoms of exposure parallel those of
inhalation.
Skin Contact:
Extremely toxic. Is absorbed through the skin; contact can be fatal. Causes blistering of the
skin with symptoms paralleling those of inhalation.
Eye Contact:
Extremely toxic and corrosive. Eye contact will cause severe eye damage with toxic effects
from absorption.
Chronic Exposure:
Suspected carcinogen. Positive animal studies showed local tumors after inhalation or
subcutaneous injection, and tumors of the nervous system after prenatal exposure. May cause
damage to kidneys, liver and lungs.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
No information found.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion: If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
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Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
17. SAFETY DATA FOR ETHYL ALCOHOL, ABSOLUTE
Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -114 C
Boiling point: 78 C
Specific gravity: 0.789
Vapour pressure: 1.59
Flash point: 14 C (closed cup)
Explosion limits: 3.3% - 24.5%
Autoignition temperature: 363 C
Water solubility: miscible in all proportions
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. May cause painful sensitization to light. May cause
chemical conjunctivitis and corneal damage.
Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. May cause cyanosis of the extremities.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May
cause systemic toxicity with acidosis. May cause central nervous system depression,
characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.
Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to
respiratory failure.
Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects
characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory
tract irritation. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. Vapors may cause dizziness
or suffocation.
Chronic: May cause reproductive and fetal effects. Laboratory experiments have resulted in
mutagenic effects. Animal studies have reported the development of tumors. Prolonged
exposure may cause liver, kidney, and heart damage.
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FIRST AID MEASURES
Eyes: Get medical aid. Gently lift eyelids and flush continuously with wate r.
Skin: Get medical aid. Wash clothing before reuse. Flush skin with plenty of soap and water.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid.
Inhalation: Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give
artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. Do NOT use
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Notes to Physician: Treat symptomatically and supportively. Persons with skin or eye
disorders or liver, kidney, chronic respiratory diseases, or central and peripheral nervous
sytem diseases may be at increased risk from exposure to this substance.
Antidote: None reported.
18. ETHYL ACETATE
Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid with fruit-like odour
Melting point: -84 C
Boiling point: 77 C
Vapour density: 3.04
Vapour pressure: 100 mm Hg at 27 C
Specific gravity: 0.9
Flash point: -4 C
Explosion limits: 2.2 - 11%
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation can cause severe irritation of mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of
breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. High concentrations may cause lung damage. An
irritant to the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Exposure to high concentrations have a
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narcotic effect and may cause liver and kidney damage.
Ingestion:
Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and
diarrhea.
Skin Contact:
Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. Repeated or prolonged
contact with the skin has a defatting effect and may cause dryness, cracking, and possibly
dermatitis.
Eye Contact:
Causes irritation, redness, and pain.
Chronic Exposure:
Chronic overexposure may cause anemia with leukocytosis (transient increase in the white
blood cell count) and damage to the liver and kidneys.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or
respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention.
Ingestion:
Give large amounts of water to drink. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Removecontaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse.
Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
19. SAFETY DATA FOR ETHYLENE OXIDE
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Physical data
Appearance: colourless gas
Melting point: -111 C
Boiling point: 10.7 C
Vapour density: 1.52 g/l
Vapour pressure:
Specific gravity: 0.882
Flash point: -20 C
Explosion limits: no upper limit - burns in its own atmosphere
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTSInhalation : Irritation, lack of sense of smell, tearing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty
breathing, irregular heartbeat, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of
drunkenness, disorientation, bluish skin color, lung congestion, lung damage,
kidney damage, paralysis, reproductive effects, convulsions. May cause cancer
in long term exposure.
Eye contact : Irritation (possibly severe), frostbite, tearing.
Skin contact : Irritation (possibly severe), allergic reactions, blisters.Ingestion : Irritation (possibly severe), sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach
pain, chest pain, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of drunkenness, bluish skin
color. May cause lung damage, cancer in long term exposure.
Chronic Health Hazard : None.
FIRST AID MEASURES
General advice : None.
Eye contact : Immediately wash eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids, until no evidence of chemical remains. Get medical attention
immediately.
Skin contact : If frostbite occurs, immediately flush with plenty of lukewarm water (105-
115°F;
41-46°C). DO NOT USE HOT WATER. If warm water is not available, gently
wrap affected parts in blankets. Get immediate medical attention.
