final report nov 2014 - ksez.com.pkksez.com.pk/pdf/report2014.pdf · kh env airpu iron r spe ment...

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Environmental Impact Assessment of Khairpur Special Economic Zone (KSEZ)

Final Report

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Contents Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5

1.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 5

1.2 Brief Description of Project............................................................................................. 6

1.3 Project Schedule ............................................................................................................. 7

1.4 Project Objectives .......................................................................................................... 7

1.5 Justification of EIA Study ................................................................................................ 7

1.6 Categorization of the Project ....................................................................................... 7

1.7 Purpose of EIA Study ....................................................................................................... 8

1.8 Methodology Adopted for EIA Study .......................................................................... 8

1.8.1 Scoping Exercise ......................................................................................................... 8

1.8.2 Literature Reviews ....................................................................................................... 9

1.8.3 Surveys .......................................................................................................................... 9

1.8.4 Monitoring & Analysis .................................................................................................. 9

1.8.5 Identification of Aspects & Assessment of Impacts ............................................... 9

1.8.6 Preventive Measures & EMP ...................................................................................... 9

1.8.7 Documentation & Review ......................................................................................... 9

1.9 Organization of this Report .......................................................................................... 10

Chapter 2 Description of Project ............................................................................................... 11

2.1 Location ......................................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Project Background ...................................................................................................... 12

2.3 Project Justification ....................................................................................................... 13

2.4 Project Details ................................................................................................................ 15

2.5 Structural Design Concept .......................................................................................... 17

2.5.1 Structural Engineering Component ........................................................................ 17

Deflections to be ......................................................................................................................... 19

Considered ................................................................................................................................... 19

2.6 Utility Requirements....................................................................................................... 20

2.6.1 Calculation for the Energy Needs of the Zone ..................................................... 21

2.6.2 Calculation for the Water Needs of the Zone....................................................... 23

2.6.3 Details about Availability & Sources of Different Utilities: .................................... 23

Chapter 3 Legal Requirements .................................................................................................. 24

3.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ........................................................... 24

3.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE/EIA) Regulations 2000 25


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3.3 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) .................................................. 26

3.4 Self-Monitoring and Reporting System (SMART) ....................................................... 30

3.5 Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance, 1972 (SWPO) .................................................. 30

3.6 Ramsar Convention ...................................................................................................... 31

3.7 The Sindh Irrigation Act (1879) and the Canal and Drainage Act (1873) ............ 31

3.8 The Forest Act 1927 ....................................................................................................... 31

3.9 Antiquities Act 1975 ...................................................................................................... 32

3.10 Pakistan Penal Code (1860) ........................................................................................ 32

3.11 The Biodiversity Action Plan ......................................................................................... 32

3.12 The Convention on Biological Diversity ...................................................................... 32

3.13 The Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979 ... 32

3.14 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) .............................................................................................................................. 33

3.15 IUCN Red List .................................................................................................................. 33

3.16 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 .......................................................................................... 34

3.17 National Resettlement Policy, 2002 (draft) ................................................................ 34

3.18 Resettlement Ordinance 2002 .................................................................................... 35

3.19 Hazardous Substances Rules 2003 .............................................................................. 36

3.20 World Bank Guidelines on Environment ..................................................................... 36

3.21 The Equator Principles .................................................................................................. 37

3.22 IFC Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability ................. 38

3.23 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management ................................................ 38

Chapter 4 Description of Environment ...................................................................................... 40

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 40

4.2 Project Location ............................................................................................................ 40

4.2.1 Geography of Khairpur ............................................................................................ 40

4.2.2 Site Location – Khairpur Special Economic Zone ................................................. 41

4.2.3 Important locations and their distances from the Project Site: .......................... 43

4.3 Geology and Geomorphology .................................................................................. 43

4.4 Seismicity ........................................................................................................................ 43

4.5 Climate ........................................................................................................................... 46

4.6 Ambient Air Quality ...................................................................................................... 47

4.7 Traffic count ................................................................................................................... 48

4.8 Water Resources ........................................................................................................... 48

4.8.1 Surface Water ............................................................................................................ 48


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4.8.2 Groundwater ............................................................................................................. 48

4.8.3 Water Quality ............................................................................................................. 49

4.9 Biological and Built Environment ................................................................................ 49

4.9.1 Agriculture .................................................................................................................. 49

4.9.2 Agro-industrial Sector and its Objectives ............................................................... 50

4.9.3 Production Sector in Project Area .......................................................................... 52

4.9.4 Cottage Industry / Industrial Unites Existed in the Past ......................................... 52

4.9.5 Fauna .......................................................................................................................... 53

4.10 Socioeconomic Profile ................................................................................................. 53

4.10.1 Population .................................................................................................................. 53

4.10.2 Growth Rate ............................................................................................................... 54

4.10.3 Gender Ratio ............................................................................................................. 54

4.10.4 Literacy Rate .............................................................................................................. 54

4.10.5 Schools ........................................................................................................................ 54

4.10.6 Higher Education ....................................................................................................... 54

4.10.7 Vocational Education / Training Institutes ............................................................. 55

4.10.8 Health Facilities .......................................................................................................... 55

4.10.9 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Program ...................................... 55

4.10.10 Rural Water Supply Schemes under SAPP II ....................................................... 56

4.10.11 Manpower & Human Resources ......................................................................... 56

4.10.12 Relationship with the Agricultural Sector ........................................................... 56

4.10.13 Proximity to Other Important Cities ..................................................................... 57

4.10.14 Existing Industrial Set-up ........................................................................................ 57

4.11 Views & Suggestions of Stakeholders ......................................................................... 58

4.11.1 Academicians ........................................................................................................... 58

4.11.2 Chamber of Commerce & Industries Sukkur ......................................................... 58

4.11.3 Bureaucracy .............................................................................................................. 58

4.11.4 Business Community .................................................................................................. 59

Chapter 5 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................... 60

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 60

5.2 Assessment of Aspects & Impacts related to Siting of KSEZ .................................... 61

5.3 Assessment of Impacts at Pre-Construction & Construction Phase of KSEZ Project 62

5.3.1 Demolition of Structure(s) ......................................................................................... 62

5.3.2 Structural Stability ...................................................................................................... 62


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5.3.3 Erosion of Soil .............................................................................................................. 63

5.3.4 Construction Waste .................................................................................................. 63

5.3.5 Topography and Geology ....................................................................................... 64

5.3.6 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 64

5.3.7 Noise............................................................................................................................ 66

5.3.8 Water Sourcing .......................................................................................................... 66

5.3.9 Soil Contamination .................................................................................................... 67

5.3.10 Wastewater Generation & Disposal ....................................................................... 67

5.3.11 Solid Waste Generation and Management ......................................................... 69

5.3.12 Energy use .................................................................................................................. 70

5.3.13 Materials Selection .................................................................................................... 70

5.3.14 Ecological Impacts ................................................................................................... 71

5.3.15 Social Conflicts .......................................................................................................... 72

5.3.16 Public Utilities .............................................................................................................. 72

5.3.17 Health and Safety ..................................................................................................... 72

5.3.18 Road Safety and Traffic Management .................................................................. 72

5.3.19 Employment and Income Generation .................................................................. 73

5.3.20 Interactions with Communities ................................................................................ 73

5.3.21 Archaeological Resources ....................................................................................... 73

5.3.22 Maintaining Contact with Local Communities ..................................................... 74

5.3.23 Resource Utilization ................................................................................................... 74

5.4 Impacts Rating .............................................................................................................. 74

Chapter 6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) .............................................................. 77

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 77

6.2 Main Objectives of the EMP ........................................................................................ 77

6.3 Planning and Design of the Operations .................................................................... 77

6.3.1 Details of project Activities ...................................................................................... 77

6.3.2 Approvals ................................................................................................................... 77

6.3.3 Contractual Provision ............................................................................................... 78

6.4 Implementation of the Operation .............................................................................. 78

6.4.1 Co-ordination with Stakeholders ............................................................................. 78

6.4.2 Monitoring .................................................................................................................. 78

6.4.3 Emergency Procedures ............................................................................................ 78

6.4.4 Approvals ................................................................................................................... 78

6.4.5 Trainings ...................................................................................................................... 78


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6.4.6 Communication and Documentation ................................................................... 78

6.4.7 Change Management ............................................................................................. 79

6.4.8 Restoration ................................................................................................................. 79

6.5 Change Management Plan ........................................................................................ 79

6.5.1 Changes to the EMP ................................................................................................. 79

6.5.2 Changes to the Operation ...................................................................................... 79

6.6 Training Programme ..................................................................................................... 80

6.6.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 80

6.6.2 Roles and Responsibilities ......................................................................................... 80

6.6.3 Training Programme .................................................................................................. 80

6.7 Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................. 81

6.8 Environmental Monitoring Plan ................................................................................... 85

Chapter 7 Summary of Findings and Conclusion .................................................................... 87

Annexures Appendix I: Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE/EIA) Regulations 2000 Appendix II: National Environmental Quality Standards


Final Report

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Executive Summary This report presents the findings of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study carried out by EA Consulting Pvt. Ltd for the proposed Khairpur Special Economic Zone (KSEZ).

The EIA report has been prepared to respond to the requirements of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA), which requires that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Study, depending on the severity of impact, should be carried out prior to initiation of any activity at the proposed site and the results must be submitted to the concerned Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The “Khairpur Special Economic Zone” Project is being developed under the concept of “Public-Private-Partnership” (PPP) with the prime and twin objective of accelerating growth in agriculture & revitalizing the dormant industrial sector in the district. The strategy is to motivate farmers for linking up their agricultural operations to business and export oriented channels and supplying their produce to potential industrial users besides encouraging such private investors who may be willing to establish appropriate industrial units either using the local agricultural produce or the raw material, including the byproducts generated by other industries, either already operating or likely to sprout in the zone.

The Project is located near Khairpur Town in Taluka & district Khairpur. It is bounded on the north by Shikarpur & Sukkur towns, on the east by India, on the south by Sanghar & Nawabshah districts and on the west by Larkana district. The proposed site of the zone is located at Tando Nazar Ali on main National Highway. The site falls on the left side while going from Karachi to Sukkur. Total area earmarked for the zone by Sindh government is 139.5 acres. The Zone site is located in Taluka and District Khairpur.

This scheme is already on the planning anvil of the Government. Similar efforts were undertaken in the past but could not mature to meet the objectives and the efforts ended in fiasco. Therefore to make the present KSEZ Project a success the following steps were undertaken:

(1) The Project site is linked to National Highway (N-5) and rail link is also available near to Begmenjee railway station of PR.

(2) Gas, water, electricity & other utilities have already been planned at project site.

(3) Manufacturing units to be set-up in KSEZ would be selected based on a pre-planned

“Market Strategy” for allocation of land only to those dedicated industrialists and to those who would utilize the raw material available in the district and/or make use of the byproducts of the other units likely to come up in future. For instance, some of the units could handle dates by-products like pitted/un-pitted whole dates, press dates bricks, dates syrup and dates paste, making of mats and ropes, etc and other handicrafts based on date palm tree.

(4) The following units could be established by private sector at Khairpur Special Economic

Zone: A.Productivity Based Units

i Date Processing & Packaging Unit (at least 05 Nr.) ii Package Material & Branding Plant (at least 01 Nr.) iii Dry Date Processing & Mfg Plant (at least 02 Nr.) iv Date Syrup & Powder Plant (at least 01 Nr.)


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v Medium Density Fiber Board Plant (at least 01 Nr.) vi Activated Earth Plant “Multani Mitti” (at least 01 Nr.) vii Activated Carbon Plant (at least 01 Nr.) viii Ethanol Plant using Molasses (at least 01 Nr.) ix Silk Loom Cluster Unit moved from city to Khairpur IE & reorganized x “Bidri Wooden Furniture Works” / Ethnic Furniture & Wicker Ware Production to be

organized

B.Service Providing Units a) Commercial Bank (01 Nr.) b) Ware house (Minimum 1 but expandable) c) Cold Storage (as per actual requirements) d) Cargo Terminal for transports of goods (01 Nr.) e) Date Market/Khajoor Mandi: To be shifted from city to IE site f) Common Services Center: To provide maintenance service to established industrial units g) Common facility Center h) Technical Training Center inside KSEZ

The environmental aspects of the project as identified by situation analysis are related to the following:

(1) Physical environment, particularly siting of the Project (2) Ecological environment, and (3) Socio-economic environment.

Guidelines have been reviewed and stakeholders have been consulted for classification of polluted and unpolluted sites with respect to their airshed, watershed, and land use; sensitivity of ecosystem including fauna, flora, wildlife, aquatic life, historical and archaeological sites and their significance, and sensitivity of the site in terms of accommodating the Special Economic Zone.

The findings of the EIA study are:

• The proposed KSEZ project would be sited on 139.5 acres of land in Khairpur Town in Taluka and District Khairpur, Sindh. The land is owned by the Provincial Government. Hence there is no issue of land acquisition from private sector and also no displacement of population is envisaged. The proposed / selected site thus remains the only and preferred alternate for siting the Project.

• The location of site is strategically positioned in proximity to date palm farms and

agricultural lands connected with well-established transportation routes, and having accessibility of labor to the project zone. Hence socioeconomically, KSEZ has high potential to grow into a regional hub of agro industry and enterprise particularly in manufacturing related to agro-processing and equipment, etc.

• The Project responds directly to the demands of the region that would fulfill the

socioeconomic needs of the masses desiring elevation in their standard of living. The


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KSEZ project is being brought in and consolidated on the basis of “Public-Private-Partnership” (PPP) with its driving objective to promote agriculture & also to revitalize industrialization in the region. The strategy is a two prong approach, i.e. to motivate farmers in integrating their agricultural activities with the agro-business leading to promotion and development of industrial establishment in their domain.

• The utility infrastructure providing water, natural gas and electricity at the proposed

site available makes it a viable project in terms of rapidly flourishing economic zone. KSEZ is also linked with National Highway (N-5) and rail link is also available close to Begmenjee railway station on the Pakistan Railways national rail network.

• The airshed of the site is falls in category of unpolluted air environment due to

virtually non-existence of any such activity that is currently emitting any pollutants to ambient air thereby deteriorating its quality. Siting of the KSEZ is unlike to cause any adverse impacts on the quality of water, air, and noise in its microenvironment.

• The Project does not involve displacement of population, loss of business and

annoyance to the living environment that may cause or disturb the peace and tranquility of its surroundings.

• The KSEZ project would support and strengthen the district’s agricultural production

throughput to re-build the manufacturing sector so that it may realize the potential it once had reached. Within agriculture, date production is the largest crop yield affecting directly or indirectly the livelihood and in turn the socioeconomic status of the majority of people living in Khairpur district. The date growers are still thriving on primitive processing techniques, thus there is a huge uptake and potential for value adding modern processing facilities. Significant scope for commercial food industry associated business exist that will not only improve the socioeconomic status of the agro-based farmers but also the agriculture yield of the region and KSEZ project could be platform through which this revolution may be achieved.

• The commercial scope is high that exists for manufacturing fruit and vegetable

dehydrators that is essentially required by the date growers. In addition there is a huge scope for manufacturing of agricultural equipment in Khairpur region.

• KSEZ site has no sensitive areas such as protected lands including wildlife

sanctuaries, game reserves or national parks, or any archaeological, historical or cultural heritage in its immediate neighborhood. Hence its location is away and does not fall to lie within or in close proximity of a sensitive area.

• The demand created by the industrial sector will also help build the support sectors of

finance, transportation, and education. KSEZ, when completed will not need much time to become a component of the ecosystem; as such the development will have no significant impact on the precious ecology. Removal of trees or greenery would be minimized or otherwise compensated.


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• KSEZ will have a significant impact on the performance of agricultural sector through reducing wastage, increasing prices, and boosting exports. The increase in processing activities will spur demand for crops, thus stimulating the increase of yields and exploration of new growing technologies. Additionally, the project will elevate Khairpur’s location benefiting local industries flourish in the region that previously have not either been set or flourished present in that area. The entrepreneurship that would be facilitated by the KSEZ will directly create employment as well as stimulate the growth in the agricultural sector.

• The Agro-Special Economic Zone to be established at Khairpur particularly belongs

to agriculture and industrial sectors. Purposely, the project would benefit the farming community who has the date orchards in Khairpur & Mirwah talukas of Khairpur district. Besides it would also benefit the owners of the industrial units that would process the high quality dates grown in the project area. Hence the project is envisaged as an industrial and commercial facility which would provide economic and trade platform to the local agricultural based community for the promotion of the produce in the region as well as creating opportunities for entrepreneurship, investment in the local economy, and employment and socioeconomic uplift of general masses.

It is envisaged that the KSEZ would be established and operated without causing any significant adverse environmental impacts. The Project is compatible with the aims and objectives set out in

a) Sustainable Development by promoting improvement in quality of life, and

b) Promoting the development of construction industry nationwide and thus to sustainable economic development in Pakistan.

This EIA Study finds that launching of the Khairpur Special Economic Zone (KSEZ) project would respond to the principles of sustainable development that aim at:

“Socially equitable and economically viable development to improve the quality of life for all citizens of the Earth, without altering the balance in the ecosystem”.

The Study therefore recommends that the EIA Report should be approved with the provision that the suggested mitigation measures will be adopted and the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan will be followed in letter and spirit.


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Chapter 1 Introduction

Name of Project: Khairpur Special Economic Zone Location of Project Site: The Project is located near Khairpur Town in Taluka &

District Khairpur Name of Project Proponent: Project Office, Khairpur Special Economic Zone,

District Council Office, Near Radio Pakistan, Khairpur Mir’s, District Khairpur. Contact Person: Capt. (R) Anwar-ul-Haque Project Director, Khairpur Special Economic Zone,

Project Office, Khairpur Special Economic Zone, District Council Office, Near Radio Pakistan,

Khairpur Mir’s, District Khairpur. Telephone / Fax No: 0243 9280201

Name of EIA Consultant: EA Consulting Pvt. Ltd. Contact Person: Dr. Mansoor A.H. Imam AL-9, 15th Avenue, Khayabane Hilal DHA Phase VII Karachi 75500 Ph: (021) 584181-4, Fax (021) 5841825 Cell: +92-300-2291521

1.1 General This report presents the findings of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study carried out by EA Consulting Pvt. Ltd for proposed Khairpur Special Economic Zone (KSEZ).

The Government of Sindh is keen to develop the project on priority basis and has made allocations in its Annual Development Programmes as detailed in Annexure 1. The KSEZ Project is being developed by the National Industrial Park Development & Management Company (NIP) who are consultants to the DGK.

This EIA report has been prepared to respond to the requirements of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA), which requires that an Environmental Impact Assessment or Initial Environmental Examination Study, depending on the severity of impact, should be carried out prior to initiation of any activity at the proposed site and the results submitted to the concerned Environmental Protection Agency. The Pakistan Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Review Regulations 2000 provide the guidelines for preparation and submission of the EIA / IEE Reports. Accordingly this EIA study has been carried out to take into account the likely impacts of activities on the physical, biological and social environment for the proposed KSEZ.

Field surveys for the EIA study were carried out during the period: March, April and May 2012 by a team of environmentalists, sociologists & ecologists. Relevant data to establish the baseline and to carry out environmental impact assessment were collected during field observations in the course of surveys; consultations and meetings with government departments, NGOs and communities; and ground truthing of available secondary information. Applicable World Bank


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guidelines and environmental assessment procedures prepared by the Pakistan EPA were followed in the preparation of the EIA.

1.2 Brief Description of Project A piece of 136 acres land was acquired for setting up KSEZ. Its modified PC-1 was first approved during December 2009 and funds amounting to Rs 1148.612 million were accorded administrative approval by the Local Government Department, Government of Sindh in January 2010. However, during process of development it was observed that the project site was waterlogged. It was therefore decided to acquire new land which is free of the twin menace of water logging and salinity. Hence new land measuring 139.5 acres was acquired in Deh Tando Nazar Ali of Taluka Khairpur.

This scheme is already on planning anvil of the Government. Similar efforts were undertaken in the past but could not mature to meet the objectives and the efforts ended in fiasco. Therefore to make the present KEZ Project a success the following steps were undertaken:

(1) The Project site is linked with national highway (N-5) and rail link is also available near to Begmenjee railway station of PR.

(2) Gas, water, electricity & other utilities have been planned at project site

(3) Manufacturing units to be set-up in KSEZ would be selected based on a pre-planned “Market Strategy” for allocation of land only to those dedicated industrialists and to those who would make use of the raw material available in the district and/or make use of the byproducts of the other units likely to come up in future. For instance some of the units could handle dates by-products like pitted/un-pitted whole dates, press dates bricks, dates syrup and dates paste.

(4) The following units could be established by private sector at Khairpur IE:

Productivity Based Units a) Date Processing & Packaging Unit (at least 05 Nr.) b) Package Material & Branding Plant (at least 01 Nr.) c) Dry Date Processing & Mfg Plant (at least 02 Nr.) d) Date Syrup & Powder Plant (at least 01 Nr.) e) Medium Density Fiber Board Plant (at least 01 Nr.) f) Activated Earth Plant “Multani Mitti” (at least 01 Nr.) g) Activated Carbon Plant (at least 01 Nr.) h) Ethanol Plant using Molasses (at least 01 Nr.) i) Silk Loom Cluster Unit moved from city to Khairpur IE & reorganized j) “Bidri Wooden Furniture Works” / Ethnic Furniture & Wicker Ware Production to

be organized

Service Providing Units a) Commercial Bank (01 Nr.) b) Ware house (Minimum 1 but expandable) c) Cold Storage (as per actual requirements) d) Cargo Terminal for transports of goods (01 Nr.) e) Date Market/Khajoor Mandi: To be shifted from city to IE site f) Common Services Center: To provide maintenance service


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to established industrial units g) Common facility Center h) Technical Training Center inside KSEZ

1.3 Project Schedule The updated Project Schedule is presented at Annexure II.

1.4 Project Objectives The “Khairpur Economic Zone” Project is being established under the development concept of “Public-Private-Partnership” (PPP) with the prime and twine objective of accelerating growth in agriculture & revitalizing the dormant industrial sector in the district. The strategy is to motivate farmers for linking up their agricultural operations to business and export oriented channels and supplying their produce to potential industrial users besides encouraging such private investors who may be willing to establish appropriate industrial units either using the local agricultural produce or the raw material, including the byproducts generated by other industries, either already operating or likely to spring-up in the zone.

The secondary objective of the project is creation of employment opportunities, laying the foundation for more sophisticated future industrial growth in the district, increasing export targets of dates from Khairpur, raising the standard of living of people in general and farming community in particular besides contributing to the poverty alleviation efforts of the government. It will provide a friendly environment for emergence of business and entrepreneur class in the corporate sector of Khairpur district. The project will leverage Khairpur’s location benefits to attract industries that historically have not been present in the area.

1.5 Justification of EIA Study The EIA has been prepared in compliance with the requirements of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997, Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures, 1997 and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of EIA/IEE) Regulations-2000. Compliance with the Provisions of PEPA 1997, Section-12 requires that:

“No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Government Agency designated by Federal Environmental Protection Agency or Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies, as the case may be, or, where the project is likely to cause adverse environmental effects an environmental impact assessment, and has obtained from Government Agency approval in respect thereof.”

1.6 Categorization of the Project The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of EIA/IEE) Regulations 2000 have clearly defined the categories of projects that require an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Schedules I & II respectively.

According to Para 3 of EIA/IEE Regulations-2000: “A proponent of a project falling in any category listed in Schedule I shall file an IEE with the Federal Agency, and the provisions of section 12 shall apply to such project”.


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According to Para 4 of EIA/IEE Regulations-2000: “A proponent of a project falling in any category listed in Schedule II shall file an EIA with the Federal Agency, and the provisions of section 12 shall apply to such project”.

Schedule II of the regulations includes: “all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas” and “any project likely to cause an adverse environmental effect.”

Industrial estates (including export processing zones) are covered by Schedule-II (List of projects requiring EIA).

