Member of Indonesia Solid Waste Association

Final Report: Baseline Survey for Waste-to-Energy Pilot in Malang Regency

July 15

G e d u n g I S P l a z a , 5 t h F l o o r – R o o m 5 0 4 J L P r a m u k a R a y a K a v 1 5 0 , J a k a r t a T i m u r 1 3 1 2 0 T : + 6 2 2 1 2 9 6 1 3 9 3 3 F : + 6 2 2 1 2 9 6 1 3 9 8 1 s w i @ s w - i n d o . c o m , w w w . s w - i n d o . c o m

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviation ................................................................................................ i

Introduction ......................................................................................................... ii

Part I – Context and Background ........................................................................... 1 1. Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Practices in Malang Regency ..................... 1

1.1 City Profile ................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Municipal Solid Waste Collection Methods ................................................ 5

1.3 Formal Waste Collection: Organization and Structure ............................... 6

1.4 Waste Collection Tools ................................................................................ 7

1.5 Waste Treatment Facility ............................................................................ 7

1.6 Existing Waste Separation Practices and 3R Initiatives ............................ 11

1.7 Disposal and its Characteristics ................................................................. 12

1.8 Institutional Capacity and Key Policies, Laws and Regulation at the Regency on Solid Waste Management ..................................................... 13

1.9 Informal Sectors and their Involvement in MSW System ......................... 14

Part II – Empirical survey to support the development of the

waste-to-energy pilot ............................................................................ 15 2. Identification of the proposed locations of organic waste source and waste-to

energy plant in the city .................................................................................. 15 3. Marketing of biogas and assessment of indicators for financial-economic

analysis ........................................................................................................... 25 4. Identification of waste characteristics at the shortlisted site .......................... 31

Recommendation

List of References

ANNEXES

List of Abbreviation APBD = Regional Government Budget

BLH = Environmental Agency

BUMD = Badan Usaha Milik Daerah

DCKTR = Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency

DESPERINDAG Pasar = Regional Industry, Trade, and Market Agency

DKP = Sanitation and Landscaping Agency

DPP/Dinas Pertanian &Perkebunan= Regional Agriculture and Plantation Agency

Ha = Hectare

KaSi = Head of Section

LKPJ = Performance Accountability Report

Lt = Littre

RTRW = Spatial Plans

STA = Agribusiness Substation

TPA = Final Disposal Site/Landfill

TPS = Temporary Collection Point

TPS 3R = Material Recovery Facility

TPST 3R = Integrated Material Recovery Facility

UCLG ASPAC = United Cities and Local Government Asia Pacific

UN ESCAP = United Nations of Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

UPTD = Local Technical Implementation Unit

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Introduction This Baseline Survey Report is made upon the request of the United Cities and Local Government Asia Pacific (UCLG ASPAC), the United Nations of Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP), and Waste Concern. The aim of this report is two-fold: i) to identify possible locations for a waste-to-energy pilot plant in Indonesia; ii) and to characterize in detail the shortlisted locations. In November 2014, UN ESCAP and UCLG ASPAC organized a national workshop in Jakarta “Pro-Poor and Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Secondary Cities and Small Towns: Prospects for the application of anaerobic digestion to treat municipal solid waste in Indonesia”. As an outcome of this workshop, four of the cities among those attending the workshop were selected as the shortlisted candidates to host the waste-to-energy pilot. The selected cities were: 1. Jambi City; 2. Malang City; 3. Malang Regency; and 4. Probolinggo City. This report pertains to the baseline assessment of the city of Malang Regency, while separate reports have been prepared for the three other cities.

This baseline survey was conducted by Sustainable Waste Indonesia (SWI) from the beginning of February until the end of May 2015. Two field visits were conducted to Malang Regency. The first one was on 18 and 19 February 2015, while the second was conducted on 19 March 3 April 2015. In between these two visits, a fact finding mission by representatives from UN ESCAP, UCLG ASPAC, and Waste Concern was conducted on 5 and 6 March 2015. During the visit of this delegation, a representative from SWI also took part on the mission. The field visit of UN ESCAP, UCLG ASPAC and Waste Concern was important on many aspects, especially in shortlisting the possible locations for the waste-to-energy project, and in steering the work of the consultants. A waste-to-energy pilot will be implemented on a location that meets specific criteria set by UN ESCAP, UCLG ASPAC and Waste Concern. These requirements were designed so as to ensure that the plant can operate optimally and sustainably once entering into operation. It should be noted at the outset that all potential locations surveyed have been proposed by the local government authorities of Jambi. Among these, the most feasible location has been further analyzed in order to understand key aspects such as the characteristics of the incoming waste, possible end users of the energy generated, and the processing capacity of the plant. In this context, the baseline survey was conducted in two phases as follows: Phase 1: an assessment was conducted to the proposed plant locations in order to select the most feasible site for hosting the waste-to-energy pilot. On this phase, the proposed locations were characterized with some level of detail.

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Phase 2: a detailed survey was conducted to further understand the location shortlisted for hosting the pilot project. Aspects analyzed included the waste generation rates, the physical and chemical characteristics of the waste, the density of the waste, and the potential demand of the energy generated by the plant. On this phase, waste sampling was conducted and questionnaires were prepared in order to characterize the shortlisted site. The fact-finding mission to Jambi by ESCAP, UCLG-ASPAC and Waste Concern was conducted after Phase 1 was completed. During that mission one of the proposed locations was shortlisted and subsequently analyzed in phase-2 of the study. After the baseline survey phase-1 was completed, a fact-finding mission by a team of representatives from ESCAP, UCLG-ASPAC together with a team member of SWI, and Waste Concern was conducted. During the mission, the proposed locations were visited and checked its feasibility for waste-to-energy pilot, in close discussion with the whole team member. As an output from UN-ESCAP mission, the shortlisted site to be further analyzed in the baseline survey phase-2 was determined. Consequently, only the shortlisted sites, that would be further analyzed in the second phase of baseline survey. This report is structured as follow: Part 1 consists of an overview of municipal solid waste practices in Malang Regency. The aspects described include the local authority’s budget allocation for waste management, municipal waste collection methods, formal collection system in the city, system for transfer and transport of waste, waste treatment methods, institutional capacity and key policies, practices for waste segregation, disposal sites and its main characteristics, and the activities of the informal sector.

Part 2 consists characterizes the proposed locations for hosting the project in Malang Regency. Among these, the shortlisted location is analyzed in further detail. The report concludes with a set of recommendations.

Whereas part 1 mostly consists of secondary data, part 2 combines primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected during the field visit by SWI team. The structure of this report followed the guidelines provided by UN ESCAP, Waste Concern and UCLG.

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Part I – Context and Background

1. Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Practices in Malang Regency

1.1 City Profile Malang Regency is located in East Java, at 112° 17' 10,90" to 112° 57' 00" East longitude and 7° 44' 55,11" to 8° 26' 35,45" South latitude. Administratively the Regency has borders with Jombang, Mojokerto and the Pasuruan Regency to the North, the ocean to the South, Blitar and the Kediri Regency to the West, and Lumajang and Probolinggo Regency to the East. The Regency has an area of 3,238 km2 and a population of 2,466,277 inhabitants (Adipura Book Malang Regency, 2013). It is divided into 33 districts and surrounded by mountains. Owing to its location, Malang Regency districts have average high humidity rates (85-90%). Kepanjen and Pakis districts are among those with the highest population density (above 2,000 person/km2) in the Regency. According to the Spatial Plans (RTRW) of Malang Regency, each district consists of 2 function areas: urban and rural. Currently, around 146 sub-district/villages are considered as urbans areas while 244 sub-district/villages are considered as rural areas. Also of note, Malang Regency does not include Malang City even though this one is located at the center of the Regency (please check the map of figure 1). The capital city of Malang Regency is Kepanjen. Agriculture (28%), industrial processing (19%), and restaurants (27%) dominate the economic activity of the Regency. Other sectors include mining, communications, transportation, finance and services (LKPJ Malang Regency, 2013). Malang Regency ecompasses a large area and waste management services do not reach all districts or areas. One of the main constraints to providing 100% waste collection coverage are the challenging geographical conditions and the spread out of waste sources. Furthermore, the distance between the sources of waste generated and the Regency’s landfill is rather long. Based on the Executive Summary of the MSW management Master Plan (2014), Malang Regency has an average generation of waste of 1,603 tons/day, which corresponds to an average of 0.65 kg/cap/day. The waste management system is considered “conventional” in that it relies on the collection, transportation and final disposal of waste. On the other hand, in the Regency there exist waste treatment facilities which are run by the community, such as integrated waste treatment facility (TPST 3R) and waste banks. A summary of the main characteristics of the city is provided in the table below:

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Table 1 City Profile

No Information Data

1 Population 2,466,277 inhabitants 2 Area 3,238 km2 3 Daily waste generation 1603.08 tons/day

4 Waste generation rate 0.65 kg/cap/day

5 Waste collection rate (waste transported to the landfill) 4.7%

6 Institution responsible for waste management The Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency

7 Coverage area of waste management services 76%

8 Landfill/Final Disposal

a. TPA Randuagung, Singosari (open dumping)

b. TPA Talangagung, Kepanjen (semi-controlled landfill)

c. TPA Paras, Poncokusumo (semi-controlled landfill)

d. TPA Rejosari, Bantur (open dumping)

Sources: Executive Summary of MSW Management Master Plan for Malang Regency (2014) and SWI Team (2015)

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Figure 1. Map of Malang Regency Source: SWI Team (2015)

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Local Authority’s Budget Allocation for waste management In Malang Regency, the local authorities that are involved in waste management related activities are, in essence, the Environmental Agency (or Badan Lingkungan Hidup, BLH) and the Human Settlement Agency (or Dinas Cipta Karya, DCP) from the Ministry of Public Works. Like other provinces in Indonesia, all budget allocation plans (expenditures and revenues) are set-up in Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah (APBD) or the Regional Government Budget. One of the items in APBD is the direct expenditure for the waste management development program, which includes elements such as workshops for the development of waste management policy, procurement for tools and equipment for waste handling, the development of waste management technologies, the improvement of community involvement program, operational improvement and maintenance of supporting tools and equipment, and operational improvement and maintenance of the landfill sites. The local authority’s budget allocation for waste management includes salaries for permanent and contractual-based employees, expenditures for services and products and expenditures for capital/investment such as tools and buildings. In 2013, the budget for waste management at the local authority corresponded to 0.41% of the total regional expenditure, equivalent to 9,246,087,050 IDR. In more detail, 223,295,000 IDR were allocated to BLH and 9,022,792,050 IDR were allocated to the Spatial Planning and Human Settlements Agency. On the other hand, the cost incurred with the collection, transport and treatment per ton of waste could not be determined. In addition, the city estimates that direct expenditures with waste management in year 2015 will amount to 10,120,823,699 IDR. Further details are provided in the table below:.

Table 2 Local Authority’s Budget Allocation for waste management in Malang Regency

City/Regency Institution Budget Allocation For Waste

Management Program in 2014 (Rp)

Proportion to Regional Expenditure

Malang Regency

1. Environmental Agency 223.295.000,00

0,41 %

2. Spatial Planning and Human Settlements Agency 9.022.792.050,00

Total Expenditure 9.246.087.050,00

Total Regional Expenditure 2.229.332.705.554,00

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1.2 Municipal Solid Waste Collection Methods Municipal solid waste collection methods in Indonesia depend to a large extent on the way waste is stored at the source of generation. An overview of storage, collection and transfer methods in Malang Regency are described below: Waste Bins The local government authority has different standards for waste bins based on the source of waste. For residential settlements, communities typically use plastic/paper bags. For markets, plastic bins of 50 or 60 l capacity are used, or plastic bins with a cover and wheels with 120 or 140 l capacity. A summary is provided on table 3 below:

Table 3 – Waste Bins

Source Storage Type Housing Settlement

Plastic/paper bags (the size is adjusted to the available size and the necessity)

Plastic waste bin with cover, volume

Market Permanent waste bin, volume 50 or 60 l

Plastic waste bin with cover and wheels, volume 120 or 140 l

Conventional handcart, volume 1 m3

Container from arm roll truck, capacity 6-10 m3

Waste bin

Shops Plastic bags, various size

Plastic waste bin, volume 50-60 l

Plastic waste bin with cover and wheels, volume 120 or 140 l

Office and Hotel Wheeled Container, volume 1 m3

Container from arm roll truck, capacity 6-10 m3

Public places, streets and parks

Permanent Plastic waste bin, volume 50 or 60 l

Plastic Bin with cover and wheels, volume 120 o 140 l

Source: Executive Summary of MSW Management Master plan for Malang Regency (2014) Collection For the collection of waste, there are conventional temporary collection points (TPS), material recovery facilities (TPS 3R) and integrated material recovery facilities (TPST 3R). These facilities exist in several districts in the Regency. These facilities are typically located in proximity to the source of waste and are intended to serve different categories of waste origins, including those of housing settlements, markets, industries, public facilities and hospitals. In total, there are 117 waste collection points in Malang Regency. Of these, 69 units are located in housing settlements, 28 units in markets, 8 units in industries, 8 units in public facilities, and

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4 units in hospitals. No data is available with regards to the capacity of these facilities, which poses difficulties in the determination of the amount of recyclable materials recovered. Transfer The waste collection fleet in Malang Regency is insufficient to meet the number of collection points that exist in the municipality, resulting in an irregular collection frequency of waste into landfills.

1.3 Formal Waste Collection: Organization and Structure

Formally, waste management and cleanliness activities are conducted by the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency in Malang Regency, which belongs to the Ministry of the Public Works. The Local Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) is responsible for financial aspects of waste management and also for handling the collection, transportation, and disposal of waste. As may be noted below, the Head of the Agency supervises four sectors: spatial planning, building structure, housing/settlement and cleanliness and landscape. Furthermore, the Head of the Agency supervises the Local Technical Implementation Units (UPTDs), which has implementation level responsibilities. In total, there are seven UPTDs with responsibilities on waste management, and these are UPTD Singosari, UPTD Tumpang, UPTD Kepanjen, UPTD Turen, UPTD Pujon, UPTD Pagak, and UPTD Bululawang.

Figure 2 The organizational structure in the bodies of Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency of Malang Regency

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1.4 Waste Collection Equipment Waste from housing settlements is usually collected door-to-door with the use of conventional handcarts. Community members typically operate the handcart and bring the waste to temporary collection points. From there, waste is collected with arm roll and transported by dump trucks in to the final disposal site. For waste generated in market, dump trucks managed by the Market and Spatial Planning Agency or Dinas Pasar dan Tata Ruang are responsible for the collection and transfer of waste to the landfill. For waste collection in Malang Regency dump trucks with capacities of 8 and 10 m3 are used, as well as arm roll trucks with the capacity of 6 m3 and compactor trucks with the capacity of 8 and 10 m3. Whereas dump and arm roll trucks are mainly used to transfer waste from conventional temporary collection points into landfills, compactors are mostly used collecting and transporting street waste into disposal sites. 1.5 Waste Treatment Facilities There are many different types of waste treatment facilities in Malang Regency, but most of them are either Integrated Material Recovery Facilities or Waste Banks, described as follows: Waste Banks According to the Executive Summary of the MSW Management Master Plan for Malang Regency (2014), there were 29 waste banks in operation in the regency. Their processing capacity is, however, undetermined. Only 6 waste banks were identified, with a combined collection capacity of 1.9 tons/month, or 0.06 tons/day, which is considered rather low. On the other hand, the Adipura Book (2013-2014) notes that the waste handled at the waste bank in Kepanjen District, the capital of the Regency, was of 0.41 tons/day or 12.3 tons/month. This figure is considerably higher than the data from the Master Plan (Executive Summary) noted above. On the other hand, both figures are rather low, and indicate that the amount of waste saved from landfilling is relatively small. Considering this data. Operational details of the five waste banks operating in Kepanjen District, the capital city of Malang Regency, are presented in Table 4. The executive summary of MSW management of Malang Regency (2014) notes that the awareness and participation level of communities onwaste management is low. A survey conducted in the Regency revelaed that 55% of respondents are not well-informed about community based waste management system, while approximately 61% of respondents have never been involved and/or participate in waste management issues.