Ingestion : Contact local poison control center or physician immediately. Never make an
unconscious person vomit or drink fluids. When vomiting occurs, keep head
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lower than hips to prevent aspiration. If person in unconscious, turn head to
side. Get medical attention immediately.
Inhalation : If adverse effects occur, remove to uncontaminated area. Give artificial
respiration if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be
administered by qualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention.
Note to physicians : For inhalation, consider oxygen.
For ingestion, consider gastric lavage and activated charcoal slurr
20. SAFETY DATA FOR ETHYLAMINE
Physical data
Appearance: light yellow liquid
Melting point: -81 C
Boiling point: 17 C
Vapour density:
Vapour pressure:
Density (g cm-3): 0.689
Flash point: -17 C
Explosion limits: 3.5 - 14%
Autoignition temperature: 385 C
Water solubility: high
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Depending on the intensity and duration of exposure, health effects may vary from mild
irritation to severe destruction of tissue.
Inhalation:
Corrosive. Inhalation causes irritation of the nose, throat, and respiratory system. Symptoms
may include coughing, sore throat, labored breathing. Serious cases may be fatal. May cause
allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.
Ingestion: Corrosive. Harmful if swallowed. Sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea may
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occur.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive. Toxic. Causes severe irritation with redness, pain, possibly burns. May be
absorbed through the skin. May cause allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.
Eye Contact: Corrosive. Vapors irritate the eyes. Liquid causes burns.
Chronic Exposure: Exposure may cause an allergic skin and respiratory reaction in some
individuals. Liver, kidneys and lungs may be damaged from repeated exposure.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or
respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician immediately.
Ingestion:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Call a physician, immediately. Wash clothing before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with gentle but large stream of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting
lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Call a physician immediately.
21. FORMIC ACID
Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: 8.5 C
Boiling point: 100 - 101 C
Specific gravity: 1.22
Vapour pressure: 44.8 mm Hg at 20 C (vapour density 1.6)
Flash point: 54 C
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Explosion limits: 18% - 57%
Autoignition temperature: 1004 F
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation of vapors can cause severe irritation of nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract.
Inhalation of higher concentrations may cause central nervous system effects and lung
damage.
Ingestion:
Causes serious burns and corrosion of the mouth, throat, and esophagus, with immediate pain
and difficult swallowing. Other symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting
can occur, leading to shortness of breath and death. Severe poisonings may cause shock,
kidney damage.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe burn can occur.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive! Vapors are irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may cause severe
burns and permanent eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged or repeated exposure to low concentrations may cause skin irritation and burns.
Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause liver and kidney damage.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Sensitization is rare, but may occur in persons previously sensitized to formaldehyde.
First Aid MeasuresInhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
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contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
22. FORMAMIDE
Physical data
Appearance: colourless oily liquid with faint ammoniacal odour
Melting point: 2 C
Boiling point: ca. 210 C (decomposes)
Vapour density: 1.55 (air = 1)
Vapour pressure: 0.08 mm Hg at 20 C
Density (g cm-3): 1.13
Flash point: 154 C (open cup)
Explosion limits:
Autoignition temperature:
Water solubility: complete in all proportions
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTSInhalation:
Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of
breath. Excessive inhalation of vapor may cause symptoms that parallel ingestion, ranging
from headache to unconsciousness, depending upon the duration and level of the exposure.
Ingestion:
Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Affects the central nervous system. May cause
headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and unconsciousness. May affect the
reproductive system.
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Skin Contact:
Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May be absorbed
through the skin; symptoms parallel ingestion.
Eye Contact:
Causes irritation, redness, and pain.
Chronic Exposure:
No information found.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: No information found.
First Aid Measures
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention.
Ingestion:
Give large amounts of water to drink. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse.
Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention
23. HYDROCHLORIC ACID MSDS
Physical Properties
Appearance: Colorless, fuming liquid.
Odor: Pungent odor of hydrogen chloride.
Solubility: Infinite in water with slight evolution of heat.
Density: 1.18
pH: For HCL solutions: 0.1 (1.0 N), 1.1 (0.1 N), 2.02 (0.01 N)
% Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 100
Boiling Point: 53C (127F) Azeotrope (20.2%) boils at 109C (228F)
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Melting Point: -74C (-101F)
Vapor Density (Air=1): No information found.
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): 190 @ 25C (77F)
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Corrosive! Inhalation of vapors can cause coughing, choking, inflammation of the nose,
throat, and upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema, circulatory failure,
and death.
