Final final review part three

• The blood vessels and nerves of the skin are located in this layer

• What is the hypodermis?

• This procedure is used to cover traumatically damaged skin

• What is skin grafting?

• The growth layer of the epidermis

• The basal or germinative layer (stratum germinativum)

• The dead and shedding layer of the skin

• The corny layer or stratum corneum

• These provide the oil of your skin

• Sebaceous glands

These structures cool your skin down and you’ll need to bathe from them

• Sudoriferous glands

• This cranial nerve dilates and constricts the arteries of your skin

• The vagus nerve (carries sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers along this cranial nerve all over the body) Makes you blush, gives you HBP, and helps you digest food when you are relaxed

• Five senses associated with the skin

• Hot, cold, light touch, deep presssure, and vibration

• The pigment of your skin is this and it darkens in sunlight (tans)

• Melanin

• This vitamin is stored in the skin because it is activated by sunlight

• Vitamin D for strong bones; it makes calcium stay in your bones and teeth

• Why babies sometimes get sunlamps

• Their underdeveloped livers at birth cause the accumulation of a chemical called bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown when RBC’s die. This is called jaundice and sunlight breaks the yellow bilirubin down so its not yellow

• A cyanotic baby might be due to this event

• Their foramen ovale remaining open so venous and arterial blood are mixing across the atrial septum detouring the lungs.

• From now on you know a blister is known as __________if its small and __________if its large

• Vesicle=small blister while a bleb or bulla=large blister

• Athlete’s foot is caused by _________while warts and cold sores are caused by _______

• Fungi vs. virus’

• A bacterial infection usually in children in day care centers

• Impetigo (caused by strep!)

• The fear associated with young people having a streptococcus infection

• What is heart damage associated with strep causing rheumatic fever!!!!!

• Pruritic, maculopapular, scaly, non contagious, usually on knees and elbows

• psoriasis

• Flat topped lesion

• Papule (nipple like)

• Good news from a biopsy of a skin cancer

• Basal cell CA (low risk of metastasis, as long as you don’t ignore it)

• Three ways to kill a fungus

• Dryness (baby powder). It is a plant, after all. Sunlight kills this plant however but could you really sit under a sunlamp where you have a fungus?

• These explain why your hair gets oily

• Sebaceous glands empty their sebum (oil) into your skin

• Five ways to treat acne

• Wash face and hair at least daily• Use benzoyl peroxide (astringent) to dry the oils in

your skin• Rx for antibiotics (they can be infected pustles

sometimes)• Grown up (teenage hormones increase sebum

production therefore, zits!)• Never pop a zit for it will reappear as an icepick scar as

you age and your skin stretches them open• Avoid certain foods like chocolate (yeah, right) and

iodine containing shellfish and fried foods

• Your vagus nerve has sympathetic fibers that constrict the arteries of your body. What is the effect of this on your blood pressure?

• Hypertension; you knew that; sympathetic nervous system constricts vessels and gives you tachycardia to “fight or flight” response

• Patients who are amelonotic used to be called this

• Albino (no sun protection, can’t tan; no skin pigment)

• A freckle is an example of this

• A macule

• When a pustule erupts, the lesion is described as this

• Having a “crust”

• The solution severe burn victims must be bathed for months in to keep their remaining dermis/hypodermis alive

• What is “saline” or 0.9% sterile sodium chloride solution (the same as your body fluids) and also at your temperature (98.6)

• Where one’s pleasure centers are located in the brain and are probably associated with addictions

• Hypothalamus of the diencephalon

• Only this type of CVA responds to TPA

• Ischemic type

• A craniotomy is in order for this CVA

• Hemorrhagic CVA

• You are paralyzed on one size of the body only

• Bell’s palsy

• hemiplegia

• Complete loss of muscle function on one side of your face is this disease

• Bell’s palsy (facial branch of the trigeminal nerve)

• Mainly males, paralysis, death by 20

• Muscular dystrophy

• Females mainly and demyelenating, might be terminal

• Multiple sclerosis

• The police test this part of your brain if they suspect you are not in control of your vehicle

• Cerebellum

• If the sutures of the cranium aren’t open in a neonate, this condition might ensue

• Microcephaly (tiny headed ) baby will probably have brain growth damage (CP)

• The EKG shows erratic, static like brain waves; what is the patient experiencing?

• Epileptic seizure

• Fixed, non moving spasm

• tetanic

• Reciprocating spasm

• clonic

• Single, jerk of a muscle

• A tic or twitch

• Wormlike waves of of spastic contractions

• athetosis

• Chick pox rewakened

• Shingles

• Partial, possibly temporary paralysis

• paresis

• Permanent malfunction of muscles due to brain damage

• Cerebral palsy

• Childhood schizophrenia

• autism

• Cortisone steroids are the universal treatment for this group of disorders

• Autoimmune diseases

• Three side effects of cortisone

• High blood pressure due to water retention• Elevated blood sugar levels (beware of

diabetics)• Easier to get infected due to

immunosuppressive effect• Slow to heal wounds for the same reason

• Drug to alleviate water retention

• diuretic

• Drug to make you throw up

• emetic

• Drug to make you poop

• laxative

• Drug to kill the pain

• analgesic

• Drug to numb the pain

• anesthetic

• Drug to kill bacterial life forms

• antibiotic

• Drug to reduce clotting

• Blood thinner (ASA or plavix)

