M~MENT OF PHOSPHORUS THE ANDEAN COUNTRIES OF TROPICAL

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~:~"""i'IIIo ' ~ -

~1~'4+ COlECClON HISTOMICA

1 F O C

IN LATIN AMERI~

L.A.LEON y

W.E. FENSTER

Narch 1979

INTERNATIONAL FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT CENTER

C 1 A T CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL

/

MANAGEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS IN

THE ANOEAN COUNTRIES OF TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA

L.A. LEON an4 V.E. FENSTER

A B S T R A C T

One of the major problems in crop production, in the Andepts,

Oxisols and Ultisols of tropical Latín America, is the extremely

low levels of avaílable phosphorus. In addition, these soils gen­

erally have a high phosphorus fixation capacity so substantial

amounts of fertilizer phosphorus must be added to satisfy both the

plant and the soil requirements. Because of these constraints,

along with the relatively high unit cost of phosphorus fertilizers,

alternative methods of managing phosphorus for crops must be

considered.

This paper considers several economical methods of improving

crop production while still satisfying the phosphorus requirements

of the plants. These include: 1) Determining rates and placernent

of phosphorus fertilizers to increase its efficiency, both initially

and residual1y, and 2) Use of cheaper, less soluble forms of phos­

phorus such as phosphate rock, partially acidulated phosphate rock,

and granulated mixtures of phosphate rock with more soluble forms'

of phosphorus such as single- and triple superphosphate.

Members of the In~ernational Fertil izar Oevelopmcnt Centre, Phosphorus Project, stationed at CIAT. 5011 Fertility and Soil Chemistry Specialists, respectively.

MANAGEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE ANDEAN COUNTRIES OF TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA

L.A. LEON and W.E. FENSTER

The acid soils of tropical Latin America (pH < 5.5) present problems of

management that, in general, have inhibited the development of an economically

successful agriculture in the areas where they occur. These problems are pri­

marily aluminum and manganese toxicity, and low availability of nutrients such

as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, sulphur, boron, calcium, and magnesium

(fig. 1). In addition to the extremely low levels of available phosphorus

(tab1e 1) these soi15 generally contain relatively high amounts of "reactive

iran and aluminum that combine with available phosphorus, forming compounds in

whicn the phosphorus is either unavai1able or on1y slightly available to plants.

This problem of phosphorus fixation is undoubtedly one of the most important

in the acid soils of Latín America (fig. 2) and is, in part at least, respon­

sible for the lack of agricultural development of large zones of arable lands

that are nat being effectively utilized at the present time.

Accarding to Sánchez and Uehara ( 14 l, acid soils that fix large amounts

of phosphorus are generally medium to fine textured, and high in oxides and hy­

droxides of iron and aluminum. There are several great groups of soils that

present a very high phosphorus fixing capacity. These are primarily the:

orders, Oxisols and Ultisols; sub-order, Andepts; and sorne rhodic or oxic

lnceptisols and Alfisols.

Although it is not possible to identify in detail the areas where these

high phosphorus fixing soils are predominant, figure 3 and table 2 give a gen­

eral idea of the magnitude and lacatlon af these sons in Latin America (n,14).

Members of the International phorus Project, stationed at CIAT. ists, respectively.

Fertilízer Development Centre, IFDC, Phos­Soi1 Chemistry and Soi1 Fertility Special-

- 2-

Oxisols and Ultisols occupy by far the largest areas and represent about 65%

of tropical South America. Although the Andepts do not occupy large areas in

the tropics (2.3%) as compared to the Oxisols and Ultisols, they are of great

importance because they are located in the main areas of production of crops

such as wheat, barley, corn and potatoes. It is also of interest to note that

in the "Andept" areas a high percentage of the population of the Andean countries

is settled.

Crop Responses to Phosphorus

erop responses to phosphorus in the Andean countries have been reported

mainly from the intermediate to high altitude regions and also in the lowlands

dominated by Oxi501s and U1tisols. Research conducted in several of the coun­

tries in tropical Latin America verifies that phosphorus is one of the most

limiting elements for the development of plants growing in Andept5, Oxisols

and Ultisols (13). In order to increase the concentration of available phos­

phorus in these 50i15, high amounts of phosphate fertilizers must be added

(fig. 2).