Ingestion:
Corrosive! Swallowing hydrochloric acid can cause immediate pain and burns of the mouth,
throat, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract. May cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Swallowing may be fatal.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive! Can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Concentrated solutions cause deep
ulcers and discolor skin.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive! Vapors are irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may cause severe burns and permanent eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Long-term exposure to concentrated vapors may cause erosion of teeth. Long term exposures
seldom occur due to the corrosive properties of the acid.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye disease may be more susceptible to the effects
of this substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Give large quantities of water or milk if available. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
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Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
24. IODINE
Physical data
Appearance: Purple to black crystals
Melting point: 113 - 114 C
Boiling point: 183 C
Specific gravity: 4.93
Vapour pressure: 0.31 mm Hg at 25 C
Vapour density: 9.0 (air = 1)
Flash point: n/a
Explosion limits: n/a
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Corrosive. Vapors severely irritate and can burn the mucous membranes and respiratory tract.
Excessive tears, rhinitis, tightness in the chest, sore throat, headache and delayed pulmonary
edema can result. Inhalation of concentrated vapors may be fatal.
Ingestion:
Corrosive. Can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat and stomach. Causes abdominal pain,
diarrhea, fever, vomiting, stupor and shock. Probable lethal dose is 2 to 4 gm of free iodine.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive. Liquid contact may cause blistering burns, irritation, and pain. Vapors may be
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severely irritating to the skin.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive! Vapors are severely irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may
cause severe burns and permanent eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Chronic exposure to iodine may cause insomnia, conjunctivitis, inflammation of the nasal
mucous, bronchitis, tremor, rapid heart beat, diarrhea and weight loss. Allergic sensitization
may occur.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, impaired respiratory function, or
disease of the thyroid, lungs, or kidney may be more susceptible to the effects of the
substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately. Observe for the development of pulmonary
edema.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention
immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Iodine stains
can be removed by immediately washing skin with 5% sodium thiosulfate solution.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
25. LEAD METAL
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Physical Properties
Melting Point: 327.5°c
Boiling Point: 1740°
Vapor Pressure: mmhg/70f (see supp)Vapor Density: Information not available
Solubility in Water: insoluble
Appearance and Odor: blue gray granules,odorless
Flash Point: info not available
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Lead can be absorbed through the respiratory system. Local irritation of bronchia and lungs
can occur and, in cases of acute exposure, symptoms such as metallic taste, chest and
abdominal pain, and increased lead blood levels may follow. See also Ingestion.
Ingestion:
POISON! The symptoms of lead poisoning include abdominal pain and spasms, nausea,
vomiting, headache. Acute poisoning can lead to muscle weakness, "lead line" on the gums,
metallic taste, definite loss of appetite, insomnia, dizziness, high lead levels in blood and
urine with shock, coma and death in extreme cases.
Skin Contact:
Lead and lead compounds may be absorbed through the skin on prolonged exposure; the
symptoms of lead poisoning described for ingestion exposure may occur. Contact over short
periods may cause local irritation, redness and pain.
Eye Contact:
Absorption can occur through eye tissues but the more common hazards are local irritation or
abrasion.
Chronic Exposure:
Lead is a cumulative poison and exposure even to small amounts can raise the body's content
to toxic levels. The symptoms of chronic exposure are like those of ingestion poisoning;
restlessness, irritability, visual disturbances, hypertension and gray facial color may also be
noted.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
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Persons with pre-existing kidney, nerve or circulatory disorders or with skin or eye problems
may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse.
Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately
26. METHANE
Physical Data
Appearance: colourless odourless gas
Melting point: -182 C
Boiling point: -164 C
Vapour density:
Vapour pressure:
Density: 0.717 g/l at 20 C.
Flash point: -221 C
Explosion limits: 5 - 15%
Autoignition temperature: 537 CWater solubility: slight (35 ml/l at 20 C)
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POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation : Nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, headache,
drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, disorientation, mood swing, tingling sensation,
loss of coordination, suffocation, convulsions, unconsciousness, coma.Eye contact : No information on significant adverse effects.
Skin contact : No information on significant adverse effects.
Ingestion : Ingestion of a gas is unlikely.
Chronic Health Hazard: None known.
FIRST AID MEASURES
General advice : None.
Eye contact : Flush eyes with plenty of water.Skin contact : Wash exposed skin with soap and water.
