final report-02developing a mis to improve the business process of psl.doc222

8/2/2019 Final Report-02Developing a MIS to Improve the Business Process of PSL.doc222

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Developing a MIS to improve the business process of PSL

1.0 Introduction

The business world has gone through so many revolutions in recent years. The

change has become a common obsession in todays business. Computers and other

Information Technologies (IT) have the most significance influence on this changing

business environment. World business has reached a competitive edge through the use of

Computers and other IT implications. No business is safe and sound until and unless they

offer continuously improved product and service and this is the reason for becoming

advanced in the use of technology.

In this report-Developing A Management Information System to Improve the

Business Process of Paradise Sweater Limited. we will explicate & propose a tiny but

significant use Management Information System in paradise sweaters.

1.1 Background of This Report:

This report is documented to design a MIS to improve the Business

Process of paradise sweaters Ltd. and the report title is -Developing A

Management Information System To Improve The Business Process Of

Paradise Sweater Limited. This report is produced as requirement of

completing the internship of Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB).

This report was assigned by Mirza Azahar Ahmed, General Manager,

Paradise Sweaters Limited and approved by the internship supervisor

Mr. A. Zaman Sarkar, Lecturer, IUB.

1.2 Problem Justification:

The current information system of Paradise Sweaters Ltd. is completely manual,

non-computerized, paper based system. Though they have a few updated computers and

printers, but these devices are only used for some official letter or memo generation &printing and the internet is used rarely for any purpose.

This manual system cause many problems to the smooth

operation of the company. Especially it is really time consuming to

answer any query related to progress of production of any particular

styles in the floor. Even it is quite impossible to anticipate the expenses

Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB).

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or the salary generated so far in middle of the months which is really

important for making strategic decision as salaries are incurred on

production commission basis in this organization.

1.3 Purpose of the Project:

In a simple sentence, purpose of this project is to solve problems

that the company is facing currently for maintaining the paper based

information system by implementing computerized MIS system.

After going through an intensive investigation, we found that if they run a simple

MS Access Database, life will be more easier to them and this Database will increase there

efficiency. By this MIS the authorities will be able to;

Prepare salary sheets more efficiently, accurately and quickly.

Trace out the progress of work simply on one or two clicks of mouse.

Minimize the paper work thus will be able to save time and effort of employees.

Find out the error percentage and where the error is happening frequently

Any kind of production information will be just one mouse click ahead.

1.4 Objective of the project:

As information storing and retrieving is done manually in paradise

sweaters, it creates obstacles to make quick decisions by the

management authority thus makes it an inefficient system. The

objective is developing an automated information system for managing

the business process that is the production process of Paradise

Sweaters Ltd. that will effectively and successfully store all information

related to the various feature of service operation, and will allow the

management to access those information in different formats as desired

by the management to made rapid and effective strategic decision

making implementation.


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1.5 Limitations of the project

Implementing any system has some difficulties to deal with. In this particular MIS,

there is comparatively less limitation than others as it is quit a simple MIS but still it has

got massive influence on the business process of paradise sweaters. The limitations found

in this case are;

Time limitation is one of the constraints faced to conduct the project. Three months

time is not enough to know about the operations of such a company and if more

time could be spending on designing and testing, it would be a better project and

lots of other operation issues might have been included in this system.

MS Access application software is used to design the MIS. If more sophisticated

programming tools could be used it would have been made more user friendly and

more efficient.

Unwillingness and reluctance of using IT due to the illiteracy of IT by many staffs

has been another problem in that organization.

2.0 Organizational Profile

Paradise Sweaters Ltd. is a registered limited company in Bangladesh; it is a

manufacturing company of sweaters. The company has started operation in the year 2003.The sales turnover of the company last year was around US $1.6 Factory on. Paradise

Sweater offers a diversified range of sweaters to its buyer. Paradise sweaters have three

different kinds of knitting machineries of world renowned brands. They also have some

sophisticated branded automated drying and finishing machineries. The company is also

conscious about its Human Resources. The company continuously invests in training the

human resource asset, such as arranging training session for its official with some other

third party human resource management companies. The company also is care full

regarding the humanitarian rights of its laborers. Paradise Sweaters arrange free

consultancy of doctors for its labors, deferent specialized doctors come to the department

once in a month two providing their consultancies.