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Table 4 - Waste Banks in Malang Regency

Name of Plant Capacity (ton/day) Operational details

Bank Sampah Model SMS

0.08 • Located in Talangagung Village, Kepanjen District • Incoming revenue ~ 0,7 Million IDR/month

Bank Sampah Pemulung di TPA Talangagung

0.12 • Located in Talangagung Village, Kepanjen District • Incoming revenue ~9,6 Million IDR/month

Bank Sampah Kampung Bangsri Berseri

0.06 • Located in Adirejo Sub-District, Kepanjen District • Incoming revenue ~ 1,3 Million IDR/month

Bank Sampah desa Dilem

0.06 • Located in Dillem, Village, Kepanjen District • Incoming revenue ~1,4 Million IDR/month

Bank sampah Mangun Bestari

0.09 • Located in Mangunrejo, Village, Kepanjen District • Incoming revenue ~1,8 Mio IDR/month

Source: Adipura Book (2013-2014) Based on the Executive Summary of MSW Management Master Plan for Malang Regency (2014), the amount of waste handled in the Regency is of 75.3 tons/day. As a result, the waste handled by the local government corresponds to only 4.7% of the total amount of daily waste generated, which, as can be noted, is extremely low. Characterization of existing composting plants in 3R facility According to the Executive Summary of MSW Management Master Plan for Malang Regency (2014), there are 22 Integrated Material Recovery Facilities in the Regency. Data concerning their processing capacity is not available. These facilities are presented in figure 3. Malang Regency has one of the biggest Material Recovery Facilities in Indonesia, which is TPST 3R Mulyoagung. This facility is located in Dau district and became an education center for those who want to learn about community based waste management. Activities on this facility include the collection, separation, and composting of waste, with the residues being transferred to the landfill. In 2014, TPS 3R Mulyoagung served around 8500 households. It receives approximately 25 tons/day of household waste with a density of 250 kg/m3, which is generated in the surrounding settlements in Dau district, and in the villages of Landungsari, Sumberseka, Dadprejo and a university in Malang. This facility has processed 39% of household waste through composting. 80 workers operate at the plant, with 22 workers being waste collectors, 3 administration clerks, 3 security workers, 2 union corps and 50 workers for other operational activities. The income generated reaches approximately 40-50 Million IDR per month. The break down of this income is as follows: waste collection fees (37%), sale of recyclables (47%), compost produced (2%), sale of food waste (4%), credit accrued from members (6%), and others (4%). Figure 4 below presents waste flows in the Mulyoagung TPS 3R.

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Figure 3 Map Location of Waste Treatment Facility in Malang Regency

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TPST Mulyoagung Bersatu

Waste Collection from the housing

settlement

Waste loading Waste separation

process

glass

paper (12 types)

Separation of compost and residual

waste

Packing Selling process

Composting Process

Residual waste transfer to the landfill

Compost grinding

Compost sieving

Compost product –Selling

Maggot from

Fish pond (animal husbandry)

Packing Selling process

paper (3 types)

Packing Selling process

Plastics (2 types)

Packing Selling process

Food Waste

Packing Selling process

Figure 4 Waste Flow at IMRF Mulyoagung

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1.6 Existing Waste Separation Practices and 3R Initiatives There are various waste separation practices and 3R initiatives in Malang Regency. These are observed at several levels, such as in housing settlements, school, offices, markets, etc. The table below presents some of the most relevant 3R initiatives being implemented in the Regency: Table 5 Existing Waste Separation Practices and 3R Initiatives

Location Activity Treated waste (ton/day) Operational detail

Housing Settlement

Multi drum composter and waste banks by the local CBO

0.09 The waste treatment applied consists of an anaerobic composting system that also generates a certain amount of methane. This system is almost similar to anaerobic digestion but the energy produced is lower since its main purpose is to produce compost instead of energy. The community in the Adirejo sub-district utilizes this method.

0.15 Recycling of waste materials MRF at the community level by CBO ”Sumedang bersatu”

2 Composting at Wijaya Village – Cepokomulyo Sub-district.

Multi drum composter and waste banks

0.63 Similar method to the first noted above, pursued by a community in the Kepanjen sub-district.

0.1 Recycling of waste materials School Waste separation, multi-

drum composter, and “biopori”

0.29 Composting 0.2 Similarly to some of the methods described

above, a drum composter is operated through an anaerobic composting process, which also generates methane.

Office buildings

Waste separation: organic and non-organic

0.17 Composting

Market Composting at MRF 6.25 Composting

Drum composter 0.06

Source: Adipura Book for Malang Regency (2013-2014)

It may be observed from the table above that the 3R initiatives practiced at community-level are mainly conventional composting on closed multi drums which apply a semi-anaerobic digestion process. This leads to the generation not only of compost but also methane, which is collected and utilized as a fuel for household activities, especially in the Kepanjen sub-district. Communities involved on these activities also practices waste separation activities. Waste treated by the community is estimated at 0.1 to 2 tons/day.

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1.7 Disposal and its Characteristics Malang Regency has in total 6 final disposal sites, although only 4 of these are currently in operation. The are as follows:

a. TPA Randuagung, Singosari, which erves UPTD Singosari and UPTD Pujon; b. TPA Paras, Poncokusumo, which serves UPTD Tumpang; c. TPA Talangagung, Kepanjen, which serves UPTD Kepanjen, UPTD Bululawang,

and UPTD Turen; d. TPA Rejosari, Bantur, which serves UPTD Pagak; e. TPA Pusung, Pujon (“stand-by” TPA, not yet operated), located in Ngroto

Village, Pujon District; f. TPA Kasri, Bululawang (“stand-by” TPA, not yet operated).

The 4 final disposal sites in operation consist either of open dumps or semi-controlled landfills, as presented below: Table 6 Disposal and Characteristics

Landfill Operational Details TPA Randuangung, Singosari Landfill

• Open dumping method • 5.53 ha of area • The active and passive zones are separated the land owned by

the citizens • No fences surrounds the facility • Unknown leachate treatment facility • Waste input: 55.3 tons/day

TPA Talangagung, Kepanjen

• Semi-controlled landfill site • 2.5 ha of area, with the remaining land that can be utilized

being of 0.4 ha • Conversion and utilization of methane gas at the landfill and to

surrounding settlements (community) • Leachate treatment system does not function optimally • Distance to the nearest water bodies 1.2 km • Waste input: 49 tons/day

TPA Paras, Poncokusumo • Semi-controlled landfill • Leachate treatment exists, but operation is not optimal • 1.20 ha of area, with the remainng land to be utilized being of

0.2 ha • Waste input: 23.1 tons/day

TPA Rejosari, Bantur • Open dumping method • 2 ha of area • Waste input: 8.4 tons/day

Source: Executive Summary of MSW Management Master Plan for Malang Regency (2014)

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1.8 Institutional Capacity and Key Policies, Laws and Regulation in Malang Regency on Solid Waste Management

The national government of Indonesia enacted its main regulation for waste management with the Waste Management Act no. 18 year 2008. The government also launched the Government Regulation no. 81 year 2012 regarding household waste management. The main aspects to pinpoint from the national act are that:

a. It lays out a legal framework binding local authorities to apply environmentally sound waste management practices at the legal, institutional, technical, operational, financial, social dimensions;

b. It establishes a distribution of responsibilities in conducting waste management, starting from the ministry/government, provincial level, local authority, business sector, regional managers up to the community members;

c. It provides the fundamental background for implementing a waste management based on 3R approaches as an alternative to the old paradigm (collection-transport-disposal of waste);

d. It provides the fundamental background to encourage the business sector to be actively involved in the management of waste.

The government regulation emphasizes as priorities the following issues:

a. Disposal of waste practices to evolve from open dumping to sanitary landfilling;

b. The implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) by the business sector, as part of their contribution in improving the environmental quality and public health;

c. Introduce the practice of waste separation at source, including in settlements, industries, commercial establishments, etc.

In Malang Regency, several regulations at the local level have been made in support of the implementation of national regulations. Chiefly among them is the Local Regulation Number 10/2012, which is a general regulation emphasizing the need for waste reduction and an “appropriate” handling of waste based on the principles of 3R. According to this regulation, waste segregation should be practiced by individual citizens, while it is compulsory for the local government and community/ neighbourhood organizers to facilitate this process at the local/communityl level. Moreover, this ordinance supports the principles of community-based waste management, and the operation of sanitary landfills. Further details on local regulations related to the management of waste are listed and summarized in the table below: Table 7 Institutional Capacity and Key Policies

No. Legal Form Document Number and Dates Scope Key Information

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1. Local Regulation or Peraturan Daerah

Number 4 (26 May 2003)

Tariff for Waste Collection Services

The Local Government is responsible for collecting and transporting waste from settlements, TPS, transfer depot, to disposal sites. A waste collection fee is charged to the consumers, and the level of the tariff is determined by this regulation.

2. Local Regulation or Peraturan Daerah

Number 10/ 2012 Waste Management

This is the main regulation in waste management in Malang Regency, which determines the general provisions in the implementation of waste management in the municipality.

3. Regent Regulation or Peraturan Bupati

Number 14 (4 April 2008)

Organizational Structures in the Spatial Planning and Human Settlement Agency

The regulation lays out the organizational hierarchy at the Spatial Planning and Human Settlements Agency.

4. Regent Decree or Keputusan Bupati

Number 180/590/KEP/421.013/2011, (21 October 2011)

Strategic Plan of the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency 2011-2015

One of the main strategic guiding documents related to the performance of the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency in Malang Regency.

5. Regent Decree or Keputusan Bupati

Number 180/772/KEP/421.013/2011

The Working Plan of the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency 2012

Some of the elements of the working plan consist in the provison of waste management infrastructure, the improvement of the operational and maintenance of the waste management infrastructure; the development of waste treatment technologies, and the development of community participation in the implementation of waste management

6. Regent Instruction or Instruksi Bupati

Number 1, (14 February 2011)

Instruction for waste management implementation in Malang Regency

This instruction essentially emphasizes that the environment should be a major concern and an “eco-friendly” lifestyle should be practiced, for example by conducting waste management close to the source of generation so as to reduce waste transported to the landfill, waste reduction, etc.

It should be noted that no specific policies or regulations regarding the implementation of 3R principles appear to exist in Malang Regency, nor a “zero waste” strategy. 1.9 Informal Sector and their Involvement in the MSW System in Malang

Regency Limited information exists on the activity of the informal waste sector operating in Malang Regency, except for the scavengers working in the disposal sites. In this regard, it is noted that there are approximately 12 scavengers working at the Talang Agung landfill, which are estimated to collect 6-7 ton of waste per week. Similar patterns are observerd in the Randuagung landfill, where about 8 scavengers work and collect 6-7 ton of waste per week. In the Paras Pancokusumo landfill there are around 6 scavengers who are estimated to collect 4 ton of waste per week.

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Part II – Empirical survey to support the development of the waste-to-energy pilot 2. Characterization of the proposed locations of organic

waste sources and waste-to energy plant in the city The identification and characterization of the organic waste sources and the potential location for waste-to-energy plant were conducted on the first phase of the baseline survey. At the outset, the local government authority of Malang Regency proposed possible locations for the plant based on the requirements of UN ESCAP and UCLG ASPAC. This land should be owned by the local government, while making it available to the project was considered a form of participation and contribution from the local authority. The sites proposed were afterwards characterized in detail by the SWI team. The waste-to-energy plant will consist of an anaerobic digestion facility for treating the organic waste fraction of municipal solid waste. The envisaged characteristics of the plant are as follows:

a. Location of the plant: preferably located close to the source of organic waste generated;

b. Capacity of the anaerobic digester: 2-5 ton/day of source-separated organic waste;

c. Area for the plant: 800 to 1,000 m2 of land; d. Proximity to a source of demand for the energy generated by the plant.

Based on these criteria, two locations were proposed by the local government of Jambi. An overview of these locations is provided in the table below:

Table 8 Proposed locations of organic waste source and waste-to-energy plant

No Parameter Location 1 Location 2 1 Potential Location Co-located with the

integrated MRF "Mulyoagung"

Mantung Traditional Market

2 Estimated total waste collected (ton/day)

25 1

Estimated organic waste (ton/day)

9.75 1

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3 Other possibility of waste input (ton/day):

a. Settlements = 11 ton/day (organic waste)

a. Traditional market "Pujon" = 1.2 ton/day (mixed waste)

b. Traditional market = 4 ton/day (organic waste)

b. Traditional market "Dewi Sri" = 0.6 ton/day (mixed waste)

c. Settlements "Ngroto Village" = 1.5 - 2.4 ton/day (594 households)

d. Cattle/breeding "Ngroto Village" = 13.52 m3 (cow manure)

4 Availability of large portion of meat and fish waste

Data not available There are no meat and fish waste available (0%)

5 Waste management: Direct collection “stall to stall” by motorcycle cart

a. Waste collection Direct collection "Door to Door" by motor cart and pick-up truck

b. Waste transportation Dump truck 6-8 m3 capacity, 1-2 trips/day

No waste transportation to the landfill is applied

c. Waste disposal Residues transported to Landfill

Dumping site near the market

6 Waste condition (segregated or mixed)

Mixed Mixed

7 Energy consumed at the site 5 kWh/day Total monthly energy consumed (Office + Stalls: 4400 VA) = 2,318.00 kWh

Proposed Location for Waste-to Energy Plant: 1 Waste to Energy proposed

location:

a. Area >1000 m2 ±1000 m2

b. Land Status Public land - owned by the community

Public land - owned by the community

c. Location On the same site of the integrated MRF "Mulyoagung"

Next to the Mantung market site

2 Distance from waste generation points (km)

15 m - 3 km 300 m (in relation to the Manting market, thereby excluding other potential sources of waste generated)

3 Distance of households/ markets from the plant (also within 1 km radius)

a. Nearby settlements at 15 m

a. Traditional market "Pujon" = 3 km

b. Settlements (other possibility of waste input) at 3 km

b. Traditional market "Dewi Sri" at 0.5 km

c. Traditional market (other possibility of waste input) at 3 km

c. Settlements "Ngroto Village" at 50 m to 2 km

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d. Cattle/breeding (cow) = 200 m

4 Distance to disposal site 35 km 45 km to the nearest Landfill (Randuagung - Singosari)

5 Distance to access road 2.5 km 50 m

6 Distance to transformer substation (km)

500 m 112 m

7 Transformer capacity (KVA) data not available 100 KVA

8 Available system voltage and frequency at the site or in proximity to the site

data not available 4400 VA

Source: SWI Team (2015)

Location 1: The Integrated Material Recovery Facility (TPST 3R) Mulyoagung The first proposed location for the plant is in the same area of an established integrated material recovery facility, which is implemented by the community with the support from the Human Settlement Agency of Malang Regency. The Mulyoagung TPST 3R is located in Dau district and processes the waste of 8,000 households, charging fee of 8,000-10,000 IDR for households and 12,000-15,000 IDR for non-households. This facility has been in operation since 2010 and employs 80 workers. Most of the waste input to this facility, around 25 tons/day, comes from the settlements in mixed condition and is composed of 49% recyclables, 39% organic waste and 12% of residues. The organic waste (9.75 ton/day) is composted in the facility applying the windrow methods using cow manure as catalyst. The compost produced on this facility (around 2 tons/day) is used at no cost by the community or the households located within Mulyoagung’s service area.

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Figure 5 Location map of the proposed sites for the waste-to-energy plant in Malang Regency

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Interested customers which are not part of the service area of Mulyoagung can buy the compost at a price of 600 IDR/kg. The demand of compost is higher than the daily compost production. For handling the recyclable waste, the waste is separated, packed, and delivered to recycling industries. In addition, there are other possibilities of waste input that have not yet been served by Mulyoagung which are located 3 km away from the facility. These settlements have an estimated generation of organic waste of 11 ton/day and 4 ton/day from traditional markets. It needs to be emphasized that other possibility of waste input is not part of the waste treated at the Integrated MRF Mulyoagung. Furthermore, the data of meat and vegetable waste composition is not available at this facility. Door to door waste collection system is applied within Mulyoagung service area using conventional handcart, motorcycle handcart, and pick up truck, which is operated daily by Mulyoagung’s workers. Then, the residue, which is not composted or further packed to recycling industries, is transported to Randu Agung landfill located in other district of Malang Regency. The Randu Angung landfill is approximately located 35 km from this facility. The residue is transported using dump truck of 6 – 8 m3 with 1 to 2 trips in a day and the total unit of dump truck for transporting the residue to the landfill is 2 units. Meanwhile, the energy consumption in Mulyoagung is mainly used to support the facility, with the average daily energy consumption around 5,000 kWh.