1.7 Purpose of EIA Study The main purpose of this EIA Study is to respond to provisions of Environmental Protection Act 1997, and to provide information on the nature and extent of environmental impacts arising from construction of KSEZ and related activities that would take place concurrently or subsequently. The EIA study has been conducted for the purpose of:

• Describing the environmental baseline of the project area;

• Describing the activities pertaining to the Project;

• Ascertaining applicability of relevant rules and regulations to the site and operations;

• Undertaking the environmental assessment from the perspective of environmental and social aspects in the project area, and suggesting mitigation measures for sustained development;

• Identifying the environmental consequences of siting the project and inception of associated activities;

• Identifying conditions that may require detailed design, and specification on activities during construction and operations of the project, besides suggesting measures to mitigate the adverse environmental aspects;

• Assessment of impact of construction and operation activities of KSEZ.

• Ensuring the adequacy of proposed mitigation measures to deal with residual impacts after implementation of the Project.

1.8 Methodology Adopted for EIA Study EA Consulting Pvt. Ltd. organized a team of experts and adopted its own procedures for making assessment of impact of activities during the construction and operational phases on micro environment and macro environment of the project:

1.8.1 Scoping Exercise

Meetings were held with the DGK Officials and other stakeholders to:

• Discuss and define the scope of EIA study • Programme a work schedule for collecting baseline data needed for assessment of status of

microenvironment and macroenvironment of KSEZ project site, and • Invite and incorporate views and comments of stakeholders on the project and its likely

impact in the Study.


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1.8.2 Literature Reviews

This study has incorporated data collected by Environmental experts during their visits to the site, and from KSEZ Officials, stakeholders and the archives of the consultants. The study team contacted DGK for the collection of project specific data such as design, project specifications; construction and operations activities of project.

Additionally the published data on the physical and social environment of the project area was reviewed and incorporated wherever necessary.

1.8.3 Surveys

The consultant organized collection of information on settlements around project specific location within 5 km radius through socio-economic surveys. Issues related to project were discussed with the DGK personnel and their concerns were noted. Surveys were also organized by biologist to identify the flora and fauna of the project area.

1.8.4 Monitoring & Analysis

The consultants team conducted i) ambient air quality measurements for 24 hours to examine and establish air quality profile of the site, and ii) analysis of the quality of water.

1.8.5 Identification of Aspects & Assessment of Impacts

EIA specialists identified the environmental and social aspects resulting from Project activities and assessed the significance of their impacts. This step required the use of collected data to identify impacts on human health and the environment and risks involved in different activities during construction, commissioning and operation phases of the project.

1.8.6 Preventive Measures & EMP

Based on the impacts identified, mitigation and control measures to minimize the likely negative impacts of construction and operations of KSEZ on the environment were proposed. All mitigation measures were documented and the same were used towards development of environmental management plan (EMP). A monitoring plan has also been incorporated in the EMP to verify that the commitments made in the EIA document are in place and to identify the residual impacts that may need to be mitigated.

1.8.7 Documentation & Review

This is the final step that completes the EIA study. The data generated during and for the study are compiled and examined by experts of the respective field. Sections of this report were prepared as the study progressed, by consultant office staff in coordination with experts. The report was finally reviewed by team leader, to assess its credibility in accordance with Pakistan's Environmental Legislations.


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1.9 Organization of this Report This EIA Study is structured in the following format:

Chapter-1 (Introduction) provides an introduction, the objectives and background of the Project; justification of EIA, and categorization of the Project.

Chapter-2 (Description of Project) describes the project, its siting in district Khairpur; design features; Construction activities.

Chapter-3 (Legal and Administrative Framework) gives an overview of Policy and application of Legislation and International Guidelines relevant to KSEZ operations.

Chapter-4 (Description of Environmental Baseline) provides a description of the microenvironment and macro environment of KSEZ. This chapter describes the Physical, Ecological and Socioeconomic condition of the Project area.

Chapter-5 (Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures) describes the alternatives, potential environmental and social aspects and impact of construction and operation of KSEZ on the different features of the micro and macro environment, and using the general guidelines presents a screening of potential environmental impacts at the designing, construction and operation stages.

Chapter-6 (Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan) presents the environmental management that has been incorporated in the design and operation of KSEZ. It additionally includes the proposal to identify residual impact as a result of adoption of mitigation measures after the Project goes into operation.

Chapter-7 (Conclusion) summarizes the report and presents the findings, conclusions and recommendations.

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Page 12

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not identify the inherent strengths of the area and the natives. Any growth oriented program in the district must be backed by the resident agricultural and commerce communities as only through their innovations and entrepreneurs economic growth and prosperity can materialize which ultimately would lead to a meaningful development of the district.

2.3 Project Justification The project could be justified on the basis of a number of cogent reasons as explained below:

(1) Achieving the Policy Objectives of Government of Sindh

The Government of Sindh (GoSindh), through its development wing - Planning & Development Department (P&DD), is striving to create opportunities for the investors in the province so that they may have access to profitable openings in agro-industrial fields by establishing suitable industrial units for processing the agriculture produce, especially Palm Dates which are growing on vast area in Khairpur district and inter alia contribute to raise the current low proportion of exported “processed dates” from Pakistan to world markets. Pakistan, on an average, exports 10% of date’s production while 90% crop is either consumed locally or wasted. This means that export of dates can be increased through modern production, packing techniques and well-organized post-harvest management. For achieving this goal a pilot project is envisaged in the economic zone at Khairpur.

(2) Significant Increase to World Export Market

The production data released by the Ministry of Food, Agricultural & Livestock (MINFAL) on fruit, vegetables and condiments of Pakistan shows that USA is the largest importer of fresh dates from Pakistan with 49% share in total export volume of fresh dates, followed by UK and Canada with 14% and 10% shares respectively. Pakistan being the main grower of dates is ranked high, coming after Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and U.A.E in the list of top date producing countries with 10% share of global production. Dried dates (Chohara) from Pakistan are however mainly exported to India. (3) Promotion & Development Efforts for Prominent Date Varieties

From commercial point of view some date varieties command a premium value over others. Such important varieties of Pakistan include Aseel, Karbalai, Fasli, Muzawati, Hillawi, Begum Jamngi, Dashtiari, Sabzo, Jaan Swore, Kehraba, Rabai and Dhakki. Out of these “Aseel” of Khairpur, Dhakki of D.I. Khan and Begum Jangi of Mekran are the best of all varieties of dates grown in Pakistan in terms of their demand and popularity the world over. These varieties have surpassed by none and are matched with “Deglet Nour”, “Zahidi” and few others of world most popular dates. In view of this global importance “Aseel” variety grown in the Project Area deserves to be protected brand wise and its productivity increased both by intensive and extensive agronomic-cum-management measures and while in the processing plant through improved processing, handling, preserving and packaging techniques. The Khairpur Project will adequately address these aspects and is considered a right step in the right direction and at the right time. (4) Fulfillment of Popular Public Demand

The political leadership from Khairpur division is well aware of the public demand for creation of employment opportunities in rural and urban areas of the district. In token recognition of the


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public demand the local leaders, representing social and political arena, raised their voice at the provincial and national forums to initiate public demand oriented projects in the area they represent. Taking cognizance of the public demand and respecting sentiments of local leadership, the Government of Sindh proposed an Agro Special Economic Zone (KSEZ) at Khairpur in collaboration with industry partners, entrepreneurs and design consultants.

Besides the above, the project can also be justified on the basis as laid down below:

• The project is intended to provide a motivation to kick start economic activity in Khairpur and northern part of Sindh province. However, a lack of proper industrial coordination has prevented the successful growth of the local business class

• By developing a special economic zone, the high quality infrastructure, premium location, and benefits of clustering will create an ideal business environment to provide for the organized growth of industry. The design and strategy for the development of the KSEZ will reflect the strengths of the area while also correcting for weaknesses such as shortage of electricity, lack of security, and inefficient transportation connections.

• The concentration of industry in a single area will also spur the development of support industries and suppliers that in turn increases the ease of doing business. The economic zone model has been very successful in countries across Asia as it helps developing countries to rationalize and concentrate their infrastructure investment into well-placed industrial areas.

• In Pakistan, the limited effort to replicate the model of a properly planned, high quality zone has had success in the instances that it has been done. KSEZ will follow this model to create a rationally planned and attractive investment destination to generate new economic activity.

• The local economy is currently very agrarian. Though the agricultural sector benefits from the favorable climate, fertile soil, and quality irrigation systems, there is limited opportunity for growth and poverty alleviation by continuing in the same practices that have been in place for generations. The KSEZ will be developed and marketed with an objective of diversifying the local economy to create greater opportunities for growth and to reduce reliance on growing specific crops. This evolution towards industrialization is based on a solid foundation because the zone will try to create a bridge where the strong agriculture can lead to a profusion of food processing activity. The zone’s marketing strategy will also use the large agricultural sector as a draw for investors who manufacture products such as farming equipment that has a demand in such areas.

• A key objective is to generate quality employment that can increase the earning capability of local workers. The KSEZ is expected to create over 10,000 direct jobs and 50,000 indirect jobs by the time it is in full swing. The jobs will also create opportunities to raise the technical skills of the local labor force. To facilitate the development of such skills, there will be a technical training center on site as well as coordination with local educational institutes for job training.

• All of these objectives can be aided by Khairpur’s advantageous location. Its immediate area is close to population centers in Sukkur, Nawabshah and Larkana which provides a ready and oftentimes underserved consumer market. There is a wealth of raw material to draw


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Page 15

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This scheme is already on planning anvil of the Government. Similar efforts were undertaken in the past but could not mature to meet the objectives and the efforts ended in fiasco. Therefore to make the present KEZ Project a success the following steps were undertaken:

(1) The Project site is linked with national highway (N-5) and rail link is also available near to Begmenjee railway station of PR.

(2) Gas, water, electricity & other utilities have been planned at project site (3) Manufacturing units to be set-up in KSEZ would be selected based on a pre-planned

“Market Strategy” for allocation of land only to those dedicated industrialists and to those who would make use of the raw material available in the district and/or make use of the byproducts of the other units likely to come up in future. For instance some of the units could handle dates by-products like pitted/un-pitted whole dates, press dates bricks, dates syrup and dates paste.

Provision of Technical Training inside KSEZ: To provide qualified labor for zone enterprises, there will be a technical training center at KSEZ. In addition to supplying the zone enterprises with trained labor, the technical training center aims to have an overall impact of the quality of human resources in Khairpur. The types of training provided will mirror the demand for workers with minimal education. Such positions would include mason, painter, carpenter, and steel fixers. The next tier is for the semi-skilled workers with at least 8-10 years of education. The positions in this tier include welder, machinist, mechanic, tractor operator, and fork lift operator. The high end tier of jobs is for people with at least 10 years of education and includes positions such as computer science, manager, and electrician. There will also be programs focused on-the-job training for women.

Common Facility for Dates: A facility will be constructed to include equipment for mechanical drying of dates. Growers are currently using sun-drying process. The drawback of sun-drying includes the length of time required (5-6 days) and the difficulty of protecting the dates from birds & rain. With a common drying and curing facility, growers will now bring raw dates to the facility for drying in an oven. A natural gas powered drying oven will be used with uniform temperature for the dates to be deposited. Once the dates are harvested, the growers will be scheduled to place their crop into the drying oven and the dates can be properly dried and cured in 5-8 hours. This new technology will help the growers to maximize the value of their crop by significantly reducing wastage and increasing the quality of their dates. The full capacity will be 3,000 tons per season.

Physical Infrastructure Planned: The strategy to be followed for development of project infrastructure may comprise the following activities: Infrastructure facilities to be provided such as:

• Internal Roads • Drainage – (storm water & sewerage disposal) • Water Supply & Gas network • Technical Training Center • Power House • Board of Management • Packing & Printing Industry • Common Facility Center • Commercial Area: Bank, & Shopping Center


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• Area for Processing units / Industries • Truck Terminal • Security / Police check post

2.5 Structural Design Concept

Structural system will comprise of Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame System to support gravity and lateral loads.

2.5.1 Structural Engineering Component

(1) Foundation

Reinforced Concrete isolated, combined and strip footings will be used.

Vertical Elements: Columns supported on isolated or combined footings will be provided to support the beams & slabs and to resist gravity & lateral loads due to seismic forces.

Floor Slabs and Roof: Reinforced concrete beams and reinforced concrete slab system, supported on columns will be provided to support floor slabs. Steel Truss System with corrugated G.I. Sheets, supported either on reinforced concrete beams or masonry walls, will be provided for roofing.

(2) Design Codes of Practice Codes of Practice: The structural design of the buildings will be documented in accordance with the following codes.

a) Uniform Building Code (UBC-1997) (Seismic analysis) b) ACI 318-2002 (Reinforced concrete design)

(3) Material Properties

The minimum Concrete Compressive Strength for different elements are as follows:

Cylindrical (mPa / psi)

Foundation & Columns - 24.5 / 3500

Yield Strength “fy” for Steel Reinforcement shall be 415 Mpa (60000 psi).

(4) Loading Combinations

All combinations that include earthquake loads would be as per ACI 318-2002

For Strength Design use basic load combinations as per ACI 318-2002.

For Allowable Stress Design use basic load combinations as per UBC-97.

(5) Gravity Loads

Self Weights Reinforced Concrete 24 kN/m3


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Structural Steel 78 kN/m3 Block Work (Solid) 22 kN/m3 Soil 18 kN/m3 Water 10 kN/m3

(6) Superimposed Dead Loads

Floor Finishes 1.8 kN/ m2 Partition walls As per actual

(7) Superimposed Live Loads UDL

Residential Areas 2.0 kN/ m2 Office Areas 3.0 kN/ m2 Lobbies 4.0 kN/ m2 Stairs and Corridors 4.0 kN/ m2 Roof (Non Accessible) 1.0 kN/ m2 Live load Surcharge (Basement Walls) 10 kN/ m2 Water Tanks As per actual

(8) Seismic Design

As per UBC-1997 Seismic Design Parameters (for special moment resisting frame) Seismic Zone Factor 2B (As per UBC) Soil Profile Type SC (As per UBC) Occupancy Category “I” 1.0 (As per UBC) Over Strength Factors “R” 5.5 (As per UBC) Seismic Coefficient “Ca” Dependent on Soil (As per UBC) Seismic Coefficient “Cv” Dependent on Soil (As per UBC)

(9) Accidental Torsion

The buildings with Rigid Diaphragm shall be designed with the provision of 5% eccentricities in seismic load applications as per Section 1630.6.

(10) Structure Time Period (UBC-1997 Section1630.2.2)

Method A TA = Ct (hn)3/4

Where Ct (ft) = 0.03

Method B TETABS = Program (ETABS) Calculated If TETABS ≤ 1.40 TA then T = TETABS If TETABS > 1.40 TA then T = TA

(11) Story Drift Limitation

As per UBC-1997 Section 1630.10.2 For Time Period T < 0.7 sec. ΔM ≤ 0.025 h


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For Time Period T ≥ 0.7 sec. ΔM ≤ 0.020 h Where ΔM (Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement) = 0.7 R ΔS ΔS = Design Level Response Displacement h = Story Height

(12) Modulus of Elasticity

For Concrete Ec = 4700 √fc (Mpa) (ACI 318-02)

For Reinforcement Es = 200,000 (Mpa)

(13) Moment of Inertia (for frame analysis) (UBC-1997 Section1910.11.1.2)

Beams: 0.35 Ig Columns: 0.70 Ig Walls: Uncracked 0.70 Ig Cracked 0.35 Ig Slabs 0.25 Ig

(14) Deflection Criteria (ACI 318-02, Table 9.5(b))

Type of Member Deflections to be Considered

Deflection Limits

Flat roofs not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections

Immediate deflection due to Live Load L/180

Floors not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections

Immediate deflection due to Live Load L/360

Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections

This part of the total deflection occurring after attachment of nonstructural elements (sum of the long term deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection due to any additional live loads)

L/480

Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections

L/240

(15) Durability

Concrete cover and minimum section dimensions are chosen to satisfy the fire endurance requirement of at least two hours. Minimum concrete covers to the nearest reinforcement (including links) as per ACI-7.7.1 shall be as follows:

Concrete cover used for structural members

Slabs 20mm Beams 40mm Columns 40mm Foundation 75mm


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Retaining Wall 40mm Retaining Wall (Earth facing) 75mm

2.6 Utility Requirements Zone’s requirements for the following types of utilities are analyzed:

(1) Electricity (2) Water (3) Natural Gas

Reliable and ample supply of electricity would be one of the most critical prerequisites of the zone. WAPDA with its known deficiencies and infrastructural problems cannot be relied upon for uninterrupted supply of electricity to the Zone and therefore, captive power plant, preferably using agricultural and municipal waste as fuel would be a must.

Expected electricity requirements of the zone are worked out on the basis of electricity requirements of medium sized units of industries expected to be attracted to the Zone – these requirements would then be extrapolated to gauge total requirement of the Zone

Approximate electricity & water requirements of some of the industries likely to be housed in KSEZ:

Assumptions: • Plants Run for 16 Hours a Day • Utility Requirements are Calculated for Medium Sized Plants

a) Date Washing and Drying Plant: • Required Sanctioned Load = 300 KVA • Peak Load = 200 KV • Electricity = 1,800 Units / Day • Water = 12,000 Liters / Day

b) Date Value Added Production Plant: • Required Sanctioned Load = 300 KVA • Peak Load = 200 KV • Electricity = 3,400 Units / Day • Water = 15,000 Liters / Day

c) Mango Processing • Required Sanctioned Load = 600 KV • Peak Load = 400 KV • Electricity = 6,400 Units / Day • Water = 10,000 Liters / Day

d) Flour Mill • Required Sanctioned Load = 600 KVA • Peak Load = 400 KV • Electricity = 6,400 Units / Day


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• Water = 4,000 Liters / Day

e) Ginning Mill • Required Sanctioned Load = 600 KVA • Peak Load = 300 KV • Electricity = 4,200 Units / Day • Water = (Nominal) Liters / Day

f) Cold Store • Required Sanctioned Load = 50 KVA • Peak Load = 35 Amperes • Electricity = 240 Units / Day • Water = 300 Liters / Day

g) Ice Factory • Required Sanctioned Load = 100 KVA • Peak Load = 50 • Electricity = 2,000 Units / Day • Water = 25,000 Liters / Day

h) Garment Manufacturing • Required Sanctioned Load = 200 KW • Peak Load = 100 • Electricity = 12,000 Units / Day • Water = (Nil) Liters / Day

2.6.1 Calculation for the Energy Needs of the Zone

Basis:

• Total saleable area of the Zone = 95.2 acres • Percentage of Zone area dedicated to Food Based Agro cluster=60% • Total area of the Zone dedicated to Food Based Agro cluster=57.12 acres • Percentage of Zone area dedicated to Non-Food Based Agro cluster=30% • Total area of the Zone dedicated to Non-Food Based Agro cluster=28.58 acres • Percentage of Zone area dedicated to Non-Agro cluster=10% • Total area of the Zone dedicated to Non Agro cluster=9.52 acres • Weighted average size of each plot in the zone=0.75 acres • It is assumed that there would be some amalgamation of plots as plot sizing has been

kept on the smaller side on purpose, therefore average size of each unit is assumed to be 1 acre

• Approximate number of Food Based Agro units housed in this cluster=57 • Approximate number of Non-Food Based Agro units housed in this cluster=28 • Approximate number of Non Agro units housed in this cluster=9 • Representative Food Based Agro Industry – Date Processing


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• Representative Non Food Based Agro Industry – Cotton Ginning • Representative Non Agro Industry – Garment Stitching

Energy Requirements of Food Based Agro Industry

• Total electricity load required by a representative Food Based Agro Industry (Date Processing) as peak load = 200 KV

• Extrapolating energy load of representative Food Based Agro industry for the entire Food Based Agro cluster = 200 X 57 = 11,400 KV

• Approximate daily electricity utilization by a representative Food Based Agro Industry (Date Processing) 3,400 units

• Extrapolating electricity utilization by representative Food Based Agro Industry for the entire cluster = 3,400 X 57 =193,800 units

Energy Requirements of Non Food Based Agro Industry

• Total electricity load required by a representative Non-Food Based Agro Industry (Cotton Ginning) as peak load = 300 KV

• Extrapolating energy load of representative Non-Food Based Agro industry for the entire Non-Food Based Agro cluster = 300 X 28 = 8,400 KV

• Approximate daily electricity utilization by a representative Food Based Agro Industry (Cotton Ginning) 4,200 units

• Extrapolating electricity utilization by representative Food Based Agro Industry for the entire cluster = 4,200 X 28 =117,600 units

Energy Requirement of Non Agro Industry

• Total electricity load required by a representative Non Agro cluster (Garment Stitching Unit) as peak load = 100 KV

• Extrapolating energy load of representative Non Agro industry for the entire Food Based Agro cluster = 100 X 9 = 900 KV

• Approximate daily electricity utilization by a representative Non Agro Industry (Garment Stitching Unit) 12,000 units

• Extrapolating electricity utilization by representative Non Agro Industry for the entire cluster = 12,000 X 9 = 108,000 units

Calculating Energy Needs of the Entire Zone

a) Electricity Peak Load: • 11,400 (energy load of Food Based Agro Cluster) + 8,400 (energy load of Non Food

Based Agro cluster) + 900 (energy load of Non Agro cluster) = 20,700 KV b) Electricity Consumption in Units: • 193,800 (energy requirement of Food Based Agro Cluster) + 117,600 (energy

requirement of Non Food Based Agro cluster) + 108,000 (energy requirement of Non Agro cluster) = 419,400 units


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Page 23

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Final Report


Chapter 3 Legal Requirements This chapter highlights the applicable laws, regulations and guidelines with regard to the environmental and social considerations in connection to proposed development of KPEZ. The principle law is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), 1997 that was enacted on 06th December 1997 with the objective of “protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of environment for the prevention and control of pollution, and promotion of sustainable development”.

3.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the ‘Act’) is the basic legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The Act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to air, water, soil, marine, and noise pollution, as well as the handling of hazardous waste. The key features of the law that have a direct bearing on the proposed project are the following:

1. Section 11(1) states that, “Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made there under no person shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission of any effluent or waste or air pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards…”

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (the body mainly responsible to enforce the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997) has issued National Environmental Quality Standards that will be applicable to the proposed project.

2. Section 12(1) requires that, “No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Federal Agency an initial environmental examination [IEE] or, where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an environmental impact assessment [EIA], and has obtained from the Federal Agency approval in respect thereof.”

For this project: • ‘Federal Agency’ refers to the Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) • As per the regulations (discussed later), it is required that an EIA be submitted, for

which approval must be obtained before undertaking any project work.

3. Section 14 requires that, “Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat, dispose of, store, handle or import any hazardous substance except (a) under a license issued by the Federal Agency and in such manner as may be prescribed; or (b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any international treaty, convention, protocol, code, standard, agreement or other instrument to which Pakistan is a party.”

The enforcement of this clause requires the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency to issue regulations to define licensing procedures and ‘hazardous material.’ To date, this has not been done, so the proponents of the proposed project are under no legal obligation to obtain a license. The condition will be applicable whenever the licensing procedures and hazardous materials are defined.

The EIA study of proposed KPEZ conforms to section 12 of PEPA 1997.


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3.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE/EIA) Regulations 2000 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (The 2000 Regulations) promulgated under PEPA 1997 was enforced in June 2000. These Regulations define the applicability and procedures for preparation, submission and review of IEE and EIA. These Regulations also give legal status to the Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures prepared by the Federal EPA in 1997.

The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Oil and gas exploration and production activities are included in Schedule I. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. The proposed KSEZ project falls in Schedule II (List of projects requiring EIA) under category B.5: Industrial estates (including export processing zones).

Under EIA/IEE Regulations, proponent is liable to file application of EIA approval at Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) on a prescribed format. Accordingly, 10 hard copies and 2 soft copies of the EIA report have been are required to be submitted to SEPA. SEPA will grant its decision on the EIA as per the rules and procedures set out in the 2000 Regulations. The following rules apply.

• A review fee of PKR. 30,000 is payable in form of pay order in favor of DG-SEPA.

• The EIA submittal is to be accompanied by an application in the format prescribed in Schedule IV of the 2000 Regulations.

• SEPA is bound to conduct a preliminary scrutiny and reply within 10 days of the submittal of the report a) confirming completeness, or b) asking for additional information, if needed.

