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Ancient World WorksheetHIS/341 Version 3

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University of Phoenix Material

Ancient World Worksheet

Complete the matrix section and the question section on the worksheet for each week. For each culture, identify the starting and ending dates of the culture, the structure of government, the role of the city government, and type of law created by the culture. Describe how the culture viewed the relationship between gods

and people, and how it defined citizenship. List the major events the culture experienced.

The purpose of the matrix is to help you summarize what you have learned in this course. Keep it brief and organized. Write short phrases or bullets to summarize your ideas in the matrix ranging from 50 to 105 words for each weekly section. Use footnotes for longer comments when necessary.

Weekdue

Culture Dates Structure of government and the role of the city

government

Type of law Relationship between gods and

people

Citizenship Major events

Week 1 Sumerian 3100 B.C.-2000

B.C

Principally a bureaucracy; based

on monarchy.

Ur Nammu's Code

Saw the gods as acting in

response to or according to

human action or with human

characteristics

n/a Cuneiform Writing,

Intensive agriculture

and irrigation,

overthrown by Hittites,

Hittite 1600 to1200

B.C.

Constitutional monarchy.( The king was supreme ruler,

military commander,

Hittite Law The gods were the masters and

men their

n/a two of the most

famous events in

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judicial authority and high priest.)

slaves. antiquity: the sacking

of the legendary

city

Babylonian 1792-1750 B.C

Monarchy. Code of Hammurabi

The Babylonians hadmany gods.

Some of these were Sumerian, some

Acadian and other later groups and

some imported from the mountainous

regions to the north and east of

Mesopotamia.

n/a The Battle of Carchemish

(famous battle for world

supremacy where

Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon

defeated Pharaoh Nacho of

Egypt, 605 BC.), The

Accession to the Throne of Nebuchadnezz

ar II, the Chaldean, and The Capture of

Jerusalem

Egyptian 1900 BC Heavilycentralized,dominated

following the codes based

on the concept of

To please the gods and to ensure a safe

and successful journey to the

n/a 3100 BC 3100-2950: The First

and second



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by a single man Ma'at afterlife. The Egyptian has many spells, prayers and many practices to

follow.

dynasties ruled Egypt and began

using hieroglyphics. The Old kingdom (the

3rd-8th Dynasties) - The Great

Pyramids of Egypt were

built at Dasher and Giza and revered as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient

WorldHebraicearliest examples of written Hebrew date fr

om the 10th

Hebraic 1200-586 BC

Monarchy The laws of Moses and the Hebrews, Ten

commandments.

Different relationship between

god and man that occur in scripture.

n/a The exodus, the ten

plagues, parting of the



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And it often calls these summaries. "Covenants" with

respect to covenants between god and

man in scripture, we may give the

following definition: a covenant is an unchangeable,

divinely imposed legal agreement between god and

man that stipulates the condition their

relationship.

red sea, Abraham

introduces the idea of

monotheism, ten

commandments.



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Week 2 Athenian 1300 BC Democracy The supreme court was made up of archons

(which translate to ruler or chief magistrate) for the Athens they also had another

legislative composed of 400 to debate laws before

having people vote on them.

They had an polytheistic system and a belief in many

different gods.

n/a Their one misstep was

the invasion of Sicily in 415 that brought

down the Athenians.

Spartan 800 BC Spartan's had two king and five executives the council

had 30 and a general assembly which had only

male citizens.

Oligarchy Polytheistic system and they also

believed in many different gods.

n/a Winning of the Peloponne Sian war.

Ionia 1000 BC Around the 7th and 6th BC, lonian cities

experienced big political power which was used to

be in the hand of landowning aristocracy and gradually moved to

the merchant class.

Democracy Polytheistic system and they also

believed in many different gods. But they later focused more on Roman

beliefs.

n/a Their organized

united fleet and also in 494 BC the

Persian Navy when they met

he Ionian which at Lade, which became



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on the most important sea

battles in history.