Figure 6 Integrated MRF Mulyoagung

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The proposed site for waste-to-energy plant is located next to the facility with an area of 1,000 m2. This land is owned by the village. If the municipality or other stakeholders want to use the land, it is only possible by the agreement from the community who lives in that village. The nearest settlements are located in 15 m distance and the furthest waste source is in 3 km. Another waste sources, i.e settlements and traditional market, are also available within 3 km from the proposed site. At the nearby settlements within 200 m distance, some of the citizens have their own cattle, mainly cows, where until now the manure has not been treated or disposed properly. Hence, additional feedstock is available for the waste-to-energy plant. Location 2: Traditional Market - Mantung Local Government has proposed another site in Malang Regency, which is located next to Mantung market. Mantung market is located in Pujon district and generates mainly vegetable waste. This market is a specialized trading unit for agricultural products. Pujon district is commonly known as the area of plantation/agriculture and stockbreeding. Thus, high potential of feedstock for anaerobic digestion can be ensured within Pujon district. Nevertheless, it is necessary to be considered that geographically, Pujon is located at 1,100 m above sea level that surrounded by the mountains and consequently has difficult access due to the hilly and mountainous road. Thus, appropriate transport vehicles would be needed in order to collect and transport the waste, such as pick up trucks or dump trucks. Organic waste input for waste-to-energy plant generated from Mantung is only reached 1 ton/day, which is not sufficient enough as the feedstock to the designed waste-to-energy pilot. However, the data regarding the estimated waste generation at each waste source is collected based on the information from the related stakeholders. This information is a rough estimation made by the stakeholders since the primary data regarding the waste generation is not available.

Figure 7 Proposed site for waste-to-energy pilot at MRF Mulyoagung

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Since this area generates high number of potential feedstock for anaerobic digestion, thus, other potential waste input might be considered. However, it needs to be emphasized that the access to transport the waste from other sources, apart from Mantung market, to the plant might be challenging due to geographical conditions in Pujon district. Other potential waste inputs nearby Mantung are listed on Table 9 and Table 10 below:

Table 9 Potential waste sources from traditional market and settlement

No

Waste Sources

Estimation of mixed waste generation

Additional Information

Distance from Mantung (km)

1 Traditional market - Mantung 1 ton/day Vegetable Market 0 2 Traditional market - Pujon 1.2 ton/day 3 3 Traditional market - Dewi Sri 0.6 ton/day Fruit Market 0.5 4 Settlement - Ngroto Village 1.5 - 2.4 ton/day Low income

settlement 0.5 to 2

Source: Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency for Malang Regency (2015)

Table 10 Potential waste sources from animal breeding

No Waste Source (Animal breeding)

Number of Livestock

Estimation of Animal Manure

Distance from Mantung

Cow Goat m3 km 1 Ngroto Village 676 100 13.52 0.5 to 2 2 Pujon Lor Village 1269 365 25.38 3 3 Pandesari Village 6277 0 125.54 2

Source: Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency for Malang Regency (2015)

In Mantung, there are no fish and meat available on the waste stream. Since most of the waste generated is vegetable, thus, even though waste separation activity has not yet been practiced but the vegetable waste found in the waste stream is still in a good condition with less contaminant and can be easily separated. Although the waste generated is collected by the market authority but then it is disposed at the dumping site near the river “kontho” without any previous treatment or further transport to the landfill. Basically, a proper waste handling has not yet been applied in Mantung market, as most of the areas in Pujon district have not yet served by the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency.

Figure 8 Mantung Traditional Market

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In addition, the energy consumed at Mantung is mainly used for lighting and the total energy consumed is approximately 2,318 KWh/month. Energy used for cooking purpose is not very popular in the market since only small amount of traditional food stalls use the energy for cooking purpose. The proposed site for waste-to-energy plant in Mantung is located at an area of ±1,000 m2 inside the market and only 300 m in distance to the waste source. This land is owned by the village. If the municipality or other stakeholders want to use the land, it is only possible by the agreement from the community who lives in that village. The existing proposed site is currently used as the washing area of vegetables with an area less than 1,000 m2. However, the local government ensures to expand this area to be wider than 1,000 m2, which will be intended particularly for the waste-to-energy plant. Moreover, the surrounding area is a vacant land owned by the community that has not been exploited.

Apart from the other 2 markets nearby, there are also 3 settlements located in proximity to the proposed site, namely Ngroto Village, Pujon Lor Village, and Pandesari Village. Most of the citizens of those settlements have their own cattle, particularly cows and/or goats. Currently, the waste management services by the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency have not yet served the villages near the market, except for Pujon lor village. In Pujon lor village, the domestic waste is collected by the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency and transported to the landfill. Similar to domestic waste, the animal waste in these three villages is not collected or even treated. Based on the information acquired, both domestic and animal waste within these villages are discharged directly to the environment. The nearest village to Mantung, around 50 m distance, is Ngroto Village with total number of households around 594, in which 150 of them are located near to Mantung Traditional Market. Another settlement nearby Pujon Traditional market, located 2 to 3 km away from Mantung Traditional Market, there are total of 18,509 households and around 812 of them have not yet been connected to the electricity.

Figure 9 Proposed site for waste-to-energy pilot at Mantung market

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Observations and Conclusions According to the above findings, location 1 has technically fulfilled the waste source criteria with the organic waste input around 9.75 ton/day in Mulyoagung. Also, waste separation activity has been practiced on site the facility, thus the potential feedstock has been subjected to some degree of segregation. These waste is coming from the waste source of Mulyoagung’s service area while there are still areas that are not yet been served by this MRF. Consequently, other possibilities of waste input are highly available to be processed in Mulyoagung. However, the distance from other possibilities of waste source to MRF Mulyoagung might need to be considered since they are located in 3 km distance. On the second location, the potential waste input of 1 ton/day at the proposed site is considerably low, thus, other waste input are highly needed, which is, in fact, widely available as shown in Table 9 and 10. Nevertheless, it needs to be emphasized that Pujon district is geographically located in mountainous area, thus, many challenges might arise in transporting the waste from other sources to the plant. Furthermore, the waste management has not yet been implemented thoroughly in the district due to very wide area and geographically very challenging to be served. Both of the proposed locations have meet several criteria for the waste-to-energy plant, notably, in terms of the available area and distance to the potential end user. The available area in the both locations has exceeded the minimum criteria of 800 m2. Also, the proposed sites are located considerably near the market and/or households, approximately 15 m in location 1 and 50 m in location 2. Thus, the potential end users are readily available in proximity to the plant. However, waste transportation is needed from the waste sources to the plant, which consequently would result high operational cost. Mainly, due to the very challenging geographical condition of Location 2, collecting and transporting the waste would take much time to be conducted. In conclusion, the potential feedstock that could be processed in anaerobic digestion is very high and widely available within the area, however the challenges that might arise are not only in collecting and transporting the waste, but also in the operational cost. Meanwhile, the utilization of the energy produced from the plant to the surrounding area is also an important parameter to be considered. Certain considerations are, whether there is potential end user available nearby and how far they are located. Since the distribution of the energy produced to the consumer location is far from the plant, it would result high investment cost. However, it needs to be emphasized that the energy produced would be principally used to support the waste-to-energy facility then distributed to the surrounding consumers. Location 1 is located in the middle to low-income settlements. Thus, the potential end user outside the MRF facility would be quite high, especially if the electricity tariff from the waste-to-energy plant is below the existing price, which would attract the middle to low-income settlements. Meanwhile, location 2 is surrounded by high potential of end users, outside the plant. The energy produced

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from the plant in location 2 could be used by the stalls in Mantung market and also the other 2 markets. Apart from that, the energy could possibly distribute to the nearby settlement, i.e Ngroto Village, and also settlement nearby Pujon market around 2 to 3 km distance from Mantung. There, approximately 812 households have not yet been connected with electricity. Thus, location 2 has relatively high potential end users compared to the first location though the distances from the plant to these end users need to be further considered. As mentioned above, location 1 is considered as an established pilot project, in which the implemented system has been well-adapted and functioning very well for the community. Adjustment might be needed when a new system is implemented even though this would not be much of an issue. Also, there might be some impacts from the compost customers from Mulyoagung, such as different expected compost products, the compost quantity, and its availability. This would change due to the different applied technology on the location. Apart from the energy, anaerobic digester would also produce a few compost compare to windrow system. Thus, transition a well-adapted system is quite sensitive and risky. On the other hand, the second location has no waste management system been implemented yet so the possibility to implement the waste-to-energy system tends be more feasible without risking the existing condition and/or system. Furthermore, Malang regency has a very wide area, in which waste management service has been implemented only in certain area. Thus, agglomeration of a proper waste handling should be avoided within this area. In fact, a proper handling of waste should be implemented extensively in Malang regency. Based on several considerations that previously explained, location 1 has fulfilled most of the criteria, both, as potential organic waste source and as potential location for waste-to-energy plant. However, there are several impacts that might arise when the new system applied on an established and well-functioned system. On the other hand, location 2 also met the requirements with several challenges, notably regarding the additional waste input and waste transportation. Since agglomeration of a proper waste handling needs to be avoided to ensure the waste management services, it is need to be assured that the waste management is delivered evenly within Malang regency. In conclusion, location 2 is the most preferable candidate for waste-to-energy pilot implementation, which apparently parallel and reinforce the preliminary conclusions made by the UN ESCAP and UCLG ASPAC representatives during the fact finding mission in March 2015. Therefore, further analysis of waste characteristics and potential end users will be conducted on location 2.

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3. Marketing of biogas and assessment of indicators for financial-economic analysis

During the baseline survey, the SWI team also collects information related to the biogas and assessment of indicators for financial-economic analysis. The data were collected mainly through interview and questionnaire distribution whereas the respondents were not only the local authorities but also the traders in Mantung market, Pujon market, Dewi Sri market, and some households surrounding Mantung market. However, some data were very challenging to obtain and very limited to be accessed due to its confidentiality. Thus, some confidential data could not be obtained.

For the price of land in Malang Regency, currently the price of square meter land in Mantung Market is 800,000 IDR/m2 while the price of square meter land in Randu Agung Landfill is 150,000 to 500,000 IDR/m2. Meanwhile, the price of compost in

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Malang Regency is ranging between 600 – 1,000 IDR/kg. Usually there is no price charged for compost, which is produced at MRF, particularly for the community who got served by this MRF.

As for the drinking water, the price of customer is different by the type of customers. For example, the government institutions in Malang Regency are charged by the State Drinking Water Company (PDAM), with the amount of 750 IDR per m3 of water for maximum of 10,000 m3 water. Additionally, the installation fee for the government institution is 1,250,000 IDR. Please refer to annex 4 for more information.

Meanwhile for the fuel consumption, a dump truck spent in average 0.2 l/km. During the visit, it is found that the price for diesel fuel is 6,900 IDR per liter, low-octane fuel (premium) is 7,400 IDR per liter, and high-octane fuel is 8,600 IDR per liter. Nowadays, the price of LPG cylinder in the market is 148,000 IDR for 12kg gas cylinder and 17,000 IDR for 3kg gas cylinder.

In Indonesia, the basic price of electricity applies nationally and categorized based on the type of consumers according to the Regulation of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 19/2014. The government plans to increase the electricity tariff as per May 2015, as it is stated in the Regulation of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Republic Indonesia (ESDM) no.9 year 2015 related to the changes of Regulation no. 31 year 2014 regarding the electricity tariff, which is served by the State Electricity Company (PLN). According to this regulation, the electricity tariff will be adjusted monthly when there is any changing in the main factors that influencing the basic tariff of electricity. The factors influencing the basic tariff of electricity are the price of national crude oil/ICP, the local currency rate (IDR) against US Dollar, and the inflation rate. However, there is no increasing of electricity tariff for household with the installed power of 450 and 950 VA. Furthermore, the SWI team identifies that the average production cost of electricity in Malang Regency is 1,800 IDR/kWh. This is the price from the State Electricity Company (PLN).

Please see Annex 4 for detail information on the electricity tariff and category.

The customers, who install between 450-900 VA, receive subsidy from the government with an average basic tariff of electricity charged 495 IDR/kWh, particularly for residential category (R1). Thus, the electricity tariff for the subsidized customer is very low. The provision of electricity subsidy from the government is also applied nationally in Indonesia. Meanwhile the electricity tariff for the non-subsidized customer (>900 VA) is 1.352 IDR/kWh that is almost 3 times higher compare to the basic electricity tariff for the subsidized customer. It can be inferred that the electricity tariff paid by the subsidized consumer is lower than the non-subsidized customer. This is due to the electricity tariff for the subsidized consumer was partly covered by the government.

During survey in Mantung market, SWI Team collected the proof of electricity payment from the market authority, as Mantung market is the proposed location for the plant. In Mantung market, the stand meter in the market with the power installed of 4,400 VA, supplies the electricity to each stall. Thus, the traders pay the

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electricity bill each month to the market authority. Based on the proof of electricity payment, the average electricity consumption in Mantung market is shown on the following Table.

Table 11 Electricity consumption in Mantung market

No Information Value Unit

Category: B1/4400 VA 1 Average energy consumed 2,318.00 kWh 2 Average monthly payment 2,724,552.67 IDR 3 Average tariff paid per kWh 1,175.50 IDR/kWh

Source: SWI Team (2015)

In the former time, PLN applied the postpaid services to its customers where the electricity payment is settled monthly after the usage. With this system, PLN will have to measure, record, calculate, and publish the bill to the customer. PLN will cut off the electricity when there is a delay of payment made by the customer. On the contrary, this mechanism is not applied in the prepaid system, the so-called smart electricity system, which will be applied preferably in the future. This system, the Customer can control their own electricity usage according to the needs and abilities. The customers will have to buy the vouchers of electric rechargeable in advance and then use the electricity as much as they have purchased. The series of number /”token number” on the purchased voucher is entered to the Prepaid Meter (MPB). Then, this MPB identifies the customer’s location via the smart system. The Electricity consumption can be adjusted with the value of the voucher varies from 20.000,- IDR to 1.000.000,- IDR.

In average, the traders pay less than 50,000 IDR per month to the market authority for electricity consumption. At the household level, there are about 100-150 households resides in the nearest sub-districts to the waste-to-energy plant in Mantung market, namely Ngroto village. These households pay less than 50,000 IDR per month in average for the electricity. The data obtained from the traders were in the form of the total amount of electricity payment that has been paid by the traders (in IDR).

As the complement of the study, the SWI team also conducted a questionnaire survey on financial-economic analysis. This survey aimed to investigate the energy consumption at the household and the market level. The total participant of the survey reached 34 traders in Mantung Market (28 vegetable stalls, 6 traditional food stalls), 64 traders in Pujon Market (4 fruit stalls, 54 vegetable stalls, 6 grocery stalls), and 58 traders in Dewi Sri Market (41 fruit stalls, 6 vegetable stalls, 11 florist stalls). Additionally, the survey was also conducted to 59 respondents from the household in Ngroto Village.

Some of the key results in the questionnaire are as follow:

1. Information from the head of market a. Head of Mantung Market

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Information from the head of market shows that the total area of Mantung Market is approximately 2 Ha. This market is operated daily for 24 hours and installed 4,400 VA of electricity power. The waste in Mantung market is collected for 6-7 times per day using the motorcycle handcart by the market authority. However, the waste is only transported to the dumping site without any treatment or any further transport to the landfill. The distance from the Mantung market to the Randuagung Landfill is around 35 km. The market management provides a waste bin with the capacity of 100-kg per stall to support the waste management in the market. The number of worker in Mantung Market is 13 persons, consists of 11 permanent workers and 2 temporary workers. The market received 11,500,000 IDR/month from the traders in the form of market retribution.

b. Head of Pujon Market The head of the Pujon market informed the total area of this market is approximately 4,330 m2. This market is operated daily for 8 hours. In this market, the waste is collected 2 times a day using 1 m3 conventional handcart. This waste is first transported to the conventional temporary collection points and thereafter to the landfill. Generally, the waste management service in Pujon is operated by the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency staff. Thus, the waste retribution, which is included in the market retribution, is applied in this market. Then, the waste retribution income is transferred to the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency of Malang Regency. Nevertheless, the amount of waste retribution income transferred to DCKTR and the portion of it from the total amount of market retribution income could not be obtained. The total number of worker in Pujon Market reached 15 persons, which consists of 8 permanent workers and 7 temporary workers. The market received 23,700,000 to 24,000,000 IDR/month from the traders in the form of market retribution.