• SEPA will publish a public notice in any English or Urdu national newspaper and in a local newspaper of general circulation in the area affected by the project. The public notice will mention the following:

The type of project; The location of the project; The name and address of the proponent; The places at which the EIA can be accessed; and The date, time and place for public hearing of any comments on the project or its EIA.

• The date set for public hearing will not be earlier than 30 days from the date of publication of the public notice.

• In the review process SEPA may consult a Committee of Experts, which maybe constituted on the request of the Director General (DG) SEPA.

• On completion of the review process and the public hearing, the decision of SEPA will be communicated to the proponent in the form prescribed in Schedule VI.


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• Where an EIA is approved, SEPA can impose additional controls as part of the conditions of approval.

• SEPA is required to make every effort to complete the EIA review process within 90 days of the issue of confirmation of completeness. However, SEPA can take up to 4 months for communication of final decision.

• The approval will remain valid for the project duration mentioned in the EIA but on the condition that the project commences within a period of three years from the date of approval. If the project is initiated after three years from approval date, the proponent will have to apply for an extension in the validity period. SEPA on receiving such request grant extension (not exceeding 3 years at a time) or require the proponent to submit a fresh EIA if in the opinion of SEPA changes in baseline conditions or the project so warrant.

• After receiving approval from SEPA the proponent will acknowledge acceptance of the conditions of approval by executing an undertaking in the form prescribed in Schedule VII of the 2000 Regulations.

• The 2000 Regulations also require proponents to obtain from SEPA, after the end of construction phase of the project, a confirmation that the requirements of the EIA and the conditions of approval have been duly complied with.

• The SEPA in granting the confirmation of compliance may impose any additional control regarding the environmental management of the project or the operation, as it deems necessary.

3.3 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) One of the functions of the Pak EPA under the provision of PEPO of 1983 was to issue NEQS for municipal and liquid industrial effluent, industrial gaseous emissions and motor vehicle exhaust and noise. The Pak EPA issued a statutory regulatory order (S.R.O) in 1994. It required all units coming into production after 1st July 1994 to comply immediately with the new standards. Those already in production at the time of S.R.O were required to comply starting 1st July 1996. The Pak EPA was not able to implement the NEQS effectively for many reasons, including lack of implementation capacity and resistance from industry.

With the PEPA, 1997 the Pak EPA revised the NEQS with full consultation of the private sector, industrialist, trade and business associations and NGOs. The municipal and liquid industrial effluent standards cover 32 parameters. The standards for industrial gaseous emissions specify limits for 16 parameters, and the standards for motor vehicles prescribe maximum permissible limits for smoke, carbon monoxide and noise. Revised standards cover discharges limits of effluents into inland water, sewage treatment plant and the sea. The NEQS are primarily concentration based. Unfortunately, the limits on industrial effluents are neither industry specific nor do they have any relationship with the quantum of production. The NEQS prohibit dilution, but this can be easily circumvented.

The proponent of KPEZ project is committed to comply with the applicable National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) in letter and spirit.


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The chronological list of NEQS is shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: National Environmental Quality Standards Date Number Scope 1993 742(I)/1993 Liquid Industrial Effluent

Industrial Gaseous Emission Vehicle Exhaust and Noise

1995 1023(I)/1995 Industrial Gaseous Emission from Power Plants operating on coal and oil (added)

2000 549(I)/2000 Liquid Industrial Effluent (amended) Industrial Gaseous Emission (amended)

2010 1062(I)/2010 Ambient Air 2010 1063(I)/2010 Drinking Water Quality 2010 1062(I)/2010 Noise

Table 3.2 shows national environmental quality standard for ambient air. Table 3.2: National Environmental Quality Standard for Ambient Air

Pollutant Time-weighted average

Concentration in Ambient Air Method of measurement Effective from

1st Jan 2009 Effective from

1st Jan 2012 Sulfur

Dioxide (SO2)

Annual Average* 80μg/m3 80μgm3 Ultraviolet Fluorescence

Method 24 hours** 120μg/m3 120μgm3

Oxides of Nitrogen as

(NO)

Annual Average* 40μg/m3 40μgm3 Gas Phase

Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 40μgm3 40μgm3

Oxides of Nitrogen as

(NO2)

Annual Average* 40μgm3 40μgm3 Gas Phase

Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 80μgm3 80μgm3

O3 1 hour 180μgm3 130μgm3 Non dispersive UV absorption méthode

Suspended Particulate

Matter (SPM)

Annual Average* 400μgm3 360μgm3 High volume Sampling,

(Average flow rate not less than 1.1m3/minute) 24 hours** 550μgm3 500μgm3

Respirable Particulate

Matter (PM10)

Annual Average* 200μgm3 120μgm3 Β Ray absorption method

24 hours** 250μgm3 150μgm3

Respirable Particulate

Matter (PM2.5)

Annual Average* 25μgm3 15μgm3 Β Ray absorption method

24 hours** 40μgm3 35μgm3 1 hour 25μgm3 15μgm3

Lead (Pb) Annual Average* 1.5μgm3 1μgm3 ASS Method after sampling

using EPM 2000 or equivalent Filter paper 24 hours** 2μgm3 1.5μgm3

Carbon Monoxide

(CO)

8hours** 5mg/m3 5mg/m3 Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) method 1hours 10mg/m3 10mg/m3

*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. **24 hourly / 8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.


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Table 3.3 shows the standards for motor vehicle noise.

Table 3.3: The Motor Vehicle Ordinance (1965) and Roles (1969)

Parameter Standards (maximum permissible limit) Measuring method

Noise 85dB(A) Sound-meter at 7.5meter from the source

Table 3.4 shows the proposed national environmental quality standard for noise.

Table 3.4: Proposed National Environmental Quality Standard for Noise

S. No. Category of Area / Zone

Effective from 1st January, 2009

Effective from 1st January, 2010

Limit it in dB(A) Leq* Day Time Night Time Day Time Night Time

1 Residential area (A) 65 50 55 45 2 Commercial area (B) 70 60 65 55 3 Industrial area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45

Note: 1 Day time hours: 6.00 a. m to 10.00 p. m

2 Night time hours: 10.00 p. m to 6.00p. m

3 Silence zone; Zone which are declared as such by competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts.

4 Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-mentioned categories by the competent authority.

dB(A)Leq* Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing.


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The NEQS for effluents are shown in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: National Environmental Quality Standard for Municipal & Liquid Industrial Effluents

S. No. Parameter Into Inland

Waters Into Sewage Treatment Into Sea unit

1 Temperature or Temp. increase <3 <3 <3 oC

2 pH value (H+) 6-9 6-9 6-9

3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)5 at 20 oC 80 250 80 mg/l

4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)Cr

150 400 400 mg/l

5 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 200 400 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 3500 3500 3500 mg/l 7 Oil and Grease 10 10 10 mg/l

8 Phenolic Compounds (as Phenol) 0.1 0.3 0.3 mg/l

9 Chloride (as Cl-) 1000 1000 SC mg/l 10 Fluoride (as F-) 10 10 10 mg/l 11 Cyanide (as CN-)total 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l

12 An-ionic detergents (as MBAS) 20 20 20 mg/l

13 Sulphate(SO42-) 600 1000 SC mg/l

14 Sulphide (S2-) 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 15 Ammonia (NH3) 40 40 40 mg/l 16 Pesticides 0.15 0.15 0.15 mg/l 17 Cadmium 0.1 0.1 0.1 mg/l

18 Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l

19 Copper 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 20 Lead 0.5 0.5 0.5 mg/l 21 Mercury 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/l 22 Selenium 0.5 0.5 0.5 mg/l 23 Nickel 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 24 Silver 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 25 Total toxic metals 2.0 2.0 2.0 mg/l 26 Zinc 5.0 5.0 5.0 mg/l 27 Arsenic 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 28 Barium 1.5 1.5 1.5 mg/l 29 Iron 8.0 8.0 8.0 mg/l 30 Manganese 1.5 1.5 1.5 mg/l 31 Boron 6.0 6.0 6.0 mg/l 32 Chlorine 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l


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3.4 Self-Monitoring and Reporting System (SMART) A system for self-monitoring and reporting for industry has been developed, which include a self-monitoring and reporting tool (SMART). SMART is a software and information package to streamline data reporting. This would facilitate monitoring and networking with the industrial and the Federal Provincial EPA’s. A national coordination committee headed by the Director General, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency has been constituted under section 7(K) of the PEPA, 1997 to supervise implementation of the environmental policies and enhance inter provincial coordination. Analytical methods and sampling procedures have been formulated.

The self-monitoring and reporting system (SMRS) of the Pak-EPA takes into account the resources and interests of both the EPA and industry. It classifies industries into categories A, B, and C, each corresponding to a specified reporting frequency. Category A) industry will report their effluents and emission levels every month, Category B) industry quarterly and Category C) industry biannually. The industries must have their effluents tested by a Pak-EPA certified/accredited laboratory and enter the results in the electronic forms included in the software package. The data must be sent to the respective Provincial EPA via email or on a floppy disk. Sampling and analysis requirements and procedures and the reporting format are also prescribed.

SMRS makes the country’s industry owners and operators responsible for systematic monitoring and reporting of their environmental performance, saving EPA’s expense, time and effort, as well as enabling industry to make long-term provisions for environmentally friendly production.

3.5 Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance, 1972 (SWPO) This ordinance provides for the preservation, protection, and conservation of wildlife by the formation and management of protected areas and prohibition of hunting of wildlife species declared protected under the ordinance.

The ordinance also specifies three broad classifications of the protected areas: national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves. Activities such as hunting and breaking of land for mining are prohibited in national parks, as are removing vegetation or polluting water flowing through the park. Wildlife sanctuaries are areas that have been set aside as undisturbed breeding grounds and cultivation and grazing is prohibited in the demarcated areas. Nobody is allowed to reside in a wildlife sanctuary and entrance for the general public is by special dispensation. However, these restrictions may be relaxed for scientific purpose or betterment of the respective area on the discretion of the governing authority in exceptional circumstances. Game reserves are designated as areas where hunting or shooting is not allowed except under special permits.

Two amendments to the Ordinance were issued in January and June 2001 respectively pertaining to oil and gas activities within national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. The first amendment allowed the Government to authorize the laying of an underground pipeline through protected areas. The second amendment allowed exploration and production activities within national parks and wildlife sanctuaries for which an EIA study had been duly prepared by the proponent and approved by the concerned regulatory departments in accordance with the PEPA. The project area does not fall in any protected area.


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3.6 Ramsar Convention The Convention on Wetlands is an intergovernmental treaty adopted on 2nd February 1971 in the Iranian city Ramsar. Ramsar is the first of the modern, global, intergovernmental treaties on conservation and wise use of natural resources. The official name of the treaty – The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat – covers all aspects of wetland conservation and wise use, recognizing wetlands as ecosystems that are extremely important for biodiversity conservation in general and for the wellbeing of human communities.

The Convention entered into force in 1975 and, as of 1 June 2001, has 124 Contracting Parties. More than 1070 wetlands have been designated for inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance, covering some 81 million hectares.

The Convention on Wetlands came into force for Pakistan on 23 November 1976. Pakistan presently has 16 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance, with a surface area of 283,952 hectares. In Pakistan, the National Council for Conservation of Wildlife – a federal department - is responsible for selecting and recommending wetlands for Ramsar listing. Management and protection of the sites is the responsibility of the provincial wildlife departments.

The project area is not located in the environs of any Ramsar Site.

3.7 The Sindh Irrigation Act (1879) and the Canal and Drainage Act (1873) This Sindh Irrigation Act covers the construction, maintenance and regulation of canals for the supply of water and for the levy of rates of water supplied in the Province of Sindh. Canals are defined as channels, pipes and reservoirs constructed and maintained by the Government for the supply for storage of water. Under section 27 of the Act a person desiring to have a supply of water from a canal for purposes other than irrigation shall submit a written application to a Canal Officer who may, with the sanction of the Provincial Government give permission under special conditions. The Act under section 61 also prohibits the damaging, altering, enlarging or obstructing the canals without proper authority. This Act has relevance to the study due to the presence of the extensive irrigation network in the microenvironment of the area.

The Canal and Drainage Act (1873) prohibits corruption or fouling of water in canals (defined to include channels, tube wells, reservoirs and watercourses), or obstruction of drainage. This Act is relevant because of the extensive network of irrigation canals in microenvironment of the area.

3.8 The Forest Act 1927 This act is applicable to all regions of Pakistan. It includes procedures for constituting and managing various types of forests, such as reserved forests and protected forests.

The act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It also defines the duties of forest related public servants, and penalties for any infringement of the rules. The project area is not part of any protected forest area.


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3.9 Antiquities Act 1975 The protection of cultural resources in Pakistan is ensured by the Antiquities Act of 1975. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments etc.

The act is designed to protect antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area which may contain articles of archaeological significance. The project area however does not contain any sites notified as protected under this act.

3.10 Pakistan Penal Code (1860) The Pakistan Penal Code (1860) authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use.

3.11 The Biodiversity Action Plan The key to protect the biological heritage of Pakistan lies in the involvement of local people and in the support provided by competent institutions for conservation and sustainable use. The Government of Pakistan has recognized the importance of these measures in the preparation of the National Conservation Strategy and in becoming a signatory to, and ratifying, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994. Developing the Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan, 2000 has been the most significant direct step towards addressing the biodiversity loss.

3.12 The Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted during the Earth Summit of 1992 at Rio de Janeiro. The Convention requires parties to develop national plans for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and to integrate these plans into national development programmes and policies. Parties are also required to identify components of biodiversity that are important for conservation, and to develop systems to monitor the use of such components with a view to promoting their sustainable use.

3.13 The Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979 The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), 1979, requires countries to take action to avoid endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" refers to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose members cyclically and predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote or co-operate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species.

The Convention contains two appendices. Appendix I contain the list of migratory species that are endangered according to the best scientific evidence available. For these species, the member states to the Convention are required endeavor to:


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• Conserve and restore their habitats. • Prohibit their hunting, fishing, capturing, harassing and deliberate killing. • Remove obstacles and minimize activities that seriously hinder their migration. • Control other factors that might endanger them, including control of introduced exotic

species.

Appendix II lists the migratory species, or groups of species, that have an unfavorable conservation status as well as those that would benefit significantly from the international co-operation that could be achieved through intergovernmental agreements.

3.14 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) This convention came into effect on 03 March 1973 in Washington. In all 130 countries are signatory to this convention with Pakistan signing the convention in 1976. The convention requires the signatories to impose strict regulation (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen etc.) regarding trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become so, in order not to endanger further their survival.

The Convention contains three appendices. Appendix I include all species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade. The Convention requires that trade in these species should be subject to strict regulation. Appendix II includes species that are not necessarily threatened presently but may become so unless trade in specimens of these species is subject to strict regulation. Appendix III includes species which any contracting party identifies as subject to regulations in trade and requires other parties to co-operate in this matter.

3.15 IUCN Red List The red list is published by IUCN and includes those species that are under potential threat of extinction. These species have been categorized as:

• Endangered: species that are sent to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, reduction of 50% or more either in the last 10 years or over the last three generations, survive only in small numbers, or have very small populations.

• Vulnerable in Decline: species that are seen to be facing a risk of extinction in the wild, having apparent reductions of 20% or more in the last 10 years or three generations.

• Vulnerable: species that are seen to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild, but not necessarily experiencing recent reductions in population size.

• Lower Risk: species that are seen to be facing a risk of extinction that is lesser in extent that for any of the above categories.

• Data Deficient: species that may be at risk of extinction in the wild but at the present time there is insufficient information available to make a firm decision about its status.


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3.16 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 The 1894 Land Acquisition Act (LAA) with its successive amendments is the main law regulating land acquisition for public purpose. The LAA has been variously interpreted by local governments, and some province has augmented the LAA by issuing provincial legislations. The LAA and its Implementation Rules require that following an impacts assessment/valuation effort, land and crops are compensated in cash at market rate to titled landowners and registered land tenants/users, respectively.

The LAA mandates that land valuation is to be based on the latest 5-3 years average registered land sale rates, though, in several recent cases the median rate over the past year, or even the current rates, have been applied. Due to widespread land under-valuation by the Revenue Department, current market rates are now frequently used with an added 15 per cent Compulsory Acquisition Surcharge as provided in the LAA.

1) Based on the LAA, only legal owners and tenants registered with the Land Revenue Department or possessing formal lease agreements are eligible for compensation or livelihood support.

2) It is also noted that the LAA does not automatically mandate for specific rehabilitation/assistance provisions benefiting the poor, vulnerable groups, or severely affected PAPs, nor it automatically provides for rehabilitation of income/livelihood losses or resettlement costs. This however it is often done in many projects in form of ad hoc arrangements based on negotiations between a specific EA and the PAPs.

3) Exceptions to the rule are intrinsic to the fact that the law is elastic and are broadly interpreted at provincial level depending on operational requirements, local needs, and socio-economic circumstances. Recourse is often taken to ad hoc arrangements, agreements and understandings for resettlement in difficult situations. The above is also influenced by the fact that an amendment of the LAA has been considered necessary by the Ministry of Environment. Accordingly, a National Resettlement Policy (NRP) and a Resettlement Ordinance have been drafted to broaden LAA provisions and current practices so as to widen the scope of eligibility and tightening up loopholes (i.e. regarding definitions of malpractices, cut-off dates, political influence on routing, etc.). But both these documents are still awaiting government’s approval for implementation.

As above, land acquisition and compensation for land owners would be necessary and the procedures should be governed by “Land Acquisition Act 1894” of the Government of Pakistan. LAA is the most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for development projects.

3.17 National Resettlement Policy, 2002 (draft) Resettlement means all measures taken to mitigate any and all adverse impacts, resulting due to execution of a project, on the livelihood of the project affected people, their property and includes compensation, relocation and rehabilitation. National resettlement policy is not only formulated to not only cover the affected persons in the existing system but to ensure an equitable and uniform treatment of resettlement issues all over Pakistan.


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National Resettlement Policy, 2002) defines Project Affected Persons (PAPs) as follows:

1) Any person or house hold adversely affected by acquisition of assets or change in land use due to project;

2) Any vulnerable and affected person including women, destitute, artisans, tribal communities, squatters, and those with usufruct rights, poverty groups depending for livelihood on the community in the project area and all those persons who may be exploited by the stranger or privileged persons located within the project area; and

3) Any other person who may prove and establish his / her right as an affected person to the satisfaction of the Director General Projects.

This policy will be applied to all developing projects involving adverse social impacts, including land acquisition, loss of assets, income, business etc. It has addressed to those areas, which are not looked after in Land Acquisition Act 1894 and will be applicable wherever the people, families and communities are affected by any public sector or private development project, even when there is no displacement. The policy also aims to compensate for the loss of income to those who suffer due to loss of communal property including common assets, productive assets, structures, other fixed assets, income, employment, loss of community networks and services, pastures, water rights, public infrastructures like mosques, shrines, schools, graveyards etc. The policy is supplemented with guidelines for planning and implementation of resettlement, which forms an integral part of policy. Also, the government has tabled an enabling law entitled “project implementation and resettlement of affected person ordinance” (hence forth called “resettlement ordinance”), for Enactment by the provincial and local government, after incorporating the local government.

3.18 Resettlement Ordinance 2002 National Resettlement Policy (2002) is further supplemented by “Project Implementation and Resettlement of the Affected Persons Ordinance, 2002” that has to be adopted by state and local governments incorporating the local requirements. The Resettlement Ordinance 2002 defines RAP as follows:

1) Resettlement, compensation and rehabilitation of PAPs;

2) Identification of categories of impact;

3) Number of PAPs with inventory of effective assets and other losses;

4) Entitlement of compensation and other mitigation and rehabilitation assistance measures;

5) Resettlement strategy and objectives;

6) Entitlement for compensation and other assistance to restore their livelihood;

7) Budgetary allocation;

8) Implementation schedule;

9) Monitoring and evaluation and

10) Other actions required for resettlement


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The Ordinance covers the following governing the resettlement process from the planning phase to completion stage:

1) Appointment of Director General Projects 2) Appointment of Project officer 3) Duties and functions and distribution of legal powers of the officers appointed for

resettlement 4) Declaration of cut-off date and conditions attached with the cut-off date 5) Constitution of Grievances Committee to resolve grievances of the affected persons, host

community members or any party having stake in the resettlement process

3.19 Hazardous Substances Rules 2003 Section 14 of the PEPA 1997 requires that no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat, dispose of, store, handle or import any hazardous substance except (a) under a license issued by Federal Agency and in such a manner as can be prescribed; or (b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any international treaty, convention, protocol, code, standard, agreement or other instrument to which Pakistan is a party. “Pak EPA has drafted the Hazardous Substance Rules to implement the license requirement. The rules are still in their draft form and are pending notification.

3.20 World Bank Guidelines on Environment The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental guidelines are listed below.

• Environmental Assessment-Operational Policy 4.01. Washington, DC, USA. World Bank 1999.

• Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues. World Bank Technical Paper Number 139, Environment Department, the World Bank, 1991,

• Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume III: Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energy and Industry Projects. World Bank Technical Paper No. 154, Environment Department, the World Bank, 1991.

• Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production, Environment Department, the World Bank, United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the United Nations Environment Program, 1998.

The first two publications listed here provide general guidelines for the conduct of an EIA, and address the EIA practitioners themselves as well as project designers. While the Sourcebook in particular has been designed with Bank projects in mind, and is especially relevant for the impact assessment of large-scale infrastructure projects, it contains a wealth of information which is useful to environmentalists and project proponents.

The Sourcebook identifies a number of areas of concern, which should be addressed during impact assessment. It sets out guidelines for the determination of impacts, provides a checklist of tools to identify possible biodiversity issues and suggests possible mitigation measures.


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Possible development project impacts on wild lands, wetlands, forests etc. are also identified and mitigation measures suggested. The Sourcebook also highlights concerns in social impact assessment, and emphasizes the need to incorporate socio-economic issues in EIA exercises.

The Sourcebook dealing with the assessment of industry and energy projects is more specific. It contains a section on onshore development of O&G and identifies the potential environmental impacts of E&P activities. These include surface disturbance from the building of access roads in undisturbed areas, disturbance from explosive charges and possible damage to cultural resources. Possible socio-cultural issues that may arise as a result of an influx of non-locals are also identified in the Sourcebook.

The Pollution Hand book provides general waste management policies with specific techniques for the prevention of air and water pollution.

3.21 The Equator Principles Project financing, a method of funding in which the lender looks primarily to the revenues generated by a single project both as the source of repayment and as security for the exposure, plays an important role in financing development throughout the world. Project financiers may encounter social and environmental issues that are both complex and challenging, particularly with respect to projects in the emerging markets. The Equator Principles Financial Institutions (EPFIs) have consequently adopted these principles in order to develop in a manner that is socially responsible and reflect sound environmental management practices. By doing so, negative impacts on project-affected ecosystems and communities should be avoided where possible, and if these impacts are unavoidable, they should be reduced, mitigated and/or compensated for appropriately. We believe that adoption of and adherence to these principles offers significant benefits to ourselves, our borrowers and local stakeholders through our borrower’s engagement with locally affected communities. We therefore recognise that our role as financiers affords us opportunities to promote responsible environmental stewardship and socially responsible development. As such, EPFIs will consider reviewing these principles from time-to-time based on implementation experience, and in order to reflect ongoing learning and emerging good practice. These principles are intended to serve as a common baseline and framework for the implementation by each EPFI of its own internal social and environmental policies, procedures and standards related to its project financing activities. We will not provide loans to projects where the borrower will not or is unable to comply with our respective social and environmental policies and procedures that implement the Equator principles. There are major nine (9) principles which have been defined in the Equator Principles given as follow: • Principle -1: Review and Categorization • Principle-2: Social and Environmental Assessment • Principle-3: Applicable Social and Environmental Standards • Principle-4: Action Plan and Management System • Principle-5: Consultation and Disclosure • Princple-6: Grievance Mechanism • Principle-7: Independent Review • Principle-8: Covenants • Principle-9: EPFI Reporting


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3.22 IFC Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability International Finance Corporation (IFC) applies the performance Standards to manage social and environmental risks and impacts and to enhance development opportunities in private sector financing in its member countries eligible for financing. The Performance Standards may also be applied by other financial institutions electing to apply them to projects in emerging markets.