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2.1 Company At A Glance:

Name of the Company: Paradise Sweaters Ltd.

Year of Establishment: 2003

Head Office: Level-2, House-8, Road-15, Sector-4, Bangladesh. Manufacturing Unit: Holding No-2346, Uttarkhan Mian Bari, PS: Uttarkhan,

Dhaka-1230.

Nature of Business: Manufacturing all kinds of sweaters and similar garments.

Yearly Turnover: US 1.6 factory on (approx) in year 2007.

Paid Up Capital: US$ 3 factory on (approx.)

Human Resource (Employee): 1200 person.

Machineries: Winding Machine- 26, Knitting Machine- 900 (12, 7, 5 & 3 GG),Linking Machine- 256, Seaming Machine- 20, Button Hold Machine -10, Placket

machine -10, Over lock Machine- 10, Dryer Machine-18, Iron Machine- 84, Boiler

Machine-6

2.2 Organizational Chart:


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GM

Managing

Director

Manager,

Payroll

Manager,

Emp. Mgt.

Manager,Comm. Dept.

Manager,

Store. Dept.

Manager,

Production

Officer,

PayrollOfficer,

Comm. Dept

Asst. Man.

Production

Asst. Man.Production

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer

Junior

Officer


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3.0 Methodologies:

Methodology is the systematic structured depiction of sequence of actions required

to resolve a problem. In context of System development, Methodology is a collection of

procedures, techniques, tools and documentation aids which help the system developers in

their efforts to implement a new information system. The classical System Development

Life Cycle (SDLC) is one of the most popular system development methodologies.

There are some benefits of using SDLC, like;

Consistent approach to all projects

Completion within time limit and acceptable cost, reduction of risk

Reduce the risks associated with shortcut.

Accurate record of requirements and monitoring of the process

Early indication of changes

Consistent and complete documentation and maintenance of continuity

Maintain contiguity of the project so that previous projects are easily understoodby new workers.

Waterfall model of SDLC is used here to design the MIS for Paradise Sweaters Ltd.


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3.1 Waterfall Model of SDLC

The waterfall model illustrates a development process that is firm, compact and

linear. it is a popular version of the SDLC model for software designing. Waterfall

development has different purposes for each segment of development where every segment

is accomplished for the next one to be started.

3.2 Software Development Life Cycle

The process of putting system into place and continuing and

enhance them refer to system development. System development

process can divide into different phases and activities, which I have used

as the technique for my software development, which are as follows.


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PreliminaryInvestigation

System Analysis

System

Design

Programming /Coding

Testing &Conversion

Maintenance

>> Problem Analysis>> Requirement

>> RequirementSpecification

>> Process Modeling>> Data Modeling>> Physical Design

>> Unit Testing>> Integration Testing>> Acceptance Testing

Figure-2: Major phases of Software Development Life Cycle

RequirementDefamations

Design

Implementation &Unit Testing

Integration &System testing

Operation &Maintenance

Figure1: Waterfall (Traditional) System Development


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3.2.1 Preliminary Investigation

In this phase of SDLC the researcher investigate whether it is worth of perusing the

project or not! Researcher also finds out the troubles, opportunities and directives of the

project and also evaluates the risk of the project. Fact Finding Techniques have been used

in this aspect.

3.2.1.1 Fact Finding Techniques:

Before starting the project the researcher must know about the system in details. As

researcher in not a user or familiar person with the current system, he/she must gather

knowledge from the existing users of the system. Fact finding techniques are used in this

regard. The researcher has used the following fact-finding techniques.

Interview

Record Review

Interviews: This is the most common fact findings techniques. Interview is a formal

meeting where the analysis can obtain information about the operation of the existing

system and the requirement for the new system. For interview the researcher asked selected

question to different employees of Paradise Sweaters.

Record Review: Record review means examining information that has been recorded about

the system and users. Records include policy manuals, regulations and standard operating

procedures. In paradise sweaters there are different registrar books and achieved

documentations of different departments from which researcher conducted record review.

3.2.2 System Analysis

System Analysis is studying business systems to learn current methods and assess

effectiveness. This phase itself consists of component phases;


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Problem Analysis, In this phase, researcher studied the business process of Paradise

sweaters, which the production process in this details. Different problems were identified

in this phase.