2. Information from the traders a. Mantung Market Traders .

The respondents consist of the traders from vegetables stalls (82.35%) and traditional food stalls (17.65%). The size of the stall is ranging between 2.5 to 5 m2. Most of the trader’s formal educations are elementery (12.50%) and vocational degree (50.00%). Their monthly income ranges between 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 IDR (82.35%). Almost 94.12% of the stalls install minimum 1 lighting point. In average, the traders pay less then 50,000 IDR/month for the electricity consumption. The traders, who use the gas for cooking purpose, are mainly traditional food stalls. In average, they consume up to 60 LPG cylinders with the

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capacity of 3 kg per month. This equals to 1,020,000 to 1,360,000 IDR per month as fuel expenses.

Related to the plan of the waste-to energy pilot in the future, the traders are willing to separate their waste and pay 10% higher from the current fee for market retribution. Also, the traders are willing to utilize the end products of the waste to energy plant. Additionally, all of the traders expect that the end product of the waste-to-energy plant is preferably in the form of electricity.

In Mantung market, the market retribution fee is ranging between 2,000 to 4,000 IDR/day (79.43%). There are 2 methods in collecting the market retribution in Mantung market. First, the market retribution is collected by the market staff (82.35%). Meanwhile, the rest of the traders are paying the market retribution directly to the market office.

b. Pujon Market Traders . The respondents consist of the traders from fruit stalls (6.25%), vegetables stalls (84.38%) and grocery stalls (9.38 %). The size of each stalls is between 2.5 until 5 m2. Most of the trader’s formal educations are elementery (48.44%) and junior high school (39.06%). Their monthly income ranges between 2,500,000 to 4,000,000 IDR (51.56%) in average. Around 82.81% of the stalls install minimum 1 lighting point. For the electricity consumption, 96.88% of the respondents pay less then 50,000 IDR per month for this service. There is only 1 trader who uses the gas for cooking purposes. In average, this trader spends 10 LPG cylinders with the capacity of 3 kg per month. Related to the plan of the waste-to energy pilot in the future, the traders are willing to separate the waste and pay 10% higher from the current fee for the market retribution. Currently, the market retribution fee costs between 2,000 to 3,000 IDR/day (98.44%) and collected by the market staff. Similar to the traders in Mantung market, these traders are willing to utilize the end products of the waste to energy plant. Moreover, the preferable end product of the waste-to-energy plant is in the form of electricity.

c. Dewi Sri Market Traders . The respondents consist of the traders from fruit stalls (70.69%), vegetables stalls (10.34%), and florists (18.97 %). This market is operated daily for 14 hours. The size of each stalls is between 2.5 until 5 m2. Most of the trader’s formal educations are elementery (44.83%) and junior high school (39.66%). Around 68.97% of the stalls install 1 to 3 lighting points, whereas 84.48% pay less then 50,000 IDR per month for electricity consumption.

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In this market, there are 8 traders who use the gas for cooking purposes. In average, they spend between 2 to 5 LPG cylinders with the capacity of 3 kg per month. Related to the plan of the waste-to energy pilot in the future, these traders (96.55%) are willing to separate the waste and pay 10% higher from the current fee for the market retribution. Currently, the market retribution costs 2,000 IDR/day (94.83%) and collected by the market staff. The traders also willing to utilize the end product of the waste to energy plant. Around 96.55% of the total traders are prefer to have electricity as the end product of the waste-to-energy plant.

3. Additionally, information from the housing settlements found that the main occupation of the inhabitants is farming. They reside in a permanent and self-owned house, with the area of 70m2 to 120m2 house in average. At this settlement, electricity has been connected but they did not know the monthly electricity consumed although the surveyor already asked for the proof of electricity payment. However, according to the Statistics of Malang Regency (2014), the total energy consumed at the households in Malang Regency reaches 573,105,066 kWh in 2013 with the total household customers reached 580,794. Formal education of the household leaders are ranging from elementary (37.29%) to senior high school (28.81%) level with the average income is 1,500,000 to 2,5000 IDR per month (54.24%). Around 75% of the respondents pay less than 50,000 IDR per month for the electricity whereas other 25% pays between 100,000 to 200,000 IDR per month. The data obtained from the respondents through interview were only the total amount that has been paid without knowing the electricity consumed per month. Therefore, the price of electricity per kWh at the household could not be identified. In average, each household in Ngroto Village use 1 to 5 LPG cylinders per month, which equals to 25,000 to 100,000 IDR per month.

All of the respondents have no experiences in conducting the waste separation activity. Currently, the waste retribution fee paid to the community group organizer is 2,000 to 3,000 IDR. However, this waste retribution is only applied to the houses which are served by the community group. Furthermore, the study found that these respondents are willing to separate the waste and improve the waste management practices at their community. In addition, they are also willing to utilize the end product of the waste-to-energy plant with gas as the preferable end product from the plant.

The detail information on the recapitulation of the questionnaire results can be found in annex 3.

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4. Identification of waste characteristics at the shortlisted site

As previously mentioned that Mantung Traditional Market has been identified as one of the shortlisted locations for waste-to-energy pilot. Thus, detail identifications related to the waste management and waste characteristics at this location were conducted. The identification was conducted in order to be further analyzed, whether the condition could technically meet the requirements for waste-to-energy plant, particularly to apply the Anaerobic Digester system.

In Mantung, the existing condition of waste handling is only cover the collection at source and disposal of the waste at the dumping site, which is located nearby “Kontho” river and claimed as the temporary collection point/TPS. At source, the waste collected daily from stall to stall by the market staff using the motorcycle cart. However, the waste is simply disposed at dumping site without further transport to the landfill. This condition appears since the waste management services have not yet been covered within this very wide area thoroughly. Due to several reasons, a

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decentralized waste treatment facility and transportation of waste are very challenging to be optimized within this area. One of the issues is mainly low budget for implementing the proper waste management sevices. Another issue is the very challenging geographical condition to transport the waste to the landfill. Actually, this condition urges the local government to facilitate the scattered waste treatment facilities, such as a proper temporary collection point, waste bank, integrated material recovery facility, etc. Also, the nearest landfill named Randuagung – Singosari, is located 35 km in distance from Mantung which makes it more challenging to conduct a proper disposal of waste. Additionally, the waste separation activity has not yet been practiced in this market. However the waste condition, which mainly composed of vegetables, makes it possible to obtain the separated organic waste easily, as the feedstock for the plant.

Due to the poor quantity in waste generation at Mantung, accordingly, additional waste input is needed. Thus, several potential organic waste sources, nearby Mantung, are selected to be further analyzed. In addition, the details information, as secondary data, related to each waste sources nearby Mantung market are collected from the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency and shown in Table 12.

In addition, it needs to be emphasized that these 3 traditional markets are under different management. Mantung traditional market is under the management of Regional Agriculture and Plantation Agency or Dinas Pertanian dan Perkebunan while Pujon market is under the management of Regional Industry, Trade, and Market Agency or Dinas Perindustrian, Perdagangan dan Pasar. For Dewi Sri market, the management is under the Regional Owned Enterprise or Badan Usaha Milik Daerah. Thus, these markets have different management and system application one another. However, the market that has implemented the nearly appropriate waste management system is only Pujon traditional market where the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency conducts the operation. Normally, when waste management is applied in one specific area or facility at Malang Regency, the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency is in-charge of supervising the implementation.

Table 12 Waste sources

No Waste Source n Stalls/ Households

Stalls Area (m2)

Energy Consumption/Stalls Monthly Electricity Bill

Main waste source: Mantung Traditional Market 1 Vegetables 39 6 x 8 n/a Rp 40,000 - Rp 50,000

2 Traditional Food Stalls 6 4 x 3 n/a Rp 40,000 - Rp 50,000

TOTAL 45 4400 VA/2,318.00 Kwh Rp 3,000,000.00 Additional waste source: Pujon Traditional Market

1 Vegetables 122 1.2 x 2 n/a n/a 2 Fruit 4 4 x 5 n/a n/a 3 Groceries 6 4 x 5 n/a n/a 4 Clothes 66 3 x 3 n/a n/a TOTAL 198 450 VA (*sharing) Rp 50,000.00

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Additional waste source: Dewi Sri Traditional Market 1 Vegetables 6 2.5 x 3 n/a n/a

2 Fruit and Fruit chips/snacks 72 2.5 x 3 n/a n/a

3 Souvenir 5 2.5 x 3 n/a n/a 4 Florists 12 2 x 3 n/a n/a Total 95 1300 VA (*sharing) Rp 200,000.00

Additional waste source: Settlements – Ngroto Village Parameter Total Additional Information

1 Population 7045 No waste management system and/or services

applied in this area

2 Households 594

3 Number of nearby houses to Mantung 150

4 Population of livestock 676 (cow) and 100 (goat) The existing animal

waste is simply disposed to the river

Other additional waste sources:

1 Animal breeding in Pujon lor Village 1269 (cow) and 365 (goat) The existing animal

waste is simply disposed to the river 2 Animal breeding in Pandesari

Village 6277

Source: Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency Malang Regency (2015)

In Pujon Market, the waste is collected from stall to stall by the operators using 1 m3 handcart and then stored to the communal temporary collection points that located around 50 m from the waste generation point. This communal temporary collection point is stored the waste generated not only from the market but also from the nearby households. Then, once a week, normally in Wednesdays, the waste is transported and disposed to Randuagung – Singosari Landfill (±33 km from Pujon market) or to Paras - Poncokusumo Landfill (±57 km from Pujon market). It depends on the available access since sometimes the access to the landfill is closed. As previously mentioned, this is the nearly appropriate waste management system applied in Malang Regency since the waste is disposed properly to the landfill even though the waste separation activity and further treatment of waste have not yet been implemented.

Meanwhile, in Dewi Sri market and the animal breeding area, there is no waste management service and/or system has been applied. The traders in Dewi Sri are simply dispose the waste to the vacant land nearby since there is no waste collection, transportation, and treatment applied at this market. In Ngroto Village, the waste is collected and transported to the dumping site by the community group, who is in charge for waste management at this settlement. A summary of information related to waste management system at each waste sources is presented below. Meanwhile, the map showing the location of each waste source is shown in figure 10.

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Table 13 Information related to the waste management system at sources

No Information Waste Sources

Mantung Market Pujon Market Dewi Sri Market Ngroto Village 1 Estimation of mixed waste

generation 1 ton/day 1.2 ton/day 0.6 ton/day 1.5 – 2.4 ton/day

2 Waste management system: a. Collection

Collected by UPTD market staff

Collected by the Human Settlements and Spatial

Planning Agency -

Collected by the community/neighb

ourhood group

b. Transport to TPS Transported to dumping site

Transported to the nearest TPS (communal

TPS) and then to TPA (once a week)

- Transported to dumping site

c. Treatment - - - - d. Final disposal

Disposal at the dumping site

TPA Randuagung – Singosari (33 km) or TPA

Paras – Poncokusumo (57 km)

The traders directly dispose the waste to the

vacant land

Discharge to the environment/TPS

(dumping site)

3 Institutional Management

Regional Agriculture and Plantation

Agency

a. Regional Industry, Trade, and Market Agency

b. Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency (Waste management services)

Regional Owned Enterprise Community

4 Distance to Mantung 0 km 3 km 0.5 km 0.5 – 2 km 5 Operational time

Daily Daily Daily

(peak time during weekend/holidays)

-

6

Additional information Specialized trading unit for agricultural

products (vegetables)

- Recreation market (fruits)

Low income settlement

Source: Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Agency of Malang Regency and SWI Team (2015)

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Figure 10 Map location of waste sources

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Physical Characteristics According to the data of businesses type of all traders in Mantung, Pujon, and Dewi Sri, certain type of business category/stalls have been identified as the type of stalls that potentially generate high amount of organic waste. In Mantung market, the share of stalls with high potential of organic waste generation is 100% from the total stall in the market. Unfortunately, the details data of the stalls that is not highly potential to generate organic waste in Pujon and Dewi Sri market are not available. The team only acquires the number of stalls with high potential of organic waste generation in Pujon and Dewi Sri market.

The waste sources with potentially high amount of organic waste generation at those 3 markets and also a general household waste from the settlements are identified as follows:

Table 14 Organic waste sources

No Waste Sources Number of Stalls Number of Samples

A. Mantung Traditional Market 1 Vegetables 39 20 2 Traditional Food Stalls 6 6 Total 45 26 B. Pujon Traditional Market 1 Vegetables 122 34 2 Meat & Fish 18 12 3 Fruit 4 4 4 Groceries 6 6 Total 150 56 C. Dewi Sri Traditional Market 1 Vegetables 6 4 2 Fruits 72 19 Total 78 23 Settlements "Desa Ngroto" Settlements 150 50

Source: SWI Team (March, 2015)

In order to identify the daily generation rates, physical and chemical characteristics, and density of waste at the waste sources, waste sampling was conducted for 8 successive days to allow variation over the week. All of these waste source points were sampled, not only the waste from the markets but also the household waste from the nearby houses (Ngroto Village). Furthermore, a national standard method for conducting the waste sampling at the market or at non-households in Indonesia is not available yet. Therefore, the team refers to the recent research by Harno et al (2011) that already conducted the waste sampling activity at the market in Indonesia and used the Slovin Methods in determining the number of sample.

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The Slovin Methods determine the number of samples for each stall category with high content of organic waste in the market that applied at each waste source. The Slovin Methods equation is formulated as follows:

where:

n = Total number of samples,

N = Population in a specific area,

e = Margin of error (= 0.06)

The error tolerance was adjusted to be lower than 10% to ensure the validity of data so the team agreed to set 6% as the margin error.

Generally, during the sampling activity, the number of waste sampled could not reach the number of stalls that have been determined before due to the special condition at each waste source. Hence, the number of samples collected daily from each stall category during 8 days of sampling is presented in Table 14 with the column title “Number of Samples”.

In Mantung, the number of non-regular traders is higher than regular traders, but further information regarding the number of each trader, regular and non-regular, are not available. Moreover, it needs to be emphasized that the number of traders with high potential of organic waste generation listed formally consists of the regular traders and non-regular traders. Hence, the traders found everyday in the market are less than the listed traders, which was especially the case of Pujon. Meanwhile, Dewi Sri market is known as recreation market where people could find souvenirs, fresh fruits, and local fruits products. Thus, this market has high number of visitors during the weekend or holidays. As a result, the number of samples collected is less than the determined samples since some of the traders only come on the weekend or holidays.

The sampling was conducted to identify the daily generation rates, waste density, and waste composition, both physical and chemical. As mentioned before that the waste sampled in the markets were categorized by the type of businesses/stalls with potentially generate high amount of organic waste. The results of the waste sampling, both organics and non-organics, are presented on the following tables:

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Table 15 Waste generation in Mantung and its surroundings

No Waste Sources Daily Generation Rates Daily Waste

Generation Value Unit Value Unit

A. Mantung Traditional Market

1 Vegetables 4.38 kg/stall/day

170.89 kg/day

2 Traditional Food Stalls 2.43 14.60

Average waste generation rate in the market 4.12 kg/stall/day

Total waste generation in Mantung market 185.49 kg/day

B. Pujon Traditional Market

1 Vegetables 1.82

kg/stall/day

221.57

kg/day 2 Meat & Fish 0.63 11.34

3 Fruit 4.51 18.05

4 Grocerys 0.69 4.14

Average waste generation rate in the market 1.70 kg/stall/day

Total waste generation in Pujon market 255.10 kg/day

C. Dewi Sri Traditional Market

1 Vegetables 2.91 kg/stall/day

17.48 kg/day

2 Fruits 2.56 183.98

Average waste generation rate in the market 2.58 kg/stall/day

Total waste generation in Dewi Sri market 201.45 kg/day

TOTAL Waste generation from 3 markets 642.05 kg/day

Settlements "Desa Ngroto"

Settlements 2.07 kg/household/day 310.99 kg/day

Total Feedstock 953.04 kg/day Source: SWI Team (2015)

As presented in Table 15, the organic waste source in each market is different. In Pujon market, the potential organic waste sources are generated from vegetables stalls, meat stalls, fruit stalls, and groceries stalls but most of organic waste is generated from fruit and vegetable stalls. This waste can be inferred from the daily generation rates.