In Colombia, for example, it is necessary to add substantial amounts of

phosphatic fertilizers in order to obtain economically sound yields of crops

such as·wheat, corn, pota toes and vegetables on Andosols, which are predominant

in the Andean mountain ranges ( 6 l. For most row crops the optimal phosphorus

recommendation is about 100 kg P205/ha, and for pota toes and other vegetable

crops the recommended rate is about 300 kg P20S/ha.

In the Eastern Plains of Colombia, where most of the soils are Oxisols

or oxic Inceptisols, it is also necessary to add considerable amounts of phos­

phorus (50-100 kg P20~ha) in arder to get good yields of cotton, cowpeas~ rice,

and corn ( 1). Similar rates are needed in the establishment of improved pas­

tures in this area ( 15).

- 3-

In sorne other regions of Colombia where Alfisols, Entiso1s, and Inceptiso1s

predominate, it is a1so common to find phosphorus responses to rice, tomato,

cacao, and cassava of 40, 50 75, and 90 kg P20S/ha, respective1y ( 7 ).

In the "Sierra" of Ecuador (Andean region) potatoes, corn, and wheat res­

ponded markedly to phosphorus app1ications, and the reported economic optimums

were in the neighborhood of 240, 180 and 150 kg P20s/ha, respeetívely ( 8 ).

In Perú, Valverde (16) indicates that 70% of the soils of the coasta1

regions are 101\' to medium in avai1ab1e phosphorus, and 80 to 90% of the soils

of the "Sierra" regions are 1011' in this nutrient. Experiments conducted in the

Andean zone of Perú have shown that the use of phosphorus increases yields of

potatoes, from 55 to 220%, and those of wheat from 27 to more than 1000% ( 5 ).

In the Amazon Jung1e of Perú where the U1ti501s are predominant, re5earch by

North Carolina State University ( 10) indicates that the most promising combi­

natíon for the establishment of Panicum maximum is 2 ton of lime/ha and 25-50 kg

P20S/ha/yr. The highest economic yie1d of corn I\'as rea1ized with about 50 kg

P20S/ha.

In the Cerrado of Brazi1 N.C.S.U. also condueted phosphorus management

studies with corno On these Oxiso1s the resu1ts of their 10ng-term experiment

showed that 160 kg P 205/ha was the most promi si ng treatment for the fi rst erop

of corn. After four continuous crops, the best economic rate of return was

obtained with 320 kg P20S/ha broadcast initia1ly and 80 kg P20S/ha banded for

each of the fol1owing crops (10 ).

In Venezuela, on the Ultiso15 of the "Sabanas", the highest yie1ds for

peanuts and beans were obtained with o~e ton of lime and 80 kg P20S/ha (12 ).

In Bolivia, research indicates that wheat yields can be increased from

0.9 to 2.3 ton/ha using 60 kg P205/ha ( 11). Similar1y, potatoes yie1ds were

increased by 250% using 70 kg P20S/ha ( 11). Cotton, one of the most important

4 -

crops in the Santa Cruz area, requires approximately 75 kg P205/ha to produce

economically acceptable yields (11 j.

Also in Bolivia, a general survey by the International Soil Testing and

Soil Fertility Project of N.C.S.U. (11 ) indicates that 50% of the soils in the

Altiplano region are low in phosphorus, and the other 50% are medium. In the

Montaña and Santa Cruz areas the available phosphorus varies among different

regi ons but genera lly 60 to 30% of them are 1 ow. These genera 1 fi gures show

the ma~r,itude of the phosphorus problem in Bolivia and the similarity to the

situation in other countries, with regard to phosphorus.

It can be seen from the5e examples that the success of agricultural pro­

duc··on in the Latin American tropics is highly dependent on fertilizer phos­

phorus. In addition to the afore mentioned 50il constraints the "on-farm" unit

cost of phosphorus is extremely high due to the high acid and transportation

costs.