Requirement Analysis; it is the stage for defining and prioritizing

business necessities. This is perhaps the most vital phase. Errors or

omissions in requirement analysis result in user dissatisfaction with final

system and costly modifications. Researcher defined what kind of

information is required by which person and in which format. As

different departments required information with different purpose their

formats or presentations also differs.

Decision Analysis; in this phase candidate solutions is identified.

Feasibility of these solutions will be analyzed and a new system is

recommended.


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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

System analysis is the analysis of

the problem that the organization

will try to solve with an

information system.

ProblemAnalysis

Requirement

Analysis

DecisionAnalysis

Figure-3: Different parts of system Analysis.


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3.2.3 System Design

System Design shows how the system will fulfill this objective. This is the phase of

the system development where an appropriate solution is devised to fulfill all the

information requirements of the system identified from the previous System Analysis

phase.

Logical design; logical design lays out the components of the system and their

relationship to each other as they would appear to users. Data Flow Diagram (DFD) and

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) are usually used in logical designing.

Physical Design; it is the process of translating the logical abstract

model into the specific technical design for the new system. In this

project the researcher will develop a Data Dictionary for physical data

modeling.

3.2.4 Programming/Coding:

The process of translating design specifications into software

(program code) for the computer is called programming or coding. It is

considered to be the heart of the system. In this phase coding should be

done bearing the needs of the users in mind. It should be user-friendly

and should be kept as simple as possible as per the users level of

understanding.

3.4.5 Testing & Conversion:

In-depth and thorough testing must be performed to determine whether the system

generates the expected result or not. Three kind of testing is common; unit testing, system

testing, acceptance testing. Conversion is the process of changing from old system to the

new system. Four main conversion strategies can be employed; Parallel Strategy, Direct

Cut-Over, Pilot Study, Phased Approach.

3.4.6 Maintenance:

In this stage users & technical specialists review the system to

determine how well it has me its original goal. Sometimes changes are


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4.4 Functions of The System

Functions of the system are the activities or processes within the

system. There are five basic functions; input, output, processing, storage, control

4.4.1 Input:

Input is simply defined as collection of raw data from within or outside the

organization. It is the function that triggers all other functions to work out the system to

completion.

At the storage department , when any requisition for raw materials/spare parts is made

from the departments or finish goods from commerce department , they keep

information regarding the description of the required materials or finish goods, purpose of

the requisition, how much required and how much issued, who has generate this

requisition, balance after issued, any remarks about the requisition etc. When the storage

department make any purchase requisition, they also record information about the

description of the required materials, quantity required, quantity currently in hand,

importance of the purchase, any remarks etc.

At the employee department , they keep information about the personal, official

information regarding the employees. Like employees name, address, contact number (if

any), date of birth, date of join, blood group, designation, employee type (Fixed Salaried

Worker or Production Based Worker), their attendance, which they work in which section

etc.

At salary department, they used keep information regarding salary

rules for employees. Like structure of the salary or time scale, house

rent, medical allowance, conveyance allowance etc. and salaries of

employees like basic salary, production commissions, current increment,

extra wages for overtime works, bonus etc.

All this information is recorded in their registrar book by some low-level workers

and some department managers also.


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4.4.2 Processing:

At the storage department , when any requisition for materials is made, the storage

manager first check the availability of required items from their store registrar book where

they keep balance information of stored materials. If they have the product balance to

satisfy the requisition, then they write the information of the department on another register

book or file and send the material to the with a receive paper where the department

manager has to sign to notify that they have received the goods. The same process they do

when the commerce department sends requisition for finish goods.

At the employee department, they maintain separate files for storing employee

personal, official information like their personal information, their attendance, and

productivity rate per month etc. that is handled by the employee manager and the workers

working under him.

At the salary department, they maintain separate files for storing salary, bonus, and

provident fund etc. accounting officer is responsible for all these processing. But the

problem is that, the number of files is huge, kept unsorted, non-secured way where

information searching is a matter of hours or even days.

4.4.3 Output

The output of the system is manually written reports from various departments for

their internal managers as well as the general manager (GM) of the company.

At the storage department , they produce purchase requisition report, material

receive report, finish goods dispatching reports, material quality certificate, material

registration in/out report etc. which are basically monthly basis, but on demand of the GM

these are produced at any time of the month.