Ingestion : If a large amount is swallowed, get immediate medical attention.
Inhalation : If adverse effects occur, remove to uncontaminated area. Give artificial
respiration if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be
administered by qualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention.
Note to physicians: For inhalation, consider oxygen.
27. METHYL ALCOHOL
Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid with a characteristic odour
Melting point: -98 C
Boiling point: 64.7 C
Vapour density: 1.1
Vapour pressure: 97.7 mm at 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.791
Flash point: 11 C
Explosion limits: 6% - 36 %
Autoignition temperature: 464 C
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POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
A slight irritant to the mucous membranes. Toxic effects exerted upon nervous system,
particularly the optic nerve. Once absorbed into the body, it is very slowly eliminated.Symptoms of overexposure may include headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, blurred
vision, blindness, coma, and death. A person may get better but then worse again up to 30
hours later.
Ingestion:
Toxic. Symptoms parallel inhalation. Can intoxicate and cause blindness. Usual fatal dose:
100-125 milliliters.
Skin Contact:
Methyl alcohol is a defatting agent and may cause skin to become dry and cracked. Skin
absorption can occur; symptoms may parallel inhalation exposure.
Eye Contact:
Irritant. Continued exposure may cause eye lesions.
Chronic Exposure:
Marked impairment of vision has been reported. Repeated or prolonged exposure may cause
skin irritation.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver or kidney function
may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse.
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Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
28. MERCURY
Physical data
Appearance: silvery liquid metal
Melting point: -39 C
Boiling point: 357 C
Vapour density:
Vapour pressure: 0.002 mm Hg at 20 C
Density (g cm-3): 13.53
Flash point:
Explosion limits: n/a
Autoignition temperature:
Water solubility: negligible
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Mercury vapor is highly toxic via this route. Causes severe respiratory tract damage.
Symptoms include sore throat, coughing, pain, tightness in chest, breathing difficulties,
shortness of breath, headache, muscle weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbance,
ringing in the ear, liver changes, fever, bronchitis and pneumonitis. Can be absorbed through
inhalation with symptoms similar to ingestion.
Ingestion:
May cause burning of the mouth and pharynx, abdominal pain, vomiting, corrosive
ulceration, bloody diarrhea. May be followed by a rapid and weak pulse, shallow breathing,
paleness, exhaustion, tremors and collapse. Delayed death may occur from renal failure.
Gastrointenstinal uptake of mercury is less than 5% but its ability to penetrate tissues presents
some hazard. Initial symptoms may be thirst, possible abdominal discomfort.Skin Contact:
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Causes irritaton and burns to skin. Symptoms include redness and pain. May cause skin
allergy and sensitization. Can be absorbed through the skin with symptoms to parallel
ingestion.
Eye Contact:
Causes irritation and burns to eyes. Symptoms include redness, pain, blurred vision; may
cause serious and permanent eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Chronic exposure through any route can produce central nervous system damage. May cause
muscle tremors, personality and behavior changes, memory loss, metallic taste, loosening of
the teeth, digestive disorders, skin rashes, brain damage and kidney damage. Can cause skin
allergies and accumulate in the body. Repeated skin contact can cause the skin to turn gray in
color. A suspected reproductive hazard; may damage the developing fetus and decrease
fertility in males and females.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with nervous disorders, or impaired kidney or respiratory function, or a history of
allergies or a known sensitization to mercury may be more susceptible to the effects of the
substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
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29. NITRIC ACID
Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid with a choking odour
Melting point: -42 C
Boiling point: 83 C (68% acid + 32% water, which is the constant boiling point mix
for nitric acid, boils at 120.5 C)
Specific gravity: 1.5 (pure), 1.41 (constant boiling point mix)
Vapour pressure: 62 mm Hg at 20 C (68%)Flash point: not available
Explosion limits: not available
Autoignition temperature: not available
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Nitric acid is extremely hazardous; it is corrosive, reactive, an oxidizer, and a poison.
Inhalation:
Corrosive! Inhalation of vapors can cause breathing difficulties and lead to pneumonia and
pulmonary edema, which may be fatal. Other symptoms may include coughing, choking, and
irritation of the nose, throat, and respiratory tract.
Ingestion:
Corrosive! Swallowing nitric acid can cause immediate pain and burns of the mouth, throat,
esophagus and gastrointestinal tract.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive! Can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Concentrated solutions cause deep
ulcers and stain skin a yellow or yellow-brown color.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive! Vapors are irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may cause severe
burns and permanent eye damage.
