filipino heritage
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Filipino Heritage Language Learners Problems
(Reading,Writing, Speaking)
Markers
Cases
Focus
Aspects (conjugation of verbs)
Linkers
Word order
Affixation
Pronunciation & Spelling
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I get confused over which linker
I should use.
---Heritage Language Learner
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Markers
CASE
MARKERSPROPER NAME COMMON NOUN
singular plural singular plural
Nominative
si sina ang ang mga
Genetive
The chicken of
the woman
(post)
ni nina ng ng mga
Dative
The womanschicken
(pre)
kay kina sa sa mga
Benefactive
(for)
para kay para kina para sa para sa mga
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Some Characteristics of the Language
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1. The word order is as follows:
PREDICATE MARKER
(NM)/GM
DOER MARKER
(GM)/
(NM)
OBJECT/
SUBJECT
AF Nagluto ang babae ng manok.
cooked woman chicken.
OF Niluto ng babae ang manok.
cooked by woman chicken.
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2. Filipino has 7 Focuses or Subjects all
preceded byNominative Markers (NM)
Actor Focus (AF)
Object Focus (OF)
Benefactive (BF)
Locative FOCUS (LF)
Directional Focus (DF)
Causative Focus (CF)
Instrumental Focus (IF)
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FOCUS PREDICATE NM SUBJECT GM OBJECT/DOER
BM
(for)
BENEFICIARY
AF Naglutocooked
ang babaewoman
ng manokchicken
para safor
bata.child
OF Nilutowas cooked
ang manokchicken
ngby
babaewoman
para safor
bata.*child.
BF Ipinaglutocooked for
ang batachild
ngby
babae.
LF Pinaglutuanthe place where
cooking took place
ang kalderopot
ngby
babae.
DF Pinuntahanwent to
ang Vons ngby
babae
CF Ikinatuwamade happy (was
the cause of
happiness)
ang paglulutong babaeWomans
cooking
ngof
bata.
IF Ipinambili
was used to buy
ang pera
money
ng
by
babae.
*The
*The referred word order is Niluto n babae an manok.
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ANGVS.NG
The Uses of ANG
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PREDICATE NM SUBJECT
Nagluto ang babae.
cooked. (The) woman
ANGis used to mark the subject/topic/focus
of the sentence
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ANGis used in an identificational sentence to
indicate definiteness.
NM DOER DEFINITE
MARKER
VERB
Ang babae ang nagluto.
(It wasthe) woman (who) cooked.
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PSEUDO
VERB
DOER NM SUBJECT
Gusto ngbata ang baboy.
Like by child (in general) pork.
ANG is used to denote in general in a
like/dislike sentence.
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VERB+Paki SOFTENERPARTICLE
NM OBJECT/SUBJECT
Pakiabot nga ang manok.
Please pass (the) chicken.
ANG is used in formal writing. In conversation, it
is replaced by yung, conversational form of thedemonstrative pronoun iyon meaning yonder, far from
both listener and speaker.
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The Uses ofNG
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NG is used to mark the Direct Object.
PREDICATE SUBJECT/
DOER
GM DIRECT
OBJECT
Nagluto angbabae ng manok.
cooked (The) woman chicken.
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NGis used to denote possession.
PREDICATE DOER SUBJECT GM OWNER
Niluto ng babae ang
manok
ng lalake.
was cooked by(the)
woman.
(The)
chicken
of man
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PREDICATE GM DOER SUBJECT
Niluto ng babae angmanok.
was cooked by woman (The)
chicken.
NGmarks the DOER of passive verbs.
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PSEUDO
VERB
DOER GM OBJECT
Gusto ngbabae ng manok.
Likes (d) by woman (specifically) chicken.
NG is used to denote specifically in
a like/dislike sentence.
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In a request sentence indicated bypaki,ANG and
NGare interchangeable:
VERB SOFTENER
PARTICLE
MARKER SUBJECT/
OBJECT
Pakiabot nga ang manok.
Please pass (the) chicken.
Pakiabot nga ng manok.
Please pass chicken.
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Why the Difficulty?
L1 interferes with the learning of target language.
There are NO MARKERS in English There are no FOCUSES in English according to one
student. ANG, the subject marker is mistaken for THE, which
in English would be the same article in front of the DIRECT
OBJECT. E.g. Mary cooked the chicken. Possessives are not used as DOERS in English
The word order does not change but the markers do, i.e.
PREDICATE DOER OBJECT
Nagluto ang babae ng manok.
Niluto ng babae ang manok.
As noted in the previous examples, bothANGandNG haveseveral uses and sometimes they are interchangeable.
HL have fossilized notions of the language as opposed to FL
who are tabula rasa.
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Misuse of MarkersProvokes Laughter Discouraging Heritage Language Learners
FOCUS`
PREDICATE NM SUBJECT GM NOUN
AF Nagluto ang babae ng manok.
cooked woman chicken.
OF Niluto ang manok ng babae.*was cooked chicken by woman
I f the markers are interchanged:
AF Nagluto ang manok ng babae.
cooked (The) chicken. womanOF Niluto ang babae ng manok.
was cooked (The) woman by chicken.
*The preferred WORD ORDER is Niluto ng babae ang manok.
Cooked by woman (the) chicken.
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Affixes
Compound the problem because there are severalaffixes used just to make a word an ACTOR FOCUS
verb. Um-, mag-, ma-, magpa-, mang-, makapag-,maki-, maka-, magka-, mapa-
There are more affixes used for the passive verbsbecause this is the normal way of speaking in ourlanguage, with the predicate before the subject.
T Ill t t
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Nagluto angbabae. The woman cooked.
Nagpaluto angbabae. The woman asked someone to cook.
Nakiluto angbabae.The woman cooked in someone elses kitchen.
Papaglutuin angbabae. Make the woman cook.
Nakapagluto angbabae. The woman was able to cook.
Nakaluto angbabae. The woman was able to cook..
Pakiluto angbabae. Please cook the woman.Naluto angbabae. The woman was cooked.
Napaluto angbabae. The woman cooked accidentally.
Ipaluto angbabae. Ask someone to cook the woman.
Ipinagluto angbabae. Someone cooked for the woman.
Ipangluto angbabae. Use the woman for cooking.
Palutuin angbabae. Ask the woman to cook.
Lutuin angbabae. Cook the woman
Iluto angbabae. Cook the woman.
To Illustrate:
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Remedy
Constant repetition and correction
Immersion
Worksheets on these structures
More practice in 4 modalities
Student has to take charge of her/his own
learning; the teacher facilitates and guides
lwng
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References:
Aspillera, Paraluman S. Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and Non-
Tagalogs. (Boston, Rutland, Vermont, Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing),
1993.
Ramos, Teresita V. Conversational Tagalog, A Functional-
Situational Approach. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), 1985.
__________& Maria Lourdes S. Bautista. Handbook of Tagalog
Verbs Inflections, Modes, and Aspects. (UH), 1986.
Santiago, Alfonso O. at Norma G. Tiangco. Makabagong Balarilang
Filipino. (Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store), 1991.