Valenzuela City Science High School

A. Marcelo St., Dalandanan, Valenzuela City

The Feasibility of Artocarpus Heterophyllus as a Main Component of

Homemade Glue

Submitted by:

Paulo Z. Belen

Jing Angelo G. Clet

John Daniel C. Go

Chester Kyle C. Santos

III- Dalton

Submitted to:

Mrs. Merlyn M. Gamboa

January 7, 2013

[ ] January 7, 2013

Chapter I | Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

Jackfruit (ArtocarpusHeterophyllus) an indigenous fruit tree is widely

distributed throughout many tropical countries, including PHILIPPINES both

cultivated and wild. This fruit contains a sap which has a component that is

identical to the white wood glue called latex. With this, we are encourage to use

this as an additive in making a glue for we know that the sap is extremely sticky

and therefore also utilized as an effective adhesive.

On the importance of glue, the function and value of this sticky stuff plays

a very important role in the school. The glue sticks things to other things or

something is stuck to other things especially in bonding thin materials, through

this, the object will likely to stay together and will not fall off and get lost.

We decided to use the sap of jackfruit because we wanted to make

organic glue. Almost all glue uses chemicals as their main component. Some

children that are using glue can affect the health of their users because of their

chemical components.

The component of the sap of the glue contains some chemicals that are

suitable for good quality homemade glue. It has component that is the same as

the white glue that we used to buy in the market or school supplies store

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Statement of the Problem

Main Problem:

This research aims to use sap of jackfruit as the main component of

homemade glue.

Specific Problem:

To get the extract of the jackfruit and the technics on making the actual

glue for better results.

Hypothesis

Operational:

The extracted sap of the jackfruit will be effective as a main component of

our homemade glue.

Null:

The extracted sap of the jackfruit is not effective as a main component of

homemade glue.

Objectives

General Objective

To be able to make an almost chemical free homemade glue.

Specific Objective

To provide an alternative organic component for a homemade glue.

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Significance of the Study

As we take a look on the components of a normal glue that we used to

buy in market or school supplies store, we can notice that there are some

chemicals involve in making the glue. These chemicals may affect the health of

their users. We decided to make use of a fruit that has a sap that contains the

same characteristics as the chemical found in the white glue which is what they

call “latex.” Luckily, we have this fruit in our country, jackfruit. It is widely known

for its delicious taste and its capability to manufacture other good products from

its parts. The sap of jackfruit contains latex which is also found in the chemical

used in making white glue.

Scope and Limitations

This research aims to test the feasibility of the sap of jackfruit as an

alternative component of the chemicals found in the white glue. The extracted

sap of jackfruit will be mix with the other necessary reagents in making white

glue. The estimate time for making this homemade glue is about 336 hours.

Definition of Terms

1. Jackfruit- The jackfruit (alternately jack tree, jakfruit, or sometimes

simply jack or jak; scientific name Artocarpus heterophyllus), is a

species of tree in the Artocarpusgenus of the mulberry family (Moraceae)

2. Sap- The watery fluid that circulates through a plant that has vascular

tissues. Sap moving up the xylem carries water and minerals, while sap

moving down the phloem carries water and food.

3. Latex-The colorless or milky sap of certain plants, such as the poinsettia

or milkweed, that coagulates on exposure to air or an emulsion of rubber

or plastic globules in water, used in paints, adhesives, and various

synthetic rubber products.

4. Glue- also known as adhesive, is a material, typically liquid or semi-liquid,

that adheres or bonds items together.

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Chapter II | Review of Related Literature

Jackfruit and Its Functions

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the most significant trees in

tropical home gardens and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the

important genus Artocarpus. It is a medium size evergreen tree typically reaching

8–25 m (26–82 ft) in height that is easily recognized by its fruit, the largest

among cultivated plants. The succulent, aromatic, and flavorful fruit is eaten fresh

or preserved in myriad ways.

The nutritious seeds are boiled or roasted and eaten like chestnuts, added

to flour for baking, or cooked in dishes. It is also known for its remarkable,

durable timber, which ages to an orange or red brown color. The leaves and fruit

waste provide valuable fodder for cattle, pigs, and goats. Many parts of the plant

including the bark, roots, leaves, and fruit are attributed with medicinal properties.

Wood chips yield a dye used to give the famous orange red color to the robes of

Buddhist priests.

The tree can provide many environmental services. It is highly wind

tolerant and therefore makes a good component in a windbreak or border

planting. Growing in pastures, it can provide fallen fruit for livestock, shade, and

long-term timber. In home gardens, the dense jackfruit canopy can provide a

visual screen and is very ornamental. Introduced to most Pacific islands after

European contact, the tree can be found throughout the Pacific, mainly in home

gardens, where it finds a place among other favorite multipurpose plants. It is

easy to grow and more adaptable than some of the other common Artocarpus

species such as breadfruit (A. altilis). It is not considered to be an invasive

species.