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Chronic Exposure:
Long-term exposure to concentrated vapors may cause erosion of teeth and lung damage.
Long-term exposures seldom occur due to the corrosive properties of the acid.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye disease, or cardiopulmonary diseases may be
more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Immediate first aid treatment reduces the health effects of this substance.
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician.
Ingestion:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Give large quantities of water or milk if available. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
30. OXALIC ACID
Physical data
Appearance: white crystals
Melting point: 104 - 106 C
Boiling point:n/a
Vapour density: 4.4
Vapour pressure: < 0.01 mm Hg at 20 C
Density (g cm
-3
): 1.65Flash point: n/a
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Explosion limits: n/a
Autoignition temperature: n/a
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Oxalic acid is corrosive to tissue. When ingested, oxalic acid removes calcium from the
blood. Kidney damage can be expected as the calcium is removed from the blood in the form
of calcium oxalate. The calcium oxalate then obstructs the kidney tubules.
Inhalation:
Harmful if inhaled. Can cause severe irritation and burns of nose, throat, and respiratory tract.
Ingestion:
Toxic! May cause burns, nausea, severe gastroenteritis and vomiting, shock and convulsions.
May cause renal damage, as evidenced by bloody urine. Estimate fatal dose is 5 to 15 grams.
Skin Contact:
Can cause severe irritation, possible skin burns. May be absorbed through the skin.
Eye Contact:
Oxalic acid is an eye irritant. It may produce corrosive effects.
Chronic Exposure:
May cause inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Prolonged skin contact can cause
dermatitis, cyanosis of the fingers and possible ulceration. May affect kidneys.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired kidney or respiratory
function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician immediately.
Ingestion:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Give large quantities of limewater or milk to drink. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, wipe off excess from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty of water
for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing
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before reuse. Call a physician immediately.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with gentle but large stream of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting
lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Call a physician immediately.
31. POTASSIUM
Physical data
Appearance: soft silvery metal, tarnishing upon exposure to air.
Melting point: 63 C
Boiling point: 765 C
Vapour density: 1.4 (air=1)
Vapour pressure:
Specific gravity: 0.86
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
In most cases, cyanide poisoning causes a deceptively healthy pink to red skin color.
However, if a physical injury or lack of oxygen is involved, the skin color may be bluish.
Reddening of the eyes and pupil dilation are symptoms of cyanide poisoning. Cyanosis (blue
discoloration of the skin) tends to be associated with severe cyanide poisonings.
Inhalation:
Corrosive to the respiratory tract. The substance inhibits cellular respiration and may cause
blood, central nervous system, and thyroid changes. May cause headache, weakness,
dizziness, labored breathing nausea and vomiting, which can be followed by weak and
irregular heart beat, unconsciousness, convulsions, coma and death.
Ingestion:
Highly Toxic! Corrosive to the gastro-intestinal tract with burning in the mouth and
esophagus, and abdominal pain. Larger doses may produce sudden loss of consciousness and
prompt death from respiratory arrest. Smaller but still lethal doses may prolong the illness for
one or more hours. Bitter almonds odor may be noted on the breath or vomitus. Other
symptoms may be similar to those noted for inhalation exposure.
Skin Contact: Corrosive. May cause severe pain and skin burns. Solutions are corrosive to the skin and
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eyes, and may cause deep ulcers which heal slowly. May be absorbed through the skin, with
symptoms similar to those noted for inhalation.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive. Symptoms may include redness, pain, blurred vision, and eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause a "cyanide" rash and nasal sores.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Workers using cyanides should have a preplacement and periodic medical exam. Those with
history of central nervous system, thyroid, skin, heart or lung diseases may be more
susceptible to the effects of this substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
IN CASE OF CYANIDE POISONING, start first aid treatment immediately, then get
medical attention. A cyanide antidote kit (amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate)
should be available in any cyanide work area. Actions to be taken in case of cyanide
poisoning should be planned and practiced before beginning work with cyanides. Oxygen and
amyl nitrite can be given by a first responder before medical help arrives. Allow victim to
inhale amyl nitrite for 15-30 seconds per minute until sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate
can be administered intravenously (see Note to Physician). A new amyl nitrite ampule should
be used every 3 minutes. If conscious but symptoms (nausea, difficult breathing, dizziness,
etc.) are evident, give oxygen. If consciousness is impaired (non-responsiveness, slurred
speech, confusion, drowsiness) or the patient is unconscious but breathing, give oxygen and
amyl nitrite by means of a respirator. If not breathing, give oxygen and amyl nitrite
immediately by means of a positive pressure respirator (artificial respiration).