Management of Phosphorus in Tropical Latin America

In order to determine a sound, economic phosphorus management strategy

for crops grown on the acid, infertile 501 1S of tropical Latin America, several

factors must be taken into consideration:

1.- determining rates and placement of phosphorus fertilizer to increase its

efficiency, both initially and residually;

2.- use of cheaper, less soluble forms of phosphorus such as phosphate rock

(PR), partially acidulated PR, and granulated mixtures of PR with more

sOluble forms of phosphorus.

Other factors are also important, but they will not be discussed in this papero

These would include:

1.- the use of soi1 amendments to enhance the availability of soi1 applied P; and

2.- the se1ection of plant species that will tolerate relatively low levels

5 -

of available soil phosphorus.

Current Research Being Conducted

In order to study the strategies presented aboye, to date the IFOC/CIAT

Phosphorus Project has initiated field experiments in three regioos of Colombia

and one in the Amazon Jungle of Perú. In addition many screening trials with

various phosphorus carriers are also being conducted in greenhouse trials.

Some of the results obtained to date are presented.

Rate~ of Phosphoru_~.

Several experiments have been conducted with a number of crops to deter­

mine the phosphorus rates necessary to maximize production. Although some of

these experiments have included several phosphorus carriers. only triple super­

phosphate (TSP) will be discussed in this section.

Howeler and León ( 4) established an experiment on a phosphorus deficient

Popayán Typic Dystrandept, in Colombia with field beans, using levels of P205 ranging from O to 2200 kg/ha applied before the first planting. The objective

of this study was to determine the levels of phosphorus necessary from both

an initial and residual standpoint. The yield results of three crops of beans

are shown in figure 4. The first harvest showed a good yield response up to

800 kg P205/ha and the second and third crops up to 400 kg P20S/ha. lt would

appear that 400 to 500 kg P2üs/ha should be recommended if on1y one phosphorus

app1ication is made. Since the yield of the third harvest was quite low it

seems reasonable that these high al10phane containing soils were fixing large

amounts of the applied phosphorus. Thus, the best phosphorus management strat­

egy is probably either to apply less soluble forms of phosphorus initially, or

to apply the sOluble forms on an annua1 basis.

In another study Hammond and León ( 3 ) established an experiment on a

Carimagua Oxisol in Colombia with Brachiaria decumbens using rates of 25, 50,

- 6-

100 and 400 kg <P20S/ha as TSP. Figure 5 shows the response of this grass to

different levels of phosphorus. Over a two and one-half year period 8 cuttings

have been taken and no statistical differences in yields were noted between the

50 and 400 kg P205/ha treatments. This experiment is also showing good residual

effect of the soluble phosphorus that was applied initially. Fertilization

after the first year, with the sarne levels of phosphorus, as a maintenance ap­

olication would appear reasonable only for the 25 kq P205/ha treatment, where

the yield increase '1las more than four ton/ha. It is not reasonable to use an­

nual applications of 50 kg P20S/ha or more because yield increases due to these

treatments are only of the order of two ton/ha, which would not pay for the ad­

ditional cost of the fertilizer and its application.

Although the phosphorus fixation capacity of these Oxisols is appreciable

it is not as high, for example, as in the case of the Andepts. This in part

explains perhaps why the forage grass yielded so well at lower phosphorus rates

as compared to the previously mentioned field beans. Also, the Brachiaria

decumbens can probably scavenge from phosphorus sources that are less avail-

able, than can the field bean.

From these two examples one can conclude that there is, in general, a

good initial plant response to soluble forms of added phosphorus in both the

Andepts and Oxiso1s. The residual effect, h0\1ever, depends upon both the mine­

ralogical and chemica1 characterístics of the soi1 as well as the test crop

itself .

.Pl-ª~emenL ofl'hosphorus.

In the Andepts of Latín America phosphorus ferti1ization of row crops like

corn, potatoes, wheat and beans is general1y by row app1ication at p1anting time.