Week 3 Hellenistic Greek 338-336 BC

The government systems of ancient Greece were

varied as the Greeks searched for the answers

to such fundamental questions as who should rule and how? Should

sovereignty (kyrion) lie in the rule of law (nomoi),

the constitution (politea), officials, or the citizens?

Not settling on a definitive answer to these questions,

government in the ancient Greek world,

therefore, took extraordinarily diverse

forms and, across different city-states and

over many centuries, political power could rest in the hands of a single individual, an elite or in

every male citizen: democracy - widely

regarded as the Greeks' greatest contribution

One was the existence of a multiplicity of

city-states (poleis), each of which possessed

and administered its own set of laws.

The second element was the

fact that in many, if not most, of the poleis (one

certain exception was

Sparta) the laws were laid down

in written statutes, some of

them being elaborate and more or less

complete codes setting forth procedural

methods and

the Greeks believe that the gods control

all aspects of life, they sacrifice food and drinks to the

gods.

n/a 336 B.C., Alexander the Great became the leader of

the Greek kingdom of Macedonia.


https://www.ancient.eu/greece/

https://www.ancient.eu/city/

https://www.ancient.eu/greek/

https://www.ancient.eu/law/


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to civilization. substantive rules for the

administration of justice.

Hellenistic Near Eastern

334-323 BC

loyalty was not based on city state or king.

Democracy The various systems of beliefs and

practices of the people who lived

under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period

and the Roman Empire. There was much continuity in Hellenistic religion:

the Greek gods continued to be

worshipped, and the same rights were

practiced as before.

n/a in 31 BC with the conquest

of the last Hellenistic kingdom by Rome, the

Lagid kingdom of

Egypt. For the Asian part,

when the last Indo-Greek

kingdom was conquered by Indo-Sakas.

Hellenistic Egyptian 332 BC The government was a theocratic monarchy as the

king ruled by a mandate from the gods, initially

was seen as an intermediary between human beings and the

divine, and was supposed

Egyptian legal tradition, Ma’at

is the central concept.

Variously translated as ‘order,’ and ‘justice,’ it’s

Egyptian religion was a combination

of beliefs and practices which, in

the modern day, would include

magic, mythology, science, medicine,

n/aAfter the Late Period, Ancient Egypt was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.


https://www.ancient.eu/civilization/


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to represent the gods' will through the laws passed and policies approved.

true meaning is closer to

‘harmony,’ which justice

perforce hopes to achieve.

psychiatry, spiritualism,

herbology, as well as the modern

understanding of 'religion' as belief in

a higher power. Religion played a

part in every aspect of the lives of the ancient Egyptians.

During this time, Greek culture was at the peak of its influence throughout Asia and Europe. It was also considered a time of cultural decline in comparison to Classical Greece.

Hellenistic Jewish 1500 BC Usually composed of some combination of

tribal federation, monarchy, a priestly

theocracy, and rule by prophets. Political

organization during the Rabbinic and Medieval

generally involved semi-autonomous rule by

Jewish councils and courts (with council membership often composed purely of rabbis) that would govern the community and act as

Biblical judges lead the

people

Judaism affirms the existence and

uniqueness of God, and stresses

performance of deeds or

commandments alongside adherence

to a strict belief system. In contrast to traditions such as Christianity which

demand a more explicit

identification of

n/a Significant academic

debate exists around the character of the Kingdom

of Judah. Little

archaeological evidence of an

extensive, powerful

Kingdom of Judah before the has been


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_judges

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_judges


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representatives to secular authorities outside the

Jewish community.

God, faith in Judaism requires one

to honor God through a constant

struggle with God's.

found.

Week 4 Early Roman 753 BC The Roman Kingdom, also referred to as

the Roman monarchy, or the regal period of ancient

Rome, was the earliest period of Roman history,

when the city and its territory were ruled by

kings.

Qualified to pronounce legal judgment in all

cases as the chief justice of Rome. Though he could assign pontiffs to act as minor judges in some cases, he had supreme

authority in all cases brought

before him, both civil and

criminal. This made the king

supreme in times of both

war and peace.

