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[xbeia~ Nmxia~bx5

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DX&QJZMH

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Ifcmfiixmfc Abd{jf} mf :==

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DX& XJFJ ^JXMZ

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8/14/2019 Final Project on Managment

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[jci | :>

Ni{y~} C&D

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Q&D

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D M A X B ^ I A @ C X B Y [ 5

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Yfnixo}mfc i|ix}~`mfc ~`i} nb jfn i|ix}~`mfc ~`i} hiomi|i mf mq j qi~ bl abxi |joyiq&

^`iqi cymni ~`id ~b nijo sm~` i|ix} jq{ia~ bl jf} mqqyi ~`i} dmc`~ ifabyf~ix mf

~`imx {ixqbfjo jfn {xbliqqmbfjo om|iq& ^`iqi |joyiq `io{ ~`id cxbs mfqmni jfnby~qmni/ {ixqbfjoo} jfn jq jf bxcjfmuj~mbf&

QDJX^ CB\IXFJFAI

Id{ob}iiq jxi abddm~~in ~b xyffmfc ~`imx hyqmfiqq qyaaiqqlyoo} jfn illmamif~o}/

{xb|mnmfc obfc ~ixd hifilm~q ~b ~`imx id{ob}iiq jfn q`jxi`bonixq/ jfn ifxma`mfc ~`i

om|iq bl ~`bqi s`bd ~`i} qix|i h} lyolmoomfc ~`imx abx{bxj~i xiq{bfqmhmom~} ~b ~`i hiq~

bl ~`imx jhmom~}& ^`i} ip{ia~ ipaiooifai lxbd joo {xbaiqqiq/ s`i~`ix ~`i} xioj~i ~b

{boma} lbxdj~mbf jfn jaabyf~mfc {xbainyxiq bx {xbnya~ ni|iob{dif~ jfn ayq~bdix

qix|mai&

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^`imx {bomamiq jfn abxi |joyiq jxi jmdin ~bsjxnq axij~mfc jf mflbxdjo }i~

q~mdyoj~mfc ~ijd$bxmif~in sbxg if|mxbfdif~ sm~` j ayo~yxi bl q`jxmfc jfn b{if

abddyfmaj~mbf& ^`i} a`ixmq` ~`i nm|ixqm~} bl |mis{bmf~ bl i|ix} mfnm|mnyjo& ^`i}

xijomui ~`mq h} ifabyxjcmfc mffb|j~mbf jfn ni|iob{ a`jxja~ix&

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Joo id{ob}iiq `j|i ~`i xmc`~ ~b j q~xiqq$ jfn mfeyx}$lxii sbxg if|mxbfdif~& ^`i}

ifqyxi byx id{ob}ii qjli~} jfn `ijo~` h} {xb|mnmfc |jxmbyq mf$`byqi ljamom~miq qya`

jq j c}d jfn djgmfc qyxi ~`j~ joo q~jll yfnixq~jfn jfn y{`bon byx qjli~} {boma}&

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Qyaaiqq bl jf} bxcjfmuj~mbf mq ojxcio} ni{ifnif~ bf ~`i {ib{oi sbxgmfc lbx m~& Ija`

didhix bl j ~ijd mq abfqmnixin izyjoo} md{bx~jf~ jfn {xb|mnin abfq~jf~ ~xjmfmfc/

db~m|j~mbf jfn cymnjfai& ^`i} {bqqiqq j ninmaj~in q~jll bl ~`i `mc`iq~ ajomhix

ninmaj~in ~b djgmfc ~`imx hyqmfiqq j qyaaiqq&

^`i} ifqyxi ~`j~ i|ix} id{ob}ii `jq ~`i b{{bx~yfm~} lbx djpmdyd {xbliqqmbfjo

ni|iob{dif~& ^b ja`mi|i ~`mq cbjo/ ~`i} qiig ~b {xb|mni a`jooifcmfc sbxg {xbq{ia~q

lbx joo id{ob}iiq& Ija` {ixqbf mq abd{ifqj~in jfn xisjxnin lbx `mq bx `ix

{ixlbxdjfai bf q~xma~ dixm~ hjqmq&

ABF\IXQJ^MBF

^`i} ip{ia~ jfn ifabyxjci byx id{ob}iiq ~b ja~m|io} {jx~mam{j~i mf abddyfm~}

qix|mai jfn ~b ~jgi ajxi bl ~`i if|mxbfdif~ if~xyq~in ~b ~`id jq am~muifq q`jxmfc ~`i

ijx~`#q xiqbyxaiq&

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^`i} jxi ayq~bdix$nxm|if7 ~`i} cb ~`i ip~xj dmoi ~b djgi qyxi ~`j~ ~`imx aomif~q#

ip{ia~j~mbfq jxi di~ jfn ipaiinin bf i|ix} mqqyi& ^`i} {jx~fix sm~ oijnmfc

abd{jfmiq

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~b jxd ~`idqio|iq sm~` ~`i oj~iq~ ~ia`fbobc} jfn {xb|mni ayq~bdixq sm~` mffb|j~m|i

qboy~mbfq mf j dbq~ illia~m|i djffix&

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^`i} djgi m~ aoijx ~`j~ himfc j qmfaixi/ `bfiq~ jfn niaif~ `ydjf himfc ~jgiq

