Figure 44.0 Fox in snow

Figure 44.1 Regulators and conformers

Figure 44.2 A partial energy and material bookkeeping for ten years in the life of a young woman

Figure 44.3 Heat exchange between an organism and its environment

Figure 44.3x Heat exchange

Figure 44.4 The relationship between body temperature and ambient (environmental) temperature in an ectotherm and an endotherm

Figure 44.5 Countercurrent heat exchangers

Figure 44.6 Skin as an organ of thermoregulation

Figure 44.6x Skin, cross section

Figure 44.x1 Harbor seal

Figure 44.7x Behavioral adaptation for thermoregulation

Figure 44.8 Thermoregulation in large, active fishes

Figure 44.9 Thermoregulation in moths

Figure 44.10 The thermostat function of the hypothalamus and feedback mechanisms in human thermoregulation

Figure 44.11 Body temperature and metabolism during hibernation of Belding’s ground squirrel

Figure 44.12 Salt-excreting glands in birds

Figure 44.13 Nitrogenous wastes

Figure 44.14a Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish

Figure 44.14b Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

Figure 44.15 Anhydrobiosis: Hydrated tardigrade (left), dehydrated tardigrade (right)

Figure 44.16 Water balance in two terrestrial mammals

Figure 44.17 Key functions of excretory systems: an overview

Figure 44.18 Protonephridia: the flame-bulb system of a planarian

Figure 44.19 Metanephridia of an earthworm

Figure 44.20 Malpighian tubules of insects

Figure 44.21 The human excretory system at four size scales

Figure 44.22 The nephron and collecting duct: regional functions of the transport epithelium

Figure 44.23 How the human kidney concentrates urine: the two-solute model (Layer 1)

Figure 44.23 How the human kidney concentrates urine: the two-solute model (Layer 2)

Figure 44.23 How the human kidney concentrates urine: the two-solute model (Layer 3)

Figure 44.24 Hormonal control of the kidney by negative feedback circuits

Figure 44.25 A vampire bat (Desmodus rotundas), a mammal with a unique excretory situation