The Romans usually treated their

traditional narratives as historical, even when these have

miraculous or supernatural

elements. The stories are often concerned

with politics and morality, and how an individual's personal integrity relates to

his or her responsibility to the

community or Roman state.

Heroism was an important theme. When the stories illuminate Roman religious practices,

they are more concerned with

ritual, augury, and institutions than with

theology or

n/a 753 BC - The city of Rome is founded.509 BC - Rome becomes a republic.218 BC - Hannibal invades Italy.73 BC - Spartacus the gladiator leads the slaves in an uprising.45 BC - Julius Caesar becomes the first dictator of Rome.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome


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cosmogony.

The Roman Republic 509 BC The Romans established a form of government — a

republic.

Roman law is the legal system

of ancient Rome, including

the legal developments

spanning over a thousand years

of jurisprudence, ordered by

Eastern Roman Emperor

Justinian I. Roman law

forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely

used.

Judaism and Christianity, while

posing separate threats to the empire,

had one thing in common - they both refused to participate in the worship of the

Roman gods and make sacrifices at

their temples

n/a 31 BC Battle of Actium:

Forces loyal to Augustus defeated

Antony and his lover

Cleopatra, queen of

Egypt, in a naval battle

near Actium.30 BC Final

War of the Roman

Republic: Antony's

forces defected to

Augustus. He committed

suicide.

The Augustan Empire 63 BC rome went from being a republic to being an empire, that Roman emperors kept the

Republic alive in the Roman Empire, and see

Constitutional reforms of

Augustus. The Constitutional

reforms of Augustus were a

Romans variously regarded as a form

of atheism and novel superstition.

Ultimately, Roman polytheism was

n/a 13 B.C. Agrippa becomes

virtual co-emperor, then

goes to



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how Augustus helped establish this system.

series of laws that were

enacted by the Roman Emperor

Augustus between 30 BC

and 2 BC, which transformed the Constitution of

the Roman Republic into

the Constitution of the Roman

Empire. The era that began when Augustus (then named Imp).

brought to an end with the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of

the empire.

Pannonia where he

becomes ill.12 B.C.

Agrippa dies.

The late Empire27 BC

The constitution of the Dominate ultimately

recognized monarchy as the true source of power,

in which emperor and Senate governed the

empire together.

The constitution of the Roman Empire was an unwritten set of guidelines and

principles passed down,

mainly through precedent,

which defined the manner in which the late Roman Empire

The Rise of Christianity. Though the early Christians

were persecuted under some

emperors, such as Nero and Diocletian,

the religion continued to thrive

and grow, eventually becoming the

official religion of the Roman Empire

n/a 753 BC - The city of Rome is founded.509 BC - Rome becomes a republic.218 BC - Hannibal invades Italy.73 BC - Spartacus the



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was governed. As a matter of

historical convention, the

late Roman Empire emerged from the early

Roman Empire, with the

accession of Diocletian, his reign marking

the beginning of the Dominate.

under Constantine. gladiator leads the slaves in an uprising.45 BC - Julius Caesar becomes the first dictator of Rome.



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Weekdue

Questions AnswersRefer to your matrix to answer the following questions in 90 to 260 words each.

Week 1 Explain why Mesopotamia developed city-states while Egypt

developed a national state.

There are several key factors of why the Mesopotamia development city-states instead of national states. The top five factors that made them use city-states are advanced cities, specialized workers, complex

institutions, record keeping and advanced technology. Eventually the later people who lived in the region of the world build upon the innovations of Sumerian civilization would be apart of this transition by 3000BC the Sumerians had build a number of cities, each surrounded by fields of barley and wheat

however this cities shared the same culture, they developed their own gorvenment, each with its own rulers and each city and the surrounding land controlled formed a city-state. A city-state functioned much

as a independent country does today.