Together, the eight Performance Standards establish standards that the client is to meet throughout the life of an investment by IFC or other relevant financial institution.

• Performance Standard-1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System;

• Performance Standard-2: Labour and Working Conditions;

• Performance Standard-3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement;

• Performance Standard-4: Community Health, Safety and Security;

• Performance Standard-5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement;

• Performance Standard-6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management;

• Performance Standard-7: Indigenous People;

• Performance Standard-8: Cultural Heritage.

Certain objectives have been set in the IFC performance standards to achieve sustainable development. Those objectives are given below:

• To identify and assess social and environmental impacts, both adverse and beneficial, in the project’s area of influence;

• To avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts on workers, affected communities, and the environment;

• To ensure that affected communities are appropriately engaged on issues that could potentially affect them;

• To promote improved social and environment performance of companies through the effective use of management systems.

3.23 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management The apex environmental body in the country is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC), which is presided over by the Chief Executive of the Country. Other bodies include the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), provincial EPAs (for four provinces, AJK and Northern Areas), and environmental tribunals.

The EPAs were first established under the 1983 Environmental Protection Ordinance; the PEPA 1997 further strengthened their powers. The EPAs have been empowered to receive and review the environmental assessment reports (IEEs and ESIAs) of the proposed projects, and provide their approval (or otherwise). The proposed project would be located in Sindh Province. Hence


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this ESIA Report will be sent to the Sindh EPA for review and issue of No Objection Certificate (NOC).

Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) is placed under the Ministry of Environment and Alternative Energy, GOS. It was first established in July 1989 and it functioned under the various Departments of Government of Sindh and now it reports to Environment and Alternative Energy Department since October 2002.

• Monitoring and regulating agency responsible for enforcement of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997

• Enforce National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

• Implement Self Monitoring & Reporting Tool (SMART)

• Evaluate and approve Environmental Impact Assessment and Initial Environmental Examination

• Advise and coordinate with the government, NGOs etc on preventive measures for abatement of pollution.

• Assist local authorities and government departments to implement schemes for proper disposal of wastes to ensure compliance with NEQS

• Enhance awareness among general public

• Conduct research and studies on different environmental issues

• Attend to public complaints on environmental issues

• Carry out any other task related to environment assigned by the government.

Contact Address: Director General, Sindh Environmental Protection Agency ST-2/1, Sector # 23, Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi Tel: +9221-35065950, 35065621 Fax: +9221-35065940


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Figure 4.2 – Map showing Sindh Province and Talukas of District Khairpur

Total area of district Khairpur is 15,910 sq. km (length 190 km and breadth 110 km).

4.2.2 Site Location – Khairpur Special Economic Zone

The proposed site of the zone is located at Tando Nazar Ali on main National Highway. The site falls on the left side while going from Karachi to Sukkur. Total area earmarked for the zone by Sindh government is 139.5 acres. The Zone site is located in taluka and District Khairpur.

Some of the competitive advantages available to Khairpur are as follows:

• Central location – Geographically Khairpur is located in the centre of the agricultural base of Pakistan, providing it with natural access to all major markets in Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan. Further, Khairpur is in the middle of the “Mango Belt” that stretches from Mirpurkhas of Tharparkar district in Sindh to Multan in Punjab, making it an ideal place for developing a mango processing cluster.

• Well diversified agricultural base – Wide range of horticulture and staple crops such as dates, banana, guava, mango, strawberry, cotton, wheat, sugarcane, rice etc. is produced in abundance in Khairpur. Date, however, is predominantly the biggest crop of Khairpur district.


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• Efficient canal network – Khairpur has one of the best canal network in the province

• Close proximity - It has close proximity to other commercial hubs like Sukkur, Nawabshah, and Larkana etc.

• Cheap working force: Cheap agricultural and industrial labor force is available in abundance round the year

• Literacy - Khairpur has one of the premier literacy rates in Sindh province. The literacy ratio according to 1998 population census was 35 percent.

• Home of “Banarsi Sari” making cottage industry (made from pure silk and golden threads) and “Bidri making” woodwork handicrafts. These are special features of Khairpur.

To take advantage of these strengths, the KSEZ will be constructed on a location strategically positioned for proximity to date growing areas, transportation links, and access to labor market. The KSEZ will become a regional cluster for manufacturing enterprises, especially those related to agro-processing and equipment. The KSEZ will be an ideal location for such enterprises, because it will include best in class infrastructure, efficient design, access to labor and training facilities, the ability to be close to key suppliers, and quality logistics services.

The District Government of Khairpur has acquired a totally new land which is free of water logging and salinity problems as against the previous site which was water logged.

Figure 4.3 – Google Image of Zone Site


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4.2.3 Important locations and their distances from the Project Site:

Location Type Location Name Approximate Distance from KSEZ

Nearest Airport Sukkur Airport 35 km Nearest Railway Station Khairpur Railway Station 12 km Nearest Police Station Tando Masti Police Station 3 km

Major Recreational Site Kot Dijji Fort 10 km Major Roads / Arteries Khairpur Larkana Link Road 8 km Main Downtown Cities Khairpur 12 km

Hotels InterPak Sukkur 30 km Royal Inn 20 km

Shah Latif University Rest House

15 km

4.3 Geology and Geomorphology Geologically, the section of the district Khairpur, where the project activities will be carried out, forms part of the Southern Indus Basin that is located south of the Sukkur Rift and west of the Indus synclinorium. It is at the head of the Indus of the region from where the deltaic activities are initiated and the meandering of the plain slows down.

Geomorphologically the 139.5 acres land area is part of Lower Indus Plain, more specifically flood plain of the Indus River system which is a vast alluvial plain that runs along the Indus River. As such the Project area consists of flat land that slopes towards the river. Protective bunds or dykes had to be provided in view of the devastating floods of the past which used to submerge at least 20 to 40 km land on either side of the bank. The average elevation of the area is 50 m above mean sea level.

The soil of the area is generally loamy and clayey and has been formed from Indus River alluvial deposits. Agricultural soils in the Project area are associated with irrigation and dry land agriculture and hence are fine in texture, rich in organic matter and nutrients as a result of their history of cropping, ploughing and fertilizer additions.

Soils of the surface layer to a depth of 2 m on the land of the project area is composed of dry, soft and loosely packed clay, sand and silt, with a solid layer of clay and sandstone to a depth of approximately 20 m. A typical analysis of samples from the area shows that sulphate and chloride the parameters of concern for the integrity

4.4 Seismicity The location of the Project site is at least 280 km from the confluence of the three major tectonic plates viz. the Indian Plate, the Arabian Plate, and the Eurasian Plate. Seismic activity in the region, which includes the anticlines of the Kirthar Ranges on the west of the Indus River synclinorium located on the passive continental margin, is due to and mainly from intra-plate active faults and their strands. The belt is located within the area of young folded mountains and is part of the active seismic zone situated in the earthquake belt that has its offshoots in the Kirthar Range. The project area is separated from this region by the Indus River syncline.


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The west of the Indus River synclinorium has quite a few active faults in the gently folded arches of the Kirthar Range containing a number of synclines and anticlines with their axes running north-south. There is for example the Kirthar Thrust Fault that lies along the Kirthar Range and extends southward to 120 km. There is also a northwest trending active fault which traverses the valley west of Jhimpir and is located 50 km to the south of Nooriabad. This fault has the epicenter for some of the earthquake occurrences in Karachi and along the Kirthar Range. These faults are besides the four active fault lines that have been identified in the vicinity of the Project site. They are Karachi-Jati, Allah Bund-Rann of Kutch, Surjan-Jhimpir, and Pab. Over the last sixty years, on two occasions in 1945 and 1985, earthquakes of lesser intensity have struck the area on the east of Indus River Syncline.

Figure 4.4: Seismic Risk Map of Pakistan

This is mainly because the earthquakes here are not "Inter-Plate" or "Plate Boundary" earthquakes that most commonly occur along narrow zones that follow the edges of tectonic plates, the type that struck the Northern areas of Pakistan on October 8, 2005. It is the Intra-plate type of earthquakes (Mid Plate Earthquakes) that occur far away from plate boundaries. The latter type earthquakes are less frequent but are capable of releasing just as much energy in a single earthquake as an earthquake of similar size along the plate boundary. These arise due to localized systems of forces in the crust sometimes associated with ancient geological structures such as in the Rann of Kutch. Thus while the October 8, 2005 megathrust earthquake was the direct result of the interaction between Indian Plate and the Eurasian plate, the subsequent earthquakes of July, August and October 11 in the southern section of Southern Indus Plain were intraplate or Mid Plate events.

The 1945 Makran and 2001 Bhuj events, as well as the occasional shaking from M 4-5 earthquakes on faults in the Kirthar Range, has not produced documented damage anywhere.


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Although the 1819 earthquake was apparently similar or larger in magnitude than the 2001 Bhuj event, little damage occurred in Thatta and Hyderabad in 1819 compared to 2001 even though the former event was closer to these towns/cities.(Seismic Hazard in Karachi, Pakistan: Uncertain Past, Uncertain Future, Roger Bilham, Sarosh Lodi, Susan Hough, Saria Bukhary, Abid Murtaza Khan, and S. F. A. Rafeeqi, Seismological Research Letters; November 2007; v. 78; no. 6; p. 601-613; DOI: 10.1785/gssrl.78.6.601).

The Table 4.1 shows the earthquake occurrences over the last forty years. The Table does not include the numerous events of magnitude less than 4.0 on Richter scale. Earthquakes of recent occurrence were recorded on July 16, 2005, followed by one on August 6, another on August 13, yet another on October 9 and then again on October 11, 2005. They were all of magnitude between 4 and 5.1 on Richter scale. The epicenter of these earthquakes was away from those listed in table. The epicenter of the most recent tremor of January 2, 2009 was 100 kilometers in the coastal region of Thatta district. It had a shallow depth of 10 kilometers and magnitude of 2.2 M on Richter scale.

Table 4.1: Epicenter, Depth, Magnitude & Intensity of Earthquakes near Jhimpir

Year Coordinates Depth Magnitude Richter Scale

IntensityMM

Location

1962 24o70’N66o00’E 0 4.50 - Karachi 1965 25o 03N67o76’E 40 4.50 - Karachi 1966 25o 00N68o00’ E - 5.0 VI-VII Jhimpir 1968 24o 61N66o42’ E 19 4.10 - Karachi 1970 25o 28N66o65’ E 33 4.90 V Karachi 1971 25o 00N68o00’ E - 4.50 V Jhimpir 1972 25o 35N66o71’ E 33 4.50 V Karachi 1973 25o 00N68o00’ E - 5.00 VI Jhimpir 1973 25o 48N66o33’ E 57 4.90 V Karachi 1975 25o 50N66o80’ E - 4.50 V Gadani 1975 25o 22N66o59’ E 33 4.90 V Karachi 1976 24o 96N70o38’ E 14 4.70 V Karachi 1984 25o 86N66o41’ E 33 4.70 VI Karachi 1985 24o 90N67o39’ E 33 5.00 VI Karachi 1986 25o 34N66o60’ E 33 4.50 V Karachi 1992 25o 25N67o76’ E 33 3.60 IV Karachi 1996 25o 06N66o76’ E 33 - - Karachi 1998 25o 69N66o46’ E 33 4.40 V Karachi 1998 24o 85N66o35’ E 33 4.50 V Karachi 2009 24o 31N67o18’E 10 2.2 IV Thatta

According to a map created by the Pakistan Meteorological Department, the country is divided into 4 zones based on expected ground acceleration. The areas surrounding Quetta, those along the Makran coast and parts of the NWFP, and also along the Afghan border fall in Zone 4. The rest of the NWFP lies in Zone 3, with the exception of southern parts of this province, which lie in Zone 2. The remaining parts of the Pakistani coastline also lie in Zone 3. The remaining parts of the country lie in Zone 2. According to this classification district Khairpur would be placed in Zone 2.


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Figure 4.5: GSHAP hazard map of Pakistan (Giardini, D., G. Grunthal, K. Shedlock, and P. Zheng (1999). The GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Map. Annali di Geofisica 42,1,225 – 1,230.[GeoRef]): color scale indicates peak ground acceleration (m/s/s) with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years) compared to (B) a recently revised hazard map following the 2005 earthquake (working group on Pakistan Hazard 2006; zonation 4 is most hazardous, Zone 1 is least hazardous).

In view of the distant location of the Project site to Allah Bund Fault line, the project area is placed in Zone 2A i.e. between Zone 2 and Zone 3. Such The seismic hazard, in view of the historical data, has been estimated for project area as "moderate to major". This suggests the "possibility" of earthquakes of intensity V to VII on (MM) scale and "probability" of those above VII. The seismic risk factor of g/20 must therefore be incorporated in the design factor for siting structures and positioning of rigs. Moreover in view of the poor Rock Quality in the flood zone of a major river basin and its low load bearing capacity, the risk of liquefaction during major (> 7 on Richter Scale) earthquakes will have to be taken into account.

Table 4.2: Seismic Data for Hazard Zone 2

Seismic Risk Zone 2 Seismic Base Shear Coefficient (z) z = 0.20 Maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) 0.28g, g= 9.8 m/s

4.5 Climate The microenvironment of project area lies in arid sub-tropical continental climate with large fluctuations in both temperature and rainfall. Summers are very hot whereas winters are dry mild and short. Meteorological data from the nearest station in Khairpur District has been used for the purpose of this report. The data shows hottest months are May and June with mean monthly temperature of 42.8oC.

Occasionally maximum temperature rises as high as 48.8oC. January is the coldest month with a low temperature of 5oC. Winters are usually frost free. The mean rainfall ranges from 88mm to 135mm. Most of the total rainfall is received during the monsoon (mid July to end of August) as high intensity showers. Winter rains, received during the months of December to March are of low intensity. However, the area has not received heavy rains for many years.


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Table 4.3: Meteorological Data of District Khairpur (Source: PMD)

Month Temperature (oC) Rainfall (mm) Maximum Minimum Rainfall Rainy Days

January 23.6 4.9 4.8 0.6 February 27.9 10.0 8.6 0.8 March 32.7 14.0 5.6 0.5 April 38.5 19.4 4.3 0.4 May 42.9 24.4 1.5 0.3 June 43.6 26.6 4.1 0.4 July 42.18 27.5 41.6 1.8

August 40.5 26.4 16.5 0.6 September 38.29 24.1 0.00 0.0

October 36.5 18.0 0.8 0.1 November 29.58 11.1 0.00 0.0 December 23.48 6.1 1.8 0.1

Total 80.07 5.6 4.6 Ambient Air Quality

The microenvironment of the Project is located in a largely agricultural area. There is no large industrial setup that may cause air pollution. The Project area located adjacent to the Highway N5, which is exposed to emissions from movement of heavy vehicular traffic. The entire area comprising the microenvironment of the project site constitutes the macroenvironment of Highway N5, which is the operational area of vehicular traffic.

The highway N5 was originally a single roadway facility that was upgraded to a two-lane carriageway. The volume of traffic increased further with the passage of time as would appear from the data recorded in the following Table for the Hala-Sakrand and Sakrand-Qazi Ahmed sections of N5 by NHA in May 2002.

Table 4.4: Traffic Count

N5 Highway Sections

MC

Ca/

Jeep

Wag

on

Min

i bus

Bus

Truc

k R

igid

2-a

xle

Truc

k R

igid

3-A

xle

Trucks Articulated

Total

4-A

xle

5-A

x

6-A

x

Tr. T

r*

Hala- Sakrand Rd 283 1041 571 10 584 2470 1934 1184 92 86 67 8559

24 hr Sakrand-

Qazi ahmed 299 603 347 24 434 2231 2203 1381 115 112 75 7870 24 hr

*Tractor Trolley

Source: NHA Traffic Count Survey Report


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4.7 Traffic count From records available at Saeedabad Toll Plaza a daily average total of 6,000 vehicles passed through the Plaza. The vehicular traffic operating on N5 comprised 4,700 vehicles were operating on Diesel oil while the remaining 1300 were operating on gasoline. Vehicles operating on Diesel oil have been estimated to consume about 10.15 tons of fuel, which according to estimates generated while the 1300 vehicles operating on gasoline and generating 65 kg pollutants per km/day, which on dispersion over 1 km of the corridor were adding an insignificant quantity of 2µg/m3 to the air on the specific area of the N5 corridor. The total emissions from operation of vehicular traffic on Highway N5 are estimated at 1,115.9 kg and to have the following composition:

Table 4.5: Emissions from Operation of Vehicular Traffic on N5 (Kg) PM CO HC NOx SO2 19.1 324 52.8 528 192

The impact on the quality of air on Highway N5 is shown in the following Table 4.6 below:

Table 4.6: Ambient Air Quality and Noise Level Range of Variation

CO ppm

SO2 ppb

NOx ppb

Ozone ppb

SPM μg/m3 Noise dB(A)

Minimum 0.65 21 10 1.1 45 40 Maximum 10.4 30 125 27.4 320 95 Average 1.4 24 25 10.9 150 68

4.8 Water Resources

The water resources of the macroenvironment of project area are limited to canal water supply and groundwater extraction with tube wells.

4.8.1 Surface Water

The project area receives its supply of freshwater indirectly from the canal distributaries. Indus River, which flows to the west of the project area is directly or indirectly the surface water resource of the project area. The Indus is in flood during July and August. In the past it used to overflow the banks and inundate the riverine areas. The damages done to crops and property year after year led to construction of embankments. This action contained the floods but also to gradual clearance of land for organized agriculture in the flood plain area towards the embankment and also beyond the embankment on the west and beyond the Highway N5 on the east. Agricultural land in the microenvironment of project area is irrigated with water from the network of branch canals and watercourses that lead from these canals irrigating the agricultural land in and around the project area. Most of the project area canals, branch canals and watercourses are unlined and require periodic maintenance.

4.8.2 Groundwater

Groundwater is being used to supplement the shortfall in the supply of irrigation water. Every field in the Project was found during the survey to have a tube well which was being operated due to short supply being experienced during recent years. However,


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operation of the tube wells was also constrained by erratic supply of electricity. The main source of groundwater recharge is the irrigation channels flowing through the area. Groundwater in the project area is generally shallow, and is very significantly affected by the irrigation system, which consists of canals fed by the Indus. The groundwater depth has been found to vary during recent times when the Indus flow has reduced to its extensive use upstream.

4.8.3 Water Quality

Analysis of water samples collected during recent surveys in the adjoining area of the project site showed that the water being used for irrigation and domestic consumption was of acceptable quality:

Table 4.7: Analysis of Surface water & Groundwater at Project Site

Water Source pH BOD5mg/l

TSS ppm

TDSppm

Cl-

ppmSO4ppm

HCO3ppm

NO3ppm

Water from Canal 7.7 BDL 200 180 40 38 122 1.1 Water from borehole near Canal7.08 BDL 80 275 60 45 156 03

Waste water from Drainage Canal 8.4 120 280 828 80 120 280 0.8

4.9 Biological and Built Environment 4.9.1 Agriculture

The project area is irrigated agricultural land. In the broader picture “Khairpur’s economy is primarily agrarian, with agriculture accounting for about 80 percent of the population’s occupation. Agriculture is dependent on the river Indus and a network of canals. A good part of the district is Sailaba (flood-fed) as well as rain fed. The main cash crops in Khairpur include wheat and grams in Rabi season, and cotton, oil seeds and sugar cane in Kharif season. Dates, banana, mangoes, guavas, falsa, orange, and lemon are the most grown fruits in the district, while onion, potatoes, lady fingers, tindas and tori (zuchini), and peas are the most commonly grown vegetables. Khairpur is especially famous for producing export quality dates (almost 85% of the province’s dates are produced in Khairpur). 80% of people involved in agriculture directly or indirectly, cultivation depends upon river Indus by several canals, and a good part of land is rain fed. The main crop of Rabi is wheat and gram, during Kharif cotton; oil seeds and sugarcance are cultivated. The main fruits produce dates, banana, mangoes, guavas, falsa, orange, and lemon. The orchards are mainly located in Khairpur, Garmbat and Kotdiji talukas. The district identifies the “the city of date palms”, a research institute has been established in Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur for the purpose to conduct research on different aspects of date palms. According to date of 2005-06 received from the Date palm research institute Khairpur, the area consists of 22310 hectares and produced 158775 tones production. A large number of no mats come for laboring on date palms throughout sindh every year; they establish tents beside the national highway, link roads, and banks of different canals. The district also contributes highly in exports both Fresh & Dry Dates to the countries like USA, UK, India, Canada, Germany etc.


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4.9.2 Agro-industrial Sector and its Objectives The KSEZ is designed to bring about a socio-economic evolution for Khairpur district especially and the entire region in general. The value added industrial processing that will be facilitated by the KSEZ will have a significant impact on the performance of agricultural sector through reducing wastage, increasing prices, and boosting exports. The increase in processing activities will spur demand for crops, thus stimulating the increase of yields and exploration of new growing technologies. Additionally, the project will leverage Khairpur’s location benefits to attract industries that historically have not been present in the area. The enterprises facilitated by the KSEZ will directly create jobs as well as stimulate the growth of employment thought the agricultural sector.

As a further evolutionary step in the local economy, the KSEZ will help to diversify the local economy beyond agricultural production as the organized industrialization of food processing will help the local economy move towards higher value added production and build an ecosystem of technical innovation. The demand created by the industrial sector will also help build the support sectors of finance, transportation, and education. The principal objective of “Agro-industrial sector” in Pakistan is to redesign policies for promoting productivity in different sectors of the economy by using the locally available raw material together with developing highly skilled manpower and addressing their development needs for rapid industrialization with community participation. In order to achieve this objective it is essential that high priorities are assigned to creation of “special economic zones” (SEZ) where ever such type of opportunities exist so that locally available men and material resources could be galvanized & geared up to promote productivity. Hence the goal of rapid agro-industrial development, both in the province and in Pakistan, could be achieved through accelerated funding to this sector. The establishment of the present project is one step forward towards this end.

The private sector in Pakistan has emerged as a major player in most of the economic sectors as a result of launching of privatization program. In view of this, and on the directions of the government, a policy is presently being formulated to carry out privatization on a Public Private Partnership (PPP) Model. The various contours of the policy are under active deliberations. Pursuant to the philosophy of PPP Model, establishment of KSEZ is being tried on the same lines and invite private sector for making investment in the project. The government of Pakistan has already successfully completed privatization of all units of chemical, textile, cement, rice, light engineering while 98% automobile industry and 96% ghee mills, 83% units of phosphate fertilizer have been privatized. The future vision of PPP Model would cover oil, gas, power, banking, insurance and engineering sectors. To stimulate the provincial economy of Sindh province, especially that of Khairpur district, establishment of KSEZ would serve as the fore runner.

The Agro-Special Economic Zone to be established at Khairpur belongs to agriculture and industrial sectors. In its practical sense the project would benefit the farming community who have the date orchards in Khairpur & Mirwah talukas of Khairpur district besides it would also benefit the owners of the industrial units that would process the high quality dates grown in the project area. Therefore it is seen as an institution which would be beneficial for the community at large. Hence the principal beneficiaries of the project may comprise farmers and the business class who would make investment in the industrial units to process agricultural produce, especially high grade dates grown in the area. Additionally the skilled and unskilled labour force in the area, coupled with general public, would also benefit from the agro-industrial cum economic activities to be initiated by the project.