Numerous experiments have been conducted in order to elucidate which method of

application ís the best for the different crops ( 7 ).

- 7-

Howeler and León ( 3 ) conducted an experiment on a Typie Dystrandept

near Popayán, Colombia, with varying phosphorus rates, sources and methods of

application. Three phosphorus fertilizers: TSP, basic slag, and Huila PR from

Colombia were applied in a triangle eonfiguration as shown in figure 6. The

triangle base simulated broadcast applicationj the tip, band applicationj and

the intermediate seetion, strip application. Phosphorus was applied at rates

of 75, 150 and 300 kg P205/ha. Figure 6 also shows the response to the differ­

ent methods of application for the three phosphorus 1evels and sources. Yields

were sigr.ificant1y better when TSP was band-applied, rather than when broadcast

or strip app1ied, especial1y at the rate of 300 kg P205/ha. The 75 kg P205/ha

banded TSP app1ication was as effective as 300 broadcast. The efficiency of

the TSP was increased by reducing phosphorus fíxation through minimizíng soi1-

fertí1izer contacto The method of application did not effect the efficiency of

basic slag. but that of PR was slightly higher when broadcast and incorporated.

A second crop was reseeded in the same rows as the first without disturb­

ing the original phosphorus treatments. Figure 7 shows the average response

for both the initial and residual effect. A1though banding TSP was beneficial

for the first planting, it was not any more effective than other methods of ap­

plication for the second.

In tropical Latin America phosphorus fertilization of pastures has gener­

ally followed the classical approach of broadcast and incorporation of super­

phosphate during establishment, followed by periodic top dressings. Recent1y,

however, some research has been initiated by Fenster and León to ascertain the

effect of phosphorus carriers, rates and placement on pasture establishment and

maintenance in Quilichao, Colombia. Basal levels of O te 400 kg P205/ha as

Pesca PR were broadcast and incorporated after which TSP treatments were súper­

imposed either as a topdress, band, broadcast-incorporated, or stripped appli­

cation. Results of the first two cuttings of Brachiaria decumbens are presented

- 8-

in Figure 8.

When the Pesca PR was not applied. the highest yields were realized with

100 kg P20S/ha of TSP broadcast and incorporated. In this instance broadcast

and incorporation of the TSP was superior to other methods of application. When

a basal treatment of 100 kg P20S/ha as PR was broadcast and incorporated. how­

ever. there was no difference in yield due to method of application of TSP.

Vield increases due to phosphorus levels. however, were evident. For the es­

tablishr2nt of §rachiaria decumbens, it apparently is not necessary to apply

more than 50 kg P205/ha as TSP if there is a basal application of at least 100 kg

P205/ha as PRo These results are in agreement with other experiments by Sánchez,

Le6n and Ayarza ( 4 ) in the establishment of other grasses such as Panicum

maximum and Andropogon gayanus.

Visual observations in these and other similar experiments on the low phos­

phorus supplying soils, would indicate that when only banded phosphorus is ap­

plíed, root growth is somewhat restricted to the band area, thus making plants

more susceptible to drought, even during short periods when it does not rain.

This situation is common in many of these Oxisols and U1tisols because of the

stable sand-5ized aggregates at the surface.

More research is needed to ascertain the merits of phosphorus placement

in pasture and annua1 crop production in these types of 50i1s. In the case of

annua1 crops, long-term experiments by Yost et al. (10 ) with corn at the Cerrado

Center in Brazil, indicate that a combination of broadcast plus band placed

phosphorus is a1so the most promising strategy.

Use of Cheaper, Less Soluble Forms of Phosphorus.

The use of PR as a source of phosphorus for pasture production appears

both economically and agronomical1y attractive, due to its residual value and

lower unit cost of phosphorus. A number of forage production experiments ha ve

- 9-

been conducted in tropical Latin America using direct application of PR, Recent

works in Brazil, Perú and Colombia have shown very encouraging results (1,3,4,10).