{xiainifai b|ix i|ix}~`mfc ioqi& Mf ~`i Dmaxb^ia` ljdmo}/ ~`ixi mq jf joo$xbyfn

xiq{ia~ lbx ionixq/ ~boixjfai lbx izyjoq jfn jllia~mbf lbx }byfcq~ixq& Djfjcixq jxi

ip{ia~in ~b oijn lxbd ~`i lxbf~/ ~xjmf eyfmbx abooijcyiq ~`xbyc` nioicj~mbf/ xiqbo|i

abfloma~q q{iinmo}/ hi |mqmhoi j~ joo ~mdiq jfn ja~ jq xboi dbnioq lbx b~`ixq

DJFJCIXMJO [BOMAMIQ

DJFJCIXMJO [BOMAMIQ

^`i djfjcixmjo {bomamiq jq jnb{~in h} Dmaxb^ia` omdm~in jxi jq lboobsq5

^`i {xmai bl abd{jf}q {xbnya~ mq qjdi mf joo jxijq {l [jgmq~jf&

Mf ajqi bl abfqydix [xbnya~ Abd{jf} {j}q lximc`~&

[jci | :0

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[xmain ajf hi a`jfcin h} ~`i abd{jf} sm~`by~ jf} {xmbx fb~mai&

^`i Abd{jf} jaai{~q bfo} ojxci bxnixq bl `mc` dbfi~jx} |joyi&

Jf bxnix/ s`ma` `jq hiif bfai abflmxdin h} ~`i ayq~bdix/ ajf bfo}

hi ajfaiooin j~ ~`i smoo bl abd{jf} jfn fb~ ~`i ayq~bdix&

Mf ajqi bl abfqydix {xbnya~/ jcxiidif~ sm~` ayq~bdix mq djni bfai

jfn lbx joo

Fb nmqabyf~q jxi bllixin ~b ayq~bdixq&

Cbbnq jxi qbon jcjmfq~ :;;) jn|jfai {j}dif~&

^`i abd{jf} nbiqf~ {j} lximc`~ s`if m~q mfnyq~xmjo {xbnya~q jxi

q`m{{in ~b ~`i ayq~bdix&

[yfa~yjom~} mq q~xbfco} id{`jqmuin&

Joo ~`i niqmcfin jfn bxmcmfjo sbxg nbfi mf {xi{jxmfc ~`i {xbnya~q bl

jf} gmfn smoo xidjmf ~`i {xb{ix~} bl ~`i abd{jf}

[xbayxidif~ mq djni nmxia~o} sm~` {xbnyaixq qb ~`j~ ~`i

dmnnoidjfq {xblm~ mq iomdmfj~in&

Jf jo~ixj~mbf mf ~`i j{{xb|in qjd{oi q`joo hi a`jxcin ip~xj&

Sbxgixq jxi ifabyxjcin ~b {xbnyai dbxi ~`xbyc` sioo$bxcjfmuin

mfaif~m|i q}q~id&

Qioia~mbf bl ipiay~m|iq mq nbfi q~xma~o} bf dixm~ hjqiq jfn fb

j{{xbja` mq if~ix~jmfin mf ~`mq xicjxn&

Mf joo {xbnya~mbf {xbaiqqiq hb~` zyjom~} jfn zyjf~m~} jxi ~jgif

id{`jqmuin&

Sbxgixq jxi ifabyxjcin ~b xinyai sjq~i jfn abq~q&

Bfo} ~`bqi sbxgixq jxi xiaxym~in s`b `j|i qbdi xioj~mbfq`m{ sm~`

~`i ayxxif~ id{ob}q bl ~`i abd{jf}&

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Qdbb~` xioj~mbfq`m{ hi~siif qy{ix|mqbxq jfn ~`i qyhbxnmfj~iq mq

id{`jqmuin&

Qsml~fiqq mf ~`i {ixlbxdjfai bl ny~miq mq ifabyxjcin&

Abx{bxj~i Cb|ixfjfai5

Dmaxb ^ia` abfqmnixq cbbn abx{bxj~i cb|ixfjfai ~b hi j fiaiqqjx} xizymxidif~ lbx

|joyi axij~mbf jfn ~xyq~sbx~`mfiqq/ jfn lbx jaaiqq ~b aj{m~jo& Mf ~`mq abf~ip~ cbbn

abx{bxj~i cb|ixfjfai dijfq b{if mf~ixja~mbf jfn abb{ixj~mbf jdbfc ~`i abd{jf}#q

bsfixq/ ~`i Abx{bxj~i Jqqidho}/ ~`i Hbjxn jfn Cxby{ Ipiay~m|i Djfjcidif~/ jq

sioo jq b~`ix mf~ixiq~in {jx~miq qya` jq ~`i Cxby{#q id{ob}iiq/ ayq~bdixq/ qy{{omixq/

axinm~bxq/ {yhoma jy~ bxm~miq jfn qbami~} mf cifixjo/ i~a& ^`i {xiqif~j~mbf cm|if

`iximf mq qiigmfc ~b xiloia~ ~`j~ Dmaxb ^ia / s`if ifcjcmfc mf abx{bxj~i

cb|ixfjfai/ mfaoyniq joo ~`iqi mf~ixiq~in {jx~miq mf jf mf~icxj~in jfn abd{xi`ifqm|i

sj}&

^xjfq{jxifa} mf mflbxdj~mbf5

[jci | 8;

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Ijxfmfc {yhoma ~xyq~ mq iqqif~mjo lbx joo abd{jfmiq& S`if qyhdm~~mfc xi{bx~q/ Dmaxb

^ia` {xb|mniq hb~` lmfjfamjo jfn fbf$lmfjfamjo mflbxdj~mbf/ id{`jqmumfc

~xjfq{jxifa} qb ~`j~ mf~ixiq~in {jx~miq dj} hi jhoi ~b djgi mflbxdin niamqmbfq&

Dmaxb ^ia` joqb lbayqiq bf mfnm|mnyjo xiq{bfqmhmom~} jfn {ixqbfjo mf~icxm~} $ |joyiq