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. Administer antidote kit and oxygen per pre-plannedinstructions if symptoms occur. Keep patient warm and at rest. Do not give mouth to mouth
resuscitation.
Ingestion:
If ingested, antidote kit and oxygen should be administered per above. If the patient is
conscious, immediately give the patient activated charcoal slurry. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Do not induce vomiting as it could interfere with
resuscitator use.
Skin Contact:
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Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Administer antidote kit and oxygen per
preplanned instructions if symptoms occur.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
Note to Physician:
If patient does not respond to amyl nitrite, inject intravenously with 10mL of a 3% solution of
sodium nitrite at a rate of not more than 2.5 to 5 mL per minute.Once nitrite administration is
complete, follow directly with 50 mL of a 25% solution of sodium thiosulfate at the same rate
by the same route. Give victim oxygen and keep under observation. If exposure was severe,
watch victim for 24-48 hours. If signs of cyanide poisoning persist or reappear, repeat nitrite
and thiosulfate injections 1 hour later in 1/2 the original doses. Cyanocabalamin (B12), 1 mg
intramuscularly, may speed recovery. Moderate cyanide exposures need be treated only by
supportive measures such as bed rest and oxygen.
32. PHENOL
Physical data
Appearance: colourless crystals with a characteristic odour
Melting point: 40 - 42 C
Boiling point: 182 C
Specific gravity: 1.07
Vapour pressure: 0.35 mm Hg at 20 C
Flash point: 79 C
Explosion limits: 1.5 % - 8.6 %
Autoignition temperature: 715 C
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POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Information on the human health effects from exposure to this substance is limited.
Inhalation:
May cause irritation to respiratory tract resulting in coughing and sneezing.Ingestion:
Ingestion effects have not been studied completely but may exhibit symptoms similar to
phenolphthalein, such as an itching skin rash. May be a strong laxative.
Skin Contact:
May cause irritation with redness and pain.
Eye Contact:
May cause irritation and pain.
Chronic Exposure:
No information found.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
No information found.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any breathing difficulty.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get
medical attention if irritation develops.
Eye Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting
upper and lower eyelids occasionally. Call a physician if irritation persists.
33. PYRIDINE
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Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid with a very unpleasant odour
Melting point: -42 C
Boiling point: 115 C
Vapour density: 2.7 (air = 1)
Vapour pressure: 16 mm Hg at 20 C
Density (g cm-3):
Flash point: 17 C (closed cup)
Explosion limits: 1.8 % - 12.4 %
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation causes severe irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms of overexposure include
headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, coughing, insomnia, diarrhea,
gastrointestinal disturbances, and back pain with urinary frequency. Liver and kidney damage
may occur. May be fatal.
Ingestion:
Toxic effects parallel those of inhalation. May be fatal if swallowed.
Skin Contact:
Causes severe irritation, possibly burns, to the skin. Symptoms include redness and severe
pain. Absorption through the skin may occur, resulting in toxic effects similar to inhalation.
May act as a photosensitizer.
Eye Contact:
Vapors cause eye irritation. Splashes cause severe irritation, possible corneal burns and eye
damage.
Chronic Exposure: Liver and kidney damage has been reported.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin, eye or central nervous system disorders, or impaired liver,
kidney, or pulmonary function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
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oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, give large quantities of water to drink and get medical attention immediately.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
34. PHOSPHORIC ACID
Physical data
Appearance: colourless odourless liquid
Melting point: 21 C (pure)
Boiling point: 158 C (pure)
Typical concentration: see data for typical acids and bases
Vapour density: 3.4
Vapour pressure: 2.2 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 1.685
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POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation is not an expected hazard unless misted or heated to high temperatures. Mist or
vapor inhalation can cause irritation to the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Severeexposures can lead to a chemical pneumonitis.
Ingestion:
Corrosive. May cause sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, and severe burns of the mouth,
throat, and stomach. Severe exposures can lead to shock, circulatory collapse, and death.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive. May cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive. May cause redness, pain, blurred vision, eye burns, and permanent eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
No information found.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired respiratory function
may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician immediately.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Call a physician, immediately. Wash clothing before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with gentle but large stream of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting
lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Call a physician immediately.