• Drug to stop excessive pooping

• Anti-diarrheal

• The minimun portion of brain needed to have vital signs

• The medulla oblongata

• Joins the right and left hemispheres together

• The corpus callosum

• The line on the brain surface that separates the temporal and frontal lobes

• Sylvian fissure

• Where most medications interrupt neural transmission and thereby are beneficial

• By blocking up the receptor sites of the dendrites so neurotransmitters don’t cause things like acid stomach and allergic reactions (prilosec and claritin)

• The elbow

• The olecranon

• The socket of the hip

• The acetabulum

• Traumatic cervical sprain

• whiplash

• Why a shot of penicillin won’t help your meningitis

• Blood brain barrier

• These accelerate the conduction of impulses along myelinated nerves

• The nodes of ranvier

• In systole (the ventricles are contracting) these valves are open and these are closed

• The semilunar valves must be open to allow the exiting blood to go out the aorta and pulmonary artery. The AV (bicuspid and mitral Valves) must be closed or blood will regurgitate back up to the atria and you’re dead!

• For an arrhythmia you might need this type of care

• Surgical implantation of an electronic pacemaker to prevent you from missing any beats and either fainting or dying

• The part of the circulatory system in which blood must be flowing the slowest

• What is the capillary? Millions of them and they don’t have any blood pressure left so oxygen can diffuse gently across the thin capillary lining

• Name five pulses in your body

• Carotid (in the neck to supply the brain)• Brachial (in the upper arms) you use for taking

blood pressures• Radial pulse (wrist artery from the brachial for

taking your pulse)• Femoral ( in the groin) supplies the legs and is

used for heart catheterizations)• Aortic pulse (you doctor palpates in your belly

to determine if you have an aneurysm)

• If a heart attack causes your P wave to disappear, where was the heart attack?

• In the atrium because the P wave is from your atria contracting

• If the atrium on the right is contracted, what might your heart rate now be?

• Bradycardiac due to possible loss of the SA node. Now the AV node takes over and it only causes 40-60 bpm

• Your QRS wave is gone on your EKG; where was your heart attack?

• The ventricles; good heart rate but poor blood pressure since the powerful ventricle can’t push blood very well if they died

• Plasma that’s left alone

• serum

• Too many white blood cells due to cancer of the bone marrow but they have no antibodies so victims very susceptible to infections and have no room in their blood for RBCs so they can’t breathe and are cyanotic

• Leukemia! Need RBC transfusions, oxygen tanks, lots of antibiotics, sterile environment,

• Marrow transplants!!! Please donate blood to keep them alive

• To make up for the fact that veins don’t have a lot of blood pressure to move their blood, nature gave them this added feature to move the blood along better

• Valves!

• Two clotting factors you must have in your thrombocytes

• Prothrombin and fibrinogen

• Four methods of treating phlebitis

• Blood thinners (ASA), elevation, compression, exercise

• Three effects of histamine

• Vasodilation of arteries (therefore, erythema of the skin; you look pink and fluids seep out of your blood giving you swollen, runny mucous nasal membranes) and chest congestion, and the warmth of your blood is easily released from the dilated vessels so you feel warm and shiver as a result of the loss of heat.

• Four signs of inflammation

• Edema, hyperthermia, dolor (pain), erythema

• And if an allergic inflammation, add on pruritis (itching)

• Four types of anemia

• Iron deficiency (usually girls and vegetarians who don’t eat spinach)

• Sickle cell (flattened RBCS, African heritage, cells clump causing CVA’s and Mis in teens under physical stress

• Pernicious anemia (in the elderly due to inability to absorb Vit B12 in the stomach from age and RBCs don’t mature

• Aplastic anemia; carcinoma of the marrow(fatal)

• Stretched artery vs. a narrowed artery; name both

• Aneurysm vs. stenosis (often a stenosis of arteriosclerosis is distal to a developing aneurysm

• The motion you do when you take a bow

• Flex the hip

• You are dancing the twist, at the waist/ What plane are you twisting in?

• The transverse

• You’re dancing en pointe. What position is your ankle in?

• Flexed (bringing two ventral surfaces together and they are in the back in the lower leg)

• The only artery with venous blood

• Pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, to the lungs

• Two acids causing the “burn” when muscles exercise

• Lactic from carbohydrate metabolism and carbonic from CO2 buildup from burning O2

• The site of protein manufacture in the cell and the site of carbohydrate manufacture

• Endoplasmic reticulum for proteins and Golgi apparatus for carbohydrates

• The stages of mitosis

• PMAT

• The chemical we store energy in from mitochondrial activity

• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

• Four ways to treat hypertension yourself

• Lose weight• Stop eating salt (retains water, increases your

blood volume)• Relax (do yoga, meditate)• Exercise• Eat low fat foods and don’t fry food, steam it

or grill it• Fresh fruits and vegetables

• Cells with antibodies

• Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

• What has to happen for clotting to start

• You must break a thrombocyte to release clotting factors for the clotting sequence to start

• A new infection would show up on your CBC as this

• Elevated neutrophiles

• A piece of a thrombus

• An embolus

• The type of wound a scraped knee is

• An abrasion

• A punctured thorax can cause this condition

• Atelectasis (a collapsed lung due to pneumothorax (air in the thorax) or hemothorax (blood in the thorax). Need a chest tube to suck either out so the lung can inflate

• THE END (WHEW!)