Differ from Pujon market, the organic waste sources in Mantung mostly generated from vegetable stalls. In comparison to the daily generation rates of waste from vegetable stalls, vegetable is indeed relatively higher than the daily generation rates from traditional food stalls. Meanwhile, the organic waste sources in Dewi Sri market are generated mainly from the fruit stalls, it is compared to its daily generation rates.

Nevertheless, the total number of traders from each category of stalls also would give an effect to the daily waste generation. This daily waste generation rate shows the daily average of waste generated from each type of stall in each market. Meanwhile, the daily waste generation shows the total waste generated from the total number of stall per each type. The number is obtained by multiplying the daily generation rate with the total number of stall for each type as listed formally. In particular for household waste from the settlement, the daily generation rate per household reach 2.07 kg/day. Thus with an assumption in 1 household consists of 4

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person, then the daily generation rate per person is approximately 0.52 kg/person/day.

The total waste generated daily by stalls with high potential of organic waste in Pujon is 255.10 kg/day with the average waste generation rate around 1.70 kg/stall/day. In Mantung, the daily waste generation reaches 185.49 kg/day from the stalls with high potential of organic waste and the daily generation rate approximately 4.12 kg/stall/day. Meanwhile, the daily waste generation in Dewi Sri market reaches 201.45 kg/day with the daily generation rate of 2.58 kg/stall/day. Also, the waste generated daily from Ngroto Village is approximately 310.99 kg/day with the daily waste generation rate around 2.07 kg/household/day. Hence, the total waste generated in Mantung and surroundings reach 953.04 kg/day. Based on these data, total waste generated from the markets is approximately 642.05 kg/day, which most of the waste is coming from Pujon traditional market. According to the team observation, the waste generated at these 3 markets has not been treated, utilized, or intent to be utilized by anyone or other third parties.

Based on the empirical data, as shown in Table 15, the waste generated at each waste source is tremendously lower than the estimated waste generation made by the related authorities. The estimated waste generation in Mantung is 1 ton/day, but the sampling result shows 189.49 kg/day of waste generated in this market. Similar to Mantung, the other waste sources also shows daily waste generation in the range between 200 kg/day to 300 kg/day, which is far different from the estimated data by the authorities i.e ±1000 kg/day.

Mantung market has the least waste generation but most of the waste consists of organic waste since Mantung commonly known as specialized trading unit for agricultural products which mainly selling vegetables. In addition, the detail of sampling results for 8 consecutive days is available in Annex 2. Meanwhile, composition of the total waste generated from each waste sources in percentage by weight are listed on Table 16.

On Table 16, it can be observed that Mantung generates around 84% of vegetable waste and 0% of fruit waste, bones, and meat waste. The second highest portion of waste composition in Mantung is from others/miscellaneous category that reaches 12% and mostly composed of inert materials. In Mantung, the main vegetable waste composition are cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and carrots, that identified in the form of old vegetables and the remaining part of vegetables, such as stem, tuber. The proportion of these dominant vegetables on the list are the comparison to the total waste composition. Meanwhile, compare to the total amount of vegetables waste generated, the dominant vegetables are composed of 24.20% cabbage, 18.89% of chinese cabbage and 20.47% carrots. These 3 types of vegetables are found daily in a high amount and available throughout the year.

Pujon market generates approximately 63% of vegetable waste that mainly consists of 6.61% cabbage, 15.72% Chinese cabbage, and 6.42% cucumber. When comparing to the total amount of vegetables waste generated, the dominant vegetables are composed of 24.20% cabbage, 18.89% of Chinese cabbage and 20.47% carrots. The composition of fruit waste, around 19%, in Pujon was quite varied and influenced by

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the season since some of the dominant fruit found are mangosteen, duku, and jackfruit. Normally, mangosteens are found between November and March while duku usually found in February to April. Jackfruits are normally found in January to August. The other dominant fruits found, such as Banana, Soursop, and Orange, are the type of fruits that can be found at any time. Another thing to be emphasized is that in Pujon, meat waste is found in the third highest composition after vegetable and fruit waste. For more details information, the identified fruits and vegetables which are dominant can be seen in Annex 2.

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Table 16 Total waste composition in Mantung and surroundings

No Components Mantung Estimated Waste Generation (kg/day)

Pujon

Estimated Waste Generation (kg/day)

Dewi Sri

Estimated Waste Generation (kg/day)

Ngroto Village

Estimated Waste Generation (kg/day)

1 Vegetables: 84.41% 115.36 63.74% 162.61 17.77% 34.77 17.21% 53.51

Cabbage 20.43% 6.61% 2.49% - Chinese Cabbage 15.94% 15.72% 4.09% - Carrots 17.28% - 3.59% - Cucumber - 6.42% 1.25% - Chayotes - - 3.34% -

2 Fruits: 0.00% 0.00 19.15% 48.85 73.88% 144.53 4.49% 13.95

Banana - 5.41% - - Mangosteen - 1.27% - - Duku - 4.41% - - Jackfruit - 1.31% - - Soursop - 1.09% - - Orange - 2.00% 4.34% - Avocado - - 4.67% - Cassava - - 6.79% - Apple - - 42.09% -

3 Bone 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 4 Paper 0.71% 0.97 2.28% 5.82 0.64% 1.26 12.67% 39.41 5 Fish and meat 0.00% 0.00 5.93% 15.13 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 6 Textile 0.10% 0.13 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.35% 1.09 7 Plastics 1.27% 1.74 1.87% 4.78 1.52% 2.97 6.07% 18.86 8 Grass/Wood 1.12% 1.54 3.28% 8.37 3.07% 6.01 4.43% 13.76 9 Leather/Rubber 0.26% 0.35 0.14% 0.35 0.00% 0.00 0.14% 0.45

10 Metals 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 11 Glass/Ceramic 0.10% 0.13 0.14% 0.35 0.00% 0.00 0.18% 0.56 12 Miscellaneous 12.03% 16.44 3.47% 8.86 3.11% 6.09 54.47% 169.39

Total 100.00% 136.67 100.00% 255.10 100.00% 195.63 100.00% 310.99 Source: SWI Team (2015)

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Approximately 5.93% of meat waste found on the waste stream in Pujon market were the meat from cow. Miscellaneous waste composition have reached 3.47% that mainly composed of inert materials while 3.28% of grass/wood waste found were wood that used for preserving salted fish.

As previously mentioned, Dewi Sri is called as recreation market where people visit the market to buy the original local products from Malang regency, mainly souvenirs, fruits, and also other fruit products like chips. Thus the amount of fruit waste composition in Dewi Sri is considerable high that reached 73.88%. These fruit waste were not influenced by the seasons, in fact, these are the type of fruits, mainly apple and cassava, that originally planted here. One of the most famous fruit from here is Malang Apples which originally comes from Malang. Normally, avocado found between December to February, but during sampling activity, which was conducted at the end of March, this type of fruits is found to be dominating the fruit waste stream. Thus, it can be inferred that oranges and avocados were not fully influenced by the season. Also, pujon market generates more variatif vegetable waste compare to Mantung, with the total amount of 17.77% on the waste stream. Dominant fruits were cabbage 2.49%, chinese cabbage 4.09%, carrots 3.59%, cucumber 1.25%, and chayotes 3.34%, in which these dominant fruits were compared to the total waste composition. The comparation of dominant fruit and vegetable waste to the total composition of each are found on Annex 2. As well as other markets, the composition of miscellaneous waste found in the waste stream were mostly composed of inert materials. In addition, bones and meat waste were not identified within this market.

Household waste collected from Ngroto presents different composition in the waste stream when compare it with waste composition from the markets. This can be inferred based on Table 16 that the composition of fruit and vegetable waste from the settlement was far lower than the fruit and vegetable waste generated from the market. However, there are no specific variation of fruit and vegetable waste dominating the waste stream. Cabbage and chinese cabbage were found in the vegetable waste stream but the proportion were less than 10%. The variation of fruit and vegetables were higher so the dominant of specific type of fruit and vegetable waste were not identified. The waste composition dominating the waste stream was miscellaneous, which is around 54.47%, and composed mainly of food waste, rice husks, residues from fertilizer, and inert materials. Based on SWI team observation, the miscellaneous waste generated from the households consists mainly of food waste, rice husks, and residues from fertilizer that could be recover by anaerobic digestion. Meanwhile, the inert materials were only small portion of the miscellaneous waste. Bones and meat waste were not identified within the household waste stream. Other dominating waste composition from household waste stream, that indeed normally found, were plastics, paper, and garden waste, such as grass and/or wood.

Based on the sampling result, high amount of vegetable waste were found in Mantung while high amount of fruit waste generated mainly from Dewi Sri market. Most of fruit waste from Dewi Sri market were the fruits originated from Malang. Meanwhile, high variation of fruit waste were found in Pujon, in which some of

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them were seasonal fruits. The composition of fruit and vegetable waste from household were considerably low compare to the markets. However, high portion of food waste were identified in the household waste stream. Meat waste only identified in Pujon and Ngroto but the proportion in the waste stream were not significantly high. Furthermore, there are also animal waste available within this area and combination of all of these waste sources could significantly boost the energy produced from the waste-to-energy plant.

During the sampling of waste, the daily waste density is calculated from each stall category at each waste sources, as shown in Annex 2. Both the average waste density per stall category and the average of waste density per day at each waste source are shown in the following table. Meanwhile the detail of total waste density each day are shown in Annex 2.

Table 17 Average waste density at each waste sources

No Waste Sources Density per Stall Category (kg/m3)

Density per day (kg/m3)

A. Pujon Traditional Market 1 Vegetables Stalls 205.46

187.11 2 Meat Stalls 44.45 3 Fruit Stalls 108.07 4 Groceries Stalls 24.79 B. Mantung Traditional Market 1 Vegetables Stalls 267.72

269.93 2 Traditional Food Stalls 347.44 C. Dewi Sri Traditional Market 1 Vegetables Stalls 115.08

232.84 2 Fruit Stalls 210.22 D. Settlements "Ngroto Village" Settlements 211.89

Source: SWI Team (2015)

In addition, the waste density from meat stalls in Pujon only reached 44.45 kg/m3 because of the main waste composition consists of claw and innards. The low waste density also shown from the groceries stall that only reached 24.79 kg/m3 due to the main composition were consists of the very light plastics packaging, light plastics for wrapping the food, and very light paper that normally used for cigarette packing.

Chemical Characteristics One of the main important factors affecting the decomposition process and the output, particularly the energy yield and the digestate, of an anaerobic digester is the chemical characteristics of the feedstock. Thus, the chemical characteristics of organic waste in Mantung and Ngroto Village, which were taken when sampling on the 7th day was conducted, were analyzed in laboratory. The main reason for

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analyzing the waste sampled on the 7th day was to ensure the stability of the waste variation since the anomaly of the waste variation should be avoided in order to obtain a representative result. Table 15 presents the chemical composition of the organic waste in Mantung and Ngroto Village, based on the laboratory result analysis.

The samples analyzed in the laboratory were only the organic component of the waste since the degradation of organic waste in anaerobic digestion system plays an important role in the energy production. Furthermore, the total weight of sample required by laboratory is 1 kg but the team decided to send 3.5 kg of organic waste sample to ensure the sufficiency of the sample. Furthermore, in order to ensure a valid result, there were 2 samples from Mantung market and Ngroto Village with the same source and quantity sent to the laboratory. Thus, the results could be presented as a range of each tested parameters.

At each waste sampling point, the team sent 3.5 kg of organic waste per sample that corresponds to the proportion of the average weight of organic waste components during 6 days of sampling. The extraction of the organic waste components sent to the laboratory is determined by the total weight of samples required by the laboratory, in this case 3.5 kg/sample of organic waste, which were multiplied with the average weight proportion of each components of organic waste during 6 days from the total organic waste. The details proportion of the samples from the market delivered to the laboratory consist of 72.8% vegetables (2.55 kg), 14.7% fruits (0.52 kg), 4.7% meat and fish (0.16 kg), 6.5% food waste (0.23 kg), and 1.4% wood/grass (0.05 kg). Meanwhile, the detail of organic waste fractions from Ngroto Village delivered to the laboratory consists of 33.4% vegetables (1.17 kg), 9.1% fruits (0.32 kg), 49.9% food waste (1.75 kg), and 7.6% wood/grass (0.27 kg). Table 18 shows the chemical composition of the organic component of the waste from both waste sampling points, based on the laboratory result analysis.

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Table 18 Chemical composition of organic waste

No Parameter Unit Result

Sample 1 Sample 2 Market

1 Total Solid % 39.02 26.97 2 Water Content % 60.98 73.03 3 Volatile Solid % 89.51 85.71 4 Hydrogen % 7.02 6.67 5 Oxygen % 28.63 26.42 6 Sulphur mg/kg 168.59 158.17 7 Phosphat mg/kg 1479.49 761.81 8 Carbon % 60.02 58.62 9 Nitrogen % 1.85 1.80 10 C/N ratio % 32,44 32,56

Ngroto Village

1 Total Solid % 22.84 16.85 2 Water Content % 77.16 83.15 3 Volatile Solid % 90.1 86.52 4 Hydrogen % 7.08 6.81 5 Oxygen % 19.25 17.12 6 Sulphur mg/kg 150.57 163.94 7 Phosphat mg/kg 1012.38 589.99 8 Carbon % 42.72 36.52 9 Nitrogen % 1.15 0.97 10 C/N ratio % 37,14 37,64

Source: Laboratory Result Analysis – Bandung Institute of Technology (2015)

In order to ensure a valid result, there were 2 samples of organic waste in equal amount taken from each waste generation point (Mantung market and Ngroto Village) and sent to the laboratory. Thus, the results presenting the range of each tested parameter.

