FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Methods

• Oral History/ Storytelling– Criticized • Dependent on memory• Storyteller has different purposes for story

Iroquoian

• Family of North American Indian languages of the eastern part of Canada and the US– Includes Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,

Seneca, Huron etc

People of The Plains

• Resided in the Interior Plains• Depended on bison for food and shelter– Often ate “pemmican” • Dried bison meat

– Teepee has their main form of housing– Sun Dance was main festival• Festival was about bravery• Festival of “fasting” and dancing

– No drink or water

Plateau People

• Resided in present day area of BC• Semi nomadic• Lived in “pit houses”• Salmon was important source of food• Wore mocasins

Northwest Coast Indians

• Present day Oregon to Alaska Coast• Lived in “Big Houses”• Arts very important to culture– Totem poles used for their oral history

Theories

• Beringia– Refers to the land bridge of ice– Joined present day Alaska and Siberia

• DNA Theory• Coastal Route Theory

Contact

• Archaeological Evidence– St Brendan

• series of stories, no physical evidence

– Vikings• First recorded visited

– Vinland

– John Cabot (1487)– Jacques Cartier (1534)

• Coined the term Canada

– Champlain• Known as the “father of New France”

Contact

• Europeans views of Native peoples– Uncivilized and savage– Uneducated– dirty

• Native views of Europeans– strange

Beothuk

• Aboriginal of Newfoundland• Formed relationships with European

fishermen• Extinct– Reduced availability of resources to maintain

cultural practices• Much of what we know comes from

Shawnadithit

Company of 100 Associates

• Chartered by French government to capitalize on N.A free trade

• Fur trading company

Missionaries

• Jesuits– Lived among the “Huron”– Aimed to civilize and save– Catholic

• Ursuline Nuns– Marie Martin• Became Marie de l’Incarnation• Believed it was her destiny to convert “Natives”• Established convents for girls

New France

• Government Structure– King– Governor

• Top official in New France

– Intendant• Jean Talon• Did day to day work of government

– Responsible for finance and justice

– Bishop• Had task of organizing Catholic Church’s work in New

France

New France

• Divine Right of Kings– Political doctrine of New France– Monarch is not subject to any earthly authority• Only subject to the will of God

New France• Terms/ Concepts– Carignan-Salieres

• French soldiers who stayed in New France after military service over

• Defend against Native attacks

– Coureurs des bois• Traders who left the colony to trade directly with trappers

– Seigneurs• Men who had won King’s favour• Rewarded with land

– Farm families (habitants) settled on seignurie (10km x 5km land)

– Fille du Roi• Single women imported to New France

Fall of New France

• 7 Years War– Led to the end of France’s colonies in N.A.

• Pontiac– Led American Indian struggle against British

military occupation of Great Lakes region– After 7 Years War– Wanted to drive colonials out of region

Immigration

• Immigration after Fall of New France– Mainly Ireland– Caused the spread of cholera epidemic in early

1800s– Gross Ille• Thousands of Irish immigrants with Cholera will

quarantined here, many will die.

War of 1812

• Causes– British not surrendering Western forts– Kidnapping of American soldiers– Impressment

• Loyalists• Black Loyalists– Mainly settled in Nova Scotia

1837 Rebellions

• Family Compact and Chateau clique dominated Upper/Lower Canadian politics

• Reformers on both sides, after being ignored politically, turned to violence to try to push their point.

• Both rebellions will end in failure and defeat, though they will cause Britain to revisit their system of rule in the Canadas.

Durham Report

• Three main points to remember:– Unite the Two Canadas to ensure an English

Majority.– Assimilate the French into the dominant English

culture. (This one won’t happen)– Give Canada responsible government so that they

can start to rule themselves as they see fit.

Confederation

• John A. MacDonald– “I shall live and die a British subject”

• Conferences led to agreement– London (1864)

• Maritime Union

– Quebec• Led to terms of union and 72 resolution

– Charlottetown• Constitution Act (1867) or BNA Act

– Gave government power to enact Indian Act, 1876• Statute concerning what is status and non status Indian and creation of

reserves

Confederation

– Fathers of Confederation• Sir John A MacDonald• Georges Cartier• Georges Brown• Joseph Howe

– Important to note that Confederation had a long history in coming together, but it also had a substantial impact in creating divisions• French/ English• Regional

LOUIS RIEL

• The Louis Riel affair was one of the more controversial issues that PM Sir John A MacDonald had to deal with.

• MacDonald had to figure out what to do with Riel after NW Rebellion. He had to be concerned about French and English influences and the impact of Riel’s actions themselves.

Red River Rebellion

• Led by Metis– Mixed French and Aboriginal– Spoke a language which combined Cree/ French

• Led to creation of “provisional government” – Louis Riel leader

• Ordered Thomas Scott to be hanged• Riel Exiled• Elected to government 3 times while in exile

– Manitoba• 1870• Postage stamp province• Promise of amnesty for rebellion leaders

North West Rebellion• Metis have mostly moved away from Manitoba to Saskatchewan• Same issues they faced in Manitoba• Cree leaders join them in facing down the English settlers/NWMP• Gabriel Dumont Brings Riel back from exile• Rebellion is eventually beaten at Batoche by the NWMP, largely

thanks to new technology and the fact that the new railway allows them to deploy and resupply much quicker than before.