Egypt developed a national state due to the unification of the upper and the lower states. Because nation state is a political unit consisting of an autonomous state inhabited predominantly by a people sharing a

common culture, history and language which made it easier for them to rule.

Summarize the different attitudes toward law in the Near East and Egypt. Use your readings from

Hammurabi and Hittite law codes in your answer. Is there some reason we

have no surviving law code from Egypt? Why or why not?

In the peace the kings of Mesopotamia were supposed to be upholders of justice and the protectors of the week and poor against the rich and powerful. The code of Hammurabi reveals a society with a system of strict justice. Hammurabi’s collection provides considerable insight into many aspects of everyday life

and affords us a priceless glimpse of the values of this early society. The Hittite law codes were originally in development of international law. The Hittite greatly modified the system of law they inherited from the old Babylonian’s. The most extensive literature that the Hittite have left us is, in fact, decrees and laws, These laws were far more merciful than the laws of the old Babylonian’s. perhaps because the Hittite were less concerned about maintaining a rigid, despotic central authority. In Egypt, there is no

book of laws from ancient Egypt have been found court records show that Egyptian law was usually based on a common-sense approach. In fact Egyptian law encouraged reaching agreements to resolve conflicts

rather than sticking to a complicated set of laws. The Egyptians believe that if they obey the rules and behave properly they would be treated fairly. It was everyone’s job to help report crimes and not to do so

was a crime. Criminals guilty of doing something wrong or illegal would be punished. Punishment depended on what sort of crime was done. It’s believed that the Egyptian law was at least codified.



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I feel the reason why Egypt did not have surviving laws was because the laws are believed to be least codified. The Egyptians basically need to follow the codes based on the concept of ma’at. Ma’at

represented truth, order, balance and justice in the universe. This concept allowed that everyone, with the exception of slaves, should be viewed as equals under the law, regardless of wealth of social positions.

The Egyptians laws were pretty much on common sense and due to this approach I feel that there was no need in having the laws written down. As long as you followed the laws of Ma’at, there would be no

criminal act against on or punishment.

Week 2 How did the Athenian Amphictyony differ from the Delian League? How

did the Athenian Amphictyony differ from the earlier Near Eastern empires? How did Greek city-states

evolve into the Greek empire?

An amphictyony is a small group of communities that center themselves in a shrine. The Athenian amphictyony if different from the Delian league because the Delian league is the modern name for the Athenian alliance. This alliance or league was made up of 12 colonies or city-states that did not center itself in a shrine. The delian league was formed to be the best defense against the best offense, just in a case Persia decided to bring another war. Each alliance or empire consisted of small city-states but in

order for something to become in empire it must span miles and contain several city-state. The Greek city-states were formed into the Greek empire by colonizing several communities with small groups of people

moving into lands and forming other city-states.

How did Greek cities determine the law?

The Greek cities determined the law by the people who settled in the city-states. If an Athenian settled into the city-state how would still be considered an Athenian and use the Athenian law. If people from Sparta settled into the new land then this city-state would then follow the Spartan law. This is how to

Greek cities determined law.

Week 3 How were the Hellenistic cities founded in the Near East different

from classical Greek cities?

In the Hellenistic period, Greek and Near Eastern traditions came into closer contact than before, increasing the cohabitation of Greeks and non-Greeks. The empire contained high civilizations with their

own ancient histories: Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Phoenicians, Jews, and half-Hellenized states in Asia Minor. Everywhere in antiquity, agriculture was the main means of subsistence. Agricultural

conditions, however, varied greatly. Industrial production was linked to agriculture, and many items including textiles, were produced at home. Some regions developed specialties: Phoenicia was famous for purple dyes, glass, and ships, and Babylonia for woolen and linen textiles, salt, and bitumen. As a result of the empire's urbanization policies, many Macedonians and Greeks emigrated to the east; new cities were

founded, often on more or less vacant territories.