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Its prime role shall be to provide boost to export of high quality dates from the area and increase income levels of farmers and other people associated directly or indirectly with the project. Therefore in this process of growth and development of the agro-industrial sectors, the local economy is expected to gain in a big way, opening new financial & income generation avenues in the district. The direct or tangible revenue income of the Project would come from sale of land to the prospective stakeholders / business community for dates processing units or establishment of date syrup plants, dates packaging facilities, cold storage and cold chain system etc. and to encourage such development in the zone, a subsidized rental value of Rs 50 per sft per month has been planned to further the cause of promoting agro-industrial sector in Khairpur district. In Table 4.8 the data on ‘Production’ represents the “Supply side” while the figures under ‘Export’ would denote “Demand side”. The last column in Table-4.8 shows the gap or the difference between production & export or alternatively “supply & demand”. Table-4.8: Production (Supply) & Export (Demand) of Dates from Pakistan

Year Production (000 tons)

E X P O R T Supply and Demand Gap (1000 tons) Volume

(000 tons) Value (000 $)

2001-02 630.3 77.47 27,626 552.83 2002-03 625.0 71.14 25,104 553.86 2003-04 427.0 65.43 22,733 361.57 2004-05 622.1 84.05 29,151 538.05 2005-06 496.6 89.35 32,350 407.25 2006-07 426.3 98.00 35,600 328.30 2007-08 366.0 108.00 39,000 257.95 2008-09 314.2 120.00 43,000 194.19 2009-10 288.3 132.00 47,300 156.30 Total 4195.7 845.5 301,864 3350

Avg. 9 yrs 466.2 93.9 33,540 372 Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics, GOP, Karachi for 2001 to 2006 data Note: Production data (2001 to 2007) from Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2008, FBS, GOP, Table-1.6, pp-45; the rest is projection. The last nine years’ data indicated that the volume of dates supply has exceeded its demand from abroad by an average of 372,000 tons which is nearly 80% of the average nine yearly supplies (372/466*100=79.83% or say 80%). This would mean that only 20% of the total date’s production is exported to meet the foreign demand which is a very small proportion. It is expected that the proposed project at Khairpur would give substantial boost to exports of high quality dates from Pakistan. Studies made on “Dates Marketing in Pakistan” have indicates that “due to lack of adequate marketing infrastructure facilities as much as 30-40 percent of the produce gets spoiled before reaching the ultimate consumer. There is a big gap between production and export. Pakistan on an average export 10% of dates production and 90% crop production is either consumed locally or wasted.” In view of this situation concerted efforts are required not only to enhance proportion which is exported but also the bulk (80%) which is left for domestic uses should be gainfully utilized, avoiding wastage. The industrial


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units to be established in KSEZ are expected to play a constructive role in boosting up the exports as well as stimulate the domestic market as well. The figures on production and export of high quality dates from Pakistan in Table-4 indicate that the whole demand from international market is less than 1/4th of the date’s production in the country. During the last ten years or so, the total quantity of dates supplied to overseas markets or in other words the surplus stock of dates produced in Pakistan has been fluctuating by about 0.2 to 0.5 million tones annually. Hence to gainfully dispose off the surplus volume of dates there is a need to raise the current low percentage of international demand for our high grade product.

4.9.3 Production Sector in Project Area The economy of present Khairpur district is basically agriculture oriented with dates, wheat & cotton being the principal crops. No worthwhile industrial activity is currently in vogue but prior to year 1955 when Khairpur was independent state and acceded to Pakistan, it was industrially much more advanced than the rest of Pakistan. It was producing leather goods, carpets, silk clothing, matches, soap, shoes, and cigarettes. It also had the largest factories in textile, tobacco re-drying and silk weaving in the country. The local economy of Khairpur also underwent changes with new administrative set up & new development priorities. Consequently most of the then operating factories were shut down with devastating impact on the native economy. Khairpur is rich in natural resources, as huge gas reserves were discovered in Nara desert. Unfortunately these gas reserves remained to be used for boosting up of local production. Stones from nearby hills are used for crushing & utilized in construction activity. Hand loom silk industry, manufacturing “Banarsi Saries” has always been present at Khairpur. After creation of Pakistan in 1947, a couple of professional families from Indian town “Banaras” migrated to Pakistan and settled down at “Luqman Mohallah” in Khairpur Mirs. The craftsmen engaged in silk industry were once known throughout the country and their woven silk cloth was considered a novelty but in the absence of any state patronage this cottage industry is finding it difficult to survive. The children of the original migrated craftsmen managed to exist on the basis of self help and intermittent cooperation from socio-political local leaderships.

4.9.4 Cottage Industry / Industrial Unites Existed in the Past Khairpur district was not so advanced in the field of industry when Pakistan came into existence. Thereafter the people who migrated to the district started taking interest in the installation of manufacturing concerns, especially cottage industry. Several hand-looms sprang into Khairpur and Gambat towns. These were producing various types of cloth like “garabis, soosies, & lungies” which were only native to Khairpur district while Gambat is famous for the production of impressive and costly “Khes”. Some of the industrial units (as provided by the then Deputy Commissioner) that existed in Khairpur / Gambat towns were as follows:

(1) Sugar Mills … 2 (2) Date Factories … 4 (3) Cotton Ginneries 18 (4) Handlooms … 18 (5) Ice making Factories … 19


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4.9.5 Fauna The resident fauna of the project area belong to the oriental region but has since vanished. A variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians are reported to have had their habitat in the project area (Roberts, 1997, 1992, and 1991; Minton, 1966; Mirza, 1998; PMNH, 1997). The most commonly observed bird is the white-cheeked bulbul, which is the most numerous species in the scrublands and, although found mainly in the plains, is also common on slopes. Other common birds are the little brown dove, black-crowned finch lark, Persian short-toed lark, Indian short-toed lark, lesser white throat, common white throat, house bunting, gray-necked bunting, and crested lark.

Less common birds observed and recorded in the past include the Indian sparrow hawk, tawny eagle, common kestrel, gray partridge, Indian sand grouse, pintail sand grouse, Collard dove, great gray shrike, gray-backed shrike, hooded wheatear, tree pie, hoopoe, pied wagtail, black-winged stilts, red-wattled lapwings, sandpiper, white-backed vulture, griffon vulture, black vulture, golden eagle, rock partridge, and black-shouldered kite.

4.10 Socioeconomic Profile 4.10.1 Population

According to 1998 Census report, the population of District is 1546587 (males 610448 & 736139). Out of that 23.6% belongs to urban area and 76.4% live in the rural areas. The average growth rate for the district during 1981 to 1998 period has been 2.71%. The sex ratio as recorded in 1998 was 110.1:100.

Figure 4.6: Population of District Khairpur


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4.10.2 Growth Rate The average growth rate for the district during the 1981 to 1998 period has been 2.71 percent, somewhat higher than the national average i.e. 2.2% and slightly lower than the average of the Sindh province i.e. 2.8%.

4.10.3 Gender Ratio The sex ratio as recorded in 1998 was 110.1:100. The rural: urban ratio slightly varies at 110.32:100 and 109.38:100 respectively. While the sex ratio of the Sindh province in 1998 was 111.7:100.

4.10.4 Literacy Rate The overall literacy rate is 35.50% where the female ratio is 19.77% as against male literacy ratio of 46.69%. The rural literacy ratio is 30.61%, while the urban literacy is 50.68%.

4.10.5 Schools As per 2000-2001 data, district Khairpur has 3040 primary and mosque schools, Out of these 1085(36%) are government primary school for boys, 310(10%) for girls and 670(22%) are running as co-education. While 975(32%) are mosque schools.

4.10.6 Higher Education Below chart lists all the major educational institutions of the region and provides relevant details about them:

Name of the Institute Location Specialization Average Number

of Students Passing out in a Year

IBA Sukkur Sukkur Business Administration 85

Ghulam Muhammad Mehar Medical College Sukkur Medicine

Business Administration Department, Shah Abdul

Latif University Khairpur Business

Administration 140

Mehran University College of Engineering &

Technology Khairpur Engineering 204

Khairpur Law College Khairpur Law Quaid-e-Awam Engineering

University Nawabshah / Benazirabad Engineering 425

Peoples Medical College Nawabshah / Benazirabad Medicine

Benazir Medical University Larkana Medicine Pakistan Petroleum Training

Institute Khairpur Diploma in Oil & Gas 100


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4.10.7 Vocational Education / Training Institutes

Name of the Institute

No. of Institutes

in Khairpur

No. of Institutes in Sukkur

No. of Institutes

in Larkana

No. of Units in Nosheroferoz

No. of Units in

Nawabshah

Government College of

Technology 1

Government Polytechnic

Institute 1 1 1

Government Polytechnic

Institute (Women)

1

Government Monotechnic

Institute 2 2 1 4 2

Government Institute of Business & Commercial Education

3 2 1 2

Government Vocational

Institute (Boys) 1 1 1


Institute (Women)

1


School (Girls) 5 3 6 2 14

4.10.8 Health Facilities

1 Rural health centers (RHCs) 122 Basic health units (BHUs) 733 Mother and child health centers (MCHs) 054 Dispensaries 21

4.10.9 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Program Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Program has been started in district Khairpur. The program aims to provide opportunities for short-term employment and skill development. The unemployed youth will be offered various skill development opportunities and job oriented certification courses to adopt local and international job market. This will help to reduce poverty and improve the socioeconomic conditions of common citizen.


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4.10.10 Rural Water Supply Schemes under SAPP II SAPP II has provided access to 101171 people or 12650 households, in 230 villages, to clean drinking water through 242 schemes. All the schemes were operational and have been handed over to the communities. While the number of the water users committees (WUCs) formed up to 2001, was reported as 235.

4.10.11 Manpower & Human Resources

Human resources are sine quo none of all economic activity. In the demographic scenario of a development project, preponderance of economically active population (aged 10 to 45 years) is considered an asset and the said ratio, as per 1998 population census, is about 53% in case of Khairpur district. Those falling in most active & prime age group 10-24 years were 31% while persons in the less active age group (25-44) were 22%; both groups making a total of 53%. The retired or inactive people in advanced age group (45 to >75) were 13%. Children (<1 to 9 years) who are dependent on their parents were 34%. Hence the proportion of economically active population was 53% while it was 47% for inactive group, including minors. This fact ensures that enough manpower would be available even if purely labor intensive schemes were implemented in the area. According to the fifth decennial population census undertaken in 1998, the total number of persons enumerated in Khairpur district was 1,546,587 persons. The annual growth rate between the past two censuses was estimated 2.71% and the population density was determined 97.2 persons per km2. The proportion of literate persons in the total (literacy ratio) was worked out 35.5%. Relevant data on population for the past five censuses is shown in Table-4.9. Table 4.9: Population of Khairpur District Recorded in Census Years

Years (Censes held)

Total Population (1000 persons)

Average Growth Rate (%) per annum

1951 347.07 - 1961 500.26 3.76 1972 724.94 3.23 1981 981.19 3.64 1998 1546.59 2.71 2009** 2075.46 -

Source: District Census Report of Khairpur, PCO, GOP, Islamabad, April 2000, pp-21 * comprising 8 Taluka– Faiz Ganj, Gambat, Khairpur, Kingri, Kot Digi, Mirwah, Nara & Sobho Dero ** Projected data at Gr. Factor for 11th year 2009 = 1.341961 Between those falling in economically inactive category of population (higher aged people) as many as 32% were classed “domestic workers” Un-employment rate was indicated 9%. More than 61% of the working population was engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishing. The average household size in the district was 6.8 persons but it varies between 7.4 persons each for Khairpur, Gambat & Sobho Dero talukas, 6.5 for Kingri, 5.8 for Kot Diji and 6.0 for Mirwah Taluka.

4.10.12 Relationship with the Agricultural Sector Currently, the economy of Khairpur district is essentially agricultural. Major commodities traded are dates, wheat and cotton. The manufactured goods also include refined sugar derived out of sugar cane which is grown locally. Prior to the amalgamation of Khairpur state into Pakistan in 1955, Khairpur was industrially more


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advanced than the rest of Pakistan as it produced leather goods, carpets, silk clothing, matches, soap, shoes, and cigarettes. As the economy underwent a change in the subsequent years, most of the factories were shut down, and in the process devastating the local economy. Now, the economy is predominantly agricultural with dates, cotton and wheat as the major crops grown. The agricultural potential of Khairpur district could be gleaned through the production figures given in Table-4.10.

Table-4.10: Agricultural Production Data for Year 2008

Sr. Nr.

Name of Crop

Unit of productivity

Production 2008

1 Dates Tones 209,764 2 Banana Tones 37,682 3 Guava Tones 2,893 4 Mango Tones 35,014 5 Wheat Tones 375,300 6 Rice Tones 15,900 7 Cotton Bales 337,700

Source: Ministry of Agriculture Statistics. Updated data supplied by Mr. James Ku, Economic Advisor, CSF (USAID) / Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan. Islamabad.

The KSEZ project will leverage the district’s strength in agricultural production to re-build the manufacturing sector so that it may realize the potential it once had/reached. Within agriculture, dates are the biggest crop directly or indirectly affecting the livelihood of the majority of people living in Khairpur district. The date growers are still reliant on primitive processing techniques, thus there is a huge pent-up demand for value adding modern processing facilities, Significant commercial scope exists for manufacturing fruit and vegetable dehydrators as date growers are desperately in need of equipment such as dehydrators. In addition there is a huge scope for manufacturing of agricultural equipment and implements in Khairpur.

4.10.13 Proximity to Other Important Cities

Sukkur, Larkana, Moro, Nosheroferoz are all within a radius of less than 150 kilometers from downtown Khairpur. This is also a huge competitive advantage of Khairpur with respect to setting up commercial ventures there.

4.10.14 Existing Industrial Set-up Though, Khairpur presently is not a very industrially advanced district, it however, has many ingredients that, if used intelligently, could result in significant shift in the industrial structure of the district and could revive its status of being the commercial hub of the region. There is a definite scope for developing agro based industry here. Below table provides details on the existing industrial makeup of the district:

Table 4.11: Existing Industrial Set-up of Khairpur Major Existing Industries Approximate Number of Operational Units

Date Trading (local) Around 150 Date Processing & Exports Around 9

Sugar 2 Printing Press 1

Edible Oil Around 6 Agriculture Implements 1


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Table 4.11: Existing Industrial Set-up of Khairpur RCC Pipe 1

Bakery & Confectionary Ice Factories Around 16

Cotton Ginning Around 18 Silk Cloth

Wheat Flour 2 Rice Milling

Furniture 7

4.11 Views & Suggestions of Stakeholders Extensive interviews were conducted with numerous stakeholders (list of interviewees available in appendix) to understand their minds and to identify main issues that would play critical roles in success or failure of the Zone. Interviewees were divided into three categories namely, academicians; chamber of commerce and business community. Below are major relevant points extracted from these interviews:

4.11.1 Academicians

• Security situation must be improved prior to anything else • There is serious lack of entrepreneurship among the local people of the area and

therefore, it would be critical to ensure heterogeneous group of investors belonging from local as well as other areas to invest in the Zone

• Cotton, wheat, dates, would be the main raw materials that would offer business opportunities and industries around these agro products would come to the Zone

4.11.2 Chamber of Commerce & Industries Sukkur • Most important thing to ensure success of the zone would be to restrict speculative

buying of plots • Dry port should be developed simultaneously • Preferred site for dry port is Arain Railway Station • Fruit processing (particularly dates), wheat and cotton downstream industries should

be focused to attract investment.

4.11.3 Bureaucracy • Development and management of the Zone should be handed over to a reputable

international company specializing in the field of Zone development and management • Zone must be owned and developed by an SPV company preferably created under

Public Private Partnership arrangement • There is a strong case for developing an Agro Special Economic Zone in the interior

of Sindh • Proposed benefits of Special Economic Zone must be ensured through legislation • There must be no compromise on the quality of infrastructure • Captive power is a must for success of the zone


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4.11.4 Business Community • Location of the zone was found appropriate by all people interviewed • Benefits of locating in the Zone like tax holiday (type and extent of the holiday);

captive power; etc. should be communicated clearly and must be guaranteed • Government must somehow demonstrate that project would not be derailed /

victimized if there is change of government • There should be involvement of representatives of business community at the

planning and execution stages • There was capacity within the local business groups to put up facilities worth PKR 80

– 100 million as long as the projects were commercially viable • Government should ensure ways to implement Project Bylaws • Law should be made to restrict agencies like, EOBI, Social Security, Labor inspectors,

sales tax etc. from harassing businesses housed within the Zone • It is fine to charge premium for land within the Zone as long as the facilities

committed are provided. • Major businesses that could be attracted to the Zone were thought to be wheat and

cotton downstream industries, date & other fruit processing, chipboard, water purification, paper, plastic recycling, cold stores etc.

• There is no shortage of management level human resource but there is severe shortage of technically skilled workforce

• Skill development campaigns should be initiated on war footings with the involvement of well reputed NGOs

• Captive Power and Proximity to raw material were expressed as the main deciding factors


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Chapter 5 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

5.1 Introduction This chapter presents the screening process that identifies the environmental aspects and makes assessment of impact of different activities during the pre-construction, construction and commissioning phases of the Khairpur Special Economic Zone (KSEZ). The screening process has through review of literature, primary as well as secondary baseline data, and expert judgment made assessment of the potential impacts of said activities on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment of the Project. Mitigation measures have been proposed to reduce, minimize or compensate for the identified potential negative impacts and their adoption has been recommended.

The Proposed Project would involve construction and commissioning of an Special Economic Zone over 139.5 acres of land to give boost to agro based industrialization in the province. The zone is expected to cater to the trade and industrialization needs of the northern parts of Sindh and would hopefully become the role model for more such projects in different parts of the province.

The environmental aspects of the project as identified by situation analysis are related to the following:

(4) Physical environment, particularly siting of the Project (5) Biological environment, and (6) Socio-economic environment.

Guidelines have been reviewed and stakeholders have been consulted for classification of polluted and unpolluted sites with respect to their airshed, watershed, and land use; sensitivity of ecosystem including fauna, flora, wildlife, aquatic life, historical and archaeological sites and their values, and sensitivity of the site in terms of accommodating the Special Economic Zone.


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The following review/screening provides an assessment of impact of different activities during construction and installation of machinery and the resulting emission of noise and gases, and wastewater discharges during operation of the KSEZ. The impacts considered are those which may occur at regional and local level or the macroenvironment and at the site or the microenvironment.

The earlier description of microenvironment and macroenvironment has already provided a classification of the site based on assessment of impact using both primary and secondary data on emission of gaseous pollutants, noise levels, and wastewater discharges from operation of KSEZ project on its microenvironment. This section has put forward recommendations on mitigation measures that have to be taken, in all such cases where the levels of emission and discharges exceed the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS).

5.2 Assessment of Aspects & Impacts related to Siting of KSEZ

• The proposed KSEZ would be sited on 139.5 acres of land in Khairpur Town, Taluka and District Khairpur Sindh. This land is owned by the Government of Sindh. Thus no land acquisition would be required and no displacement of population would be involved. The proposed site is thus the only and hence the preferred alternative for siting the Project.

• The site so selected is strategically positioned for proximity to date growing areas, transportation links, and access to labor market. The KSEZ will become a regional cluster for manufacturing enterprises, especially those related to agro-processing and equipment. The KSEZ will be an ideal location for such enterprises, because it will include best in class infrastructure, efficient design, access to labor and training facilities, the ability to be close to key suppliers, and quality logistics services.

• The Project responds to the need of the segment of population that is seeking improvement in quality of life. The KSEZ project is being established under the development concept of “Public-Private-Partnership” (PPP) with the prime and twine objective of accelerating growth in agriculture & revitalizing the dormant industrial sector in the district. The strategy is to motivate farmers for linking up their agricultural operations to business and export oriented channels and supplying their produce to potential industrial users besides encouraging such private investors who may be willing to establish appropriate industrial units either using the local agricultural produce or the raw material, including the byproducts generated by other industries, either already operating or likely to spring-up in the zone.

• The availability of infrastructure of Water, Natural Gas and Electricity at the proposed site ideally suits for the development of KPEZ. The site is also linked with national highway (N-5) and rail link is also available near to Begmenjee railway station of Pakistan Railways.

• The airshed of the site is characterised as unpolluted due to non-existence of any such activity that add to the degradation of ambient air quality. Siting of the KPEZ would not add to the negative impacts such as water, air, and noise pollution in its microenvironment.


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• This Project not cause displacement of population, loss of business and annoyance to the living environment, or disturb the peace and tranquillity of its surroundings.

• The KSEZ project will leverage the district’s strength in agricultural production to re-build the manufacturing sector so that it may realize the potential it once had/reached. Within agriculture, dates are the biggest crop directly or indirectly affecting the livelihood of the majority of people living in Khairpur district. The date growers are still reliant on primitive processing techniques, thus there is a huge pent-up demand for value adding modern processing facilities, Significant commercial scope exists for manufacturing fruit and vegetable dehydrators as date growers are desperately in need of equipment such as dehydrators. In addition there is a huge scope for manufacturing of agricultural equipment and implements in Khairpur.

• KSEC site has no sensitive areas such as protected sites including wildlife sanctuaries, game reserves or national parks, or any archaeological, historical or cultural heritage in its immediate neighbourhood; as such its siting would have no sensitivity in this regard.

• Siting the Economic Zone in the district Khairpur will help to diversify the local economy beyond agricultural production as the organized industrialization of food processing will help the local economy move towards higher value added production and build an ecosystem of technical innovation. The demand created by the industrial sector will also help build the support sectors of finance, transportation, and education. KSEZ, when completed will not need much time to become a component of the ecosystem; as such the development will have no significant impact on the precious ecology. Removal of trees or greenery would be minimized or otherwise compensated.

• Siting of KSEZ shall bring about a socio-economic evolution for Khairpur district especially and the entire region in general. The value added industrial processing that will be facilitated by the KSEZ will have a significant impact on the performance of agricultural sector through reducing wastage, increasing prices, and boosting exports. The increase in processing activities will spur demand for crops, thus stimulating the increase of yields and exploration of new growing technologies. Additionally, the project will leverage Khairpur’s location benefits to attract industries that historically have not been present in the area. The enterprises facilitated by the KSEZ will directly create jobs as well as stimulate the growth of employment thought the agricultural sector.

5.3 Assessment of Impacts at Pre-Construction & Construction Phase of KSEZ Project

5.3.1 Demolition of Structure(s)

The project site is cleared out land with no existing assets or structures. This would not require any demolition of structure(s) which otherwise would have been a source of annoyance to the residents in the macroenvironment of the project area.

5.3.2 Structural Stability

The structural design of the buildings will be documented in accordance with the following codes. This responds to the seismic risks that have been enforced recently.


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As per UBC-1997, following criteria will be strictly adhered to while designing the structures:

Seismic Design Parameters (for special moment resisting frame)

Seismic Zone Factor 2B (As per UBC) Soil Profile Type SC (As per UBC) Occupancy Category “I” 1.0 (As per UBC) Over Strength Factors “R” 5.5 (As per UBC) Seismic Coefficient “Ca” Dependent on Soil (As per UBC) Seismic Coefficient “Cv” Dependent on Soil (As per UBC)

5.3.3 Erosion of Soil

Generally, the exposed soil after excavation for foundations is vulnerable to erosions and runoffs by rains. Such a situation is of temporary nature and short duration. It lasts only during the landscaping and concreting phase of construction at the site.

Mitigation Measures: The situation will be mitigated by:

(1) Covering the open soil especially during the rainy season until concreting and landscaping is complete.

(2) Intensification in fugitive dust emission caused by erosion of soil will be mitigated by appropriate measures to reduce the level of impact to minor significance.

(3) Control of air emission during construction is the responsibility of Proponent and their contractors who will be mandated to adopt the following mitigation measures:

• Exposed surface to be regularly wetted to effectively keep airborne dust levels to minimum

• Stockpiles of fine material to be wetted or covered with tarpaulin especially during windy weather conditions.

• Site workers to wear dust masks especially during dry and windy weather conditions.

5.3.4 Construction Waste

Typical solid waste generated during construction includes wasted concrete, steel and wooden scaffolding, cement bags, excavated soil, wood remains etc. Quantum of earth fill material will not be large since excavation will not be too deep. However, this waste has the potential to cause negative impact on the surroundings if not properly managed and disposed to approved dumpsites. It is likely to block nearby drainage channels that can ultimately cause localised flooding, particularly during the monsoon season. Irregular storage of this waste would pose hazards to the workers at site and to the people travelling through the area. Poor waste management practices would constitute short term as well as long term negative impact.


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Mitigation Measures: The following measures would be adopted to manage the disposal of construction wastes:

(1) A comprehensive waste disposal plan would be developed to effectively manage large quantities of these wastes.

(2) Unusable wastes would be transported to an approved dumpsite. (3) Reuse of excavated soil from deep excavations at other construction sites after testing of

necessary physical and chemical parameters of the soil will be encouraged. (4) Proper solid waste containers of adequate capacity would be provided to cater to daily

waste generation.