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Uses and Products of Jackfruit

Staple food

The pulp of the young fruit is cooked as a starchy food and has a

consistency resembling meat. The young fruit is also pickled or canned in brine

or curry.

Fruit

The ripe fruit is eaten fresh or is processed into numerous delicacies

including jam, jelly, and chutney. It also makes an excellent dried fruit or

preserved candy when combined with sugar or honey. The pulp is also used as a

flavoring in ice cream and drinks. Canned fruit is available in ethnic markets (e.g.,

Hawai‘i).

Nut/seed

The seeds must be cooked by boiling or roasting prior to eating. They are

an excellent addition to curries, or can be eaten freshly cooked or dried with salt

as a snack. The cooked and dried seeds are milled to a flourlike consistency and

added to bread dough.

Leaf vegetable

The tender young leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable.

Other vegetable

Young male flower spikes can be grated or smashed and eaten with salt

and vinegar as a vegetable, or pickled. They are also cooked and served as a

vegetable.

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Beverage/drink/tea

Aside from flavoring for beverages, the fruit can be fermented and distilled

to produce alcoholic liquor.

Medicinal

All parts of the tree are said to have medicinal properties. Morton (1987)

reports, “The Chinese consider jackfruit pulp and seeds tonic, cooling and

nutritious, and to be ‘useful in overcoming the influence of alcohol on the system’.

The seed starch is given to relieve biliousness and the roasted seeds are

regarded as aphrodisiac. The ash of jackfruit leaves, burned with corn and

coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers. The dried

latex yields artostenone, convertible to artosterone, a compound with marked

androgenic action (having male hormone activity). Mixed with vinegar, the latex

promotes healing of abscesses, snakebite and glandular swellings. The root is a

remedy for skin diseases and asthma. An extract of the root is taken in cases of

fever and diarrhea. The bark is made into poultices. Heated leaves are placed on

wounds. The wood has a sedative property; its pith is said to produce abortion.

Flavoring/spice

The ripe pulp, fresh, concentrated, or powdered, is made into flavoring for

ice cream and beverages.

Stimulant

The latex can be used as chewing gum.

Fuel wood

Branches and trunk are burned for fuel wood. Craft wood/tools. In the

province of Cebu, Philippines, the wood is highly prized for making guitars,

ukuleles, and other musical instruments.

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Resin/gum/glue/latex

The heated latex can be used as glue for mending chinaware and pottery

and as caulking for boats and buckets. The latex contains resins that may have

use in varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that of

papaya latex. Additionally, the sticky latex is used for trapping birds (birdlime)

and for insect traps.

Tannin/dye

There is 3.3% tannin in the bark. When boiled with alum, wood chips, or

sawdust, it yields a dye that is commonly used to give the characteristic color to

the robes of Buddhist priests and in dying silk.

Glue and Its Functions

An adhesive, also known as glue, is a material, typically liquid or semi-

liquid, that adheres or bonds items together. Adhesives come from either natural

or synthetic sources. The types of materials that can be bonded are vast but

adhesives are especially useful for bonding thin materials.

Adhesives cure (harden) by either evaporating a solvent or by chemical reactions

that occur between two or more constituents.

Adhesives are also very useful for joining thin or dissimilar materials,

minimizing weight, and providing a vibration-damping joint. A disadvantage of

most adhesives is that most do not form an instantaneous joint, unlike many

other joining processes, because the adhesive needs time to cure.

The earliest known date for a simple glue is 200,000 BC and for a

compound glue 70,000 BC.

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Types:

Drying adhesives

There are two types of adhesives that harden by drying: solvent based

adhesives and polymer dispersion adhesives, also known asemulsion adhesives.

Solvent based adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (typically polymers)

dissolved in a solvent. White glue, contact adhesives and rubber cements are

members of the drying adhesive family. As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive

hardens. Depending on the chemical composition of the adhesive, they will

adhere to different materials to greater or lesser degrees.

Pressure sensitive adhesives

Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) form a bond by the application of light

pressure to marry the adhesive with the adherend. They are designed with a

balance between flow and resistance to flow. The bond forms because the

adhesive is soft enough to flow (i.e. "wet") to the adherend. The bond has

strength because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow when stress is

applied to the bond. Once the adhesive and the adherend are in close proximity,

molecular interactions, such as van der Waals forces, become involved in the

bond, contributing significantly to its ultimate strength.

Contact adhesives

Contact adhesives are used in strong bonds with high shear-resistance

like laminates, such as bonding Formica to a wooden counter, and in footwear,

as in attaching outsoles to uppers.

Hot adhesives

Hot adhesives, also known as hot melt adhesives,

are thermoplastics applied in molten form (in the 65-180 °C range) which solidify

on cooling to form strong bonds between a wide ranges of materials.