~`j~ smoo hi {xbdb~in h} abfaif~xj~mfc bf |joyi$hjqin oijnixq`m{ jfn hyqmfiqq

i~`maq& Qbamjo/ abd{i~m~m|i jfn mfnyq~xmjo ni|iob{dif~ smoo mf|bo|i a`jfciq jfn

xiq~xya~yxmfc& Loipmhoi id{ob}iiq jfn j {omjhoi bxcjfmuj~mbf smoo hi {m|b~jo mf

ja`mi|mfc j qyaaiqqlyo ni|iob{dif~&

Xyoiq jfn xicyoj~mbfq5

Dmaxb ^ia` mq qyheia~ ~b xyoiq jfn xicyoj~mbfq j{{omajhoi mf Fbxsj} jq sioo jq ~`i

abyf~xmiq s`ixi ~`i Cxby{ abfnya~q hyqmfiqq& Dmaxb ^ia`#q q`jxiq jxi omq~in bf ~`i

Bqob Q~bag Ipa`jfci jfn FJQNJZ mf ~`i YQ& Jq jf mqqyix bl q`jxiq ~`i abd{jf}

dyq~ abd{o} sm~` hb~` Fbxsicmjf jfn YQ q~bag ipa`jfci xyoiq& Omq~mfc bf

FJQNJZ mf|bo|iq abd{omjfai sm~` xicyoj~mbfq {xbdyocj~in h} ~`i Qiayxm~miq

Ipa`jfci Abddmqqmbf jfn FJQNJZ/ jfn ~`i Qjxhjfiq$Bpoi} Ja~ (QBP-/ s`ma`

mfaoyniq q~xma~ xizymxidif~q jfn mf~ixfjo abf~xboq xioj~mfc ~b lmfjfamjo xi{bx~mfc&

Lmc`~ jcjmfq~ abxxy{~mbf5

Dmaxb ^ia` ayxxif~o} abfnya~q hyqmfiqq mf abyf~xmiq mf s`ma` abxxy{~mbf jfn

hyqmfiqq i~`maq mqqyiq xi{xiqif~ j a`jooifci& Dmaxb ^ia`#q ja~m|m~miq dj} qix|i ~b

mooyq~xj~i ~`j~ m~ mq {bqqmhoi ~b ja`mi|i qyaaiqq mf hyqmfiqq mf nidjfnmfc djxgi~q

sm~`by~ abd{xbdmqmfc jnb{~in i~`majo {xmfam{oiq bx mf~ixfj~mbfjo fbxdq& Dmaxb ^ia`

smoo fb~ ~boixj~i abxxy{~mbf jfn sbxgq ~b {xi|if~ abxxy{~mbf j~ joo oi|ioq bl ~`i

bxcjfmuj~mbf& ^`i dbq~ md{bx~jf~ dijqyxiq id{ob}in h} ~`i Cxby{ mf ~`i lmc`~

jcjmfq~ abxxy{~mbf mf|bo|i ifqyxmfc j abddbf hyqmfiqq i~ maq {oj~lbxd j~ joo

abd{jfmiq s`ixi Dmaxb ^ia` `jq b{ixj~mbfjo abf~xbo/ ~xjmfmfc bl mfnm|mnyjo

djfjcixq jfn id{ob}iiq mf `bs ~b nijo sm~` qm~yj~mbfq mf|bo|mfc i~`majo nmoiddjq/

jfn ifqyxmfc ~`j~ i~`majo mqqyiq dj} hi xjmqin jfn nmqayqqin mf joo yfm~q mf ~`i

[jci | 8:

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Cxby{& Q{iamlma ~bboq xioj~mfc ~b ~`iqi mqqyiq `j|i hiif {xi{jxin bf ~`i abx{bxj~i

oi|io&

Hyqmfiqq i~`maq5

Dmaxb ^ia`#q illbx~q ~b ifqyxi qbamjoo} xiq{bfqmhoi hyqmfiqq abfnya~ mf|bo|i dbxi

~`jf eyq~ cbbn hyqmfiqq i~`maq j~ joo oi|ioq& ^`i} abfaixf ~`i djffix mf s`ma` si

~xij~ byx id{ob}iiq/ byx xioj~mbfq`m{ ~b fj~yxi jfn byx qyxxbyfnmfc if|mxbfdif~/

byx illbx~q ~b ifqyxi qjli {xbnya~q/ jq sioo jq j fydhix bl b~`ix lja~bxq&

Abni bl abfnya~5

Dmaxb ^ia` `jq ni|iob{in j qi~ bl {xmfam{jo nbaydif~q/ i&c& ~`i Abniq bl Abfnya~

jq sioo jq {bomamiq jfn ~`imx qyhbxnmfj~in abd{omdif~jx} {xbainyxiq/ ~b ifqyxi cbbn

jfn illmamif~ Abx{bxj~i Oi|io Abf~xboq& Mf~ixfjo xyoiq jxi jnj{~in jfn md{oidif~in

j~ mf~ixfj~mbfjo qyhqmnmjxmiq mf s`ma` Dmaxb ^ia` `jq b{ixj~mbfjo abf~xbo&

Qbyfn {oj~lbxd5

Mf~ixfjo jfn ip~ixfjo xyoiq jfn {xbainyxiq {xb|mni Dmaxb ^ia` sm~ j qbyfn

{oj~lbxd lbx cbbn abx{bxj~i cb|ixfjfai jfn lbx lyx~`ix ni|iob{dif~ bl j {bqm~m|i/

xiq{bfqmhoi jfn `ijo~`} abx{bxj~i ayo~yxi& Dmaxb ^ia` sbxgq q}q~idj~majoo} ~b

mfq~joo xiq{bfqmhmom~} j~ joo oi|ioq bl ~`i Cxby{#q ja~m|m~miq $ j xizymxidif~ ~b

qyaaiqqlyoo} ja`mi|i ~`i Cxby{#q cbjoq bl obfc$~ixd |joyi axij~mbf& Qya`

xiq{bfqmhmom~} mq joqb md{bx~jf~ mf xioj~mbf ~b Dmaxb ^ia`#q ayq~bdixq/ bsfixq/id{ob}iiq/ ebmf~ |if~yxi {jx~fixq/ abd{i~m~bxq/ {yhoma jy~ bxm~miq jfn b~`ix