In 1976 a long-term field experiment was established by Hammond and León

on a Carimagua Oxisol in Colombia, with Brachiaria decumbens, comparing six PR

sources with TSP at phosphorus rates ranging from O to 400 kg PZ05/ha. Figure 9

shows the total dry matter of eight cuttings over a two and one-half year periodo

Only at the first harvest was TSP superior to PR sources. Thereafter a11 PRs

increased their effectiveness with time and in most instances had surpassed the

yields of comparable TSP treatments by the third harvest. After eight cuttings

it would appear that 50 to 100 kg P205/ha are adequate for near maximum produc­

tion of Brachiaria decumbens., regardless of the phosphorus carrier used.

Similar results were obtained by Hammond and León using common beans (four)

harvests) on a Popayán Typic Oystrandept, and cassava (three harvests) on a

Carimagua Oxisol respectively,(3, 4).

Use of Partially AciduJated and Mini-Granulated PR

From the experiments discussed previously, it is apparent that many of

the PRs, although they perform well with time, are initially inferior to the

more soluble phosphorus sources. The works of McLean and ¡.jheeler ( 9 ) would

indicate that partially acidulating these PRs to levels of from 10 to 20% could

overcome this problem. The partially acidulated PR would provide a soluble

source of phosphorus initially while still maintaining the desirable character­

istics of low cost and residual value of the PRo In this area of research in

Latín America, sorne research with beans by Howeler (2 ) has shown very encour­

aging results.

In general PR must be finely groÍJnd in order for it to be effectív~. This

creates certain problems since the product is usually quite dusty and hard to

spread evenly on the field. With this in mind, a field experiment was estab­

lished to determine both the effect of partí al acidulation and granule size

of both high and low reactivity PRs, on yield of peanuts and rice on a

- 10 -

Carimagua Oxisol. The granules were made by taking finely ground PR, partially

acidulating it with H2504, and granulating with a 3.3% KCl binder. Two particle.

sizes were used: powdered (- 200 mesh) and minigranules (-48+140 mesh). For

the first crop of peanuts, figure 10 illustrates quite clearly that the mini­

granules are just as effective as the powdered materials at the two rates of

application.

Partial acidulation with H2504, however, did not show any improvement in

yield when compared with the Florida and North Carolina PRs. Research conducted

at the Fertilizer Technology Division of IFDC showed that partial acidulation

with H2504 and subsequent drying of the granules produced a material that was

almost completely covered by a thin layer of insoluble anhydrous or hemidydrate

CaS04 that either occluded release of the phosphorus or physically prevented

contact of the PR with the so11. This may explain the lack of response by the

plant to applications of these products.

Recent studies at IFDC headquarters are showing promising results with

partial acidulation of PR with H3P0411.

Triple Superphosphate and PR Mixtures

Another possibility for improving phosphorus availability in PRs is to

physically mix them with acid forming material such as TSP. By using a material

such as TSP there is also the added benefit of supplying an immediately avail­

able form of phosphorus.

Accordingly, a field experiment on a Quilichao Ultisol was established

to study the effect of ratio of TSP to PR on yield of Brachiaria decumbens, and

a rice-peanuts rotation. The results, for the sum of two cuttings of

Brachiaria decumbens (fig. 11 and 12), would indicate that ratio of TSP·to PR

1/ L. Hammond, personal communication.

- 11 -

is important. In the case of Pesca PR a 75:25 ratio of TSP to PR seems to be

superior, whereas with the medium reactivity Huila PR, a 25:75 or 50:50 ratio

appears to be the best.

In the case of rice, only a 50:50 ratio of TSP to PR was used, but results

of the first harvest, figure 13, indicate that sorne of the mixtures and more

reactive PRs are performing as well or better than TSP alone. In this instance,

best results were obtained with a mixture of TSP and Huila PR, and Huila PR

alone at al1 levels of phosphorus used. Although these results appear promis­

ing further cropping must take place befare any definitive statements can be

made.

Results of these experiments do suggest, however, that another experiment • of thisnature should be conducted in which the finely ground materials are

granulated to determine the effect of aggregate size. Further, the granulation

of these mixtures would insure intimate contact between the PR and TSP so that

the acid from TSP would be more likely to react with the rock and not be dissi­

pated in the soil.