There are several factors that contribute to the efficiency of the Anaerobic Digestion process includes feedstock characteristics, environmental factors (temperature, pH, organic loading rate), bioreactor design, and microbial dynamics. All of these factors must be optimized to achieve maximum benefit from this technology, both digestate or compost product and energy production. The feedstock characteristics, both substrate and co-substrate, of anaerobic digestion that affecting the efficiency are mainly Total Solid, Volatile Solid, Moisture Content, and C/N ratio. Based on the laboratory analysis, the range value of the main parameters, which resulted from 2 samples analyzed, are shown on Table 19 and described as follows:

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Table 19 Summary of the laboratory results of the main affecting parameters affecting

No Main parameters Range of values

Market

1 Total Solid 26.97% - 39.02%

2 Volatile Solid 85.71% - 89.51

3 Moisture Content 60.98% - 73.03% 4 C/N Ratio 32.44% - 32.56%

Ngroto Village

1 Total Solid 16.85% - 22.84%

2 Volatile Solid 86.52% - 90.1%

3 Moisture Content 77.16% - 83.15%

4 C/N Ratio 37.14% - 37.64%

a. Total Solid (Dry Matter) Generally, the total solids content of the feedstock represents the applicable fermentation process. According to Karagiannidis and Perkoulidis (2009), feedstocks with total solid content lower than 25% are applicable for wet fermentation (wet digestion). Meanwhile, dry fermentation (dry digestion) normally applied for feedstock with total solids content of 30-40%. Those fall between wet and dry fermentation process are considered semi-dry fermentation (Mata-Alvarez, 2002). In addition to the basic total solids content reflects the ability of that material to be broken down effectively in the digester. The laboratory result of organic waste in Mantung market presents the total solids content between 39.02% and 26.97% which lies in the range between semi dry and dry fermentation. On the other hand, total solids content from Ngroto Village is lower than that of Mantung market, which are in the range of 22.84% and 16.85%, and suitable for wet digestion. According to Deublein and Steinhauser (2008), the total solid content of market waste is ranging from 8% to 20%. Meanwhile, the laboratory analysis of samples from the market show the total solid content between 26.97% and 39.02%, which lies above the limit of range. For the samples come from the settlement, the total solid content lies in the upper limit of range, between 16.85% - 22.84%. The results, particularly for the waste coming from the market, show extremely high content of total solid on the samples that might result from a combination or mixture of several components with high total solid content. Since as previously mentioned, the samples sent consist of not only vegetable and fruit waste but also food waste, grass/wood, meat and fish, bones Furthermore, before conducting the analysis, the sample needs to be processed first through crushing and mixing to ensure the waste fractions

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distributed evenly. The process of crushing and mixing of waste sample should be done properly in order to get a representative result. The imperfection in preliminary processing the samples might result in an excessively high or low result which exceeds the normal range, such as extremely high total solid content, overly low ratio of C/N, etc. When a mixture of organic waste from Mantung and Ngroto village would be treated in anaerobic digestion, further investigation would be needed in order to determine the suitable portion and fermentation process applied. Since the choice of types and amounts of feedstock for the mixture of substrate and co-substrate depends on the total solids content as well as the content of sugars, lipids, and proteins (Al Saedi et al, 2008). Nevertheless, the total solids content in both samples, have already shown the high content of total solids which reflects on the available energy.

b. Volatile Solid/Organic Loading Rate (Organic Dry Matter) Organic loading rate is a measure of the biological conversion capacity of the anaerobic digestion system, which is a particularly important control parameter in continuous system. The organic loading rate is expressed in kg Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) or Volatile Solid (VS) per cubic meter of reactor, which linked with retention time for any particular feedstock and anaerobic reactor volume (Monnet, 2003). Volatile Solids reflects the organic matter in a sample which is measured as solid content minus ash content, as obtained by complete combustion of the feed waste. Volatile Solids comprise the Biodegradable Volatile Solids (BVS) fraction and the Refractory Volatile Solids (RVS). High Volatile Solids content with low RVS is more suitable for anaerobic digestion (Monnet, 2003). Thus, a higher volatile solids value typically results in a higher energy yield. Based on the laboratory results, the organic waste in Mantung market has considerably high content of Volatile Solids (%TS), between 89.51% and 85.71%. Similar to Mantung market, Ngroto Village also showing high content of Volatile Solids, between 90.10% and 86.52%. This tendency of high Volatile Contents would result in high energy yield production. Furthermore, gas yields are directly correlated with the decomposition rates that each substrate has a specific potential for gas production expressed in litres of biogas produced per kg of decomposed organic matter. Several main characteristics of any given feedstock that affecting the energy yields includes total solids (dry matter), volatile solids (organic dry matter), biogas output per tonne of volatile solids, and methane content in Biogas that depends on the specific substrate and/or co-substrate. Thus, it needs to be emphasized that co-fermentation could improve the energy yields, depends on the specific gas yield of each substrate and co-substrate. The specific methane yields are shown on the following Table.

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Table 20 Specific methane yields

Substrate Methane yield (l/kg VS) References

Municipal Solid Waste 360 Vogt et al. (2002) Fruit and Vegetable Wastes 420 Bouallagui et al. (2005) Fruit and Vegetable Waste, and Abattoir Wastewater

850 Forster-Carneiro et al. (2007)

Food Waste Leachate 294 Behera et al. (2010) Rice Straw 350 Lei et al. (2010) Maize Silage and Straw 312 Mumme et al. (2010) Household Waste 350 Ferrer et al. (2011) Lignin-rich Organic Waste 200 Jayasinghe et al. (2011) Food Waste 396 Zhang et al. (2011)

c. Moisture (Water Content) High moisture content usually facilitate the anaerobic digestion, however it is difficult to maintain the same availability of water throughout the digestion cycle (Hernandez-Berriel et al., 2008). High water contents are likely to affect the process performance by disolving readily degradable organic matter. It has been reported that the highest methane production rates occur at 60-80% of humidity (Bouallagui et al., 2003). In Mantung market, the moisture content of organic waste are in the range between 60.98% and 73.03% which lies in the range of optimum methane production rates as mentioned above. The organic waste in Ngroto Village show a slightly higher water content but it could be categorized in the high rates of methane production.

d. Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N) The relationship between the amount of carbon and nitrogen present in organic materials is presented by the C/N ratio. The C/N ratio in the organic material plays a crucial role in anaerobic digestion. The unbalanced nutrients are regarded as an important factor limiting Anarobic Digestion of organic waste. For the improvement of nutrition and C/N ratios, co-digestion of organic mixture is employed (Cuetos et al,. 2008). The C/N ratio of 20 - 30 may provide sufficient nitrogen for the process (Weiland, 2006). Meanwhile, Bouallagui et al. (2009a) suggested that a C/N ratio between 22 -25 seemed to be the best for Anaerobic Digestion of fruit and vegetable waste, whereas, Guermoud et al. (2009) and Lee et al. (2009b) reported that the optimal C/N ratio for AD of organic waste was 20 – 35. According to Monnet (2003), high C/N ratio is an indication of a rapid consumption of nitrogen by methanogens and results in a lower gas production. On the other hand, a lower C/N ratio causes ammonia accumulation and pH values exceeding 8.5, which is toxic to methanogenic bacteria. Optimum C/N ratio of the feedstock materials can be achieved by

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mixing waste of low and high C/N ratio, such as organic solid waste mixed with animal manure (Monnet, 2003). Co-digestion of a low C/N ratio feedstock with a high C/N ratio feedstock can adjust the ratio closer to ideality (Ward, J Alastair et al., 2008). According to the laboratory result, the C/N ratio of the organic waste in Mantung market is ranging around 32.44% - 32.56%, which may provide sufficient nutrient in the digester. On the other hand, organic waste in Ngroto Village showing different tendency of lower gas production, with slightly higher C/N ratio between 37.14% - 37.64% compared to the optimum range. Hence, a mixture or co-fermentation with other waste with low C/N ratio might be needed to improve the gas production, particularly for organic waste coming from Ngroto Village. On the other hand, animal/farm manures contain concentrations of ammonia, which are greater than that desirable for microbial growth and may be inhibitory to AD (Hansen et al., 1998; Sung and Liu, 2003). A high concentration of ammonia can be advantageous when used with other feedstock, which have low nitrogen concentrations (Ward, J Alastair et al., 2008). Thus, co-fermentation with animal manure, which is highly available in this area, could be one of the options in order to improve the C/N ratio of organic waste, particularly for the organic waste generated in Ngroto Village. However, a mixture of organic waste from the market and household with animal manure would need further investigation in terms of the proportion and fermentation process in order to obtain optimum energy production.

Most of organic waste in the market were composed of fruits and vegetables. These type of fruit and vegetable waste tend to have low total solids and high volatile solids, and are easily degraded in anaerobic digester. It was discovered in the late 1970s and early 1980s that many carbohydrate-rich feedstock were found to require either co-digestion with other feedstock or addition of alkaline-buffer ro ensure stable performance (Hills and Roberts, 1982; Knol et al,. 1978). In addition, two-stage reactors effectively use the first stage as a buffer against the high organic loading rate which offers some protection to the methanogens. Separation of the acidification process from methanogenesis by the use of sequencing batch reactors has been shown to give higher stability, a significant increase in biogas production and an improvement in the effluent quality when used with fruit and vegetable waste (Bouallagui et al,. 2004)

Meanwhile in Ngroto Village, most of organic waste consists of food waste that contains different characteristics with fruit and vegetable waste. Therefore, the conditions to achieve the optimum energy production would not be the same as fruit and vegetable feedstock. A co-fermentation of different feedstock would need further adjustment in order to obtain optimum benefit from this treatment. In addition, it needs to be emphasized that the each parameter of the main characteristics influencing the energy production would react and affect one

49

another. As a result, the energy production could not be predicted precisely without any further research.

Energy Consumption Regarding the electricity consumption, there is 1 transformer station with the capacity of 100 kVA, located in the near Mantung market. Generally, the peak hour for energy consumption at the settlement lasts between 18.00 and 21.00. The community reports that black outs are rarely happened. The black out usually happened due to the repairmen and an information regarding the black out is normally spread out before it happens. In this area, the black out normally happens at 09.00 when most people is at work.

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Recommendation 1. Waste management system in Malang Regency relies on the collection,

transport, and disposal of waste without any further and appropriate treatment. Consequently, those activities would generate high greenhouse gases emissions, particularly methane and carbon dioxide, and also produce leachate. Moreover, this system is highly depending on the landfill since there is no significant amount of waste reduction occurs before the final disposal. In the case of TPST Mulyoagung the waste treated and reduced at this facility is quite high. Therefore the waste management approach applied in TPST Mulyoagung is necessary to be replicated. Additionally it is need to be pointed out that Malang Regency has wide area that urges to have the decentralized waste management system.

2. Geographically, Malang Regency especially Pujon district has hilly and mountainous characteristic. It results in difficult access for waste collection and it is necessary to have proper waste transportation. Consequently additional costs and time will apply.

3. On the other hand, anaerobic digester is a technology that is normally applied to treat the organic waste. This system could efficiently reduce the organic waste at source. Moreover, the final product of the digester, which is the biogas, could be further converted and utilized, either as electricity or gas for cooking purpose.

4. In Malang Regency, there are three organic waste sources that are potentially to be treated in one location: Mantung Market. The waste generated from these three sources is in total 953.04 kg/day. This amount of waste is considerably low to fulfill the waste-to-energy designed requirement (2 ton/day). It is therefore necessary to have additional input such as animal manure. However animal husbandry such as cows and goats is normally belong to personal (an individual ownership instead a farm). Therefore to make sure the capacity of the design requirement is fulfilled further assessment is needed.

5. On the second proposed waste-to-energy site in Malang Regency, the organic waste composition range between 63%-84%. It consists of fruit and vegetable waste, which is considered as the suitable feedstock for Anaerobic Digester. Nevertheless, the chemical composition of organic waste, particularly the waste generated in Ngroto Village, presents slightly higher C/N ratio that might result in lower gas production. Thus, a mixture of the organic waste of high C/N ratio, particularly the organic waste generated in Ngroto Village, with the animal manure is strongly recommended in order to improve the energy production.

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6. Ratio of the waste management expenditure to the Regional Government Budget is 0.4%. It is equivalent to 8,826,345,800 IDR from the total regional expenditure that is worth 2,229,332,705,554 IDR. The city projection for direct expenditure in the year 2015 is 10,120,823,699 IDR. Currently, the ratio of the revenue to the waste management expenditure in the Human Settlement Agency is 4.5% which is extremely low. In the case that the Regency wants to increase the budget allocation, the time for proposing the budget will consume at least 7 months before approval by the Local Parliament (DPRD). It is need to be mentioned that the process will be processed in different stages and each stages need to follow different regulations. By implementing Waste-to-Energy plant in the location, it recommended to increase the efficiency of retribution fees to support the waste management expenditure. Please see Annex 6 to detail.

7. Consequently, the implementation of waste-to-energy pilot influence the arrangement of supporting infrastructure including waste transportation, labor, operational and maintenance costs. The supporting infrastructure should include additional collection and transportation system from (at least) the three sources to the appointed location.

8. The successful of the implementation of the waste-to-energy pilot plant highly depends on the integration of related institutions and regulations. In the future it should be clear, which Local Technical Implementation Unit in Malang Regency take the main responsibility of the project. In this case, the variation of institutional format is high. Therefore the challenge of integration is possibly complicated.

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List of References Al Seadi, 2008, Biogas Handbook, Published by University of Southern Denmark

Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10. www.lemvigbiogas.com Anaerobic Digestion Science: http://www.nethyenergy.co.uk/ad-science.aspx BAPPEDA Kab. Malang,2012.Buku Putih Sanitasi dan Strategi Sanitasi Kota

Kabupaten Malang 2012 Bouallagui, H., Touhami, Y., Cheikh, R.B., Hamdi, M., 2005. Bioreactor

performance in anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable wastes. Process Biochem. 40, 989–995.

Behera, S.K., Park, J.M., Kim, K.H., Park, H., 2010. Methane production from food waste leachate in laboratory-scale simulated landfill. Waste Manage. 30, 1502–1508.

Dinas Pendapatan Pengelolan Keuangan dan Asset,2013.APBD Kabupaten Malang 2009-2013

Deublein, D. Steinhauser. A, 2008. Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources. Wiley WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Germany.

Ferrer, I., Garfí, M., Uggetti, E., Ferrer-Marti, L., Calderon, A., Velo, E., 2011. Biogas production in low-cost household digesters at the Peruvian Andes. Biomass Bioenergy. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.12.036.

Forster-Carneiro, T., Pérez, M., Romero, L.I., Sales, D., 2007. Dry-thermophilic anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of the municipal solid waste: focusing on the inoculum sources. Bioresour. Technol. 98, 3195–3203.

Jayasinghe, P.A., Hettiaratchi, J.P.A., Mehrotra, A.K., Kumar, S., 2011. Effect of enzyme additions on methane production and lignin degradation of landfilled sample of municipal solid waste. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 4633–4637.

Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat Kab. Malang,2014.Profil TPST Mulyoagung Bersatu 2014

Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum Direktorat Jenderal Cipta Karya,2014.Eksekutif Summary Masterplan Persampahan Kabupaten Malang 2014

Khalid, Azeem et al. 2011. The Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Organic Waste. Elsevier

Lei, Z., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Sugiura, N., 2010. Methane production from rice straw with acclimated anaerobic sludge: effect of phosphate supplementation. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 4343–4348.

Local Government of Malang Regency. 2014. The executive Summary of MSW Management Master Plan and DED for Malang Regency 2014

Monnet, Fabian. 2003. Final report: An Introduction to Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste. Remade Scottland

Mumme, J., Linke, B., Tölle, R., 2010. Novel upflow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 592–599.

Pemerintah Kab. Malang, 2013.Laporan Keterangan Pertanggung Jawaban Pejabat Daerah Kabupaten Malang 2013

Pemerintah Kab. Malang, 2013. Buku Non Fisik Adipura Kabupaten Malang 2013-2014

PT. Bumaka Ripta Engineering and Management Consultant in association with

National Gas Company, GBU, and Götz GmBH. Final Report: Organic Waste treatment Plant for Energy Source Alternatives in DKI Jakarta and Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi Areas. March 1995

Statistic Indonesia,2012. Kabupaten Malang dalam Angka Tahun 2012 Vogt, G.M., Liu, H.W., Kennedy, K.J., Vogt, H.S., Holbein, B.E., 2002. Super blue

box recycling (SUBBOR) enhanced two-stage anaerobic digestion process for recycling municipal solid waste: laboratory pilot studies. Bioresour. Technol. 85, 291–299.

Ward, J Alastair et al. 2008). Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources. Elsevier.

Zhang, L., Lee, Y.W., Jahng, D., 2011. Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and piggery wastewater: focusing on the role of trace elements. Bioresour. Technol.doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.082.