mf~ixiq~in {jx~miq& Hyqmfiqq i~`maq `j|i lij~yxin {xbdmfif~o} mf Dmaxb ^ia`#q sbxg

bf qbamjo xiq{bfqmhmom~}&

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Mf~ixiq~ bl id{ob}iiq5

Mf jaabxnjfai sm~ Fbxsicmjf ojs/ id{ob}iiq mf~ixiq~q jxi {xb~ia~in h} ~`i

{xb|mqmbfq mf ~`i Ja~ xioj~mfc ~b [yhoma Omdm~in Abd{jfmiq (Fbxsj}-/ s`ma`

abfaixf ~`i xmc`~ ~b didhixq`m{ bl ~`i Hbjxn jfn ~`i Abx{bxj~i Jqqidho}/ i~a&

(xi{xiqif~j~m|iq ioia~in h} ~`i id{ob}iiq-/ jfn h} ~`i {xb|mqmbfq mf ~`i Sbxgmfc

If|mxbfdif~ Ja~ s`ma` abfaixf abd{jf} ~xjfqlixq/ sjciq jfn sbxgmfc abfnm~mbfq/

nmqdmqqjo {xb~ia~mbf/ mflbxdj~mbf jfn ~jogq sm~` id{ob}iiq j~ jf ijxo} q~jci/ i~a&

^`iqi mf~ixiq~q jxi joqb {xb~ia~in h} abooia~m|i jcxiidif~q&

\joyi axij~mbf abfnm~mbfq5

Dmaxb ^ia` xicjxnq qgmooin id{ob}iiq s`b ifeb} ~`imx sbxg ~b hi jf md{bx~jf~

abd{i~m~m|i jn|jf~jci& Dmaxb ^ia` mq ifcjcin mf ja~m|m~miq mf djxgi~q/ s`ma` jxi

qyheia~ ~b a`jfci/ jfn ~`i abd{jf} joqb `jq ~b xioj~i ~b ~ia`fbobcmajo ni|iob{dif~q

mf s`ma` m~ mq joqb jf ja~m|i {jx~mam{jf~& Mf bxnix lbx Dmaxb ^ia` ~b djmf~jmf m~q

abd{i~m~m|ifiqq jfn {xb|mni lbx |joyi axij~mbf yfnix qya` abfnm~mbfq/ ~`i abd{jf}

mq qyheia~in ~b abfqmnixjhoi nidjfnq mf m~q aj{jam~} jq jf bxcjfmuj~mbf/ s`ma` mq

cbbn j~ djgmfc a`jfciq& Dmaxb ^ia` sbxgq ja~m|io} ~b ifqyxi ~`j~ joo xiq~xya~yxmfc

mq md{oidif~in mf j {xinma~jhoi jfn ljmx djffix& Jf md{bx~jf~ jq{ia~ bl ~`iqi {xbaiqqiq mq ~b mf|bo|i ~`i abd{jf}q id{ob}iiq mf ~`i {ojffmfc jfn

md{oidif~j~mbf {xbaiqq& Cbbn abb{ixj~mbf hi~siif djfjcixq jfn id{ob}iiq mq

md{bx~jf~ ~b dii~ djxgi~ nidjfnq jfn ip{ia~j~mbfq&

Mf~ixfjo |joyi axij~mbf5

Dmaxb ^ia` {ojaiq id{`jqmq bf ni|iob{mfc ~`i ip{ix~mqi bl m~q id{ob}iiq& Ija`

}ijx id{ob}iiq xiq{bfn ~b jf Mf~ixfjo \joyi$ Axij~mbf (M\A- s`ma` abd{xmqiq

~jxci~q jfn djfjcidif~/ `ydjf aj{m~jo/ {xbaiqq aj{m~jo/ mffb|j~mbf jfn

qmd{omlmaj~mbf& ^`i M\A {xbaiqq mq bfi bl qi|ixjo ~bboq yqin lbx ja`mi|mfc Dmaxb

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^ia`q jdhm~mbfq xioj~mfc ~b mfnm|mnyjo id{ob}iiq jfn ~`i bxcjfmuj~mbf& H}

abd{jxmfc ~`i xiqyo~q bl ~`i jffyjo M\A qyx|i} sm~` ^N[/ j hjqmq mq ja`mi|in lbx ~`i

md{oidif~j~mbf bl md{xb|idif~ dijqyxiq sm~` xiq{ia~ ~b id{ob}iiq mf cifixjo jfn

djfjcixq mf {jx~mayojx&

N}fjdma if|mxbfdif~5

Dmaxb ^ia` jmdq ~b hi j oijnix sm~` xiq{ia~ ~b sbxg qboy~mbfq jfn ebh qj~mqlja~mbf&

Id{ob}iiq q`byon ifeb} ~`imx sbxg& ^`i Lbxfihy qboy~mbf xi{xiqif~q jf b{{bx~yfm~}

lbx id{ob}iiq ~b {jx~mam{j~i mf |joyi axij~mbf ~`xbyc` fis sbxg lbxdq mf j n}fjdma

if|mxbfdif~& ^`i djffix mf s`ma` ~`i Lbxfihy qboy~mbf sbxgq lbx id{ob}iiq `jq

hiif aobqio} lboobsin y{ mf j fydhix bl qyx|i}q& Id{`jqmq `jq hiif {ojain bf ~`i

zyiq~mbf bl s`i~`ix qyllmamif~ illbx~q `j|i hiif djni ~b ifqyxi `mc` oi|ioq bl ebh

qj~mqlja~mbf jfn `mc` oi|ioq bl {xbnya~m|m~} jfn illmamifa}& Id{ob}iiq jxi

ifabyxjcin ~b qycciq~ md{xb|idif~q ~b ~`i sbxgmfc if|mxbfdif~ joqb sm~` xiq{ia~

~b {xbnya~m|m~} jfn illmamifa}&

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Mf Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in/ ~`i} hiomi|i ~`j~/ ~`i {xmdjx} abfnm~mbfq lbx cbbn `ijo~` jxi