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35. SULFURIC ACID
Physical data
Appearance: Colourless oily liquid
Melting point: -2 C
Boiling point: 327 C
Specific gravity: 1.84
Vapour pressure: <0.3 mm Hg at 20 C (vapour density 3.4)
Flash point:
Explosion limits:
Autoignition temperature:
Water solubility: miscible in all proportions
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation produces damaging effects on the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
Symptoms may include irritation of the nose and throat, and labored breathing. May cause
lung edema, a medical emergency.
Ingestion:
Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to
death. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. Circulatory collapse with clammy skin,
weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine may follow ingestion or skin
contact. Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe burn can occur. Circulatory collapse with
clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine may follow skincontact or ingestion. Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive. Contact can cause blurred vision, redness, pain and severe tissue burns. Can cause
blindness.
Chronic Exposure:
Long-term exposure to mist or vapors may cause damage to teeth. Chronic exposure to mists
containing sulfuric acid is a cancer hazard.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
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Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired respiratory function
may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician immediately.
Ingestion:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Excess acid on skin
can be neutralized with a 2% solution of bicarbonate of soda. Call a physician immediately.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with gentle but large stream of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting
lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Call a physician immediately.
36. SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Physical data
Appearance: odourless white solid (often sold as pellets)
Melting point: 318 C
Boiling point: 1390 C
Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 739 C
Specific gravity: 2.12
Flash point: n/a
Explosion limits: n/a
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Autoignition temperature:
Water solubility: High (Note: dissolution in water is highly exothermic)
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Severe irritant. Effects from inhalation of dust or mist vary from mild irritation to serious
damage of the upper respiratory tract, depending on severity of exposure. Symptoms may
include sneezing, sore throat or runny nose. Severe pneumonitis may occur.
Ingestion:
Corrosive! Swallowing may cause severe burns of mouth, throat, and stomach. Severe
scarring of tissue and death may result. Symptoms may include bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea,
fall in blood pressure. Damage may appear days after exposure.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive! Contact with skin can cause irritation or severe burns and scarring with greater
exposures.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive! Causes irritation of eyes, and with greater exposures it can cause burns that may
result in permanent impairment of vision, even blindness.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged contact with dilute solutions or dust has a destructive effect upon tissue.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired respiratory function
may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician.
Ingestion:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Give large quantities of water or milk if available. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Call a physician, immediately. Wash clothing before reuse.
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Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
Note to Physician:
Perform endoscopy in all cases of suspected sodium hydroxide ingestion. In cases of severe
esophageal corrosion, the use of therapeutic doses of steroids should be considered. General
supportive measures with continual monitoring of gas exchange, acid-base balance,
electrolytes, and fluid intake are also required.
37. SODIUM BICARBONATE
Physical Properties
Appearance: White powder or granules.
Odor: Odorless.
Solubility: 45.5 g/100 ml water @ 100C (212F)
Specific Gravity: 2.53
pH: 11.6 Aqueous solution
% Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 0
Boiling Point: Decomposes.
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Melting Point: 851C (1564F)
Vapor Density (Air=1): No information found.
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): No information found.
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation: High concentrations of dust may cause coughing and sneezing.
Ingestion: Extremely large oral doses may cause gastrointestinal disturbances.
Skin Contact: No adverse effects expected.
Eye Contact: Contact may cause mild irritation, redness, and pain.
Chronic Exposure: No information found.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: No information found.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any breathing difficulty.
Ingestion: Give several glasses of water to drink to dilute. If large amounts were swallowed,
get medical advice.
Skin Contact: Not expected to require first aid measures.
Eye Contact: Wash thoroughly with running water. Get medical advice if irritation develops.
38. TOLUENE
Physical data
Appearance: Colourless liquid with a benzene-like odour (odour threshold 0.17 ppm)
Melting point: -93 C
Boiling point: 110.6 C
Specific gravity: 0.865
Vapour pressure: 22 mm Hg at 20 C (vapour density 3.2)
Flash point: 4 C
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Explosion limits: 1% - 7%
Autoignition temperature: 536 C
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation may cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of overexposure may
include fatigue, confusion, headache, dizziness and drowsiness. Peculiar skin sensations (e. g.
pins and needles) or numbness may be produced. Very high concentrations may cause
unconsciousness and death.