5.3.5 Topography and Geology

The Project is not likely to impose additional stress on these parameters and hence no significant impacts are envisaged. A detailed geotechnical study would be conducted and recommendations of the same will be followed.

5.3.6 Air Quality

The major source of air pollution during the construction phase will be dust emission due to earth works and gaseous emissions from construction equipment. The major source of air pollution during the operation phase when the Project is functional will be the pollutant emissions from the stand-by generator in case of power breakdown. Impacts from each source and proposed mitigation measures are as follows:

a) Dust Emission: Dust emission from construction site is a concern particularly if the site is near residential areas. The main health hazards are the particles smaller than 10 microns (designated as PM10) as they are respirable. In cases where they reach the receptors, the dust is considered a nuisance as it may spoil property and affect visibility. Particulate matter emitted during construction activities can result in deterioration of ambient air quality in the vicinity of the source, and be a nuisance to the communities in the neighborhood besides the workers. The impact on the environment would be considered significant if there is an increase in suspended particulate matter within and beyond the boundaries of the proposed project site due to activities at the site, or if the dust affects local property or results in complaints from the community. Potential sources of particulate matter emission during construction activities include earthworks (dirt or debris pushing and grading), exposed surfaces, exposed storage piles, truck dumping, hauling, vehicle movement on unpaved roads, and concrete mixing and batching. The quantity of dust that will be generated on a particular day will depend on the magnitude and nature of activity and the atmospheric conditions prevailing on the day.

Mitigation Measures: The following measures would be adopted to manage the problems due to dust emissions:

(1) Water will be sprinkled daily or when there is an obvious dust problem on all exposed surfaces to suppress emission of dust.

(2) Dust emission from soil piles and aggregate storage stockpiles will be reduced by appropriate measures. These may include:


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• Keeping the material moist by sprinkling of water at appropriate frequency

• Erecting windshield walls on three sides of the piles such that the wall project 0.5 m above the pile, or

• Covering the pile, for example with tarpaulin or thick plastic sheets, to prevent emissions.

• Locating stock piles away from the wind direction.

(3) Construction materials that are fragile and vulnerable to raising visible dust will be transported only in securely covered trucks to prevent dust emission during transportation.

(4) The exposure of construction workers to dust will be minimized by provision of dust masks.

(5) NEQS for ambient air quality will be strictly adhered to by contractors and the situation will be monitored by Independent Monitoring Consultant (IMC)

b) Vehicle and Equipment Exhaust: Combustion exhaust from vehicles and construction

equipment can affect the ambient air quality of the proposed site surroundings. The impact would be potentially significant when the ambient air quality deteriorates due to emissions from construction equipment and machinery or the construction generators etc. beyond the guidelines especially at the environmental receptors such as Khayaban-e-Saadi, and residential areas in the neighborhood. The exhaust emissions will include particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, sulphur, and carbon (NOx, SO2, COx).

Mitigation Measures: The emissions from operation of construction equipment and machinery as well as generators will not be so significant as to affect the ambient air quality of the area. Exhaust emissions will disperse with the prevailing wind and will not have any significant impact on the local air quality. Adoption of following mitigation measures will result in further reduction/ prevention of these emissions.

(1) All vehicles, generators and other equipments used during the construction will be properly tuned and maintained in good working condition in order to minimize emission of pollutants.

(2) The stack height of the generators during operation phase will be vented through vertical stacks to minimize exposure at ground level.

c) Air Emissions from Power Generation: Emissions produced by diesel generators and gas turbines generally meet the limits set in the NEQS, except for the levels of NOx. However, the NEQS are basically designed for industrial emissions and large thermal power plants, and with the existing technology, it is not possible for the small diesel generators and gas turbines to achieve the NOx emission limits given in the NEQS. In gas turbines, the NOx concentration in the flue gases tends to be higher but the total mass flow is small.

World Bank environmental guidelines recognize this problem and have set a much higher limit for NOx emissions produced by power plants. The guidelines (World Bank, 1998) suggest NOx emission limits of 125mg/Nm3 at 15% oxygen. The small diesel generators such as those to be employed during the construction stage and the gas turbines of power


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plant are expected to meet the WB guidelines. In case they do not, the proponents will introduce NOx burner in their system to comply with the World Bank Guidelines, since NEQS is silent on NOx emission from gas turbines.

5.3.7 Noise

Construction Noise: Depending on the construction equipment used and its distance from the receptors, the commuters travelling on N-5 and the communities in the microenvironment may be exposed to intermittent and variable noise levels. During the day such noise results in general annoyance and can interfere with sleep during the night.

In general, human sound perception is such that a change in sound level of 3 dB is clearly noticeable, and a change of 10 dB is perceived as a doubling or halving of sound level. The noise in the project area will increase during construction of the proposed KSEZ project and may result in disturbance to the nearby receptors unless it is contained within the appropriately fenced and covered site of the Project.

Baseline noise measurements were obtained through continuous monitoring for a 24 hour period at the project site. It was found from the noise monitoring that the typical average noise level in the project area was 53 dB (A). The World Bank and IFC guidelines for noise require that the sound level in industrial and commercial areas should not exceed 70 dB.

Mitigation Measures: The following mitigation measures are recommended to reduce the noise level resulting from construction activities:

(1) Reducing equipment noise at source by proper design, regular maintenance and repair of construction machinery and equipment.

(2) Minimizing noise from vehicles and power generators by use of proper silencers and mufflers.

(3) Use noise-abating devices wherever needed and practicable.

Noise Emission during Operation of Power Plant: Operation of the Power Plants and their gas turbines generally produce noise emission levels exceeding 105 to 110 dB (A).

Mitigation Measures:

The adverse impact is generally mitigated by enclosing the noisy units in a large enough engine hall. The gas turbine will be housed in a large hall to ensure that the noise level is reduced to acceptable levels of 85 dB (A) immediately outside the hall and to 70 dB (A) at the boundary wall of the facility.

5.3.8 Water Sourcing

Food processing industries are generally high in water consumption. Not only these industries require high quantities of water, they require water that is also fit for human consumption. Multiple sources such as subsoil water; canal water etc. can be tapped to satisfy water requirements of Agro Special Economic Zone. In case of KSEZ both these options must be tapped and a combination of these two sources should be developed to satisfy the water needs of the Zone. Further, design of the Zone must be developed to ensure storage of rain water for use in sanitation and watering of green patches within the Zone. Recycling of water must also be


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ensured to increase efficiency in use of water. Total estimated water requirement of this project is 0.192 MGD.

Mitigation Measures: Adherence to the following measures will ensure efficient use of water:

(1) A complete record of water consumption during construction and operation phase will be maintained.

(2) Water conservation practices will be adopted to prevent wastage of water. (3) The water supply lines will be checked and repaired for leaks, if any, in order to reduce

wastage of water.

5.3.9 Soil Contamination

Spills of chemicals and fuel during handling, transportation and storage may result in contamination of soil at the construction site. Oil and grease if present in the run-off will result in soil contamination and the impact would be interpreted as significant.

During a typical construction project spill of fuel oil, lubricants, and chemicals can take place. The spill may take place:

• During transfer from one container to another or during refueling; • During maintenance of equipment and vehicles; • Due to leakages from equipment and containers; and • Due to traffic accidents.

Mitigation Measure: The following measures will be adopted to prevent soil contamination:

(1) Fuel oils, lubricants, and chemicals will be stored in covered dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining.

(2) Maintenance of vehicles and equipment will only be carried out at designated areas.

(3) The area will be provided with hard surface or tarpaulin will be spread on the ground to prevent contamination of soil.

(4) Vehicles will only be washed in designated areas.

(5) Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment.

(6) Appropriate implements such as shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials will be made available near fuel and oil storage areas for removal of oil and contaminated soil.

(7) Contaminated soil will be removed and properly disposed after treatment such as by incineration.

5.3.10 Wastewater Generation & Disposal

Construction Phase: Improper disposal of domestic effluent from the construction site and campsite may result in contamination of soil and groundwater and become a health hazard. Maximum wastewater discharged from the construction site is estimated at 5500 gallons/day. The source of wastewater includes toilets, washrooms, laundry and kitchen. Campsites will have


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a sewerage collection system in the form of septic tanks; the collected sewage generally consisting of sanitary wastewater would be routed to the existing municipal drain/sewerage system. This wastewater would comply with the NEQS values provided that other hazardous wastes (i.e. paints etc) are not mixed with it. The impact of disposal of such wastewater would not be significant since it is expected to comply with the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for municipal effluent.

Mitigation Measures: The following mitigation measures will be adopted:

(1) Wastewater generated at the campsites will be stored temporarily in septic systems comprising septic tanks from where it will be routed to the nearest drain/sewerage system.

(2) At the time of restoration, septic tanks will be dismantled and backfilled with at least 1m of soil cover above the surrounding natural surface level.

Operation Phase: The KSEZ on becoming functional will generate wastewater produced by various units established within KSEZ. The wastewater can be a potential source of pollution to surface and groundwater resources of the area.

Wastewater generated during operational stage of the Project is estimated to be approximately 0.17 MGD. The wastewater will be treated in Combined Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP).

Combined Effluent Treatment is the technology of treating effluents collected from different units by collective effort mainly for a cluster of small scale industrial units. The principles of collective treatment are not much different from the conventional system adopted for treatment of municipal sewage collected from individual household units. The difference between the two systems is that while biodegradable sewage is the major component of wastewater, the combined effluent has sewage mixed into the non-biodegradable industrial effluent.

Combined Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) offers a management system in which all stake holders contributing to the wastewater treatment play their respective role. The system requires the individual units including the industrial, commercial units and the municipalities to get organized and play their respective role.

The main objectives of CET include the following:

• Development of a centralized wastewater treatment system that responds to the need of protection of environment which has been degraded by continuous discharge of industrial and domestic effluent.

• Organizing the wastewater treatment system in which each stakeholder contributes its wastewater as per the requirement of the treatment facility, and to provide wastewater of the prescribed quality to the CETP.

• Solving the problem of lack of space at individual units as the centralized facility can be planned in advance to ensure that adequate space is available.

• Reducing treatment cost at individual units while protecting the environment by achieving economy of scale in wastewater treatment.

• Organizing the disposal of treated wastes and sludge and improving the recycling and reuse possibilities.


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Mitigation Measures: Following mitigation measures will be adopted for effective management of wastewater:

(1) A Combined Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) will be established for the zone to comply NEQS.

(2) Waste segregation measures would be employed to minimize entry of solid waste into the wastewater stream.

(3) Water conservation strategies will be employed to avoid wastage of water.

5.3.11 Solid Waste Generation and Management

Construction Phase: The construction phase of the project is expected to generate wastes including; packing waste; scrap, excess construction materials and debris, domestic wastes from construction camp, empty containers and drums, used lubricating oils and chemicals etc. Besides being an eyesore, the solid waste can also pose health hazards; pollute soil surface and ground water if disposed of improperly.

The impact of solid waste disposal would be significant if the waste management is not carried out appropriately. This may adversely affect the health of workers, cause soil pollution, and deteriorate the quality of surface water and groundwater. Also if excessive wastes are generated, recyclable wastes are not recycled, wastes are scattered, handling of wastes results in contamination, and wastes are improperly disposed of, the result would be serious degradation of the environment.

Waste generated as a result of construction activity will be inherently less reactive and chemically inert under normal conditions however, its handling and storage may pose adverse impacts of minor nature which could be controlled by employing the recommended mitigation measures in the EMP.

Hazardous waste generated during the construction activities, if not managed properly can pose health hazards, pollute or alter quality of soil, surface and groundwater.

Waste from construction and associated activities will be properly managed by proposed measures described in the following section:

Mitigation Measures: A waste management plan will be developed before the start of the construction. The following will be the key elements of the waste management system:

(1) Separate bins will be placed for different type of wastes - plastic, paper, metal, glass, wood, and cotton.

(2) Recyclable material will be separated at source. The recyclable waste will be sold to waste contractors for recycling.

(3) Non-hazardous non-recyclable wastes such as construction camp kitchen wastes will be disposed of in landfill site through municipal administration or approved waste manager/contractor.

(4) No wastes will he dumped at any location outside the site boundary.


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(5) All hazardous waste will be separated from other wastes. Hazardous wastes will be stored in designated areas with restricted access and proper marking. Hazardous wastes will be disposed of through approved waste manager/contractor.

(6) Surplus construction materials including partially filled chemical and paint containers will be returned to suppliers. Inert construction wastes will be disposed of onsite as fill material or sold as scrap to contractors.

(7) Records of all waste generated during the construction period will be maintained. Quantities of waste disposed, recycled, or reused will be logged on a Waste Tracking Register.

(8) Training will be provided to personnel for identification, segregation, and management of waste.

Operation Phase: KSEZ will generate solid waste during operation. The solid waste will mainly include food/agricultural waste, paper and packaging material. If not properly managed and disposed of this can pose serious environmental threat of pollution not only to the residents and visitors to the complex but also to the surrounding settlements. The quantity of solid waste to be managed will be categorized into organic and recyclable components. Nearly half of the waste generated is expected to be of organic nature i.e. biodegradable and the remaining as recyclables. Therefore waste segregation can solve much of the solid waste management problem. The viable options after storing, collecting and transportation of segregated waste components for its ultimate safe disposal are composting and recycling, respectively which needs to be carefully designed and managed properly.

Mitigation Measures: The following Mitigations Measures would reduce the negative impacts of solid waste disposal:

(1) All solid waste shall be segregated into organic and recyclable waste at source and then collected, stored, and transported for ultimate safe disposal.

(2) Handling and disposal of such waste shall be managed by a dedicated waste management contractor.

(3) The solid waste management plan will be developed and facilities for collection, storage and transportation will be established and organized.

5.3.12 Energy use

Electricity during construction phase will he produced from diesel generators, whereas during operation phase, KSEZ will generate its own power. The power produced will be significant in terms of costs both environmental and economic. Since energy produced from non-renewable resource results in CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions, it is important to ensure that energy is used prudently and best management practices are adopted in building design. Energy saving techniques will be employed to conserve energy. An energy audit of KSEZ will be performed every year.

5.3.13 Materials Selection

General specification/details have been worked out in respect of type of structures, concrete, and all other materials required for the Construction of KSEZ. The following measures will be adopted to ensure sustainable development of the Project:


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(1) The structures and materials will conform to recommended standards and follow standard practice of civil works.

(2) Materials including paving stones, crush, gravel and sand will be brought from commercial quarries located in Sindh province. Environmentally sound materials and goods will be selected, with priority being accorded to products meeting national and international standards.

(3) Traditionally well-tried materials and components will be selected and selection of construction materials would be based on sustainable source.

(4) Construction site will be adequately isolated to prevent entry of public and general safety measures will be evocatively imposed throughout the construction period.

(5) Temporary inconveniences due to construction works will be minimized through planning and coordination with community members and organizations in the neighbourhood.

(6) The production, use and disposal of building materials during the construction stage of KSEZ will utilize considerable amount of energy and resources; all attempts will be made towards efficient consumption and minimization of wastage of water, energy and materials.

(7) Best practice of energy efficiency will be adopted in the building/structure design.

(8) The environmental impacts arising from selection of building materials and components would take account of the environmental issues during the materials selection process, and introduce Recycling strategies such as Reuse and Reduction of Wastewater.

5.3.14 Ecological Impacts

The development of KSEZ on 139.5 acres of land is not expected to affect the ecology (flora and fauna) during construction and operation stages. It is however planned that for every maturing tree of the said size felled, four trees will be planted to compensate for the loss of vegetative cover. Additionally about 5,000 stands of indigenous tree species will be planted at locations along the perimeter of the KESZ boundary wall depending on soil characteristics and availability of water) to minimize erosion and enhance the aesthetic quality of the area. The budget for tree planting is incorporated in the project cost. Selection of appropriate species and the design of the planting and maintenance program will be carried out in consultation with the Sindh Forestry Department. Workers will be prohibited from cutting trees for fuel.

Maintenance and regular inspection of planted trees on roadsides will be made during the operation phase to ensure a high survival rate of saplings.

The project site does not have any wildlife habitat or endangered species. Therefore no significant impacts are envisaged on the wildlife during the project construction and operation phase.


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5.3.15 Social Conflicts

Workers will be encouraged to be sensitive to local customs and traditions, in order to minimize social friction. Good relations with local communities will be promoted by encouraging contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to locals, as well as on-the-job training in construction for young people.

5.3.16 Public Utilities

Public utilities will not be affected by the construction activities or operation of the KSEZ since the same are being provided by the concerned organizations. Likewise public services will not be disrupted and no inconvenience caused. The impact, if at all caused, will be temporary and will be mitigated by relocating affected utilities (e.g., water pipes, power and telephone lines) well ahead of the actual commencement of construction.

5.3.17 Health and Safety

Prior to any site works, the Proponent will require the contractor to develop a construction camp management plan, a traffic management plan, a waste management plan, and a reinstatement or re-vegetation management plan. Such plans will be reviewed and approved by Proponent, and their implementation will be monitored by the supervision and independent monitoring consultants and by the relevant authorities.

In case of complaints arising from the implementation of the subprojects, Proponent will conduct site inspections and appropriate sampling to validate claims. Based on the findings, mitigation measures will be implemented by the contractor during the construction phase and by Proponent during the operation phase.

The contractor will ensure that activities at the site will not cause damage to lives and properties by implementing the following measures to ensure the health and safety of workers and the public:


(1) Activity areas will be fenced to avoid accidents and will be properly drained to avoid pooling of water that could harbor mosquitoes,

(2) solid and liquid wastes will be collected and disposed of appropriately, (3) basic medical facilities and appropriate safety gear will be provided to workers, and (4) Workers will be made aware of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.

5.3.18 Road Safety and Traffic Management

Construction activities may result in traffic jams and cause inconvenience to people. This impact is temporary and will be mitigated by providing alternate traffic routes during construction. Adequate warning signs in both directions will be provided at the approaches to road crossings. A traffic management plan will be implemented during the construction phase, in particular during the transportation of heavy machinery and equipment.

The Project area will be fenced. To ensure access and safety of pedestrians and livestock during operation, alternative access routes will be provided as appropriate. Crossing locations will be determined in consultation with local communities. The smooth road surface on N-5 has induced


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faster vehicular movement, which can lead to road mishaps. The impact on road safety will be mitigated by enforcing speed limits and providing traffic signs.

5.3.19 Employment and Income Generation

The project will employ local people for unskilled jobs, although the number is expected to vary depending on the activities taking place. When hiring local people, preference will be given to people living within the outreach of Project, as they will be the most directly influenced by the project.

To provide qualified labor for zone enterprises, there will be a technical training center at KSEZ. In addition to supplying the zone enterprises with trained labor, the technical training center aims to have an overall impact of the quality of human resources in Khairpur. The types of training provided will mirror the demand for workers with minimal education. Such positions would include mason, painter, carpenter, and steel fixers. The next tier is for the semi-skilled workers with at least 8-10 years of education. The positions in this tier include welder, machinist, mechanic, tractor operator, and fork lift operator. The high end tier of jobs is for people with at least 10 years of education and includes positions such as computer science, manager, and electrician. There will also be programs focused on-the-job training for women.

Table 5.1: Nature and Degree of Positive Socioeconomic Impacts Nature of

positive impact Degree of

impact Description

I. Construction Phase: Job opportunity Positive

Impact Generate unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled jobs as construction labourers and other service providers.

Wider economic impact

Positive Impact

Economic impact in terms of generating opportunities for other business like sourcing of man

and material supplies for specialized jobs. II. Operation Phase

Job opportunity Major Positive Impact

Generate large number of jobs in various positions both in managerial, supervisory and subordinate

positions. Improvement in quality of life

Major Positive Impact

Provide safe and secure environment for social, cultural, and commercial activity

5.3.20 Interactions with Communities

Except for the presence of local people hired for the project, very little interaction is expected between construction crew and local communities. However, the influx of outsiders may affect the mobility of local women. The Project workers will not remain in one area for more than a few days, and will be instructed to avoid interacting with local people when outside the enclosure, so their impact on the community should be temporary.

5.3.21 Archaeological Resources

No site of archeological, cultural or historical value is known to exist in the area; nor have any been observed during site surveys. However, all contractors hired for construction or operation will be instructed to notify the Proponent immediately if any artifacts, or sites of archeological or


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cultural value, are found while working in the area, so that relevant departments can be informed.

5.3.22 Maintaining Contact with Local Communities

Proponent will strive to maintain contact with major stakeholders, particularly local communities, through all stages of project implementation. This is necessary to engender a sense of community in the project proponents and to ensure that the community’s concerns are responded to at every stage. The purpose of such contact is to develop a relationship of trust with the local communities, keeping in mind that operation of a power production system may lead to the development of long-term interests in the region.

The project proponents will keep communities informed of work schedules and of the nature of work being undertaken. They will also take advantage of local knowledge regarding any possible sensitive sites (such as sources of water), or sites of cultural interest, that are located in close proximity to KSEZ operations. These sites will not be disturbed during the course of the project.

5.3.23 Resource Utilization

The sourcing of supplies such as water, fuel, camp supplies, etc., required during the construction and operations phase can adversely affect the available resources particularly in the rural areas of Khairpur. The demands induced by the needs of the project can severely hamper the availability of essentials to the already resource-starved locals. Utilization of local Resources will be kept to the minimum.

5.4 Impacts Rating

The following Checklist for the KSEZ Project provides the screening of potential environmental impact on different components of ecosystem at Khairpur.

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. PROJECT SITING IS THE PROJECT AREA…..?

Densely Populated? X Heavy With Development Activities?

X

Adjacent To or Within Any Environmentally Sensitive Areas?

X

Cultural Heritage Site X Protected Area X Wetland X Mangrove X Estuarine X Buffer Zone of Protected Area X Special Area For Protecting Biodiversity

X

Bay X


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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Will The Project Cause…?

Impacts on the sustainability of associated sanitation and solid waste disposal systems and their interactions with other urban/rural services.

X Not envisaged Mitigation Measures Provided

Deterioration of surrounding environmental conditions due to rapid urban population growth, commercial and industrial activity, and increased waste generation to the point that both manmade and natural systems are overloaded and the capacities to manage these systems are overwhelmed?

X Contrarily environmental conditions will improve a great deal. Better management & conservation practices will be followed

Degradation of land and ecosystems (e.g. loss of wetlands and wild lands, coastal zones, watersheds and forests)?

X Not envisaged

Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

X Not envisaged

Dislocation of indigenous communities and Disadvantaged population

X Not envisaged

Degradation of cultural property, and loss of cultural heritage and tourism revenues?

X Not envisaged

Occupation of low-lying lands, floodplains and steep hillsides by squatters and low-income groups, and their exposure to increased health hazards and risks due to polluting industries?

X Not envisaged

Water resource problems (e.g. depletion/ degradation of available water supply, deterioration for surface and ground water quality, and pollution of receiving waters?

X Not envisaged, better management & conservation practices will be followed

Air pollution due to emissions? X Minor Social conflicts between construction workers from other areas and local workers?

X Not expected

Road blocking and temporary flooding due to land excavation during rainy season?

X

Not envisaged but will be mitigated if some such situation emerges through better management practices

Noise and dust from construction activities?

X Minor but will be minimized and localized into the microenvironment through best management practices

Traffic disturbances due to construction material transport and wastes?

X The Project involves major construction activity. State of the art technology will be used. Construction material


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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS transportation to the site will be managed through recognized access roads and adoption of good management practices

Temporary silt runoff due to construction?

X Not envisaged but will be mitigated if some such situation emerges through better management practices

Hazards to public health due to ambient, household and occupational pollution, thermal inversion, and smog formation?

X Not envisaged but will be mitigated if some such situation emerges through better management practices and implementation of Environmental Management Plan

Water depletion and/or quality degradation?

X Best management practices and conservation practices will be followed in view of constraints on availability

Overplaying of ground water, leading to land subsidence, lowered ground water table, and salinization?

X Conservation practices will be followed and excessive use will be avoided

Contamination of surface and ground waters due to improper waste disposal?

X Solid and Liquid waste Disposal system will be in place to prevent possible contamination of water resources

Pollution of receiving waters resulting in amenity losses, fisheries and marine resource depletion, and health problems?

X Solid and Liquid waste Disposal system will be in place to prevent possible contamination of receiving waters.