At employee department, the employee productivity reports, their attendance report

etc. which are produce in diagram based and which are also monthly basis generated.

At the salary department, they generate reports on salary list, provident fund, bonus,

what was the scenario at the previous months etc. But the problem is, it takes long time to

produce such reports and also contain lots of errors.


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4.4.4 Storage:

In all the departments the information are kept in papers manually and in different

formats and file notes but basically as registrar books.

4.4.5 Control:

At the storage department, a monthly reconciliation is done in the storage

department to check the accuracy and validity of the information of the registrar books.

At employee department, some times cross check is done with the previous data to

ensure whether new update in employee date valid or not.

At the salary department, cross check is done with attendance sheet and daily

production sheet on monthly basis to make sure that the salary is counted correctly and also

the same for the bonus and other issues.

4.5 Components of the Information System

The five major components of information systems are people, procedures, data,

hardware and software.

4.5.1 People

People are the key requirement for the operation of any information systems. Users are

people who use an information system or the information it produces. They can be further

divided into three basic groups

End-users: End users are those who directly use the information system to perform

their daily activities. In Paradise Sweaters Ltd. in all department s the basic

workers are of this category.

User manager: User managers are those who supervise the end-users. All

department al managers are of this category.

User sponsors: User sponsors are those who authorize the project initiation and

approve funding for development. The GM, chef account officer of the organization

are of this category.

IS Specialist: There is no IS (Information System) specialist now in the Paradise

Sweaters Ltd.


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4.5.2 Procedure:

Procedures are sets of instructions that instruct the people in the organization what

to do to perform their jobs. As an organization goes forward, it develops standard operating

procedures to guide its operations. These procedures may be formal or informal and vary

from department to departments. The procedure components of Paradise Sweaters Ltd. can

be broadly classified into the following categories.

Storage Requisition Process: The production manager of different department s

send requisition for row threads or spare parts or stationeries to the store manager when

any thing is required need these for production. The commerce department send requisition

for finish goods to the store manager when need these for selling purpose.

Purchase Requisition Process: When the storage level of raw materials falls belowthe required level, the storage manager generates store purchase requisition to the

commerce department.

Shipment Process: After the requisition for finish goods were made, when the

commerce department receives it, they start delivering as per the ordered instruction of

buyer.

4.5.3 Data

Data is more than the raw material of information systems. It is the core of the

information system. Data constitute a valuable organizational resource. Data can be

numerical, textual or graphical or even audio type. In Paradise Sweaters Ltd. data are the

requisition information, purchase information and store balances in the registrar of the

storage departments. In employee management department, employee detail information,

year of experience etc. are the data. Productivity information and salary rate are also data

for the payroll department. The data are processed and transformed into valuable reports.

4.5.4 Hardware

Hardware resources include all physical devices and materials used in information

processing. It includes computers, calculators, printing devices, input devices, storage

media, etc. Following are the hardware used by the Paradise Sweaters Ltd,

3 Pentium-IV (1.3 GHz, 128 MB RAM, 40 HDD) Computers


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1 HP Laser Jet 4350 printer

3 UPS

4.5.5 Software

Software resources include all sets of information processing instructions for the

computer. The following are examples of software resources:

System software: Currently they are using Windows 2000 Server for server

machine and Windows XP as operating system in all computers.

Application software: Currently they are using Commercially available software

packages: MS Office 2003 etc

4.6 Function Component Matrix of the Existing IS of Paradise Sweaters Ltd.

Input Processing Output Storage control

People Junior Officer of different

departments (Storage,Emp. Mgt. & PayrollDepts.)

Officers and Juniorofficers of all thedepartments

Manager of allthe departments

Officers andJunior officersand asst.Mangersperform storageof registrars bythemselves.

All thdepartmentmanagers anGM controllingthe totprocess.

Procedure Purchase and

reacquisition of rawmaterials and finishedgoods. Recruiting newemployees. Productioninformation and salaryrate of the employees

Arrangements to send

or purchase rawmaterials/finishedgoods. Alsoarrangement of recruiting newemployees andpromotions ofemployees.dealing production ofsalary slip

Sending or

purchasing rawmaterials andfinished goods.Recruiting andpromotions ofemployees.Payments ofsalary.

