final ps has been posted variability in gene expression...

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Final PS has been posted Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68371B) Last few lectures: Last few lectures: Developmental Systems Biology ‘Building an organism starting from a single cellstarting from a single cell Variability in gene expression underlies Variability in gene expression underlies partial penetrance in Caenorhabditis elegans Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ? Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ? Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ? innate qualities (e.g. genome sequence) determine phenotype of an individual Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ? Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ? personal experiences (e.g. environment) determine phenotype of an individual

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Page 1: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

Final PS has been postedFinal PS has been posted(due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

Last few lectures:Last few lectures:Developmental Systems Biology

‘Building an organismstarting from a single cell’starting from a single cell

Variability in gene expression underliesVariability in gene expression underliespartial penetrance in Caenorhabditis elegans

Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ?

Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ?Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ?

innate qualities (e.g. genome sequence) determinephenotype of an individual

Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ?Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ?

personal experiences (e.g. environment) determinephenotype of an individual

Page 2: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ?Nature, nurture, or just blind chance ?

E. coli budding yeast

Novick and Weiner (1957)Ozbudak et al. (2004)

Acar et al. (2005)

random variation (e.g. fluctuations in gene expression) d t i h t f i di id ldetermine phenotype of an individual

Introducing stochastic gene expression ‐ a thought experiment

mother

Introducing stochastic gene expression ‐ a thought experiment

daughter 1 daughter 2

Introducing stochastic gene expression ‐ a thought experiment

daughter 1 daughter 2

time time

d ht 1 d ht 2daughter 1 daughter 2

Page 3: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

daughter 1

Introducing stochastic gene expression ‐ a thought experiment

daughter 1

cell division

grand daughter 1 grand daughter 2

To experimentally explorestochastic gene expression …g p

you would ideally count single… you would ideally count single molecules in single cells

Endogenous transcript counting in single cells Test in inducible systemsglucocorticoid receptor dependent transcription in human cells

No Dexamethasone 24 nM DexamethasoneNo Dexamethasone 24 nM DexamethasoneFKBP5 mRNA

A549 cells (human)

Page 4: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

Test in inducible systemsOsmo‐shock induced gene expression in yeast

STL1 mRNA

No Salt 0.4 M NaCl

Yeast

mRNA transport in neurons

www.singlemoleculefish.comRaj et al. Nature Methods 5, 877 (2008).

What about stochastic gene expression in l i ll l i ?multicellular organisms?

Gene expression can be very noisy... … but the results often come out the same.

Dianne Arbus, Identical Twins, 1967Ozbudak et al. (2004)

Wild‐type organisms develop robustly

www.wormatlas.org

Page 5: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

The C. elegans intestine is composed of E cell descendantscomposed of E cell descendants Intestinal fate is specified by a gene cascadeIntestinal fate is specified by a gene cascade

Cell lineage Gene expression Regulatory NetworkCell lineage

skn-1 skn-1

Gene expression Regulatory Network

med-1,2end-3 end-1

med-1,2end-3 end-1

OR

elt-2 elt-2

(Expresses throughoutrest of lifetime)

Intestine-specificgenes

(Morris Maduro, Joel Rothman, Jim McGhee)

Wild-type (N2)

DAPIend-3

DAPI(nuclei)

med-1,2med 1,2

elt-2elt 2end-1

Page 6: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

Reconstructing the transcription dynamics ofendoderm specification in C. elegans (wild‐type)

Reconstructing the transcription dynamics ofendoderm specification in C. elegans (wild‐type)

Reconstructing the transcription dynamics ofendoderm specification in C. elegans (skn‐1 mutant)

(mutant)

Page 7: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

Reconstructing the transcription dynamics ofendoderm specification in C. elegans (skn‐1 mutant)

(mutant)

(bimodal)

end‐1 expression is highly variable in skn‐1mutants

kskn‐1mutants

The number of cells expressing end‐1 and elt‐2 within mutant embryos varied greatly from embryo to embryo

Total elt‐2 expression correlates with number of expressing cells suggesting that variability in elt‐2 expression comes gg g y plargely from variable number of actively transcribing cells

Page 8: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

The expression of end‐1 is quite variable even for a given total number of end 1 expressing cellsgiven total number of end‐1 expressing cells

Could end‐1 be a “controller” for elt‐2i ?expression?

Thresholding is observedin skn‐1mutants

num

ber

2tra

nscr

ipt n

end-1 transcript number

elt-2

400200 400200

Thresholding is observedin skn‐1mutants

Page 9: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

How are these fluctuations 

(mutant)

suppressed in wild‐type worm development?

0Number of nuclei

Deletion of end‐3 in wild‐type worms does increase end‐1/elt‐2 variability

Less redundancy leads to increased fluctuations

(mutant)(mutant)

(low noise) (mediumnoise)

(high noise)

wild type end-3 deletion skn-1 mutantyp3 transcription factors

controlling end-1

end 3 deletion2 transcription factors

controlling end-1

skn 1 mutant1 transcription factor

controlling end-1

Page 10: Final PS has been posted Variability in gene expression ...web.mit.edu/biophysics/sbio/PDFs/L23_slides.pdf · Final PS has been posted (due 12/10 in class or before 3 PM in 68‐371B)

Conclusions

We developed a method to count endogenous mRNA moleculesi fi d i di id l llin fixed individual cells www.singlemoleculefish.com

Raj et al. Nature Methods 5, 877 (2008)

In skn‐1mutants the embryo‐to‐embryo variability in the earlyIn skn 1mutants the embryo to embryo variability in the early transcription factors of endoderm development is much larger than in wild‐type embryos

In skn‐1mutants the endoderm fate is decided by thresholding on end‐1 levels

The less transcription factors controlling end‐1 the larger thevariability in end‐1 transcripts and endoderm fate decision