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Djmf~jmfmfc [ixqbffio Xiabxnq

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sjciq/ joobsjfaiq i~a& jxi gi{~ mf m~& Joo fis sbxgixq jxi j{{bmf~in bf {xbhj~mbf

lbx bfi }ijx& ^`xii {xbhj~mbf xi{bx~q jxi cm|if nyxmfc ~`mq {ixmbn&

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Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in `jq niqmcfin j qbyfn hy~ ijq} di~`bn bl xiaxym~dif~& S`if jf}

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Dixm~

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j{{omajf~q joqb ni{ifnq bf ~`i @&X& Djfjcix jfn ~`i ni{jx~dif~jo `ijn& Fbxdjoo}

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Joix~fiqq

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^`i Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in qifnq i|ix} }ijx ~`xii id{ob}iiq lxbd Y{{ix oi|io jfn bfi

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ifabyxjcin ~b cb bf ipayxqmbf ~xm{q jfn ~`i Abd{jf} {j}q ~`i ~xjfq{bx~j~mbf jfn

b~`ix dmqaioojfibyq ip{ifqiq&

ABF\I]JFAI JOOBSJFAI

Abf|i}jfai ljamom~} mq cm|if ~b ~`i sbxgixq mf ~`i lbxd bl ~`i Abf|i}jfai

Joobsjfai& Id{ob}iiq jxi {xb|mnin jnizyj~i joobsjfai lbx ~`i djmf~ifjfai bl

~`imx |i`maoiq& Qbdi id{ob}iiq jxi ifeb}mfc ~`i abd{jf}#q ~xjfq{bx~ ljamom~miq& Lbx

~`i by~nbbx ja~m|m~miq id{ob}iiq jxi {xb|mnin ifbyc` lyfnq ~b hijx ~`imx ip{ifqiq&

J hijy~mlyo {jxgmfc ljamom~} mq joqb j|jmojhoi&

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[XI$[XIQQ [OJFFMFC NI[JX^DIF^

Joo illmamifa} bl [xbnya~mbf Ni{jx~dif~ ni{ifnq bf ~`i sbxgmfc bl [ojffmfc

Ni{jx~dif~& ^`i [ojffmfc Ni{jx~dif~ `jq ~`i lboobsmfc lyfa~mbfq5

[xbnya~mbf jfn djxgi~mfc ni{jx~dif~ Abbxnmfj~mbf

Djgmfc hjojfai hi~siif {xbnya~mbf jfn qjoiq

Axij~mfc omfg hi~siif ni{jx~dif~q

Objnmfc Q`ii~

Djgmfc Q`bx~ ^ixd jfn Obfc ^ixd [ojfq

B{~mdyd y~momuj~mbf bl j|jmojhoi xiqbyxaiq

XIQIJXA@ , NI\IOB[DIF^ NI[JX^DIF^

^b gii{ y{ sm~` fis nidjfnq Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in `jq j Xiqijxa`/ Ni|iob{dif~

jfn Abf~xbo Ni{jx~dif~& ^`mq Ni{jx~dif~ mq abfqmnixin jq bfi bl ~`i dbq~

md{bx~jf~ ni{jx~dif~& ^`i Xiqijxa`/ Ni|iob{dif~ , Abf~xbo Ni{jx~dif~ sbxgq mf

aobqi aboojhbxj~mbf sm~ ~`i [xbnya~mbf Ni{jx~dif~& M~ `io{q ~`i [xbnya~mbf

Ni{jx~dif~ ~b djmf~jmf j q~jfnjxn bl ~`i {xbnya~q himfc {xbnyain& Joo ~`i fisdj~ixmjoq jxi ~iq~in jaabxnmfc ~b ~`i aix~jmf q{iamlmaj~mbfq& M~ joqb `jq j ob~ bl

mf~ixja~mbf sm~` ~`i Djxgi~mfc Ni{jx~dif~& Xiqijxa`/ Ni|iob{dif~ jfn Abf~xbo

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Ni{jx~dif~ `jq sioo izym{{in ojhbxj~bxmiq jfn {mob~ dja`mfiq/ s`ma` jxi yqin ~b

~iq~ |jxmbyq a`idmajoq/ xjs dj~ixmjoq jfn dja`mfiq&

Lyfa~mbfq bl X,N Ni{jx~dif~ jxi jq lboobsq&

~iq~mfc jfn qycciq~mbf bl qjd{oi

{xbnya~ ni|iob{dif~

qycciq~mbf bl ~if~j~m|i {jxjdi~ix lbx {xi hyog ~b {xbnya~mbf

b{~mdmuj~mbf

zyjom~} jfn {xbnya~m|m~} bl md{xb|idif~

abq~ xinyamfc {xbeia~q

[XBNYA^MBF JFN [OJFFMFC NI[JX^DIF^

[ojffmfc jfn [xbnya~mbf jxi ~`i dbq~ md{bx~jf~ ni{jx~dif~q mf Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in&

[xbnya~mbf ni{jx~dif~ abf~xboq joo ~`i b{ixj~mbfq yfnix ~`i lja~bx}& [ojffmfc

ni{jx~dif~ mq xiq{bfqmhoi ~b {ojf jfn bxcjfmui ~`i joobaj~mbf bl ebhq ~b |jxmbyq omfiq

bx nm|mqmbfq mf j

sj} ~`j~ ~`imx djpmdyd aj{jam~} mq y~momuin jfn ~`j~ ~`i niom|ix} mq cm|if ~b ~`i

ayq~bdix h} ~`i cm|if nj~i&

[xbnya~mbf Djfjcix mq ~`i `ijn bl [xbnya~mbf ni{jx~dif~ jfn mq xiq{bfqmhoi lbx ~`i