N/A All th

processesneed approvof thmanagers anmanagersensure thcontrol.

Data Requisition information,

purchase information andstore balances in theregistrar. Production rateof Employees, theirdetails, year of experienceetc. Productivityinformation, salary rateetc.

Data required during

the processing of allthe activities like,employee details, pastproduction rates, ageetc...

Different

Reportsproduced forthe managersand GM fromdifferentdepartments.

Manually

written reports,photocopies,registrar booksetc.

Checked an

confirmed bthe manageand assmangers differentdepartments


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Hardware Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used

Softw

are Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used

4.7 Phases of System Analysis:

4.7.1 Description of the Existing Business System

`The system is divided in much subsystem, among which my concern is the following

three parts where each part has its own way to proceed. So each part performs different

steps to be completed. The parts are as follows;

Store Management System

Employee Management System

Payroll System

4.7.1.1 Steps performed in Store Management system

At first when department manager of different department s of PSL send

requisition for raw threads or any spare parts (SPR), the store manager verifies if raw

thread or spare parts are available. If available then store manager satisfy the department

manager requisition, otherwise sends the store purchase requisition to the commerce

department After a purchase requisition is made, the commerce department verifies

whether the store really needs materials or not. If needed, they purchase goods from their

selected suppliers and send goods to the store.

When the goods reach to the store, the store manager checks the legality of the goods and

then verifies the quality of the goods. And based on the verification a quality certificate is

made for each unique item type. After quality certificate is made, the goods are loaded to

the store and registrar is updated to balance up and a material receive report is prepared

(MRR).


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Finally the store manager satisfies the department managers requirement.

Another item is the finish goods the company manufactures and wastes are also kept in

the store. When the commerce department sends requisition to the store management for

finish goods or waste to sell, the store manager first checks the availability and then sends

to the commerce department. In case of non-availability the store manager re-sends

requisition to the department manager for finish goods.

When department manager sends finish goods to storage, the store manager first checks

the quality of the goods and based on the quality, he categorizes the goods in to finish

goods and waste and storage in these two categories separately.

4.7.1.2 Steps performed in Employee Management System

When the company needs new employee, the management selects employees frommiddle level management as employee selection manager who are responsible for better

employee selection. Before selection the company divides the selection board into two

categories. One board select only fixed salaried workers and other board selects production

based workers where production workers are those who are involved in production and rest

of are fixed salaried workers.

After categorization of employees they are given an attendance card and ID card.

The company strictly maintains employee attendance as in every month they measure

employee performance where attendance information is needed. They also measure

employee productivity rate (production worker only). Thus they measure employee

performance, which helps them to promote employees.

4.7.1.3 Steps performed in Payroll System

When an applicant is registered as an employee, the salary

department manager opens a salary file and provident fund file for him

and other facilities he is going to consume like house rent, medical etc.When employee salary is given these files are updated.


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5.0 Systems Design

While systems analysis describes what a system should do to meet information

requirements, systems design shows how, the system will fulfill this objective. The design

of an information system is the overall plan or model for that system. Systems design hasthree objectives:

Systems designer is responsible for considering alternative technology

configurations for carrying out and developing the system.

Designers are responsible for the management and control of the technical

realization of systems.

The system designer details the system specification that will deliver the functions

identified during analysis.

The design phase is concerned with technology-based views of the systems Data,

processes and Interfaces. Design specifications can take many forms including written

documentation, or working computer generated prototypes of the new system. There are

two types of design 1) Logical design; 2) Physical design.

5.1 Logical design

Logical design lays out the components of the system and their relationship to each other asthey would appear to users. In this project two types of logical design have been used. They

are:

Process Modeling: Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Data Modeling: Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

5.1.1 Process Modeling: Data Flow Diagram (DFD) of Paradise Sweaters Ltd.


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5.1.1.1 Context Level DFD

Context level DFD generally shows the total background of a process. Every entity

that is involved with the system is shown here and it has the main data store in which

every data which are generated by the process are stored. So we can say that context

level DFD is the basic structure of the information flow in a system. In this context

level DFD there are seven entities; Storage dept., Factories, Commerce, Management,

Employee management dept., Employee, Salary dept..


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Storage Dept. Factories Commerce Dept. Management

Paradise Sweaters Ltd.

Information System

Employee Mgt. Dept Employee Payroll Dept.

