figure 2.2 herbicide spray missions, aluoi valley, viet ......figure 2.2 herbicide spray missions,...

Figure 2.2 Herbicide spray missions, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam (1965-1970).

N

VN849: SPLINE6.APR

Spray Mission (lines)Orange HerbicideBlue HerbicideWhite Herbicide

(Source: US Dept. of the Army)

LAO PDR

LAO PDR

LAO PDR

16 10'107

00'

o

o

0 10 20 Kilometres

Location of abandoned US Special Forces Bases

Aluoi

Ta Bat

A So(formerly A Shau)

Figure 2.3 Herbicide distribution/frequency of spray missions, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, (1965-1970).

N

VN849: SPDIST7.APR

Spray Frequency (number of missions)0-12345-11

(Source: US Dept. of the Army)

LAO PDR

LAO PDR

LAO PDR

16 10'107

00'

o

o

0 10 20 Kilometres

Location of abandoned US Special Forces Bases

A So(formerly A Shau)

Ta Bat

Aluoi

cida849:cida849 fig2.7&2.8.xls:fig 2,7

Percent composition of particle size fractions (sand, silt and clay) and Total TEQ (pg/g [ppt], dry weight; log scale) in soils (0-10 cm depth) from the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, March 1999.

0%

50%

100%

A D

ot C

omm

une

A D

ot C

omm

une

A D

ot C

omm

une

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Huo

ng L

am C

omm

une

Huo

ng L

am C

omm

une

Huo

ng P

hong

Com

mun

e

Huo

ng P

hong

Com

mun

e

Phu

Vinh

Com

mun

e

Phu

Vinh

Com

mun

e

Hon

g Thu

ong

Comm

une

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Bo

Dot M

arke

t

Son

Thu

y Com

mun

e

Son

Thu

y Com

mun

e

Hon

g Qua

ng C

omm

une

A L

uoi C

omm

une

A L

uoi M

arke

t

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Hon

g Kim

Com

mun

e

Hon

g Van

Com

mun

e

Hon

g Van

Com

mun

e

Sample Site

% C

om

po

siti

on

0.1

1

10

100

1000

To

tal T

EQ

(p

g/g

, dry

wei

gh

t; lo

g s

cale

)

%Clay

%Silt

%Sand

Total TEQ

A So SpecialForces Base

Ta Bat SpecialForces Base

Aluoi SpecialForces Base

Figure 2.7

cida849:cida849 fig2.7&2.8.xls:fig 2.8

Total organic carbon (TOC) content (% carbon) and Total TEQ (pg/g [ppt], dry weight; log scale) in soils (0-10 cm depth) from the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, March 1999.

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

A D

ot C

omm

une

A D

ot C

omm

une

A D

ot C

omm

une

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

A S

o Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Huo

ng L

am C

omm

une

Huo

ng L

am C

omm

une

Huo

ng P

hong

Com

mun

e

Huo

ng P

hong

Com

mun

e

Phu

Vinh

Com

mun

e

Phu

Vinh

Com

mun

e

Hon

g Thu

ong

Comm

une

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Ta

Bat S

pecia

l For

ces B

ase

Bo

Dot M

arke

t

Son

Thu

y Com

mun

e

Son

Thu

y Com

mun

e

Hon

g Qua

ng C

omm

une

A L

uoi C

omm

une

A L

uoi M

arke

t

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Aluo

i Spe

cial F

orce

s Bas

e

Hon

g Kim

Com

mun

e

Hon

g Van

Com

mun

e

Hon

g Van

Com

mun

e

Sample Site

%Carbon

0.1

1

10

100

1000

To

tal

TE

Q (

pg

/g,

dry

we

igh

t; l

og

sc

ale

)

TOC (% carbon)

Total TEQ

A So Special Forces Base

Aluoi Special Forces Base

Ta Bat Special Forces Base

Figure 2.8

cida849:cida849 fig2.9.xls;96 97 99 Chart

TCDD and Total TEQ concentrations in vegetation and animal tissues (pg/g [ppt], dry weight [vegetation]; pg/g, wet weight [animal tissues]), Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam (1996, 1997 and 1999).

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

rice (332)

duck fat (355)

fish fat (380/386)

fish fat (391/395)

fish liver (23)

cooking oil (494/495/496)

pig fat (694)

manioc root (03)

fish liver (18)

wild fish liver (499)

fish fat (40)

pig fat (482)

pig liver (629)

fish liver (124)

fish fat (131/135)

fish fat (151)

manioc root (06)

fish liver (20)

cow fat (690)

fish liver (245/250/254)

duck fat (169)

duck fat (163)

fish fat (186/199/203)

fish fat (223)

rice (272/274/433)

chicken egg (434)

duck fat (325)

duck fat (329)

fish muscle (281)

fish liver (276)

fish fat (284)

fish fat (307/314)

fish fat (278)

fish fat (451)

fish fat (443)

fish fat (438/447)

duck fat (045)

fish fat (019)

fish fat (027)

fish fat (031)

fish fat (039)

duck liver (08)

fish liver (14)

fish fat (46)

Sam

ple

Med

ia (

sam

ple

#)

pg/g

0 15 60 90

pg/g

A So Commune

30 45 75

Figure 2.9

Huong Lam Commune

Hong Thuong Commune

Son Thuy Commune

Xa Nham Commune

A Ngo Commune

Aluoi Commune

Hong Ha Commune

Hong Van Commune

TCDDTotal TEQ

1996

1997

1999

Sample # Prefixes: 1996: VN96##

1997: 97VN###

1999: 99VN###

Composite Sample: ###/###/###

Parentheses enclose abreviated sample number

cida849;cida849 fig2.10.xls;fig 2.10

TCDD and Total TEQ (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) for whole human blood, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1997 and 1999.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Commune

pg

/g, l

ipid

bas

is

males >25 years of age

males <25 years of age

females >25 years of age

females <25 years of age

Total TEQTCDD

A So Huong Lam Hong Thuong Hong VanA So1997 1999199919991999

Figure 2.10

Mean TCDD levels in whole human blood used in a 3-way ANOVA that determined the interaction of sex and commune location within the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999.