{xbnya~mbf lyfa~mbf& ^`ixi mq joqb bfi [ojffmfc Djfjcix/ s`ma` mq yfnix ~`i

[xbnya~mbf djfjcix& ^`i [xbnya~mbf Djfjcix obbgq jl~ix ~`i {xbnya~mbf s`moi ~`i

[ojffmfc Djfjcix qy{ix|mqiq ~`i [ojffmfc Qia~mbf& ^`i `ijnq bl ~`i lboobsmfc

ni{jx~dif~q jxi nmxia~o} jfqsixjhoi ~b [xbnya~mbf Djfjcix jfn ~`i} `j|i ~b {xiqif~

~`imx q{iamjo {xbhoidq ~b `md lbx jn|mai jfn `io{&

DJFJCIDIF^ H] BHEIA^M\IQ (DHB-

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J djfjcidif~ q}q~id mf s`ma` q{iamlma {ixlbxdjfai cbjoq jxi ebmf~o} ni~ixdmfin

h} id{ob}iiq jfn ~`imx djfjcixq/ {xbcxiqq ~bsjxn jaabd{omq`mfc ~`bqi cbjoq mq

{ixmbnmajoo} xi|misin jfn xisjxnq jxi joobaj~in bf ~`i hjqmq bl ~`mq {xbcxiqq mq

ajooin DHB&

Mf Dmaxb^ia` O~n& DHB mq abddbfo} yqin ~b nb {ojffmfc jq ~`i} `j|i 8 dii~mfcq

mf j dbf~` ~b qbo|i ~`i {xbhoidq i~a&

CXBY[ NIAMQMBF DJGMFC

^`i cxby{ niamqmbf djgmfc mf himfc yqin h} Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in hiajyqi ~`i} ~`mfg

qb ~`j~ si ajf djgi hi~~ix niamqmbfq h} ci~~mfc nmllixif~ |misq bl ~`i id{ob}iiq&

DJXGI^MFC NI[JX^DIF^

^`i Djxgi~mfc Ni{jx~dif~ bl ~`i Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in mq `ijnin h} ~`i Djxgi~mfc

Djfjcix s`b mq xiq{bfqmhoi lbx joo ~`i djxgi~mfc b{ixj~mbfq bl ~`i bllmai&

Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in `jq j |ix} illia~m|i Djxgi~mfc Ni{jx~dif~/ s`ma` mq ja~mfc j

|m~jo xboi mf ~`i sbxgmfc bl ~`i abd{jf}& ^`mq ni{jx~dif~ mq xiq{bfqmhoi lbx ~`i qjoi

bl mfnyq~xmjo , abfqydix {xbnya~q&

DJFJCIDIF^ Q^]OI MF DMAXB^IA@

OMDM^IN

Byx djfjcidif~ lboobsq ~`i {xmfam{oi bl #djfjcidif~ h} sjogmfc jxbyfn#/ s`ixidjfjcixq jxi ip{ia~in ~b djgi njmo} xbyfnq bl joo jxijq bl xiq{bfqmhmom~}/ jfn `j|i

lmxq~$`jfn mflbxdj~mbf bl joo qmcfmlmajf~ `j{{ifmfcq&

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Byx djfjcidif~ q~}oi ajf hiq~ hi niqaxmhin jq icjom~jxmjf/ sm~` i|ix}bfi `j|mfc jf

izyjo b{{bx~yfm~} lbx ni|iob{dif~ jfn cxbs~`& [ib{oi jxi xiaxym~in mf~b ~`i

abd{jf} hjqin {yxio} bf dixm~ jfn sm~` ~b~jo nmqxicjxn ~b abfqmnixj~mbfq bl cifnix/

xjai/ abobx bx axiin& Dixm~ jobfi mq ~`i axm~ixmbf bl joo qyhqizyif~ {xbliqqmbfjo

cxbs~`& [ixlbxdjfai i|joyj~mbfq jxi abfnya~in bf ~`i hjqmq bl ja`mi|idif~ bl

mfnm|mnyjo bheia~m|iq ~`j~ jxi mf abflbxdjfai sm~` ~`i ni{jx~dif~jo jfn b|ixjoo

abx{bxj~i bheia~m|iq bl ~`i abd{jf}& [xbdb~mbfq jxi qmdmojxo} cymnin h} dixm~ jfn

~`i qym~jhmom~} bl jf id{ob}ii ~b ~`i {bqm~mbf lbx s`ma` `i bx q`i mq himfc

abfqmnixin&

Byx sbxgmfc if|mxbfdif~ mq qb xiojpin jq ~b hi jodbq~ ajqyjo7 ~`ixi mq fb hbqqmfc

jxbyfn

bx qyhbxnmfj~mbf/ fb fjdi ~jcq bf bllmaiq/ jfn fb j{{bmf~dif~q xizymxin lbx ajoomfc

bf qifmbxq&

^`mq mflbxdjo q~}oi bl djfjcidif~ dj} qiid jxhm~xjx}/ hy~ mq qixmbyq sm~`by~ himfc

mf~mdmnj~mfc jfn `jq q~bbn ~`i abd{jf} mf cbbn q~ijn b|ix ~`i }ijxq& ^bnj}/ byx

abx{bxj~i ayo~yxi mq qb j~~xja~m|i ~`j~ dbq~ {ib{oi ebmf yq q~xjmc`~ lxbd jf

inyaj~mbfjo mfq~m~y~i jfn oij|i bfo} jl~ix qix|mfc ~`imx lyoo ~ifyxi&

AIF^XJOMUIN Q^XY^YXI BL DMAXB^IA@

Jy~`bxm~j~m|i oi|io5

Joo niamqmbfq q`joo hi djni j~ ~`i j{{xb{xmj~i oi|io mf jaabxnjfai sm~` ~`i

j{{omajhoi xicyoj~mbfq abfaixfmfc jy~`bxm~}& ]by dj} bfo} bhomcj~i j abd{jf} |mq$