Overall Rating X No significant Impact


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Chapter 6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

6.1 Introduction This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will serve as a principal execution module of the project that would not only mitigate adverse environmental impacts during the construction and the operation phase of the project but also ensures that environmental standards and good in housekeeping, is maintained. Continuous environmental monitoring is exercised to ensure that preventive measures are in place and effective to sustain environmental integrity.

6.2 Main Objectives of the EMP The main objectives of EMP are to:

• To outline functions and responsibilities of responsible persons.

• To state and implement standards and guidelines which are required under environmental legislations particular in context to the project.

• Facilitates the implementation of the mitigation measures by providing the technical details of each project impact, and proposing implementation schedule of the proposed mitigation measures.

• Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters to ensure that all proposed mitigation measures are completely and effectively implemented.

• Identify training requirements at various levels and provide a plan for the implementation of training sessions.

• Identify the resources required to implement the EMP and outline corresponding financing arrangements.

6.3 Planning and Design of the Operations 6.3.1 Details of project Activities

Details of the project activities are provided in chapter 2 of the EIA report. Following approval of the EIA, any changes to the proposed activities will be handled through the change Management Plan provided in this EMP.

6.3.2 Approvals

Obtaining no objection Certificate (NOC)/Approval from SEPA will not relieve the proponent of other legal obligation and hence project proponent and project contractors will obtain all other relevant clearance and necessary approvals required by the Government of Sindh and Relevant departments prior to commencing the respective operations.


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6.3.3 Contractual Provision

Adherence to the requirements of the EIA and EMP in terms of environmental mitigation will be required from all project contractors and thus EMP will form part of their contract with proponent.

6.4 Implementation of the Operation

6.4.1 Co-ordination with Stakeholders

The proponent will ensure that co-ordination with the regulators and other stakeholders on environmental and social matters is maintained throughout construction and operation phase of the project.

6.4.2 Monitoring

The proponent and the contractors will ensure that monitoring of the project activities is carried out throughout the project. The proponent’s site representative will monitor all project activities during the construction and operation phase. He will keep a record of all non-conformances observed and report these along with actions to proponent’s management in Khairpur for further action. The site representative will also report any impacts anticipated along with his recommendation for further action.

6.4.3 Emergency Procedures

The proponent and the contractors will prepare contingency plans to deal with any emergency situation that may arise during the construction and operation e.g. major oil spills, medical evacuation and communicate these to the regulatory agencies if required by these agencies.

6.4.4 Approvals

The project contractor will be responsible for obtaining all relevant approvals from proponent’s site representative such as approvals for waste contractors, water source and others as specified in the Mitigation Management Matrix.

6.4.5 Trainings

The project contractors will be responsible for the selection and training of their staff capable of completing the project activities properly and efficiently. The contractors will be responsible for providing training to their staff members according to the training program.

6.4.6 Communication and Documentation

The proponent and the contractor will ensure that the communication and documentation requirements specified in the EMP are fulfilled during the construction and operation phase.


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6.4.7 Change Management

The EIA for the proposed operation recognizes that changes in the operation or the EMP may be required during the project activities and therefore provides a Change Management Plan to manage such changes. Overall responsibility for the preparation of change management statements will be with proponent’s site representative.

6.4.8 Restoration

The proponent along with the construction contractor will be responsible for the final restoration of work areas.

6.5 Change Management Plan The EIA for the proposed project recognizes that changes in the operation or the EMP may be required during the construction and operation and therefore provides a Change Management Plan to manage such changes. The management of changes is discussed under two separate headings, Additions to the EMP and Changes to the Operation and the EMP.

6.5.1 Changes to the EMP

The EIA and the EMP have been developed based on the best possible information available at the time of the EIA study. However, it is possible that during the conduct of the proposed operation additional mitigation measures based on the findings of environmental monitoring during the operation may have to be included in the EMP. In such cases following actions will be taken:

• A meeting will be held between the proponent and the concerned project contractors. During the meeting, the proposed addition to the EMP will be discussed and agreed upon by all parties.

• Based on the discussion during the meeting, a change report will be produced collectively, which will include the additional EMP clause and the reasons for the addition.

• The report will be signed by all parties and will be filled at the site office: A copy of the report will be sent to the proponent and contractor head offices.

• All relevant project personnel will be informed of the addition.

6.5.2 Changes to the Operation

The change management system recognizes three orders of changes:

(1) First Order A first order change is one that leads to a significant departure from the project described or the impacts assessed in the EIA and consequently require a reassessment of the environmental impacts associated with the change. Example of first order change includes change in location of proposed project.


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Action required in this case will be that the environmental impacts of the proposed change will be reassessed by the proponent and sent to the SEPA for approval.

(2) Second Order A second order change is one that does not result in the change in project description or impacts that are significantly different from those detailed in the EIA. Example of second order changes includes extension in the site area.

Action required for such changes will be that the proponent will reassess the impact of the activity on the environment and specify additional mitigation measures if required and report the changes to SEPA.

(3) Third Order A third order change is one that does not result in impacts above those already assessed in the EIA, rather these may be made site to minimize the impact of an activity such as:

• Increase in project workforce; • Change in layout plan.

The only action required for such changes will be to record the change in the Change Record Register.

6.6 Training Programme Environmental training will form part of the environmental management system. The training will be directed towards all personnel for general environmental awareness.

6.6.1 Objectives

The key objective of training programme is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the project. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EIA and EMP.

6.6.2 Roles and Responsibilities

The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the project. The contractors will be responsible to arrange trainings and ensure the presence of targeted staff.

6.6.3 Training Programme

The environmental awareness, EIA and EMP training will be carried out during the project activities.

(1) Training log A training log will be maintained by contractors. The training log will include:

• Topic • Date, time and location


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• Trainer • Participants

(2) Training Needs Assessment In addition to the training specified in the training log special/additional trainings will be provided during the project activity. The criteria to assess the need of training will be based on the following:

• When a specified percentage of staff is newly inducted in the project • When any non-compliance is repeatedly reported refresher training will be provided

regarding that issue. • When any incident/accident of minor or major nature occurs. Arrival of new

contractor/sub contractor. • Start of any new process/ activity.

(3) Training Material The contractors will develop and prepare training material regarding environmental awareness, sensitivity of the area, EIA, EMP and restrictions to be followed during the project. Separate training material will be prepared for each targeted staff.

6.7 Environmental Management Plan The proposed project and its components, the baseline environmental profile of the project area, the anticipated environmental impacts and appropriate mitigation measures to avoid/reduce/mitigate/compensate for the identified impacts have been discussed in detailed in earlier sections.

This Environmental Management Plan is developed for implementation listing the impacts, appropriate mitigation measures, delegating the responsibility of implementation to concerned agencies. This is shown in the following Table 6.7.

Table 6.7: Environmental Management Plan Impact/Aspect MitigationDesign Phase Seismic Design Ensure that following codes are followed:


Construction & Operation Phase Soil Erosion • Ensure that the open soil is covered especially during the rainy

season until concreting and landscaping is complete. • Ensure that intensification in fugitive dust emission caused by

erosion of soil is mitigated by appropriate measures to reduce the level of impact to minor significance.

• Ensure that exposed surface is regularly wetted to effectively keep airborne dust levels to minimum.

• Ensure that stockpiles of fine material is wetted or covered with tarpaulin especially during windy weather conditions.

• Ensure that site workers wear dust masks especially during dry and windy weather conditions.


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Table 6.7: Environmental Management Plan Impact/Aspect Mitigation Construction Waste

• Ensure that a comprehensive waste disposal plan is developed to effectively manage large quantities of these wastes.

• Ensure that all unusable wastes are transported to an approved dumpsite.

• Ensure that excavated soil from deep excavations is reused at other construction sites after testing of necessary physical and chemical parameters of the soil will be encouraged.

• Ensure that proper solid waste containers of adequate capacity are provided to cater to daily waste generation.

Air Quality • Ensure that water is sprinkled daily or when there is an obvious dust problem on all exposed surfaces to suppress emission of dust.

• Ensure that the dust emission from soil piles and aggregate storage stockpiles is reduced by appropriate measures. These may include:

Keeping the material moist by sprinkling of water at appropriate frequency

Erecting windshield walls on three sides of the piles such that the wall project 0.5 m above the pile, or

Covering the pile, for example with tarpaulin or thick plastic sheets, to prevent emissions.

Locating stock piles away from the wind direction. • Ensure that construction materials that are fragile and

vulnerable to raising visible dust are transported only in securely covered trucks to prevent dust emission during transportation.

• Ensure that the exposure of construction workers to dust is minimized by provision of dust masks.

• Ensure that NEQS for ambient air quality are strictly adhered to by contractors and the situation is monitored by Independent Monitoring Consultant (IMC).

• Ensure that all vehicles, generators and other equipment used during the construction is properly tuned and maintained in good working condition in order to minimize emission of pollutants.

• Ensure that the stack height of the generators during operation phase is vented through vertical stacks to minimize exposure at ground level.

Noise • Ensure that equipment noise is controlled at source by proper design, regular maintenance and repair of construction machinery and equipment.

• Ensure that noise from vehicles and power generators is minimized by use of proper silencers and mufflers.

• Ensure that noise-abating devices are used wherever needed and practicable.


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Table 6.7: Environmental Management Plan Impact/Aspect Mitigation Water sourcing

• Ensure that a complete record of water consumption during construction and operation phase is maintained.

• Ensure that water conservation practices are adopted to prevent wastage of water.

• Ensure that the water supply lines are checked and repaired for leaks, if any, in order to reduce wastage of water.

Soil Contamination

• Ensure that fuel oils, lubricants, and chemicals are stored in covered dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining.

• Ensure that maintenance of vehicles and equipment are carried out at designated areas.

• Ensure that the area is provided with hard surface or tarpaulin is spread on the ground to prevent contamination of soil.

• Ensure that vehicles will only be washed in designated areas. • Ensure that regular inspections are carried out to detect

leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Ensure that appropriate implements such as shovels, plastic

bags and absorbent materials are made available near fuel and oil storage areas for removal of oil and contaminated soil.

• Ensure that contaminated soil is removed and properly disposed after treatment such as by incineration.

Wastewater • Ensure that the wastewater generated at the campsites is stored temporarily in septic systems comprising septic tanks from where it will be routed to the nearest drain/sewerage system.

• Ensure that at the time of restoration, septic tanks are dismantled and backfilled with at least 1m of soil cover above the surrounding natural surface level.

• Ensure that a Combined Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) is established for the zone to comply NEQS.

• Ensure that waste segregation measures are employed to minimize entry of solid waste into the wastewater stream.

• Ensure that water conservation strategies are employed to avoid wastage of water.


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Table 6.7: Environmental Management Plan Impact/Aspect Mitigation Solid Waste • Ensure that separate bins are placed for different type of wastes

- plastic, paper, metal, glass, wood, and cotton. • Ensure that recyclable material is separated at source. The

recyclable waste will be sold to waste contractors for recycling. • Ensure that non-hazardous non-recyclable wastes such as

construction camp kitchen wastes are disposed of in landfill site through municipal administration or approved waste manager/contractor.

• Ensure that no wastes are dumped at any location outside the site boundary.

• Ensure that all hazardous waste is separated from other wastes. Hazardous wastes will be stored in designated areas with restricted access and proper marking. Hazardous wastes will be disposed of through approved waste manager / contractor.

• Ensure that the surplus construction materials including partially filled chemical and paint containers are returned to suppliers. Inert construction wastes will be disposed of onsite as fill material or sold as scrap to contractors.

• Ensure that records of all waste generated during the construction period are maintained. Quantities of waste disposed, recycled, or reused will be logged on a Waste Tracking Register.

• Ensure that training is provided to personnel for identification, segregation, and management of waste.

• Ensure that all solid waste is segregated into organic and recyclable waste at source and then collected, stored, and transported for ultimate safe disposal.

• Ensure that handling and disposal of such waste is managed by a dedicated waste management contractor.

• Ensure that the solid waste management plan is developed and facilities for collection, storage and transportation will be established and organized.

Energy Use • Ensure that energy saving techniques is employed to conserve energy.

• Ensure that an energy audit of KSEZ is performed every year.


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Table 6.7: Environmental Management Plan Impact/Aspect Mitigation Material Selection

• Ensure that the structures and materials conform to recommended standards and follow standard practice of civil works.

• Ensure that materials including paving stones, crush, gravel and sand are brought from commercial quarries located in Sindh province. Environmentally sound materials and goods will be selected, with priority being accorded to products meeting national and international standards.

• Ensure that traditionally well-tried materials and components are selected and selection of construction materials is based on sustainable source.

• Ensure that the construction site is adequately isolated to prevent entry of public and general safety measures are evocatively imposed throughout the construction period.

• Ensure that temporary inconveniences due to construction works are minimized through planning and coordination with community members and organizations in the neighborhood.

• Ensure that all attempts are made towards efficient consumption and minimization of wastage of water, energy and materials.

• Ensure that best practice of energy efficiency are adopted in the building/structure design.

• The environmental impacts arising from selection of building materials and components would take account of the environmental issues during the materials selection process, and introduce Recycling strategies such as Reuse and Reduction of Wastewater.

Health and Safety

• Ensure that activity areas are fenced to avoid accidents and are properly drained to avoid ponding of water that could harbor mosquitoes,

• Ensure that solid and liquid wastes are collected and disposed of appropriately,

• Ensure that basic medical facilities and appropriate safety gear are provided to workers, and

• Ensure that the workers are made aware of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.

6.8 Environmental Monitoring Plan A program of monitoring will be conducted to ensure that all the parties take the specified action to provide the required mitigation, to assess whether the action has adequately protected the environment, and to determine whether any additional measures may be necessary. Regular monitoring of implementation of mitigations measures by Construction Contractor will be conducted by the Implementing Agency. Periodic monitoring and overseeing of implementation of mitigation measures will be conducted by the IMC. Monitoring during operation stage will be conducted by the Operating Agency.


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Table 6.8 shows the proposed Environmental Monitoring checklist for this Project.

Table 6.8: Environmental Observation / Monitoring Checklist Monitoring

Item Construction Stage Operation Stage

Noise Monitoring Monitoring Parameter Leq (dBA) Leq (dBA)

Monitoring Frequency

Measuring 2 Times Per Month, 16 hours/ day, 3 times / hour

Measuring 1 time per quarter during the first 12 months

Comparative Standard NEQS NEQS

Air Quality Monitoring Monitoring Parameter

CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, SPM, PM10, PM2.5

CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, SPM, PM10, PM2.5

Monitoring Frequency

Measuring 2 Times Per Month, 16 hours/ day, 3 times / hour

Measuring 1 time per quarter during the first 12 months


Solid Water Removal Monitoring Parameter Solid Waste/Construction Debris Solid Waste/Construction

Debris/Garbage Monitoring Frequency

This has to be removed by proponent during the construction. The garbage dumping will not be allowed at the roads.

Comparative Standard ------ -------

Wastewater Monitoring Parameter

Wastewater from construction activities and camps

Wastewater from operational areas

Monitoring Frequency Monthly Quarterly



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Chapter 7 Summary of Findings and Conclusion

This EIA Study has critically examined the different environmental and social aspects associated with construction and commissioning phase of Khairpur Special Economic Zone (KSEZ) project.

The study has highlighted all potential environmental and socio-economic impacts likely to occur and have been assessed for possible Mitigation measures that could be adequately proposed where necessary to minimize the impacts. The project proponent and their contractor(s) shall be mandated to comply with the developed / proposed Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) in order to maintain the quality of environment.

The findings of the EIA study are:

• The proposed KSEZ project would be sited on 139.5 acres of land in Khairpur Town in Taluka and District Khairpur, Sindh. The land is owned by the provincial government. Hence there is no issue of land acquisition from private sector and also no displacement of population is envisaged. The proposed / selected site thus remains the only and preferred alternate for siting the Project.

• The location of site is strategically positioned in proximity to date palm farms and

agricultural lands connected with well-established transportation routes, and having accessibility of labor to the project zone. Hence socioeconomically, KSEZ has high potential to grow into a regional hub of agro industry and enterprise particularly in manufacturing related to agro-processing and equipment, etc.

• The Project responds directly to the demands of the region that would fulfill the

socioeconomic needs of the masses desiring elevation in their standard of living. The KSEZ project is being brought in and consolidated on the basis of “Public-Private-Partnership” (PPP) with its driving objective to promote agriculture & also to revitalize industrialization in the region. The strategy is a two prong approach, i.e. to motivate farmers in integrating their agricultural activities with the agro-business leading to promotion and development of industrial establishment in their domain.

• The utility infrastructure providing water, natural gas and electricity at the proposed

site available makes it a viable project in terms of rapidly flourishing economic zone. KSEZ is also linked with National Highway (N-5) and rail link is also available close to Begmenjee railway station on the Pakistan Railways national rail network.

• The airshed of the site is falls in category of unpolluted air environment due to

virtually non-existence of any such activity that is currently emitting any pollutants to ambient air thereby deteriorating its quality. Siting of the KSEZ is unlike to cause any adverse impacts on the quality of water, air, and noise in its microenvironment.

• The Project does not involve displacement of population, loss of business and

annoyance to the living environment that may cause or disturb the peace and tranquility of its surroundings.


Final Report


• The KSEZ project would support and strengthen the district’s agricultural production throughput to re-build the manufacturing sector so that it may realize the potential it once had reached. Within agriculture, date production is the largest crop yield affecting directly or indirectly the livelihood and in turn the socioeconomic status of the majority of people living in Khairpur district. The date growers are still thriving on primitive processing techniques, thus there is a huge uptake and potential for value adding modern processing facilities. Significant scope for commercial food industry associated business exist that will not only improve the socioeconomic status of the agro-based farmers but also the agriculture yield of the region and KSEZ project could be platform through which this revolution may be achieved.

• The commercial scope is high that exists for manufacturing fruit and vegetable

dehydrators that is essentially required by the date growers. In addition there is a huge scope for manufacturing of agricultural equipment in Khairpur region.

• KSEZ site has no sensitive areas such as protected lands including wildlife

sanctuaries, game reserves or national parks, or any archaeological, historical or cultural heritage in its immediate neighborhood. Hence its location is away and does not fall to lie within or in close proximity of a sensitive area.

• The demand created by the industrial sector will also help build the support sectors of

finance, transportation, and education. KSEZ, when completed will not need much time to become a component of the ecosystem; as such the development will have no significant impact on the precious ecology. Removal of trees or greenery would be minimized or otherwise compensated.

• KSEZ will have a significant impact on the performance of agricultural sector through

reducing wastage, increasing prices, and boosting exports. The increase in processing activities will spur demand for crops, thus stimulating the increase of yields and exploration of new growing technologies. Additionally, the project will elevate Khairpur’s location benefiting local industries flourish in the region that previously have not either been set or flourished present in that area. The entrepreneurship that would be facilitated by the KSEZ will directly create employment as well as stimulate the growth in the agricultural sector.

• The Agro-Special Economic Zone to be established at Khairpur particularly belongs

to agriculture and industrial sectors. Purposely, the project would benefit the farming community who has the date orchards in Khairpur & Mirwah talukas of Khairpur district. Besides it would also benefit the owners of the industrial units that would process the high quality dates grown in the project area. Hence the project is envisaged as an industrial and commercial facility which would provide economic and trade platform to the local agricultural based community for the promotion of the produce in the region as well as creating opportunities for entrepreneurship, investment in the local economy, and employment and socioeconomic uplift of general masses.


Final Report


It is envisaged that the KSEZ would be established and operated without causing any significant adverse environmental impacts. The Project is compatible with the aims and objectives set out in

1. Sustainable Development by promoting improvement in quality of life, and

2. Promoting the development of construction industry nationwide and thus to sustainable economic development in Pakistan.

This EIA Study finds that launching of the Khairpur Special Economic Zone (KSEZ) project would respond to the principles of sustainable development that aim at:

“Socially equitable and economically viable development to improve the quality of life for all citizens of the Earth, without altering the balance in the ecosystem”.

The Study therefore recommends that the EIA Report should be approved with the provision that the suggested mitigation measures will be adopted and the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan will be followed in letter and spirit.


Final Report


ANNEXURES


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REVIEW OF IEE AND EIA REGULATIONS, 2000

CONTENTS

1. Short title and commencement

2. Definitions

3. Projects requiring an IEE

4. Projects requiring an EIA

5. Projects not requiring an IEE or EIA

6. Preparation of IEE and EIA

7. Review Fees

8. Filing of IEE and EIA

9. Preliminary scrutiny

10. Public participation

11. Review

12. Decision

13. Conditions of approval

14. Confirmation of compliance

15. Extension in review period

16. Validity period of approval

17. Entry and inspection Monitoring

18. Monitoring

19. Cancellation of approval

20. Registers of IEE and EIA projects

21. Environmentally sensitive areas

22. Environmental Assessment Advisory Committee

23. Other approvals

PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (REVIEW OF IEE AND EIA) REGULATIONS, 20001

1

PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (REVIEW OF IEEAND EIA) REGULATIONS, 2000

S.R.O. 339 (1)/2001. - In exercise of the powers referred by section 33 of the PakistanEnvironmental Protection Act, 1997 (XXXIV of 1997), Pakistan EnvironmentalProtection Agency, with the approval of the Federal Government is pleased to make thefollowing Rules, namely : -

1. Short title and commencement

(1) These regulations may be called the Pakistan Environmental ProtectionAgency Review of Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental ImpactAssessment Regulations, 2000.

(2) They shall come into force at once.

2. Definitions

(1) In these regulations, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject orcontext –

(a) “Act” means the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997(XXXIV of 1997);

(b) “Director-General” means the Director-General of the FederalAgency;

(c) “EIA” means an environmental impact assessment as defined insection 2(xi);

(d) “IEE” means an initial environmental examination as defined insection 2(xxiv); and

(e) “section” means a section of the Act.

(2) All other words and expressions used in these regulations but not definedshall have the same meanings as are assigned to them in the Act.

3. Projects requiring an IEE

A proponent of a project falling in any category listed in Schedule I shall file anIEE with the Federal Agency, and the provisions of section 12 shall apply to suchproject.

4. Projects requiring an EIA

A proponent of a project falling in any category listed in Schedule II shall file anEIA with the Federal Agency, and the provisions of section 12 shall apply to suchproject.


2

5. Projects not requiring an IEE or EIA

(1) A proponent of a project not falling in any category listed in Schedules Iand II shall not be required to file an IEE or EIA:

Provided that the proponent shall file –

(a) an EIA, if the project is likely to cause an adverse environmentaleffect;

(b) for projects not listed in Schedules I and II in respect of which theFederal Agency has issued guidelines for construction andoperation, an application for approval accompanied by anundertaking and an affidavit that the aforesaid guidelines shall befully complied with.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-regulation (1), the FederalAgency may direct the proponent of a project, whether or not listed inSchedule I or II, to file an IEE or EIA, for reasons to be recorded in suchdirection:

Provided that no such direction shall be issued without therecommendation in writing of the Environmental Assessment AdvisoryCommittee constituted under Regulation 23.

(3) The provisions of section 12 shall apply to a project in respect of which anIEE or EIA is filed under sub-regulation (1) or (2).

6. Preparation of IEE and EIA

(1) The Federal Agency may issue guidelines for preparation of an IEE or anEIA, including guidelines of general applicability, and sectoral guidelinesindicating specific assessment requirements for planning, construction andoperation of projects relating to particular sector.

(2) Where guidelines have been issued under sub-regulation (1), an IEE orEIA shall be prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance therewithand the proponent shall justify in the IEE or EIA any departure therefrom.

7. Review Fees

The proponent shall pay, at the time of submission of an IEE or EIA, a non-refundable Review Fee to the Federal Agency, as per rates shown in Schedule III.

8. Filing of IEE and EIA

(1) Ten paper copies and two electronic copies of an IEE or EIA shall be filedwith the Federal Agency.


3

(2) Every IEE and EIA shall be accompanied by –

(a) an application, in the form prescribed in Schedule IV; and

(b) copy of receipt showing payment of the Review Fee.

9. Preliminary scrutiny

(1) Within 10 working days of filing of the IEE or EIA, the Federal Agencyshall –

(a) confirm that the IEE or EIA is complete for purposes of initiationof the review process; or

(b) require the proponent to submit such additional information as maybe specified; or

(c) return the IEE or EIA to the proponent for revision, clearly listingthe points requiring further study and discussion.