Figure-7: Context Level DFD.

Process Name

Data Flow Direction

Entity NameLegends

Data Storage


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5.1.1.2 System level DFD:


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Data Flow Direction

Entity Name

Data Storage

Legends Process Name

Storage Dept.

Raw/Spare Parts

Storage

In & Out Process

Finish Goods

Storage

In & Out Process

Factory

Commerce Dept.

Management

Finish GoodsInfo. / Approval

MaterialInfo./ Approval Storage DB Finish Goods DB

Employee

Management

Process

Employee DB EmployeeProductivity DB

Employee

Management

Process

EmployeeInfo./ Approval

SalaryInfo./ Approval

Production

EmployeeProductivity

Employe

Employee

Details

EmployeeConfirmation

Payroll Dept.

EmployeeSalary Info.

Figure-8: System Level of DFD Diagram


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This is the second level of DFD. This level is also known as 0 level DFD. These

levels consist of eight entities, five processes and seven databases. These are:

External Entities are Storage dept., Factories, Commerce, Management, Employee

management dept., Employee, Salary dept.

Process; Raw/SPR storage process, Finish Goods Storage IN & OUT Process,

Employee Management Process, Payroll Process, Databases, Storage database, Finish

Goods database, Employee database, Employee, Productivity database, Salary Role

Database, Accounting Database.

5.1.2 Data Modeling: Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

ERD is used to do the data modeling. It includes the entities, their attributes and

relationships. ERD for the whole system is that it comprises of a single database.

An important characteristic of every business is record keeping. In our information

society, this has become an significant feature of business, and much of the world's

computing power is dedicated to maintaining and using databases. Databases of all kinds

pervade almost every business. All kinds of data, from emails and contact information to

financial data are stored in some form of a database. The logical data design technique

most commonly used in traditional systems development is the entity-relationship (E-R)

diagram. This diagram uses a number of notational conventions to model the relationshipamong the entities of organizations. Thus data modeling technique is based on relational

database concepts. The entity-relationship (E-R) model is a high level conceptual data

model developed by Chen (1976) to facilitate database design.

The basic concept of ER model is an entity or entity type, which represents a set of

objects in the real world with some properties. An entity has an independent existence

and can be object with a physical existence or an object with an conceptual existence.

Some examples of entities are designer, worker etc.

A Relationship represents an association between two or more entities. It illustrates

how two entities share information in the database structure. Some examples of

relationship are: Designation depends on Salary Structure Change ,worker has user account

etc. Relationships are classified in terms of degree, connectivity, cardinality, and existence.

These concepts are discussed below.


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The degree of a relationship is the number of entities associated with the

relationship. The n-ary relationship is the general form for degree n. Special cases are the

binary, and ternary, where the degree is 2, and 3, respectively.

Binary relationships, the association between two entities is the most common type

in the real world. A ternary relationship involves three entities and is used when a binary.

Relationship is inadequate. Many modeling approaches recognize only binary

relationships. Ternary or n-ary relationships are decomposed into two or more binary

relationships.

The connectivity of a relationship describes the mapping of associated entity

instances in the relationship. The values of connectivity are "one" or "many". The

cardinality of a relationship is the actual number of related occurrences for each of the two

entities. The basic types of connectivity for relations are:

one-to-one

one-to-many

Many-to-many.

A one-to-one: relationship is when at most one instance of an entity A is associated

with one instance of entity B

A one-to-many: A relationship is when for one instance of entity A, there is zero,

one or many instances of entity B, but for one instance of entity B, there is only one

instance of entity A. For example, one designer has many workers.

A many-to-many: relationship, sometimes called non-specific, is when for one

instance of entity A, there are zero, one, or many instances of entity B and for one instance

of entity B


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5.1.2.1 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

5.2Physical design

Physical design is the process of translating the logical abstract model into the specific

technical design for the new system. In this project Data Dictionary has been used for

physical data modeling. A dictionary serves as a reference or repository containing facts

about the structure of data elements employed in applications. The data dictionary enables

users to access and maintain the data stored in databases. The data dictionary shows the

table name, data type, field size, keys, constraint and functions of the tables.

5.2.1 SAMPLE DATA DICTIONARY


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DesignationDepends

On Salary StructureChangM1

Has

M

Worker

M

Has M

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