figure 6.3 linnaean classification of the domestic dog linnaean classification of the domestic dog
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Figure 6.3 Linnaean Classification of the Domestic Dog
Linnaean Classification of the Domestic Dog
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How Did the Enormous Variety of Species Arise on Earth?
Many genetic mechanisms are conserved from bacteria to homo sapiens.
Mutations are spontaneous changes in genes, a rapid form of evolution.
Genetics—the study of the mechanisms of inheritance that began with Mendel and DeVries.
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Natural Selection at the Genetic Level
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Family Tree of Apes and Humans
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Why Should We Study Other Species?• Different kinds of animals have evolved:
– specific behaviors and neural mechanisms
– exploit specific sets of environmental opportunities, or ecological niches.
• Differences in brain size and structure can be due to behavioral adaptations
• Novel or strategic food-seeking behavior is correlated with larger brain size.
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Food Storing Birds
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Brainy Warblers Sing More Songs
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A Comparative View of Nervous Systems
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Functions and Relations: basic sensory cortical areas for Mammals
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Human and Rat Brains Compared
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The origin and evolution of synapses• Proteomic studies
– molecular components of postsynaptic proteins
– mice have approximately 1,500 postsynaptic proteins• such as ion channels, receptors, cell adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins, kinases and
phosphatases, scaffolding proteins and signalling molecules
– Compare species to form a phylogeny of the molecular components of the synapse
– use of comparative genomics to examine how and when synaptic proteins originated and diversified
• Protosynapse– ancestral molecular biology of unicellular organisms, yeast, amoeba,
choanoflagellates as well as multicellar sponges
– existed before the evolution of metazoans and neurons
• True synapse – Early metazoans such as sea anemones, jellyfish
– More complex receptors in Protosomes such as earthworm and molluscs