(2) Nothing in sub-regulation (1) shall prohibit the Federal Agency fromrequiring the proponent to submit additional information at any stageduring the review process.

10. Public participation

(1) In the case of an EIA, the Federal Agency shall, simultaneously with issueof confirmation of completeness under clause (a) of sub-regulation (1) ofRegulation 9, cause to be published in any English or Urdu nationalnewspaper and in a local newspaper of general circulation in the areaaffected by the project, a public notice mentioning the type of project, itsexact location, the name and address of the proponent and the places atwhich the EIA of the project can, subject to the restrictions in sub-section(3) of section 12, be accessed.

(2) The notice issued under sub-regulation (1) shall fix a date, time and placefor public hearing of any comments on the project or its EIA.

(3) The date fixed under sub-regulation (2) shall not be earlier than 30 daysfrom the date of publication of the notice.

(4) The Federal Agency shall also ensure the circulation of the EIA to theconcerned Government Agencies and solicit their comments thereon.

(5) All comments received by the Federal Agency from the public or anyGovernment Agency shall be collated, tabulated and duly considered by itbefore decision on the EIA.


4

(6) The Federal Agency may issue guidelines indicating the basic techniquesand measures to be adopted to ensure effective public consultation,involvement and participation in EIA assessment.

11. Review

(1) The Federal Agency shall make every effort to carry out its review of theIEE within 45 days, and of the EIA within 90 days, of issue ofconfirmation of completeness under Regulation 9.

(2) In reviewing the IEE or EIA, the Federal Agency shall consult suchCommittee of Experts as may be constituted for the purpose by theDirector-General, and may also solicit views of the sectoral AdvisoryCommittee, if any, constituted by the Federal Government under sub-section (6) of section 5.

(3) The Director-General may, where he considers it necessary, constitute acommittee to inspect the site of the project and submit its report on suchmatters as may be specified.

(4) The review of the IEE or EIA by the Federal Agency shall be based onquantitative and qualitative assessment of the documents and datafurnished by the proponent, comments from the public and GovernmentAgencies received under Regulation 10, and views of the committeesmentioned in sub-regulations (2) and (3) above.

12. Decision

On completion of the review, the decision of the Federal Agency shall becommunicated to the proponent in the form prescribed in Schedule V in the caseof an IEE, and in the form prescribed in Schedule VI in the case of an EIA.

13. Conditions of approval

(1) Every approval of an IEE or EIA shall, in addition to such conditions asmay be imposed by the Federal Agency, be subject to the condition thatthe project shall be designed and constructed, and mitigatory and othermeasures adopted, strictly in accordance with the IEE/EIA, unless anyvariation thereto have been specified in the approval by the FederalAgency.

(2) Where the Federal Agency accords its approval subject to certainconditions, the proponent shall –

(a) before commencing construction of the project, acknowledgeacceptance of the stipulated conditions by executing anundertaking in the form prescribed in Schedule VII;


5

(b) before commencing operation of the project, obtain from theFederal Agency written confirmation that the conditions ofapproval, and the requirements in the IEE/EIA relating to designand construction, adoption of mitigatory and other measures andother relevant matters, have been duly complied with.

14. Confirmation of compliance

(1) The request for confirmation of compliance under clause (b) of sub-regulation (2) of Regulation 13 shall be accompanied by an Environmental ManagementPlan indicating the measures and procedures proposed to be taken to manage or mitigatethe environmental impacts for the life of the project, including provisions for monitoring,reporting and auditing.

(2) Where a request for confirmation of compliance is received from aproponent, the Federal Agency may carry out such inspection of the site and plant andmachinery and seek such additional information from the proponent as it may deem fit:

Provided that every effort shall be made by the Federal Agency to provide therequisite confirmation or otherwise within 15 days of receipt of the request, withcomplete information, from the proponent.

(3) The Federal Agency may, while issuing the requisite confirmation ofcompliance, impose such other conditions as the Environmental Management Plan, andthe operation, maintenance and monitoring of the project as it may deem fit, and suchconditions shall be deemed to be included in the conditions to which approval of theproject is subject.

15. Deemed approval

The four-month period for communication of decision stipulated in sub-section(4) of section 12 shall commence from the date of filing of an IEE or EIA in respect ofwhich confirmation of completeness is issued by the Federal Agency under clause (a) ofsub-regulation (1) of Regulation 9.

16. Extension in review period

Where the Federal Government in a particular case extends the four-month periodfor communication of approval prescribed in sub-section (5) of section 12, it shall, inconsultation with the Federal Agency, indicate the various steps of the review process tobe taken during the extended period, and the estimated time required for each step.

17. Validity period of approval

(1) The approval accorded by a Federal Agency under section 12 read withRegulation 12 shall be valid, for commencement of construction, for a period of threeyears from the date of issue.


6

(2) If construction is commenced during the initial three year validity period,the validity of the approval shall stand extended for a further period of three years fromthe date of issue.

(3) After issue of confirmation of compliance, the approval shall be valid for aperiod of three years from the date thereof.

(4) The proponent may apply to the Federal Agency for extension in thevalidity periods mentioned in sub-regulations (1), (2) and (3), which may be granted bythe Federal Agency in its discretion for such period not exceeding three years at a time, ifthe conditions of the approval do not require significant change:

Provided that the Federal Agency may require the proponent to submit a freshIEE or EIA, if in its opinion changes in location, design, construction and operation of theproject so warrant.

18. Entry and inspection

(1) For purposes of verification of any matter relating to the review or to theconditions of approval of an IEE or EIA prior to, during or after commencement ofconstruction or operation of a project, duly authorized staff of the Federal Agency shallbe entitled to enter and inspect the project site, factory building and plant and equipmentinstalled therein.

(2) The proponent shall ensure full cooperation of the project staff at site tofacilitate the inspection, and shall provide such information as may be required by theFederal Agency for this purpose and pursuant thereto.

19. Monitoring

(1) After issue of approval, the proponent shall submit a report to the FederalAgency on completion of construction of the project.

(2) After issue of confirmation of compliance, the proponent shall submit anannual report summarizing operational performance of the project, with reference to theconditions of approval and maintenance and mitigatory measures adopted by the project.

(3) To enable the Federal Agency to effectively monitor compliance with theconditions of approval, the proponent shall furnish such additional information as theFederal Agency may require.

20. Cancellation of approval

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in these Regulations, if, at any time,on the basis of information or report received or inspection carried out, the FederalAgency is of the opinion that the conditions of an approval have not been complied with,or that the information supplied by a proponent in the approved IEE or EIA is incorrect, it


7

shall issue notice to the proponent to show cause, within two weeks of receipt thereof,why the approval should not be cancelled.

(2) If no reply is received or if the reply is considered unsatisfactory, theFederal Agency may, after giving the proponent an opportunity of being heard:

(i) require the proponent to take such measures and to comply withsuch conditions within such period as it may specify, failing which theapproval shall stand cancelled; or

(ii) cancel the approval.

(3) On cancellation of the approval, the proponent shall cease construction oroperation of the project forthwith.

(4) Action taken under this Regulation shall be without prejudice to any otheraction that may be taken against the proponent under the Act or rules or regulations orany other law for the time being in force.

21. Registers of IEE and EIA projects

Separate Registers to be maintained by the Federal Agency for IEE and EIAprojects under sub-section (7) of section 12 shall be in the form prescribed in ScheduleVIII.

22. Environmentally sensitive areas

(1) The Federal Agency may, by notification in the official Gazette, designatean area to be an environmentally sensitive area.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Regulations 3, 4 and 5, theproponent of a project situated in an environmentally sensitive area shall be required tofile an EIA with the Federal Agency.

(3) The Federal Agency may from time to time issue guidelines to assistproponents and other persons involved in the environmental assessment process to planand prepare projects located in environmentally sensitive areas.

(4) Where guidelines have been issued under sub-regulation (3), the projectsshall be planned and prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance therewith and anydeparture therefrom justified in the EIA pertaining to the project.

23. Environmental Assessment Advisory Committee

For purposes of rendering advice on all aspects of environmental assessment,including guidelines, procedures and categorization of projects, the Director-Generalshall constitute an Environmental Assessment Advisory Committee comprising –

(a) Director EIA, Federal Agency … Chairman


8

(b) One representative each of the Provincial Agencies … Members(c) One representative each of the Federal Planning

Commission and the Provincial Planning andDevelopment Departments … Members

(d) Representatives of industry and non-Governmental organizations, and legal andother experts … Members

24. Other approvals

Issue of an approval under section 12 read with Regulation 12 shall not absolvethe proponent of the duty to obtain any other approval or consent that may be requiredunder any law for the time being in force.


9

SCHEDULE I(See Regulation 3)

List of projects requiring an IEE

A. Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries

1. Poultry, livestock, stud and fish farms with total cost more than Rs.10million

2. Projects involving repacking, formulation or warehousing of agriculturalproducts

B. Energy

1. Hydroelectric power generation less than 50 MW

2. Thermal power generation less than 200 KW

3. Transmission lines less than 11 KV, and large distribution projects

4. Oil and gas transmission systems

5. Oil and gas extraction projects including exploration, production,gathering systems, separation and storage

6. Waste-to-energy generation projects

C. Manufacturing and processing

1. Ceramics and glass units with total cost more than Rs.50 million

2. Food processing industries including sugar mills, beverages, milk anddairy products, with total cost less than Rs.100 million

3. Man-made fibers and resin projects with total cost less than Rs.100 million

4. Manufacturing of apparel, including dyeing and printing, with total costmore than Rs.25 million

5. Wood products with total cost more than Rs.25 million

D. Mining and mineral processing

1. Commercial extraction of sand, gravel, limestone, clay, sulphur and otherminerals not included in Schedule II with total cost less than Rs.100million

2. Crushing, grinding and separation processes


10

3. Smelting plants with total cost less than Rs.50 million

E. Transport

1. Federal or Provincial highways (except maintenance, rebuilding orreconstruction of existing metalled roads) with total cost less than Rs.50million

2. Ports and harbor development for ships less than 500 gross tons

F. Water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection

1. Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubicmeters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers

2. Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares

3. Small-scale irrigation systems with total cost less than Rs.50 million

G. Water supply and treatment

Water supply schemes and treatment plants with total cost less than Rs.25 million

H. Waste disposal

Waste disposal facility for domestic or industrial wastes, with annual capacity lessthan 10,000 cubic meters

I. Urban development and tourism

1. Housing schemes

2. Public facilities with significant off-site impacts (e.g. hospital wastes)

3. Urban development projects

J. Other projects

Any other project for which filing of an IEE is required by the Federal Agencyunder sub-regulation (2) of Regulation 5


11

SCHEDULE II(See Regulation 4)

List of projects requiring an EIA

A. Energy

1. Hydroelectric power generation over 50 MW

2. Thermal power generation over 200 MW

3. Transmission lines (11 KV and above) and grid stations

4. Nuclear power plans

5. Petroleum refineries

B. Manufacturing and processing

1. Cement plants

2. Chemicals projects

3. Fertilizer plants

4. Food processing industries including sugar mills, beverages, milk anddairy products, with total cost of Rs.100 million and above

5. Industrial estates (including export processing zones)

6. Man-made fibers and resin projects with total cost of Rs.100 M and above

7. Pesticides (manufacture or formulation)

8. Petrochemicals complex

9. Synthetic resins, plastics and man-made fibers, paper and paperboard,paper pulping, plastic products, textiles (except apparel),printing andpublishing, paints and dyes, oils and fats and vegetable ghee projects, withtotal cost more than Rs.10 million

10. Tanning and leather finishing projects

C. Mining and mineral processing

1. Mining and processing of coal, gold, copper, sulphur and precious stones

2. Mining and processing of major non-ferrous metals, iron and steel rolling

3. Smelting plants with total cost of Rs.50 million and above


12

D. Transport

1. Airports

2. Federal or Provincial highways or major roads (except maintenance,rebuilding or reconstruction of existing roads) with total cost of Rs.50million and above

3. Ports and harbor development for ships of 500 gross tons and above

4. Railway works

E. Water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection

1. Dams and reservoirs with storage volume of 50 million cubic meters andabove or surface area of 8 square kilometers and above

2. Irrigation and drainage projects serving 15,000 hectares and above

F. Water supply and treatment

Water supply schemes and treatment plants with total cost of Rs.25 million andabove

G. Waste Disposal

1. Waste disposal and/or storage of hazardous or toxic wastes (includinglandfill sites, incineration of hospital toxic waste)

2. Waste disposal facilities for domestic or industrial wastes, with annualcapacity more than 10,000 cubic meters

H. Urban development and tourism

1. Land use studies and urban plans (large cities)

2. Large-scale tourism development projects with total cost more than Rs.50million

I. Environmentally Sensitive Areas

All projects situated in environmentally sensitive areas

J. Other projects

1. Any other project for which filing of an EIA is required by the FederalAgency under sub-regulation (2) of Regulation 5.

2. Any other project likely to cause an adverse environmental effect


13

SCHEDULE III(See Regulation 7)

IEE/EIA Review Fees

Total Project Cost IEE EIA

Upto Rs.5,000,000 NIL NIL

Rs.5,000,001 to 10,000,000 Rs.10,000 Rs.15,000

Greater than Rs.10,000,000 Rs.15,000 Rs.30,000


14

SCHEDULE IV[See Regulation 8(2)(a)]

Application Form

1. Name and address ofproponent

Phone:Fax:Telex:

2. Description of project

3. Location of project

4. Objectives of project

5. IEE/EIA attached? IEE/EIA : Yes/No

6. Have alternative sites been considered andreported in IEE/EIA?

Yes/No

7. Existing land use Landrequirement

8. Is basic site dataavailable, or has itbeen measured?

(only tick yes if thedata is reported in theIEE/EIA)

Meterology (includingrainfall)Ambient air qualityAmbient water qualityGround water quality

AvailableYes/No

Yes/NoYes/NoYes/No

MeasuredYes/No

Yes/NoYes/NoYes/No

9. Have estimates of thefollowing beenreported?

Water balanceSolid waste disposalLiquid waste treatment

EstimatedYes/NoYes/NoYes/No

ReportedYes/NoYes/NoYes/No

10. Source of power Powerrequirement

11. Labour force(number)

Construction:Operation:

Verification. I do solemnly affirm and declare that the information given above andcontained in the attached IEE/EIA is true and correct to the best of my knowledge andbelief.

Date _______ Signature, name and ______designation of proponent(with official stamp/seal)


15

SCHEDULE V[See Regulation 12]

Decision on IEE

1. Name and address of proponent ____________________________

____________________________

2. Description of project ____________________________

3. Location of project ____________________________

4. Date of filing of IEE ____________________________

5. After careful review of the IEE, the Federation Agency has decided –

(a) to accord its approval, subject to the following conditions:

__________________________________________

or (b) that the proponent should submit an EIA of the project, for the followingreasons –

__________________________________________

[Delete (a) or (b), whichever is inapplicable]

Dated ________

Tracking no.___

Director-GeneralFederal Agency

(with official stamp/seal)


16

SCHEDULE VI[See Regulation 12]

Decision on EIA

1. Name and address of proponent ____________________________

____________________________

2. Description of project ____________________________

3. Location of project ____________________________

4. Date of filing of EIA ____________________________

5. After careful review of the EIA, and all comments thereon, the Federation Agencyhas decided –

(a) to accord its approval, subject to the following conditions:

__________________________________________

or (b) that the proponent should submit an EIA with the following modifications-

__________________________________________

or (c) to reject the project, being contrary to environmental objectives, for thefollowing reasons:

__________________________________________

[Delete (a)/(b)/(c), whichever is inapplicable]

Dated ________

Tracking no.___

Director-GeneralFederal Agency

(with official stamp/seal)


17

SCHEDULE VII[See Regulation 13(2)]

Undertaking

I, (full name and address) as proponent for (name, description and location of project) dohereby solemnly affirm and declare that I fully understand and accept the conditionscontained in the approval accorded by the Federal Agency bearing tracking no._____dated ________, and undertake to design, construct and operate the project strictly inaccordance with the said conditions and the IEE/EIA.

Date _______ Signature, name and ______designation of proponent(with official stamp/seal)

Witnesses(full names and addresses)

(1) ______________

(2) ______________


18

SCHEDULE VIII(See Regulation 21)

Form of Registers for IEE and EIA projects

S. No. Description Relevant Provisions1 2 3

1. Tracking number

2. Category type (as per Schedules I and II)

3. Name of proponent

4. Name and designation of contact person

5. Name of consultant

6. Description of project

7. Location of project

8. Project capital cost

9. Date of receipt of IEE/EIA

10. Date of confirmation of completeness

11. Approval granted (Yes/No)

12. Date of approval granted or refused

13. Conditions of approval/reasons for refusal

14. Date of Undertaking

15. Date of extension of approval validity

16. Period of extension

17. Date of commencement of construction

18. Date of issue of confirmation of compliance

19. Date of commencement of operations

20. Dates of filing of monitoring reports

21. Date of cancellation, if applicable

REGISTERED No. M-302 L. 7646

The Gazette

of Pakistan

EXTRAORDINARY

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

===============================================================

ISLAMABD, THURSDAY, AUGUST 10, 2000 ===============================================================

PART-II

Statutory Notification (S.R.O)

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

NOTIFICATION

Islamabad, the 8th August 2000

S.R.O. 549 (I)/2000.___ In exercise of the powers conferred under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section of 6 of the Pakistan environmental Protection Act. 1997 (XXXIV of 1997), the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, with the prior approval of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, is pleased to direct that the following further amendments shall be made in its Notification No. S.R.O. 742(I)/93, dated the 24th August, 1993, namely: ___ In the aforesaid Notification, in paragraph 2._____

(1289)

[4138(2000)/Ex.GAZ]

Price : Rs. 5.00

1290 THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA, AUGUST 10, 2000 [PART-II] =============================================================== (1) for Annex, I the following shall be substituted, namely:_____

Annex-I

“NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MUNICIPAL AND LIQUID INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS (mg/I,

UNLESS OTHERWISE DEFINED)

S. No. Parameter Revised Standards

Existing Into Into Into Standards Inland Sewage Sea ( ) Waters Treatment (5)

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Temperature or

Temperature Increase * 400C ≤3oC ≤3oC ≤3oC

2. pH value (H+) . 6-10 6-9 6-9 6-9 3. Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD)5 at 200C (1)

80

80

250

80** 4. Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD) (1) .. .. ..

150

150

400

400 5. Total Suspended Solids

(TSS) .. .. ..

150

200

400

200 6. Total Dissolved Solids

(TDS) 3500 3500 3500 3500

7. Oil and Grease 10 10 10 10 8. Phenolic compounds (as

phenol)

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.3 9. Chloride (as C1– )

1000

1000 1000 SC***

10. Fluoride (as F– ) 20 10 10 10 11. Cyanide (as CN–) total .. 2 1.0 1.0 1.0 12. An-ionic detergents (as

MBAS) (2) 20 20 20 20

13. Sulphate (SO42–) 600 600 1000 SC***

14. Sulphide (S2–) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 15. Ammonia (NH3) 40 40 40 40 16. Pesticides (3) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

PART-II] THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA, AUGUST 10, 2000 1291 ===============================================================

1 2 3 4 5 6

17. Cadmium (4) .. .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 18. Chromium (trivalent

and hexavalent (4).. .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

19. Cooper (4) .. .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 20. Lead (4) .. .. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 21. Mercury (4) .. .. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 22. Selenium (4) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 23. Nickel (4) .. .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 24. Silver (4) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 25. Total toxic metals .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 26. Zinc .. .. .. 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 27. Arsenic (4) .. .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 28. Barium (4) .. .. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 29. Iron .. .. .. 2.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 30. Manganese .. .. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 31. Boron (4) .. .. 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 32. Chlorine .. .. .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Explanations:

1. Assuming minimum dilution 1:10 on discharge, lower ratio would attract progressively stringent standards to be determined by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. By 1:10 dilution means, for example that for each one cubic meter of treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 cubic meter of water for dilution of this effluent.

2. Methylene Blue Active Substances; assuming surfactant as biodegradable.

3. Pesticides include herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.

4. Subject to total toxic metals discharge should not exceed level given at S. N. 25.

5. Applicable only when and where sewage treatment is operational and BOD5=80mg/I

is achieved by the sewage treatment system.

PART-II] THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA, AUGUST 10, 2000 1292 ===============================================================

6. Provided discharge is not at shore and not within 10 miles of mangrove or other

important estuaries. * The effluent should not result in temperature increase of more than 30C at the

edge of the zone where initial mixing and dilution take place in the receiving body. In case zone is not defined, use 100 meters from the point of discharge.

** The value for industry is 200 mg/I *** Discharge concentration at or below sea concentration (SC).

Note:______ 1. Dilution of liquid effluents to bring them to the NEQS limiting values is

not permissible through fresh water mixing with the effluent before discharging into the environment.

2. The concentration of pollutants in water being used will be substracted

from the effluent for calculating the NEQS limits” and (2) for Annex-II the following shall be substituted, namely:____

Annex-II

“NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL GASEOUS EMISSION (mg/Nm3, UNLESS

OTHERWISE DEFINED).”

S. No. Parameter Source of Emission Existing Standards

Revised Standards

1 2 3 4 5 1. Smoke Smoke opacity not to

exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale

40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale or equivalent smoke number

2. Particulate malter (1)

(a) Boilers and Furnaces

(i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired (iii) Cement Kilns

(b) Grinding, crushing, Clinker coolers and Related processes, Metallurgical Processes, converter, blast furnaces and cupolas.

300 500 200

500

300 500 300

500

3. Hydrogen Chloride

Any 400 400

PART-II] THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA, AUGUST 10, 2000 1293

===============================================================

1 2 3 4 5

4. Chlorine Any 150 150 5. Hydrogen Fluoride Any 150 150 6. Hydrogen Sulphide Any 10 10 7. Sulphur Oxides (2) (3) Sulfuric

acid/Sulphonic acid plants Other Plants except power Plants operating on oil and coal

400

1700

8. Carbon Monoxide Any 800 800 9. Lead Any 50 50

10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 16. Oxides of Nitrogen

(3)

Nitric acid manufacturing

unit.

Other plants except power

plants operating on oil or coal:

Gas fired Oil fired

Coal fired

400

400 - -

3000

400 600

1200

Explanations:-

1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more.

2. Based on 1 percent Sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of

Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated.

3. In respect of emissions of Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards:-

1294 THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA, AUGUST 10, 2000 PART-II] =============================================================== A. Sulphur Dioxide ________________________________________________________________________ Sulphur Dioxide Background levels Micro-gram per cubic meter (ug/m3) Standards. ________________________________________________________________________ Background Air Quality (SO2 Basis)

Annual Average

Max. 24-hours Interval

Criterion I Max. SO2 Emission (Tons per Day Per Plant)

Criterion II Max. Allowable ground level increment to ambient (ug/m3)

(One year Average)

________________________________________________________________________

Unpolluted Moderately Polluted*

<50 <200 500 50

Low 50 200 500 50 High 100 400 100 10 Very Polluted** >100 >400 100 10 * For intermediate values between 50 and 100 ug/m3 linear interpolations should be used. ** No projects with Sulphur dioxide emissions will be recommended. B. Nitrogen Oxide Ambient air concentrations of Nitrogen oxides, expressed as NOx should not be exceed the following:- Annual Arithmetic Mean 100ug/m3

(0.05 ppm) Emission level for stationary source discharge before missing with the atmosphere, should be maintained as follows:- For fuel fired steam generators as Nanogram (100-gram) per joule of heat input: Liquid fossil fuel .. .. .. 130 Solid fossil fuel .. .. .. 300 Lignite fossil fuel .. .. .. 260 Note:- Dilution of gaseous emissions to bring them to the NEQS limiting value is not

permissible through excess air mixing blowing before emitting into the environment.

[File No. 14(3)/98-TO-PEPC.]

HAFIZ ABDULAH AWAN DEPUTY SECRETARY (ADMN)

PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, PRINTING CORPORATION OF PAKISTAN, PRESS

ISLAMABAD. PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, KARACHI.

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