R E F E R E N C E S

1. CIAT. 1974. Annual Report. p. 40-43. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia.

2. CIAT. 1975. Annual Report. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia.

3. CIAT. 1977. Annual Report. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia.

4. CIAT. 1978. Annual Report - Sean Team- p. 9-12. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia. In press.

5. Davelouis, J., and M. Cano. 1976. Avances de las investigaciones reali­zadas a través del Convenio Fosbayovar durante las campañas 1974-75, y 1975-76. Universidad Nacional Agraria. Depto. de Suelos y Fertilizantes. La ~10l ina, Lima, Perú.

6. Guerrero, R. 1974. La fertilización fosfórica en cultivos de clima frio. Suelos Ecuatoriales (Colombia), 6(1):179-223.

7. lCA. 1978. Programa Nacional de Suelos. Informe de Progreso Años 1976 y 1977. Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, Colombia.

8. INIAP. 1977. Departamento de Suelos y Fertilizantes. Informe Técnico 1976. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Quito, Ecuador.

9. t-1clean, E.O. and R.W. Wheeler. 1964. Partially acidu1ated rock phosphate as a source of phosphorus to plants: l. Growth Chamber Studies. Soi1 Sci. Soco Am. Proc. 29:545-550.

10. North Carolina State University. Soi1 Science Department. Agronomic­Econo~ic Research on Tropical 50i15. Annual Reports for 1973, 1974, 1975.

11. Russe1, O.A., J.J. Ballew, J.I. Buey, and n.A. Waitzman. 1970. A Fertil­izer Program for Bolivia. National Ferti1izer Development Center, Musc1e Shoals, A1abama, U.S.A. pp.111.

12. Sánchez P., C. 1977. Encalamiento de Ultiso1es de Sabana. Universidad de Oriente. Núcleo de t4onagas. Escuela de Inteniería Agronómica. Depar­tamento de Agronomía. Jusepin, Venezuela. pp. 63.

13. Sánchez, P.A. 1976. Properties and Management of Soils of the Tropics. p. 254-257. (Ed) P.A. Sánchez. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

14. Sánchez, P.A., and G.Uehara. 1976. Management considerations for acid soils with high phosphorus fixation capacity. Paper presented at sym­posium, "The role of phosphorus in agriculture", International Fertil­izer Development Center, ~1usc1e Shoals, Alabama. In press.

15. Spain, J.M. 1974. La fertilización fosfórica de praderas en suelos-á1icos. Suelos Ecuatoriales (Colombia) 6 (1): 235-243.

16. Val verde S., C. 1965. Importancia de la fertilización fosforada en la Agricultura Nacional. Anales del Tercer Congreso Nacional de Ingenieros Agrónomos. lima, Perú.

Table 1. Characteristics of sorne representative acid infertile soils in Colombia and Brazil

Exchangeable cations Al Available Horizon Clay Sand pH O.M. (meg/l00 9) Saturation p *

(cm) % % (HZO) % Al Ca Mg K CEe % (ppm)

COLOMBIA - CIAT Quil ichao: Ultisol (Orthoxic Palehumult, clayey, kaol initic, isohyperthermic)

o - 20 71 4 4. 1 7. 1 2.7 .65 .49 .36 4.2 64 1 .8

CIAT Carimagua: Oxiso! (Tropeptic Hap!ustox, fine-cJayey, mixed, isohyperthermic)

° - 20 37 6 4.9 5.3 2.8 .20 .20 • 10 3.4 82 0.9

LA SELVA: ~ceptisoJ (Typic Oystrandept)

o - 20 42.8 o. 3 5.0 22.5 1.5 • 1 o .40 .20 3.2 47 2.0

BRAZIL - CERRADO CENTER: Oxiso! (Typic Haplustox, fine, kaol initíc, isohyperthermic - LVE)

o - 10 45 36 4.9 3. 1 1.9 .20 .20 . lO 2.4 79 t r

1: Bray II extraction method.