$|mq b~`ixq ml }by `bon qya` q{iamjo jy~`bxm~}/ jfn }by dyq~ j~ joo ~mdiq gii{ sm~`mf

~`i omdm~q bl }byx jy~`bxm~}&

Dmaxb ^ia` q`joo `j|i cbbn mf~ixfjo abf~xboq ~`j~ ifqyxi ~`j~ ~`i cxby{#q cbjoq jfn

q~xj~icmiq jxi lyolmooin jfn abd{omin sm~`& Mf~ixfjo abf~xboq q`joo ifqyxi ~`j~ ~`i

hyqmfiqq {xbaiqqiq jxi j~ joo ~mdiq illmamif~ jfn ajxx} jf jaai{~jhoi oi|io bl xmqg/ ~`j~

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{`}qmajo jfn mf~jfcmhoi jqqi~q jxi qjlicyjxnin jfn y~momuin/ ~`j~ lmfjfamjo

mflbxdj~mbf mq abxxia~ jfn ~mdio}/ jfn ~`j~ ojsq/ xicyoj~mbfq jfn cymniomfiq jxi

lboobsin& Mf~ixfjo abf~xboq jxi ~`i xiq{bfqmhmom~} bl djfjcidif~/ hy~ ~`i mfnm|mnyjo

id{ob}iiq joqb q`jxi ~`mq xiq{bfqmhmom~}&

^`i} abf~jmf q{iamlma jfn {xja~majo xyoiq/ jfn qi~ ~`i q~jfnjxnq lbx `bs mfnm|mnyjo

id{ob}iiq q`byon abfnya~ hyqmfiqq s`if ljain sm~` abd{i~m~mbf jfn nidjfnq lbx

dii~mfc hyqmfiqq bheia~m|iq& Ljmoyxi ~b abd{o} sm~` ~`i Abniq bl Abfnya~ xiqyo~q mf

qjfa~mbfq qym~in ~b lm~ ~`i fj~yxi jfn ip~if~ bl yfjy~`bxmuin ja~mbfq& ^`i Abniq bl

Abfnya~ j{{o} ~b djfjcixq/ id{ob}iiq/ `mxin q~jll jfn jf}bfi ja~mfc bf hi`jol bl

Dmaxb ^ia` [jgmq~jf

Dmaxb ^ia`#q jaabyf~mfc q`joo ifqyxi ~`j~ joo ~xjfqja~mbfq jxi abxxia~o} xicmq~ixin mf

jaabxnjfai sm~` Fbxsicmjf ojs jfn cbbn jaabyf~mfc {xja~mai& ]by q`joo lboobs ~`i

cxby{#q xicyoj~mbfq abfaixfmfc ~`i xicmq~xj~mbf bl ~xjfqja~mbfq jfn {xb{ix

nbaydif~j~mbf jfn }by q`jxi j xiq{bfqmhmom~} lbx ifqyxmfc ~`j~ hyqmfiqq ~xjfqja~mbfq

jxi lyoo} jfn abxxia~o} xi{bx~in jfn nbaydif~in/ jfn mf jaabxnjfai sm~` j{{omajhoi

jaabyf~mfc {xja~maiq& ^`i jffyjo jaabyf~q jfn mf~ixmd jaabyf~q q`joo hi mf

jaabxnjfai sm~` ~`i ojs/ MLXQ jfn cbbn jaabyf~mfc {xja~mai&

LBXD BL ABDDYFMAJ^MBFQ YQIN H] ^@I

DJFJCIDIF^

[ib{oi jxi ifabyxjcin ~b abddyfmaj~i mflbxdjoo} j~ joo oi|ioq jfn mf~ix{ixqbfjo

xioj~mbfq`m{q jxi cxij~o} |joyin& Sxm~~if abddyfmaj~mbf mq qmd{oi jfn ~b ~`i {bmf~/

sm~` i|if {ixqbfjo fjdiq jhhxi|mj~in ~b mfm~mjoq ~b qj|i ~mdi& Lbxdjo

abddyfmaj~mbf mq joqb nbfi mf ~`i bxcjfmuj~mbf jdbfc nmllixif~ ni{jx~dif~q&

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Nmllixif~ ni{jx~dif~q bl Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in yqiq nmllixif~ nmxia~mbf bl

abddyfmaj~mbf lobs jq q~yn}mfc ni{jx~dif~q si ajf sioo jqqydi ~`j~ y{sjxn/

nbsfsjxn jfn nmjcbfjo abddyfmaj~mbf mq himfc nbfi jdbfc ~`i nmllixif~

ni{jx~dif~q bl Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in&

Cobhjo [ixq{ia~m|i5

Dmaxb ^ia` `jq niamnin ~b a`jfci sbxonsmni& S`}2 Hiajyqi byx ayq~bdixq `j|i

a`jfcin/ byx djxgi~q `j|i a`jfcin jfn ~`i sbxon `jq a`jfcin& Q~jfnmfc q~moo mq fb~

jf b{~mbf& ^`i ojq~ lml~iif }ijxq `j|i qiif j `yci cxbs~` mf qdjoo ~ia`fbobc} jfn m~j

yqiq jfn jf izyjoo} xj{mn i|boy~mbf bl ayq~bdix xizymxidif~q& Nyxmfc ~`i ojq~

niajni/ bf j cobhjo oi|io/ Dmaxb ^ia` `jq sm~fiqqin j djqqm|i cxbs~` mf

qyhqaxm{~mbfq/ mf~ifqi abd{i~m~m|i {xiqqyxi jfn jf i|ix mfaxijqmfc lbayq bf {xmai&