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Multi-part adhesives

Multi-component adhesives harden by mixing two or more components

which chemically react. This reaction causes polymers to cross-link into acrylics,

urethanes, and epoxies.

One-part adhesives

One-part adhesives harden via a chemical reaction with an external energy

source, such as radiation, heat, and moisture.

Natural adhesives

Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable

matter, starch (dextrin), natural resins or from animals e.g. casein or animal glue.

They are often referred to as bioadhesives. One example is a simple paste made

by cooking flour in water. Animal glues are traditionally used in bookbinding,

wood joining, and many other areas but now are largely replaced by synthetic

glues. Casein is mainly used to adhere glass bottle labels. Starch based

adhesives are used in corrugated board production and paper sack production,

paper tube winding, and wall paper adhesives. Masonite, wood hardboard, was

bonded using natural lignin, (although most modern MDF particle boards use

synthetic thermosetting resins). Another form of natural adhesive is

blood albumen (made from protein component of blood), which is used in

the plywood industry. Animal glue remains the preferred glue of the luthier.

Casein based glues are made by precipitating casein from milk protein using

the acetic acid from vinegar. This forms curds, which are neutralized with abase,

such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), to cause them to unclamp and

become a thicker plastic-like substance.

Synthetic adhesives

Synthetic adhesives are based on elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions,

and thermosets. Examples of thermosetting adhesives

are:epoxy, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate and acrylic polymers. See also post-it

notes. The first commercially produced synthetic adhesive was Karlsons klister in

the 1920s.

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Chapter III | Methodology

A. Variables

Independent Variables

1. Amount of extracted sap of jackfruit

2. Amount of other reagents

Dependent Variables

1. The time it will take the glue to be effective

B. Materials

Materials Quantity

Jackfruit extract 3 tablespoon

Flour 1 cup

Water 1 ½ cup

Sugar 1/3 cup

Vinegar 1 teaspoon

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C. Procedures.

1. In a saucepan mix 1 cup of flour with 1/3 cup of sugar.

2. Add half of the water required and mix into a thick paste without clumps.

3. Pour in the rest of the water and combine till the paste is smooth.

4. Add three tablespoon of jackfruit extract into the mixture.

5. Pour one teaspoon of vinegar and put on medium heat until the mixture starts to thicken.

6. Cool and transfer to jar or an airtight plastic container.

Chapter IV | Result, Discussion and Conclusion

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No. of Trial Stickiness

( Ranges from 1 to 10 )

No.1 5

No. 2 6

No. 3 8

This table shows that the stickiness of our home made glue increases in

every trial that we performed. The first trial is not so successful because of

its low level of stickiness. On the second trial, the stickiness of our home

made glue quite increased. And on the last trial, we are satisfied with the

results that we got but it still lacks on quality if you compare it with the high

standards white glue that we often choose as our adhesive on school

projects and works.

A. Results and Discussion

After three trials of the experiment, we are quite satisfied with our

outcomes. It is first time for all of us to make home made glue by ourselves so

we didn’t expect this research to be so successful. In every trial, the stickiness of

our home made glue increases. The variable that we controlled in three trials was

how long we will cook the glue. The third trial was the most successful because

its quality is almost similar to the normal “Elmer’s glue” that we commonly use.

One of the problems that we encountered after we had finished the

experiment was the unpleasant odour coming from our home made glue. It

smells like rotten jackfruit. Another was the presentation of the glue was not so

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well. There are over cooked part of our glue and it is not actually coloured white.

For me, it is quite “dirty white.” But if we are talking about the effectiveness of the

glue, we are satisfied with the results that we got.

B. Conclusion

Based on the results that we got after the experiment that took almost two

weeks, we found that the extracted sap of Artocarpus Heterophyllus is quite

effective as an alternative component for our home made glue. It reached the

standard level of stickiness for normal white glue that we used to buy in the

market or school supplies store.

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Chapter V | Recommendation

After concluding the research, the researchers would like to recommend

that:

The experiment needs more extract from jackfruit in order to reach

satisfying effectiveness of the glue.

The experiment needs to have another component that the main

purpose is to neutralize the odor of the sap of the jackfruit because it is

not so pleasant.

The experiment needs some reagent in order to make the glue more

viscous.

The glue needs to be whiter because it is quite not pleasant on sight

and it looks so messy and not well presented. This may affect the

users on choosing this product because of its presentation.

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Documentation

.

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References

Websites:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit

http://science.yourdictionary.com/sap

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/latex

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive

http://agroforestry.net/tti/A.heterophyllus-jackfruit.pdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14356007.a01_221.pub3/

abstract;jsessionid=E221A6F6B33494EBA5809E60425789B8.d03t01

http://www.gluguru.com/About%20Bonding.htm

http://www.thistothat.com/glue/contact.shtml

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700998/

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