Table 2. Approxirnate Dristibution of sorne 5uborders of Oxisols,

Ultisols and lnceptisols in tropical South America.

Order Suborder A Percentage of r e a A r e a

(mi 11 ion ha)

Oxisols All suborders 636 45.3 (Ferralsols)

Ultisols

(Acrisolsl

1 ncept i so 1 s

Source:

Aquults

Udults, Ustults,

and Humults

Aquepts

Andepts

Tropepts

48

220 ~

32 81

--,--;-¡¡

19 • 1

2.3

8.2

Sánchez, P.A. Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropies - Calculated from the FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World: South America, and converted to 50i 1 Taxonorny equivalents.

~

E o. o. ~

"" Q¡ "O -o ro

o..

1600

1400

1200 o La Selva - Andept

"" Brasi lía _ Oxisol

• Quilichao - Ultisol 1000 A Carimagua - Oxiso1

o Pa 1m; ra - rlo11isol

800

600

400

200

o~~----~------~----~~~~~--~· .001 .01 .05.1.2 1.0

P in solution (ppm) Figure 2. Phosphorus isothel1nS of CPAe-Brasilia (Brazil), and

La Selva, CIAT-Quilichao, CNIA-Carimagua, CIAT-Palmira (Colombia) .

Adapted from CIAT Annua1 Report (1977) .

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10000~~

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9000 8500

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7500 7000

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3000 .~

2500 2000

1500

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500 I

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600 800

o FIRST HARVEST a SECOND HARVEST a THIRD HARVEST o T O T A'(

1000 1200' 1400 1600 1800 2000 22000' kg P20S/ha

Figure 4. Field bean response to P20S in Popayán, Colombia. Source: CIAT, Annual Report 1978 •

:: ¡ 28 .

I ~ 26 '" ..:::

" <= 24 o '-' ~

"'" 22 ~

OJ .~ 20 >,

'-OJ 18 .¡.> .¡..>

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Figure 5.

50

o TSP RESIDUAL

o TSP ANllUAl

100 400 kg P20S/ha

Phosphorus response of Brachiaria decumbens grown on a Carimagua Oxisol (sum of eight harvests). In the annual treotment P was reapplied one year after planting.

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1 "O ~

OJ .~

'>,

c: n> <l! al

O

T $ P

'" 75 .kg P20S/ha ............. • 0150 kg P2OS/ha

.300 kg P2OS/ha o

e / . /'0 o 'f'

O~ e-e-o I/' / -o '" "'~~"""-O/ / v~o-==; v "'_,._'11'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 meters

BASIC SLAG • e-e -f) e-' '-..... -0- S 0-0-0 /0, /',

:::'~......-Y,O/Y,Q><.8 .,-.. -Y T 'Y_v

I I 1 2

1 2

I I I 3 4 5

meters

HUILA PR

345 meters

I 1 1 I 6 7 B 9

6 7 8 9

!:~[[~~~~~~~==I===E=~3~-==~--Broadcast Strip Banded

Figure 6.

Source:

The effect of fertilizer. distribution, applied at three levels and sources of phosphorus, on bean yield in Popay&n. CIAT Annual Report, 1977.

2 ~ .. .t: ...... e o ..., ~

-o ~

1 ID .~

>. e ro ID

o;)

O

3

~ 2 ro .<::. --. c::: o +' "-'

" ~ ID

1 .~

>. c::: ro

'" ca

O

Figure 7.

Source:

(Initial)

í ~ , , , I

4 5 6 7 , I

8 9 meters

L Strip Banded

(Residual) o o .'0-0 -0/ '0_0_0-

0 ,.~·_o_o_~_._./.