^bnj} byx ayq~bdixq fiinq |jx} nxjdj~majoo} jaabxnmfc ~b obajo djxgi~ abfnm~mbfq

`ifai ~`i fiin ~b a`jfci jobfc sm~` ~`id&

Jhby~ ly~yxi mf|iq~dif~ {ojf/ AIB Dmaxb ^ia` [jgmq~jf Dx& Fjydjf Qjiin qjmn

~`i abd{jf} sbyon mf|iq~ b|ix .: hmoombf mf [jgmq~jf b|ix ~`i fip~ lis }ijxq dbq~o}

mf ni|iob{mfc m~q mffb|j~mbf mflxjq~xya~yxi& ^`i {jagjci bllixin lbx ~`i obajo djxgi~

mq md{xiqqm|i jfn ~`xij~ifq ~b oml~ ~`i abd{i~m~bxq bf ~`imx ~biq& ^`i fj~mbfsmni ajoo

xj~i bl Xq 1&== mfaoyqm|i bl [^AO fi~sbxgq mq qbdi ~`mfc/ s`ma` sbyon y{qi~ ~`i

b~`ix aiooyojx abd{jfmiq& Omgismqi ~`i lxii qyhqaxm{~mbf bl C[XQ sbyon joqb axij~i

j axmqmq djfjcidif~ qm~yj~mbf lbx b~`ix {oj}ixq& J~ ~`i ~mdi s`if ~`i xif~jo |joyiq

lbx dbq~ ~`i {jagjciq bllixin h} b~`ix abd{jfmiq qionbd cb nbsf jq obs jq Xq 9;;

bx qb/ m~ bllixq omfi xif~ bl Xq :>=&

Dmaxb ^ia` `jq joo ~`i mfcxinmif~q mf m~q q~xj~ic} ~b ajyqi ~xidbxq mf ~`i [jgmq~jfm

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dbhmoi djxgi~& @bsi|ix/ m~ sbyon hi ~bb ijxo} ~b qj} jf}~`mfc jhby~ ~`i ly~yxi bl

~`i Dmaxb ^ia` mf [jgmq~jfm if|mxbfq& Sm~` qya` jf md{xiqqm|i ~xjag xiabxn bl

djxgi~ q`jxi jaaydyoj~mbf mq qdjoo ~mdi {ixmbn jdbfc ~`i idixcmfc Ijq~ Iyxb{ijf

djxgi~q/ [jgmq~jfm if|mxbfdif~ ajf {xb|i ~b hi j djcma sjfn lbx bfi `j|mfc

ip{ixmifai bl niajniq bx ajf hi j zymag qjfn lbx djf} fis {oj}ixq&

XIABDDJFNJ^MBFQ

Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in mq bfi bl ~`i hmcciq~ bxcjfmuj~mbfq mf [jgmq~jf jfn joqb ~`i

djxgi~ oijnix bl m~q {xbnya~q& Jo~`byc` m~ mq zym~i nmllmayo~ ~b qycciq~ qbdi~`mfc ~b

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qya` iq~jhomq`in bxcjfmuj~mbf hy~ ~`ixi mq josj}q j xbbd lbx md{xb|idif~&

Qycciq~mbfq lbx Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in hjqin bf ~`i jfjo}qmq jxi jq lboobsmfc5

Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in mq j |ix} hmc bxcjfmuj~mbf jfn `jq aif~xjomuin q~xya~yxi&

Jo~`byc` m~ `jq joobsin niaif~xjomuj~mbf mf aix~jmf ~xm|mjo dj~~ixq hy~ q~moo m~

lyfa~mbfq mf j `mc`o} hyxijyaxj~ma djffix jfn `ifai nmqabyxjcmfc

mffb|j~mbf& M~ mq xiabddifnin ~`j~ ~`i dj~~ix bl niaif~xjomuj~mbf dj} hi

obbgin mf~b&

Mf ajqi bl abfqydix {xbnya~q/ ~`i Abfqydix [xbnya~q Ni{jx~dif~ (A[N-

nbiq fb~ cm|i qyllmamif~ md{bx~jfai ~b {xb{ix dinmj djxgi~mfc& Abfaxi~i

q~i{q dj} hi ~jgif mf ~`mq xicjxn b~`ixsmqi ~`i} dmc`~ xinyai ~`imx djxgi~

q`jxi&

Jn|ix~mqmfc hynci~ q`byon joqb hi mfaxijqin& M~ qiidq ~`j~ jn|ix~mqmfc

q~xj~ic} lboobsin h} Dmaxb^ia` Omdm~in mq fb~ y{ ~b ~`i djxg& M~ mq

qycciq~in ~`j~ j djebx fj~mbf smni dyo~mdinmj jn|ix~mqmfc ajd{jmcf dj} hi

ojyfa`in&

J~ {xiqif~ ~`i bxcjfmuj~mbf jaai{~q ~`i bxnixq lxbd hmc ayq~bdixq& M~ mq

xiabddifnin ~`j~ ~`i bxnixq lxbd dinmyd qmui ayq~bdixq dj} joqb hi

if~ix~jmfin&

^`byc` ~`ixi ipmq~q j djxgi~mfc ni{jx~dif~ mf ~`i bxcjfmuj~mbf hy~ m~q

ja~m|m~miq jxi omdm~in/ jfn fiinq if`jfaidif~&

Djfjcidif~ q`byon axij~i jf j~dbq{`ixi bl abd{i~m~mbf jdbfc nmllixif~

ni{jx~dif~q&

Djfjcidif~ q`byon ~ioo ~`i id{ob}iiq jhby~ xizymxidif~q bl ~`imx

ayq~bdixq&

^`ixi q`byon hi jxxjfcidif~ lbx ~`i xiqmnifai bl sbxgix qb jq ~b j~~xja~ ~`iid{ob}iiq by~qmni ~`i Oj`bxi&

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