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The main thing to keep in mind with the Hellenistic is a drastic expansion of trade and commerce. There was, certainly, more to the Hellenistic than simple economic development, but that aspect colors and contextualizes everything. The wealthy grew richer (allowing them to patronize new forms of art and

literature), craft grew more specialized, technology advanced, the use of coinage increased, trade routes formed and developed, the very nature of cityscape changed.

Somewhat interestingly, something of a loser in this process is Greece itself. This isn't to say there was economic contraction, far from it. But the focus of "Hellenistic" grew far beyond the borders of the

Balkan peninsula. The big losers were the traditional pan-Hellenic shrines.

With both local citizenship and city of origin reduced in political

importance, how did the Hellenistic Greeks come to define Greek?

During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic

Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. Cities such as Pergamon, Ephesus, Rhodes and Seleucia were also important, and increasing urbanization of the Eastern Mediterranean was characteristic of the time.After Alexander's death, Athens had been defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war and its port in

the Piraeus housed a Macedonian garrison. To counter the power of Macedon under Cassander, Athens courted alliances with other Hellenistic rulers such as Antigonus I Monophthalmus, and in 307 Antigonus sent his son Demetrius to capture the city. After Demetrius captured Macedon, Athens became allied with

Ptolemaic Egypt in an effort to gain its independence from Demetrius, and with Ptolemaic troops they managed to rebel and defeat Macedon in 287, though the Piraeus remained garrisoned. Athens fought

more unsuccessful wars against Macedon with Ptolemaic aid such as the Chremonidean War. The Ptolemaic kingdom was now the city's main ally, supporting it with troops, monies and material in

multiple conflicts. Athens rewarded the Ptolemaic Kingdom in 224/223 BC by naming the 13th phyle Ptolemais and establishing a religious cult called the Ptolemaia. Hellenistic Athens also saw

the rise of New Comedy and the Hellenistic schools of philosophy such as Stoicism and Epicureanism. By the turn of the century, the Attalids in Pergamon became patrons and protectors of Athens as the

Ptolemaic empire weakened.

Week 5 Government and religion worked together throughout the ancient world. How did this cooperation manifest itself differently in the

Many ancient cultures worked hard at establishing as much dissimilarity from neighbors as could be mustered.

So, like humans, they sought diversity and individualistic traits. However, rulers were often deemed part of the deity and/or prophet/priest.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attalid_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureanism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Comedy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chremonidean_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamian_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipater

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization


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major cultures? This would mean any royal ruling would be the word of the god of the people or at the very least have the power of the local deity behind it.

Thus if one was the target of a particularly profound judgment they would have been shunned by virtually all the other members of their tribe/community/clan/nation.

Compare the understanding and role of law in Babylonia (Hammurabi), Athens, and Rome. How do they

differ in approach and application?

There are many similarities and differences between the ancient Babylonians, the Athenian Greeks and the Romans in terms of law/government, military and religion. When examining "The Code of

Hammurabi"(Babylonian), "The Funeral Oration of Pericles"(Greek) and "The Constitution of Roma by the Greek Polybius"(Roman) many contrasting aspects were found in law/government and military.

Similarities in religion were found in all three of these cultures. All of these things affected these cultures, some in similar and some in different way.

The Greeks originally had an Oligarchy form of government. This means that it was rules by very few people. The Romans had a Republic and the Babylonians stood alone with a Monarch. Most of the

Greek rules were selected to rule because of their wealth. Many didn't like the ways of the Oligarchy, so it soon changed to a democracy. Greece was the first democracy in the history of the world. The Romans elected their officials and did not give its citizens as much say in state matters as the Greeks did. Greece used branches of government to represent its citizens and the Romans use these branches to represent the different levels of its society. The Romans had three divisions of government: the consuls, the senate, and the people. The consul’s power dealt with preparation for war and the general conduct of the military. The senate had a very important job, seeing over the treasury. The people had the job of delegating awards and

punishments. The people also have authority to confirm or reject issues concerning war and peace. The Babylonians used a political structure that was an absolute Monarch. The king was the head and under

him were a group of governors and administrators.


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