A 'A_.t._A_ A_ A-4_A_'"

1

e TSP o BASIC SLAG 4 HUILA PR

M ___ I I I I 1 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

meters

Sean yield (average of tnree F-levels) shol'ling "initial and residual effects of the distribution of fertilize~s applied as three sources of phosphorus. CIAT - Annual Report, 1977

7

6

~ . 5 n; .c: "'-c: o .~

~

"O ~

QJ .~

:>,

$.. QJ .... .... '" E

:>, .... o

TSP METHOO OF kg P20S/ha APPLICATfON OF TSP

4 0 ° • 50 ------ TOPORESSED 0100 ------ TOPDRESSED

• 50 ------ BANDEO 3 "7100 ------ BANDEO

., 50 ------ BROADCAST AND INCORPORATED G 100 ------ BROADCAST AND INFORPORATEO

2

1

o 100 20~ 400 PESCA PR Broadcast and Incorporated (kg P205/ha)

Figure 8. Management of phosphorus in establishing and maintaining a foragc species, Brachiari~ decumbens, on a Quilichao Ultisol.

~

'" .s:: ...... c: o +> ~

-a .... OJ "~

» !... OJ ..., .... '" 5

» !...

D

30

25

20

15

!J

-~~" -- __ o ,-- --~ ...--" --:;:::. --" ee---•• TSP ANNUAL

0-------'0 R E N O PR

*----* PESCA PR

.-._.-11 HUILA PR

0-·_·-0 FLORIDA PR

D---~ FOSBAYOVAR PR

l:> é. TENNESSEE PR

... '" TSP RESIDUAL

10,\;j'L--,---I-- ,~.-l! ---__________________ ----11

O 25 50 100 400

Figure 9.

kg P205/ha

Effect of phosphorus carrier and rate on yield of Brachiaria decumbens (eight cuttings) grown on a Carimagua "Oxisol.

~

ro .<::

'" t:: o +' ~

"O ~

(j) .~

>-

1.5

1.0

.. TSP • MINIGRANUlATED PR v GROUND PR • MINIGRANUlATED 10% ACIDULATED PR el GROUND 10% ACIDULATED PR o MINIGRANULATED 20% ACIDULATED PR @ GROUND 20% AC I DULATED PR

I I

O 100 200 kg P20S/ha,

Figure 10. Effect of TSP. FLORIDA PR, partially acidulated FLORIDA PR. and granule size on yield of peanut grown on a Carimagua Oxisol.

~: f o .... ·6 ~

"O ~5 ID .~

. >. 4 ' ....

• Q)

::::3 '" E

>.2 .... <:)

1

• TSP a PESCA PR ¡ o HUILA PR .., SARDINATA PR

/

• TSP o ?5% , -o 25% .., 25%

TSP + 75% PESCA PR TSP + 75%.HUILA PR TSP + 75% SAROINATA PR

L ! ! O 100 200 O 100

kg P20S/ha .

Figure 11. Effect of a '3:1 ratio of PR to TSP on yield of Brachiarii decumbens grown on a Quilichao Ultisol (sum of two cuttings).

200

• TSP • TSP o 50% TSP + 50% PESCA PR o 75% TSP + 25% PESCA PR

8r o 50% TSP + 50% HUILA PR r o 75% TSP + 25% HUILA PR

'" 50% TSP + 50% SARorNATA PR '" 75% TSP + 25% SAROINATA PR -;; 7 .s; "-t: o .., ~

"O -'" .~

"'" 1-. <1J .., .... '" E 2 >, 1-o 1

l I I O 100 200 O 100 200

kg P205/ha

Figure 12. Effect of 1:1 and 1:3 ratios of PR to TSP on yield of Brachiari, decumbens grown on a Quilichao Ultisol T$um of two cuttings).

7

6

s ., .c: ...... c:: o 4 +' ~

'" ~ '" ;~

:>, 3 c::

"E l • TSP BANDEO '-" " O 50% TS? + 50% HUILA PR

2 6 50% T S P + 50% PESCA'PR 'V 50% TSP + 50% SARDINATA PR A PESCA PR y SARDINATA PR

1 1- I!I HUILA PR

1, I

O 50 100 200 kg P20S/ha

Figure 13. Effect of TSP, three Colombian PR, and egual mixtures of TSP and PR, 00 yield of rice (CICA 8) growo on a Quilichao Ultisol.