final report in bioethics

8/7/2019 final report in bioethics

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PaternalismPaternalism


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What is paternalism?What is paternalism?

-- it comes from the latin word paterit comes from the latin word pater

meansmeans

father or paternus meansfather or paternus meansfatherlyfatherly

-- a paternalistic act is believed anda paternalistic act is believed and

intended to protect or advance theintended to protect or advance theinterest of its recipient, although suchinterest of its recipient, although such

an act may go against the latter wherean act may go against the latter where

ones own immediate desires or mayones own immediate desires or may

limit his freedom of choice.limit his freedom of choice.


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Types of paternalismTypes of paternalism

Pure or ImpurePure or Impure

Restricted or ExtendedRestricted or Extended

Positive or negativePositive or negative

Soft or hardSoft or hardDirect or IndirectDirect or Indirect


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Pure or ImpurePure or Impure

Pure paternalismPure paternalism

-- it justifies intervention to ait justifies intervention to a

persons life for the sole welfare ofpersons life for the sole welfare ofthat person.that person.

Impure paternalismImpure paternalism

--justifies interference with anotherjustifies interference with anotherperson not only for that personsperson not only for that personswelfare of another.welfare of another.


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Restricted or ExtendedRestricted or Extended

Restricted paternalismRestricted paternalism

-- it supports intervention whichit supports intervention which

overrides an individuals actionoverrides an individuals actionbecause of some defect or weaknessbecause of some defect or weaknessin that individual.in that individual.

Extended paternalismExtended paternalism

--is one in which an individual isis one in which an individual is

restrained from doing somethingrestrained from doing somethingbecause it is too risky or dangerous.because it is too risky or dangerous.


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Positive or NegativePositive or Negative

Positive paternalismPositive paternalism

-- it pertains to a situation whereit pertains to a situation where

the other individual is forced intothe other individual is forced intosomething for his/ her own good.something for his/ her own good.

Negative paternalismNegative paternalism

--the contrary of positive.


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Soft or HardSoft or Hard

PaternalismPaternalism

Soft paternalismSoft paternalism

-- the patients values are used to

justify the intervention with hispossible action or decisionor decision

Hard paternalismHard paternalism

-the patients values are not the

ones used to justify a paternalistic act


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Direct or IndirectDirect or Indirect

Direct paternalismDirect paternalism

-- in the case of the former, the individualin the case of the former, the individualshould received the suppose d benefit isshould received the suppose d benefit isthe one whose values are overridden orthe one whose values are overridden ordisregard for his own good.disregard for his own good.

Indirect paternalismIndirect paternalism

-a particular individual will be benefit , if

one person is restrained from doingsomething.


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In the medical context:In the medical context:

Personal paternalismPersonal paternalism

State PaternalismState Paternalism


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-- is one in which an individualis one in which an individual

decides on the basis of onesdecides on the basis of ones

best knowledge of what isbest knowledge of what is

good for another a person.good for another a person.


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Justifications forJustifications for


the recipient of the paternalistic act isthe recipient of the paternalistic act issick and consults the physiciansick and consults the physicianseeking medical expertise.seeking medical expertise.

the recipient of the paternalistic actthe recipient of the paternalistic acthas some incapacity which preventshas some incapacity which preventshim/her making the decision.him/her making the decision.

to the best of ones knowledge andto the best of ones knowledge andtraining; there is ones probability oftraining; there is ones probability ofharm unless a paternal decision isharm unless a paternal decision ismade.made.


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the probable benefit of paternalthe probable benefit of paternalintervention outweighs the probableintervention outweighs the probable

risk of harm from nonrisk of harm from non--

interferenceinterference the physician has an obligation to actthe physician has an obligation to act

in the best interest of the patientin the best interest of the patient

the patient upon consulting thethe patient upon consulting thephysician , voluntary transfers part ofphysician , voluntary transfers part ofhis/ her autonomy to the latter basedhis/ her autonomy to the latter basedon faith in the physician.on faith in the physician.


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state paternalismstate paternalism

-- refers to the control exertedrefers to the control exerted

by the legislature , an agencyby the legislature , an agency

or other governmental bodiesor other governmental bodies

over particular kinds ofover particular kinds ofpractices and procedures inpractices and procedures in

medicine.medicine.


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state paternalismstate paternalism

to improve the good quality ofto improve the good quality of

medical educationmedical education to upgrade a high standard ofto upgrade a high standard of

medical caremedical care

To control drug addiction , or otherTo control drug addiction , or otherdrug abuses, or the spread of AIDSdrug abuses, or the spread of AIDSand other sex related diseases.and other sex related diseases.


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Truth TellingTruth Telling

-- Does a patient have the rightDoes a patient have the right

to know the truth about him/to know the truth about him/

herself?herself?

-- Does a physician have theDoes a physician have the

obligation to tell the truth?obligation to tell the truth?


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Truth TellingTruth Telling

Person CenteredPerson Centered

--considers the patient as a personconsiders the patient as a person

with a problem, but not as problemwith a problem, but not as problemhimself/herself.himself/herself.

Problem CenteredProblem Centered--considers the patients problem,considers the patients problem,

illness, or condition.illness, or condition.


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ConfidentialityConfidentiality

-- it refers to medical or professionalit refers to medical or professional

secrecy in which certain information issecrecy in which certain information iscommittal to a physician in an officialcommittal to a physician in an official

capacity for the sake of medicalcapacity for the sake of medical

assisstanceassisstance


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Conclusion:Conclusion:

Under the moral principles ofUnder the moral principles of

situationism , one should consider thesituationism , one should consider the

circumstances prevailing in a particularcircumstances prevailing in a particularsituation . Whatever the circumstancessituation . Whatever the circumstances

are, however one should make onesare, however one should make ones

decision in the name ofdecision in the name ofagapeic love oragapeic love or

concern for the welfare of the patient.concern for the welfare of the patient.

Would it do the patient more goodWould it do the patient more good

than harm?Then the expediency of thethan harm?Then the expediency of the

given situation should be ones guidegiven situation should be ones guide


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Moral question:Moral question:

If a young man contemplating marriage hasIf a young man contemplating marriage hasAIDS, the treating physician must dissuadeAIDS, the treating physician must dissuade

him from marriage and encourage him tohim from marriage and encourage him toinform the fiance about his condition.inform the fiance about his condition.Suppose, however that the young manSuppose, however that the young manrefuses and intends to marry her in hisrefuses and intends to marry her in hispresent condition. Is it morally legitimate forpresent condition. Is it morally legitimate forthe physician to violate the confidencethe physician to violate the confidenceentrusted to him by the young man withentrusted to him by the young man with

AIDS, so that he can warn the woman aboutAIDS, so that he can warn the woman aboutthe impending danger that their marriage willthe impending danger that their marriage will

bring about? Justify your answer.bring about? Justify your answer.


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THE ENDTHE END

Prepared by:

BSN II-3 GROUP 6

Maria Karmela Louise T. Vinco Carmela Marie Nazario

Harlene Casao

Dorris De Sagun

Jose Christopher Suiagan

final report in bioethics

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