ANNEX 1 Location of the waste-to-energy plant in Mantung market

ANNEX 2 1. Mantung Market

Waste Composition (kg)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Total Weight %

1 Vegetables 105.10 89.10 89.20 82.00 85.20 79.50 78.50 81.80 690.40 84.41%

2 Fruits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

4 Paper 1.20 1.00 0.20 0.80 0.40 0.90 0.50 0.80 5.80 0.71%

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.80 0.10%

7 Plastics 2.00 2.50 1.80 1.30 1.10 0.80 0.60 0.30 10.40 1.27%

8 Grass/Wood 1.80 1.80 2.30 0.50 1.10 0.60 0.70 0.40 9.20 1.12%

9 Leather/Rubber 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 2.10 0.26%

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.10%

12 Others 9.60 12.20 18.90 10.40 10.40 10.80 13.60 12.50 98.40 12.03%

Total 120.90 107.10 112.90 95.60 98.80 92.60 94.20 95.80 817.90 100.00%

Density (kg/m3) 305.30 252.59 258.35 248.31 274.44 264.57 283.73 272.16

Average Density (kg/m3) 269.93

Waste Density (kg/m3) No Stalls Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Ave

1 Vegetables 270.45 258.92 260.83 288.93 278 254.52 268.14 261.98 267.72

2 Traditional Food Stall 34.85 322.86 422.22 233.33 308 402.94 503.33 552 347.44

Waste Composition equal or above 10%

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Total Weight % to Σ Vegetables/Fruits

1 Vegetables:

Cabbage 14.00 11.00 19.00 33.00 27.00 23.20 21.60 18.30 167.10 24.20

Chinese Cabbage 35.00 24.00 16.00 8.20 10.20 14.80 11.00 11.20 130.40 18.89

Carrot 0.00 10.50 17.00 19.80 24.00 20.50 22.20 27.30 141.30 20.47

Waste Generation Rate (Kg/stall/day)

A. Vegetable Stalls (Kg/stall/day)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 AVE

1 Vegetables 5.21 4.42 4.37 4.03 4.13 3.88 3.84 4.03 4.23

2 Fruits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Paper 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Plastics 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02

8 Grass/Wood 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02

9 Leather/Rubber 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 Others 0.06 0.28 0.21 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.10

Daily Total (kg) 5.36 4.79 4.70 4.05 4.17 3.95 3.96 4.10 4.38

Total Waste Generation (kg/day) 170.89

B. Traditional Food Stall (Kg/Stall/day)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 AVE

1 Vegetables 0.17 0.13 0.30 0.25 0.45 0.33 0.30 0.22 0.27

2 Fruits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Paper 0.17 0.17 0.03 0.13 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.13 0.11

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02

7 Plastics 0.25 0.28 0.08 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.07 0.03 0.15

8 Grass/Wood 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.08 0.18 0.10 0.12 0.07 0.12

9 Leather/Rubber 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.04

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02

12 Others 1.40 1.10 2.47 1.70 1.60 1.63 1.93 1.85 1.71

Daily Total (kg) 2.30 1.88 3.17 2.45 2.57 2.28 2.52 2.30 2.43

Total Waste Generation (kg/day) 14.60

2. Pujon Market

Waste Compostiion (Kg)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Total Weight %

1 Vegetables 47.80 61.80 71.40 65.10 62.20 55.00 48.80 54.30 466.40 63.74%

2 Fruits 18.20 25.00 20.30 17.40 21.10 13.00 11.00 14.10 140.10 19.15%

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

4 Paper 0.90 2.20 2.80 2.10 1.80 2.00 1.90 3.00 16.70 2.28%

5 Fish and meat 1.20 3.60 5.00 9.10 7.60 5.50 5.20 6.20 43.40 5.93%

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

7 Plastics 2.40 2.00 1.70 2.20 1.30 1.20 1.40 1.50 13.70 1.87%

8 Grass/Wood 0.70 2.10 2.60 4.60 2.30 3.40 4.90 3.40 24.00 3.28%

9 Leather/Rubber 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 1.00 0.14%

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 1.00 0.14%

12 Others 1.00 2.50 3.30 1.00 3.60 4.20 4.10 5.70 25.40 3.47%

Total 72.40 99.20 107.30 101.90 99.90 84.30 78.10 88.60 731.70 100.00%

Density (kg/m3) 206.27 176.51 200.56 196.72 180.98 180.13 176.70 178.99 Average Density (kg/m3) 187.11

Waste Density (Kg/m3) No Stalls Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Ave

1 Vegetables 237.62 184.17 254.67 222.33 175.95 182.50 186.07 200.34 205.46

2 Meat & Fish 11.54 31.05 31.82 64.21 56.25 60.00 56.77 43.96 44.45

3 Fruits 150.00 131.58 92.27 97.37 138.75 106.15 70.97 77.47 108.07

4 Groceries 11.54 10.53 16.36 23.68 22.50 33.08 40.00 40.66 24.79

Waste Composition equal or above 10% (kg)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Total Weight % % to Σ Vegetables/Fruits

1 Vegetables:

Cabbage 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.00 0.00 9.00 10.20 16.20 48.40 20.26 10.38

Chinese Cabbage 20.50 40.45 13.00 9.00 8.20 7.40 7.10 9.40 115.05 48.15 24.67

Cucumbar 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 15.30 8.70 6.80 6.20 47.00 19.67 10.08

2 Fruit:

Banana 5.50 5.00 6.00 5.70 3.20 3.60 4.20 6.40 39.60 32.75 28.27

Mangosteen (Manggis) 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 4.00 1.50 1.60 0.00 9.30 7.69 6.64

Wamlet (Dukuh) 2.20 12.00 4.00 3.00 2.30 1.80 3.40 3.60 32.30 26.72 23.05

Jackfruit 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 2.60 0.00 0.00 9.60 7.94 6.85

Soursop (sirsak) 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 6.62 5.71

Orange 4.50 0.00 0.00 3.60 3.00 1.70 0.00 1.80 14.60 12.08 10.42

Waste Generation Rate (Kg/stall/day)

A. Vegetable Stalls (Kg/stall/day)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 AVE

1 Vegetables 1.41 1.82 2.10 1.91 1.83 1.62 1.44 1.60 1.71

2 Fruits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Paper 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Plastics 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

8 Grass/Wood 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.02

9 Leather/Rubber 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 Others 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.06

Daily Total (kg) 1.47 1.95 2.25 1.96 1.91 1.72 1.53 1.74 1.82

Total Waste Generation (kg/day) 221.57

B. Meat and Fish Stalls (Kg/stall/day)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 AVE

1 Vegetables 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 Fruits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Paper 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 Fish and meat 0.10 0.30 0.42 0.76 0.63 0.46 0.46 0.52 0.46

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Plastics 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01

8 Grass/Wood 0.02 0.18 0.17 0.25 0.10 0.18 0.28 0.15 0.17

9 Leather/Rubber 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 Others 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Daily Total (kg) 0.13 0.49 0.58 1.02 0.75 0.65 0.76 0.67 0.63

Total Waste Generation (kg/day) 11.34

C. Fruit Stalls (Kg/stall/day)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 AVE

1 Vegetables 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 Fruits 4.55 6.25 5.08 4.35 5.28 3.25 2.75 3.53 4.38

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Paper 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Plastics 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06

8 Grass/Wood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.08

9 Leather/Rubber 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 Others 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Daily Total (kg) 4.88 6.25 5.08 4.63 5.55 3.45 2.75 3.53 4.51

Total Waste Generation (kg/day) 18.05

D. Groceries Stalls (Kg/stall/day)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 AVE

1 Vegetables 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 Fruits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Paper 0.08 0.17 0.33 0.32 0.23 0.30 0.30 0.43 0.27

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Plastics 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.18

8 Grass/Wood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

9 Leather/Rubber 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.02

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.02

12 Others 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.08 0.27 0.28 0.43 0.53 0.21

Daily Total (kg) 0.25 0.33 0.60 0.75 0.60 0.72 1.03 1.23 0.69

Total Waste Generation (kg/day) 4.14

3. Dewi Sri Market

Waste Composition (Kg)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Total Weight %

1 Vegetables 16.70 16.00 10.90 8.10 12.60 8.10 7.60 5.60 85.60 17.77%

2 Fruits 56.10 30.30 57.60 51.30 55.90 26.60 42.30 35.70 355.80 73.88%

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

4 Paper 0.70 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.80 1.10 3.10 0.64%

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

7 Plastics 2.00 1.50 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.50 0.40 0.30 7.30 1.52%

8 Grass/Wood 1.10 1.40 0.80 2.00 2.60 1.20 2.60 3.10 14.80 3.07%

9 Leather/Rubber 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

12 Others 1.00 1.50 1.90 2.00 1.70 1.30 2.80 2.80 15.00 3.11%

Total 77.60 51.00 72.00 64.30 73.70 37.90 56.50 48.60 481.60 100.00%

Density (kg/m3) 303.13 135.64 220.86 292.27 245.67 222.94 247.81 194.40 Average Density (kg/m3) 232.84

Waste Density (Kg/m3) No Stalls Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Ave

1 Vegetables 327.27 192.22 201.67 40.45 43.33 52.35 37.72 25.60 115.08

2 Fruits 313.68 124.81 239.60 251.82 202.33 170.59 210.09 168.80 210.22

Waste Composition equal or above 10% (kg)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Total Weight % to Σ Vegetables/Fruits

1 Vegetables:

Cabbage 2.50 2.20 2.40 1.20 0.00 1.20 1.10 1.40 12.00 14.02

Chinese Cabbage 3.00 2.60 2.40 2.10 3.70 1.60 2.50 1.80 19.70 23.01

Cucumbar 2.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.00 7.01

Carrot 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.20 4.20 3.50 2.40 17.30 20.21

Chayotes 6.00 6.00 3.00 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.10 18.81

2 Fruit:

Avocado 0.00 0.00 17.00 5.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.50 2.16

Cassava 8.00 0.00 7.00 6.20 8.50 3.00 0.00 0.00 32.70 3.14

Apple 13.80 19.00 27.00 33.20 37.00 16.40 28.60 27.70 202.70 19.46

Orange 0.00 3.50 0.00 5.30 6.40 0.00 5.70 0.00 20.90 2.01

Waste Generation Rate (Kg/stall/day)

A. Vegetable Stalls (Kg/stall/day) No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 AVE

1 Vegetables 4.18 4.00 2.73 2.03 3.15 2.03 1.90 1.40 2.68

2 Fruits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Paper 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.13 0.02

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Plastics 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.08 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08

8 Grass/Wood 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02

9 Leather/Rubber 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 Others 0.13 0.13 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.03 0.12

Daily Total (kg) 4.50 4.33 3.03 2.23 3.25 2.23 2.15 1.60 2.91

Total Waste Generation (kg/day) 17.48

B. Fruit Stalls (Kg/stall/day)

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 AVE

1 Vegetables 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 Fruits 2.95 1.59 3.03 2.70 2.94 1.40 2.23 1.88 2.34

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Paper 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.02

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Textile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Plastics 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03

8 Grass/Wood 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.11 0.14 0.06 0.14 0.16 0.09

9 Leather/Rubber 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 Others 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.14 0.07

Daily Total (kg) 3.14 1.77 3.15 2.92 3.19 1.53 2.52 2.22 2.56

Total Waste Generation (kg/day) 183.98

4. Ngroto Village

Waste Composition (Kg)

Waste Density (Kg/m3) Source Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Ave

Household 173.81 198.78 198.41 245.09 241.60 231.65 189.81 215.98 211.89

No Components Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Total Weight %

1 Vegetables 7.10 16.40 16.70 22.60 19.40 17.70 16.40 26.40 142.70 17.21%

2 Fruits 6.00 3.70 3.30 7.20 6.40 3.10 2.00 5.50 37.20 4.49%

3 Bone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

4 Paper 12.10 16.40 14.80 12.40 15.80 16.80 15.50 1.30 105.10 12.67%

5 Fish and meat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

6 Textile 0.30 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.80 2.90 0.35%

7 Plastics 7.30 5.10 3.80 8.10 7.90 5.20 7.40 5.50 50.30 6.07%

8 Grass/Wood 4.20 3.70 2.20 3.70 4.40 3.80 4.50 10.20 36.70 4.43%

9 Leather/Rubber 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.14%

10 Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00%

11 Glass/Ceramic 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.70 1.50 0.18%

12 Others 35.40 51.80 46.20 74.10 69.80 62.40 52.90 59.10 451.70 54.47%

Total 73.00 97.40 87.30 129.90 123.70 109.80 98.70 109.50 829.30 100.00%

Density (kg/m3) 173.81 198.78 198.41 245.09 241.60 231.65 189.81 215.98 Average Density (kg/m3) 211.89

ANNEX 3 Questionnaire

1. Traders a. Mantung Market

No. Entry Findings

1. GENERAL OVERVIEW

Respondents: vegetable stalls (82.35%); traditional food stall (17.65%). Area of stall: > 2.5 - ≤ 5 m2. Operating hours : 8 hours

2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION a. Education Level Elementary (12.50%); Junior High School

(33.93%); Senior High School (3.57%); Vocational Degree (50.00 %)

b. Monthly Income > IDR 1,500,000 to IDR. 2,500,00 ( 82.35 %); > IDR 2,500,000 to IDR 4,000,000 (11.76%), > IDR 5,000,000 (5.88 %)

c. Electricity Utilization i. Lighting point: 1 point (94.12%); ≥ 1 - 3 points (5.88%) ii. Usage: lighting (91.18%); lighting and electronic goods (8.82%) iii. Bill: < IDR 50,000 (100%);

d. Gas Utilization i. LPG use : Yes (17.65%); No (82.35%) ii. Monthly consumed 3-kg LPG: 60 cylinders (60.67%); 80 cylinders (33.33%) iii. Expenses for gas (LPG): IDR 1,020,000 (66.67%); and IDR 1,360,000 (33.33%)

3. WASTE MANAGEMENT a. Waste Bin Plastic bag (100%); b. Waste Sorting Not yet (100%) 4. PAYMENT MECHANISM a. Market Retribution Fee Daily: IDR 2,000 (47.58%); >IDR 2,000 - IDR

4,000 (31.85%); IDR 5,000 (12.90%)

b. Payment Mechanism Collected by market staff (82.35%); pay to market office (11.79%); not billed (5.88%)

5. OPINION Satisfied (100%); 6. WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY a. Willingness to Perform Waste Sorting Willing (100%) b. Willingness to Pay Extra Charge for

Waste Management Improvement Willing (100%);

c. Percent of extra charge willing to be paid

10 % (100%)

d. Willingness to subscribe as customer of waste to energy facility

Willing (100%)

e. Preference of end product from waste to energy facility

Gas (5.88 %); Electricity (94.12%)

f. Willingness to utilize the end product of waste to energy facility (gas/electricity)

Willing (100%)

b. Pujon Market

No. Entry Findings

1. GENERAL OVERVIEW

Respondents: Fruit stalls (6.25%); vegetable stalls (84.38%); grocery stalls (9.38%). Area of stall > 2.5 - ≤ 5 m2. Operating hours: 8 hours

2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION a. Education Level Elementary (48.44%); Junior High School

(39.06%); Senior High School (9.38%); Bachelor Degree (1.56 %)

b. Monthly Income > IDR 1,000,000 to IDR 1,500,000 (14.06 %); > IDR 1,500,000 to IDR. 2,500,000 (23.44 %); > IDR 2,500,000 to IDR 4,000,000 (51.56 %); > IDR 5,000,000 (6.25 %)

c. Electricity Utilization i. Installed capacity 450 VA (73.44%); 900 VA (9.38%); join consumption (17.19%) ii. Lighting point : 1 point (82.81%); ≥ 1 - 3 points (14.06%) iii. Usage: lighting (93.75%); lighting and electronic goods (6.25%) iv. Bill: < IDR 50,000 (96.88%); > IDR 50,000 to IDR 100,000 (3.13%)

d. Gas Utilization i. LPG use : Yes (1.56%); No (98.44%) ii. Monthly consumed 3-kg LPG: 10 cylinder (100%); iii. Expenses for gas (LPG): IDR 170,000 (100%);

3. WASTE MANAGEMENT a. Waste Bin Plastic bag (81.25%); waste basket (7.81%);

stored in front of stall (10,94%) b. Waste Sorting Not yet (100%) 4. PAYMENT MECHANISM a. Market Retribution Fee Daily: IDR 2,000 (71.88%); IDR 3,000

(26.56%); not billed (1,56 %)) b. Payment Mechanism Collected by market staff (98.44%), not billed

(1.56%) 5. OPINION Satisfied (98.44%); not satisfied (1.56%) 6. WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY a. Willingness to Perform Waste Sorting Willing (100%) b. Willingness to Pay Extra Charge for

Waste Management Improvement Willing (100%)

c. Percent of extra charge willing to be paid

10 % (100%)

d. Willingness to subscribe as customer of waste to energy facility

Willing (100%)

e. Preference of end product from wasteto energy facility

Gas (15,63 %); Electricity (84.38%)

f. Willingness to utilize the end product of waste to energy facility (gas/electricity)

Willing (100%)

c. Dewi Sri Market

No. Entry Findings

1. GENERAL OVERVIEW

Fruit stalls (70.69%); vegetable stalls (10.34%); florist (18.97%). Area of stall > 2.5 - ≤ 5 m2. Operating hours: 14 hours.