Ingestion:
Swallowing may cause abdominal spasms and other symptoms that parallel over-exposure
from inhalation. Aspiration of material into the lungs can cause chemical pneumonitis, which
may be fatal.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation. May be absorbed through skin.
Eye Contact: Causes severe eye irritation with redness and pain.
Chronic Exposure:
Reports of chronic poisoning describe anemia, decreased blood cell count and bone marrow
hypoplasia. Liver and kidney damage may occur. Repeated or prolonged contact has a
defatting action, causing drying, redness, dermatitis. Exposure to toluene may affect the
developing fetus.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or impaired liver or kidney function may be more
susceptible to the effects of this substance. Alcoholic beverage consumption can enhance the
toxic effects of this substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is
difficult, give oxygen. CALL A PHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY.
Ingestion:
Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of
water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention
immediately. If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration into lungs.
Skin Contact:
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In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15
minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Call a
physician immediately.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
39. UREA
Physical PropertiesAppearance: White crystals or white powder.
Odor: Develops odor of ammonia.
Solubility: Very soluble in water.
Specific Gravity: 1.32 @ 20C/4C
pH: 7.2 (10% in water)
% Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 0
Boiling Point: Decomposes.
Melting Point: 132 - 135C (270 - 275F)
Vapor Density (Air=1): No information found.
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): No information found.
.
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of
breath. May be absorbed into the bloodstream with symptoms similar to ingestion.
Ingestion:
Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and
diarrhea. May also cause headache, confusion and electrolyte depletion.
Skin Contact:
Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain.
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Eye Contact:
Causes irritation, redness, and pain.
Chronic Exposure:
A study of 67 workers in an environment with high airborne concentrations of urea found a
high incidence of protein metabolism disturbances, moderate emphysema, and chronic weight
loss.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Supersensitive individuals with skin or eye problems, kidney impairment or asthmatic
condition should have physician's approval before exposure to urea dust.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Get medical attention.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before
reuse. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
40. XYLENES
Physical data
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -24 C
Boiling point: 144 C
Vapour density: 3.7
Vapour pressure: 7 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.87
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Flash point: 32 C (closed cup)
Explosion limits: 1.1 % - 7 %
Autoignition temperature: 463 C
Water solubility: insoluble
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Inhalation:
Inhalation of vapors may be irritating to the nose and throat. Inhalation of high concentrations
may result in nausea, vomiting, headache, ringing in the ears, and severe breathing
difficulties which may be delayed in onset. Substernal pain, cough, and hoarseness are also
reported. High vapor concentrations are anesthetic and central nervous system depressants.
Ingestion:
Ingestion causes burning sensation in mouth and stomach, nausea, vomiting and salivation.
Minute amounts aspirated into the lungs can produce a severe hemorrhagic pneumonitis with
severe pulmonary injury or death.
Skin Contact:
Skin contact results in loss of natural oils and often results in a characteristic dermatitis. May
be absorbed through the skin.
Eye Contact:
Vapors cause eye irritation. Splashes cause severe irritation, possible corneal burns and eye
damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Chronic inhalation can cause headache, loss of appetite, nervousness and pale skin. Repeated
or prolonged skin contact may cause a skin rash. Repeated exposure of the eyes to high
concentrations of vapor may cause reversible eye damage. Repeated exposure can damage
bone marrow, causing low blood cell count. May damage the liver and kidneys.Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney, blood, or
respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician immediately.
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Ingestion:
Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, vomiting may occur spontaneously, but DO NOT INDUCE.
If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration into lungs. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse.
Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper
eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
References:
1. http://delloyd.50megs.com/hazard/labsafety.html
2. http://grandprix.bsz-ellwangen.net/texte/Safety%20measures%20in%20the
%20lab.pdf
3. http://www.essortment.com/all/chemistrylabss_rbew.htm
4. http://www.articlesbase.com/college-and-university-articles/basic-chemistry-lab-
safety-3732368.html
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5. http://www.des.umd.edu/ls/labguide/one.htm
6. http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk
7. http://specialtygasesofamerica.com/msds/
8. http://www.pureline.com/images/msds_sheets/PureLine%20MSDS%20-%20Chlorine
%20071504.pdf
9. http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/CuSO4-5H2O.htm
10. http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml
11. http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/89308.htm
12. http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1964.html
13. http://specialtygasesofamerica.com/msds/methane-msds.pdf