• Riel is arrested and eventually hanged for treason. Dumont, Poundmaker, & Big Bear will eventually be pardoned and allowed to live out the rest of their lives.

Manitoba Schools Question

• Laurier– Large issue in 1896 election campaign– Eliminated funding for French language Catholic

Schools

Boer War

• Laurier asked to send support for British in South African war with Boers

• French Canadians not supportive• Compromise– Send a group of 1000 Canadian volunteers

Last Best West

• Laurier asked Minister of Interior Clifford Sifton to attract immigrants to Western Canada– Ads promoting: • Opportunity• religious tolerance• free land• Political freedom

Last Best West

• “Desirable Immigrants”– Europe

• “Undesirable Immigrants”– Asian countries– Head tax used to discourage Chinese immigrants

Alaska Boundary Dispute

• Americans were infringing on important territory– Britain favoured the U.S. in the dispute

1911 Election

• Reciprocity Agreement– Free trade proposal with United States

World War I

• Ross Rifle– Produced and used by Canadian forces– ineffective

• War Measure Act– Suppress rights of “enemy aliens” during time of war

• Vimy Ridge is Canada’s most important battle– Signified Canada evolving to independent nation

• Conscription issue and Borden– French Canadians felt their rights not being respected– British war?

Winnipeg General Strike

• Civic workers wanted wage increase• Led to strike led by the “one big union”– Combination of all unions in Winnipeg together– Focus moved from wages to right to strike

Residential Schools

– Est. as far back as 1840s by the government– Policy of assimilation for Native peoples only– Compulsory attendance stopped in 1948

Stock Market Crash

• 1929• Causes – High debt and credit– Overproduction– Farmer debt– Environmental conditions (contributed)

Relief Camps

• Government solution for unemployment– Hard labour camps for men– Federal projects– Low pay– Meaningless work– On To Ottawa Trek organized because of poor

conditions• Stopped in Regina by RCMP

– Regina Riot

World War II

– One of the major issues is the Conscription Crisis. – Mackenzie King is known for being tied his pledge

“Conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription.”• Delay tactic done because he did not want to anger

French Canadians who believed it was an imperial war. • Eventually, he finds ways to get around the pledge to

bring more support to the war effort.

UNITED STATES, BRITAIN and WWII• United States and Britain had inherited the role of protectors of

democracy prior to WWII.• Britain had a major challenge fighting the war against Germany in

WWII– Manpower– Concern about the strength of Germany– Sought appeasement policies

• The United States was very hesitant about joining WWII against Germany. They were called an “isolationalist” state- wanted to stay out of international affairs.

• US was able to do this for the most part, and only joined the war effort after the bombing of Pearl Harbour (because of alliance system.

Late 20th Century

• Baby Boom• Massive rise in birth rates post war leads to a huge new

generation• Gouzenko Affair– A Russian embassy worker defects to Canada, revealing the

huge number of Soviet Spies in Canada and the US. The Cold War spy war begins.

• Diefenbaker– Defines Canada’s role in the cold war by staying as a

“Middle Power” and generally trying to calm tensions rather than just following the US everywhere,

Korean War

• Canada Joins NATO in the Korean war, backing the US and South Korea against the North and China.

• We only end up playing a small support role, though we do see some combat

• We will not, however, follow the Americans into Vietnam, as by the 60’s our role as “Middle Power” is firmly established. – We will accept American “Draft Dodgers” however,

further worsening our ties to the US

Avro Arrow

• Best fighter jet in the world in 1959, developed by AV-RO in Canada.

• The projects costs get too high, and new missile technology made fighter planes less useful, the government cancels their order, scrapping the plane.

• Most of the engineers and technicians will be picked up by the US, weakening our aeronautics industry.

October Crisis

• October 1970, the FLQ, a Quebecois terrorist group fighting for the independence of Quebec, kidnap James Cross, the British trade commissioner, and Pierre Laporte, the Minister of Labour.

• PM Trudeau will pass the war measures act to try to find the two kidnapped men/stop any more violence.

• Laporte will be killed by the Chenier cell, Cross will be released.

• The violent actions of the FLQ actually turn public opinion against them, and the idea of Quebec independence partially dies down until the 1980 referendum.

Terry Fox

• A young man who gained fame through his attempt to run across Canada, after losing a leg to cancer, to spread awareness and raise funds for the cause.

• While he died before completing his run, he did raise a great deal of Cancer awareness, which was mostly ignored at the time, and the charity that bears his name has raised Millions for Cancer research since his death.

Air India Attack

• Air India Flight 182 Montreal-Delhi, was destroyed by a bomb planted by a Sikh terrorist cell as reprisals against the Indian government.

• It was the largest mass killing in Canadian history, killing 329 people.

• The attack caused Canada to heavily review its intelligence gathering process, as the attack could have been stopped.

Oka Crisis

• The Town of Oka in Qc attempted to expand a golf course onto native land.

• The Mohawks at Kanasetake start an armed protest against the developers, and the Canadian army is called in.

• After weeks and a few firefights, the Native land claim is found to be legitimate.

1995 Referendum

• Quebec, in a second attempt at separating from Canada, holds a referendum.

• The vote was frighteningly close, with 49.42% of Quebecers voting to separate from Canada.

• This created a large amount of tension between English and French Canadians, but it also caused a lot of political changes.

• Quebec was given more political autonomy after the referendum and many Quebecois today no longer feel the same desire for autonomy as their forebears.