2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION a. Education Level Elementary (44.83 %); Junior High School

(39.66 %); Senior High School (15.52 %) b. Electricity Utilization i. Installed capacity 450 VA (67.24%); 900 VA

(32.76%) ii. Lighting point : 1 point (6.90%); ≥ 1 - 3 points (68.97%); > 5 point (12.07%) iii. Usage: lighting (74.14%); lighting and electronic goods (25.86%) iv. Bill: < IDR 50,000 (84.48%); > IDR 50,000 to IDR 100,000 (8.62%); > IDR 100.000 to IDR 200.000 (6.90%)

c. Gas Utilization i. LPG use : Yes (13.79%); No (86.21%) ii. Monthly consumed 3-kg LPG: 1 cylinder (33.33%); 2 - 5 cylinders (66.67%) iii. Expenses for gas (LPG): IDR 17,000 (33.33%); IDR 34,000 – IDR 85,000 (66.67%)

3. WASTE MANAGEMENT a. Waste Bin Plastic bag (87.93%); waste bin (3.45%);

waste basket (5.17%) b. Waste Sorting Yes ( 1.72%); Not yet (98.28%) 4. PAYMENT MECHANISM a. Market Retribution Fee Daily: IDR 2,000 (94.83%); not billed (5.17%) b. Payment Mechanism Collected by market staff (94.83%) 5. OPINION Satisfied (96.55%); not satisfied (3.45%) 6. WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY a. Willingness to Perform Waste Sorting Willing (98.28%); not willing (1.72%) b. Willingness to Pay Extra Charge for

Waste Management Improvement Willing (96.55%); not willing (3.45%)

c. Percent of extra charge willing to be paid

10 % (96.55%); > 10 % (3.45%)

d. Willingness to subscribe as customer of waste to energy facility

Willing (96.55%); not willing (3.45%)

e. Preference of end product from wasteto energy facility

Gas (3.45 %); Electricity (96.55%)

f. Willingness to utilize the end product of waste to energy facility (gas/electricity)

Willing (100%)

d. Settlements – Ngroto Village

No. Entry Findings

1. GENERAL OVERVIEW Main profession: farmer; permanently built settlement; privately owned. Area: > 70 - ≤ 120 m2

2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION a. Education Level Elementary (37.29 %); Junior High School ( 23.73

%); Senior High School (28.81 %); Vocational Degree (5.08 %)

b. Monthly Income > IDR 1,000,000 to IDR 1,500,000 (28.81%); > IDR 1,500,000 to IDR 2,500,000 (54.24%); > IDR 2.,500,000 to IDR 4,000,000 (16.95 %)

c. Electricity Utilization Bill: < IDR 50,000 (74.58%); > IDR 50,000 to IDR 100,000 (25.42%)

d. Gas Utilization i. LPG use: Yes (100%) ii. Monthly consumed 3-kg LPG: 1 cylinder

(50.85%); 2 cylinders (6.78%); 5 cylinders (30.51%). One 12-kg cylinder per month (8.47%) iii. Expenses for gas (LPG): > IDR 10,000 to IDR 25,000 (47.46%); > IDR 25,000 - IDR 50,000 (11.86%); > IDR 75,000- IDR 100,000 (32.20%); > IDR 100,000 (8.47%)

3. WASTE MANAGEMENT a. Waste Bin Waste bin (100 %) b. Waste Sorting Not yet (100%) c. Waste disposal at source Stored in front of the house (100%) d. Waste collection frequency 3 times per day (100%) e. Waste Transport Vehicle Cart (49.15%); motorcycle cart (50.58%) f. Tipping Fee None g.Fuel consumption from temporary

collecting point to final processing facility -

4. PAYMENT MECHANISM a. Waste Retribution Fee > IDR 2,000 - IDR 3,000 (100 %) b. Payment Mechanism Manual payment to the community group (100%) 5. OPINION Satisfied (100%) 6. WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY a. Willingness to Perform Waste Sorting Willing (100%) b. Willingness to Pay Extra Charge for

Waste Management Improvement Willing (100%)

c. Percent of extra charge willing to be paid

10 % (100%)

d. Willingness to subscribe as customer of waste to energy facility

Willing (100%)

e. Preference of end product from wasteto energy facility

Gas (88.14 %); Electricity (11.86%)

f. Willingness to utilize the end product of waste to energy facility (gas/electricity)

Willing (100%)

2. Head of market a. Head of Mantung Market

No. Entry Findings

1. GENERAL OVERVIEW

Vendor: 50 persons; market area: ± 8 ha; status: public market; operational hour: 24 hours (average retailer: ± 8 hours per day)

2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION a. Electricity Utilization Average used kWh: 2,318.00 kWh/month.

Average electricity bill: IDR 2,724,552.67 per month

3. WASTE MANAGEMENT a. Waste disposal at the stall Stored in front of stall to be collected by

market staff (90%); or bring the waste manually to be disposed to temporary collection point/TPS (10%)

b. Waste collection frequency 6 to 7 times per day c. Waste transporting vehicle motorcycle cart d. Manpower in market 13 workers: 11 permanent staffs, 2 non-

permanent staffs (contracts) e. Tipping Fee None f. Fuel consumption from temporary

collecting point to landfill -

4. MARKET RETRIBUTION Total market retribution income

(monthly) IDR 11,500,000

b. Head of Pujon Market

No. Entry Findings

1. GENERAL OVERVIEW

Retailer: 400 persons; market area: ± 1 ha; status: public market; operational hour: 12 hours (04.00 - 17.00 , average retailer ± 8 hour per day)

2. WASTE MANAGEMENT a. Waste disposal Stored in front of kiosk to be collected by

cleaning staff (to TPS) (100%) b. Waste collection 2 times per day (at 08.00 - 15.00) c. Waste transporting vehicle Handcart: 1 m³ d. Manpower in market 15 workers: 8 permanent staffs, 7 non-

permanent staffs e. Tipping Fee None f. Fuel consumption from temporary

collecting point to landfill Diesel oil: 0.2 lt/km

3. MARKET RETRIBUTION Total market retribution income

(monthly) IDR 23.700.000 - IDR 24.000.000

ANNEX 4 1. Tariff of Electricity

Category of Electricity Tariff *Nationally applicable No Tariff Category

TR/TM/TT*) Power Limit Information Definition

1 S-1/TR 220 VA S = Social Services Social tariff customers are social organizations, which its electricity usage is meant for social activity.

Tariff rates for low electricity consumption purposes

2 S-2/TR 450 VA – 200 kVA Tariff rates for social services purposes with low to medium electricity consumption

3 S-3/TM >200 kVA Tariff rates for social services purposes with high electricity consumption. For a S3 tariff type, we differ social activities into pure social activities and commercial social activities. The difference between the two categories are described as follows: • Pure Social Activities: activities

related to low socio-economic class, such as: Hospitals owned by Local/State Government, Religion related buildings (Mosque, Church, Vihara, Pura, Kelenteng, etc), Social center for orphanage and decrepits, Social rehabilitations, etc.

• Commercial social activities: activities related to services meant to middle up socio-economic class and its tend to be self propelling growth oriented, such as: Schools/ Private Universities, Private Hospitals, Polyclinics, Private research organizations)

4 R-1/TR 450 VA – 2,200 kVA R = Residentials Residential Customer is individual or social league, which its electricity is used for residential purpose.

Tariff rates for small-sized household purposes

5 R-2/TR 3,500 – 5,500 VA Tariff rates for medium-sized household purposes

6 R-3/TR >6,600 VA Tariff rates for big-sized household purposes

7 B-1/TR 450 VA – 5,500 VA B = Business Business Tariff Customer is customers which use their electricity for either one of

Tariff rates for small-sized business purposes

8 B-2/TR 6,600 kVA – 200 kVA

many of these activities: • Buy and sell of an object,

services and hospitality • Banking industry • Export/import businesses • Firms, law firm, limited

corporation/ personal corporation in commerce

• Stowage business whereas a part or a whole of the building were used for material savings.

• Personal business or a law firm which part or a whole of its activity is selling material or services.

• Other commercial businesses such as Professional Physicians

Tariff rates for medium-sized business purposes

9 B-3/TM >200 kVA Tariff rates for large-sized business purposes

10 I-1/TR 450 VA – 14 kVA I = Industry Tariff for industrial customers is the tariff charged to personal or corporation, which used electricity for its cultivation industry, beside its usage for household, social, business and public activity. Cultivation industry here stands for economical activities, which converts forms mechanically, physically, chemical or by handmade that made them gets higher value.

Tariff rates for small-scale industry purposes

11 I-2/TR 14 kVA – 200 kVA Tariff rates for medium-scale industry purposes

12 I-3/TM >200 kVA Tariff rates for intermediate-scale industry purposes

13 I-4/TT 30,000 kVA Tariff rates for large-scale industry purposes

14 P-1/TR 450 VA – 200 kVA P = Government Office and Public Street Lighting (PSL) Government Office and Public Street Lighting Customer refer to customers, who use their electricity for public utility and puclic activities, govrnment acticities, foreign government office fascilities. Type of Tarriff of P3 is type of tarriff for public fascilities and public street lighting fascilities, tol street lighting, or uncomercial/non profit recreational venue/park.

Tariff rates for both small and medium-sized government offices.

15 P-2/TM >200 kVA Tariff rates for large-sized government offices

16 P-3/TR Tariff rates for street lighting purposes

17 T/TM >200 kVA T = Traction Customer Traction Customer (Type of Tariff of Traction) refer to company/enterprise which rely on public transportation which operated by PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Indonesia

Tariff rates for traction purposes intended for the National Company of Indonesian Train Railway

Source: Regulation Number 19/2014 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources *) Notes: TR: Tegangan Rendah (Low voltage) TM: Tegangan Menengah (Medium voltage) TT: Tegangan Tinggi (High voltage)

Train Railway) 18 C/TM >200 kVA C = Bulk type customer

Bulk Customer refers to Registered Rural Cooperation Enterprise which fulfill the following requirements: • Concerning and Run its

business on electricity power business

• Operate its own medium and low voltage transmission which meet Local PLN standards

• Hold Legalize Lisence of Electricty Business for Public with exclusive-right

• Have no objection to have similiar treatment with other customer by not demanding any exclusive rights.

Tariff rates for the purposes of selling in bulk to the permit holders of the electricity business supply

19 Special Services L/TR, TM, TT Special services are one of the distinctive electricity made for electricity demand exclude the existing type of tariff, such as: temporary connection for party, etc

Tariff rates for the purposes of special services that reserved only for the power users, who require a special quality service and for various reasons are not included in the provision of tariff class S, R, B, I and P.

Adjustment of Electricity Tariff*Nationally applicable

No. Category Power Limit

Regular

Pre-Paid (IDR/kWh) Tariff (IDR/kVA/Month)

Usage Tariff (IDR/kWh) and Tariff kVArh (IDR/kVArh)

1 R-1/TR 450 VA 11.000,00 415,00 415,00

2 R-1/TR 900 VA 20.000,00 605,00 605,00

3 R-1/TR 1.300 VA *) 1.352,00 1.352,00

4 R-1/TR 2.200 VA *) 1.352,00 1.352,00

5 R-2/TR 3.500 VA - 5.500 VA *) 1.426,58 1.426,58

6 R-3/TR > 6.600 VA *) 1.426,58 1.426,58

7 B-2/TR 3.500 VA - 200

kVA *) 1.426,58 8 B-3/TM > 200 kVA **) WBP Block = K x 1.027,16

LWBP Block = 1.027,16

kVArh = 1.105,47 ****)

9 I-3/TM > 200 kVA **) WBP Block = K x 1.027,16

LWBP Block = 1.027,16

kVArh = 1.105,47 ****)

10 I-4/TT > 30.000 kVA ***) Block WBP dan LWBP Block = 965,00

kVArh = 965,00

11 P-1/TR 6.600 VA - 200

kVA *) 1.426,58 1.426,58

12 P-2/TM > 200 kVA **) WBP Block = K x 1.027,16

LWBP Block = 1.027,16

kVArh = 1.105,47 ****)

13 P-3/TR *) 1.426,58 1.426,58

14 L/TR, TM, TT 1.501,46 Source: www.pln.co.id

Note: *) Minimum Account (RM) is applied. RM 1 = 40 (hours used) x Installed Capacity (kVA) x Consumption Fee **) Minimum Account (RM) is applied. RM 2 = 40 (hours used) x Installed Capacity (kVA) x LWBP Consumption Fee. Hours used : Monthly kWh divided by installed kVA ***) Minimum Account (RM) is applied. RM 2 = 40 (hours used) x Installed Capacity (kVA) x WBP and LWBP Consumption Fee. Hours used : Monthly kWh divided by installed kVA ****) Overused hour (kVArh) fee is charged in event where monthly average power is less than 0,85 K: Comparative factor between WBP and LWBP is in accordance to the local characteristic of electricity load (1,4 ≤ K ≤ 2), which is appointed by the Board of Director of State Electricity Company WBP : Peak Hour LWBP : Non peak hour Pre-paid electricity system: Customer control their own electricity usage according to the needs and

abilities. The customers also buy the vouchers electric rechargeable in advance. Then, 20-digit token number was entered into Prepaid Meter with the help of a keypad that has been available in the meter. Electricity consumption can be adjusted with the value of the voucher varies from 20.000,- IDR until 1.000.000,- IDR

2. Costs of Water Consumption

Type of Service Minimum

Consumption

Level of Consumption m3

0-10 11-20 21-30 ≥ 31

Group 1

a. Social (Public) 10 750 750 750 750

b.Social (Particular) 10 750 850 1.100 1.400

Group II

a.Household 10 1.000 1.500 1.800 2.350

b. Institution 10 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000

Group III

a. Small Commercial 20 - 2.150 3.400 4.500

b. Large Commercial 20 - 3.400 5.500 7.300

Group IV

a.Small Industries 20 - 2.400 4.000 5.200

Type of Service Minimum

Consumption

Level of Consumption M3

0-10 11-20 21-30 ≥ 31

b.Large Industries 20 - 4.000 6.000 8.000

Group V (Particullar) Especially for the Customers who use the transportation (Vehicle)

Water price per Tank 75,000 IDR with maimum 15 km distance from PDAM office Malang Regency, the rest will be adjust with water tank operational cost

New Junction Costs

Late Payment Fees

Type of Cost Price from (IDR) Converted Price (IDR) Non Commercial and Social 800.000,- 1.250.000,- Commercial 840.000,- 1.350.000,- Industry 940.000,- 1.500.000,-

Type of Cost Price from (IDR) Converted Price (IDR)

Non Commercial Customers 25.000,- 50.000,- Commercial Customers 50.000,- 100.000,- Industry Customers 100.000,- 150.000,

ANNEX 5 Waste Sampling Activity

ANNEX 6 Schematic Stages and Process of the Local Government Budget Submission(APBD)

Preparation of RKPD (Local Government Work/Development

Plan) (End of May)

Circular Letter’s Regional Head regarding RKA -

SKPD (Local Government Department/Agency Budget And Work)

Guidelines (Early August)

KUA and PPAS agreed between DPRD and the Regional Head

(End of July)

KUA and PPAS delivered by the Head

of regional to the Regional

Representative (DPRD) (Mid June)

Presentation of APBD Draft to

DPRD (Early of October)

Preparation and discussion on RKA - SKPD and RKA -

PPKD and The Preparation of APBD

Draft (Early August – End of

September)

Determination of Perda(Local DPRD Regulation) and Perkada

(Head of Local Government Regulation) in accordance with the evaluation results

(No later than 31 December)

Submission KUA (General Budgetary

Policy) and PPAS (Interm Budget

Priorities & Funding Ceilings used by SKPD) to the Regional Head

(Early of June)

Evaluation results of APBD Draft

(Mid-December)

Approval by DPRD and Head of Local

Government (November)

1 week

2 weeks

1 week

7 weeks 8 weeks

1 week

6 weeks 1 week

1 week

Source: Regulation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs No. 21/2011 regarding the Second Amendment of the Regulation of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs No. 13/2006 regarding Regional Financial Management Guidelines.

Proof of electricity payment (Mantung Market):

December 2014

February 2015

March 2015

Laboratory Results (Mantung market)

Laboratory Results (Ngroto Village)

Laboratory Results for C/N ratio (Mantung market and Ngroto Village)