1.55

13.0

1.6

4.95

9.8

14.815.0

36.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Females Males

Sex

Me

an

TC

DD

(p

g/g

[p

pt]

, li

pid

ba

sis

)

Figure 2.11

A So Commune

Hong Thuong Commune

Huong Lam Commune

Hong Van Commune

cida849;cida849 fig2.11.xls

Figure 2.14 TCDD concentrations (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) and Total TEQs (% TCDD of Total TEQ in parentheses) determined in human blood from unexposed participants (non-Viet Nam studies) in industrialized countries, and in individuals in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999 (cf., Tables 2.7 and 2.8).

1 Tepper et al. 1997. 10 Welge et al. 1993. 2 Schecter et al. 1992c. 11 Papke et al. 1990. 3 Schecter 1994b (Table 15). 12 Cole et al. 1997. 4 Gonzalez et al. 1998. 13 Jiminez et al. 1996. 5 Wuthe et al. 1996. 14 Papke et al. 1996. 6 Schecter 1994b (Table 9). 15 Schecter et al. 1993b. 7 Hesso et al. 1992. 16 Schecter et al. 1994b. 8 Schecter 1994b (Table 8). 17 Schecter 1992. 9 Rosenberg et al. 1995. 18 Piacitelli et al. 1992.

(0.0%)

(0.0%)

(0.0%)

(0.0%)

(66.1%)

(48.8%)

(57.0%)

(65.0%)

(0.0%)

(24.1%)

(45.5%)

(66.4%)

(84.3%)

(87.4%)

(88.6%)

(89.3%)

(52.9%)

(20.4%)

(8.6%)

(25.9%)

(15.2%)

(10.6%)

(0.0%)

(12.4%)

(8.2%)

(16.0%)

(15.4%)

(12.1%)

(31.0%)

(10.4%)

(10.4%)

(8.4%)

(53.8%)

(4.7%)

(0.0%)

(0.0%)

(17.8%)

(16.1%)

(15.6%)

(18.0%)

(14.6%)

(16.4%)

(13.0%)

(13.1%)

(6.8%)

(12.7%)

(12.0%)

(15.0%)

(14.5%)

(9.3%)

(12.7%)

(8.6%)

(26.5%)

(20.6%)

(9.3%)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

Females (<25 yrs) (n=37)

Females (>25 yrs) (n=27)

Males (<25 yrs) (n=40)

Males (>25 yrs) (n=37)

HONG VAN COMMUNE





HONG THUONG COMMUNE





HUONG LAM COMMUNE





A SO COMMUNE

Russia (general Ufa population) (pool)16

USA (referent) (29<n<80)18

Germany (control) (n=85)17

Russia (general population) (pool)15,16

Germany (adults) (n=134)14

Spain (adults) (n=11)13

Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool)12

Canada (fish eater, 38-50 yrs) (pool)12

Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)12




Canada (reference) (n=10)11

Germany (non-vegetarians) (n<25)10

Germany (vegetarians) (n<25)10

Finland (control) (n=14)9

Russia (control) (pool)8


China (>40 yrs) (pool)6

China (15-19 yrs) (pool)6

Germany (rural) (pool)5


Germany (rural industrial) (pool)5


Germany (urban industrial) (pool)5



Spain (females, 40-69 yrs) (2 pools)4


Spain (males, 50-69 yrs) (2 pools)4



USA (Missouri) (pool)3

Guam (n=10)2

USA (pool)2

Germany (n=102)2

Russia (St. Petersburg) (pool)2

Russia (Baikalsk) (pool)2

USA (residents) (n=16)1

TCDD Concentration and Total TEQ (pg/g, lipid basis)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

Total TEQ

TCDD

Non-Viet Nam Studies:

Viet Nam (This Study):

CIDA 849;07/04/00;cida849 fig2.14-2.17 & 2.20-2.22.xls

Figure 2.15 Ratios of P5CDD to TCDD levels (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) calculated from human blood data reported in other investigations involving unexposed participants, and this study (1999) (cf., Tables 2.7 and 2.8).

1 Tepper et al. 1997. 10 Welge et al. 1993. Note: NC denotes a ratio could not be calculated 2 Schecter et al. 1992c. 11 Papke et al. 1990. given that either P5CDD or TCDD was below 3 Schecter 1994b (Table 15). 12 Cole et al. 1997. detection, or the P5CDD level was not reported. 4 Gonzalez et al. 1998. 13 Jiminez et al. 1996. 5 Wuthe et al. 1996. 14 Papke et al. 1996. 6 Schecter 1994b (Table 9). 15 Schecter et al. 1993b. 7 Hesso et al. 1992. 16 Schecter et al. 1994b. 8 Schecter 1994b (Table 8). 17 Schecter 1992. 9 Rosenberg et al. 1995. 18 Piacitelli et al. 1992.

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00





HONG VAN COMMUNE





HONG THUONG COMMUNE





HUONG LAM COMMUNE





A SO COMMUNE

Russia (general Ufa population) (pool)16

USA (referent) (29<n<80)18

Germany (control) (n=85)17

Russia (general population) (pool)15,16


Spain (adults) (n=11)13







Canada (reference) (n=10)11

Germany (non-vegetarians) (n<25)10

Germany (vegetarians) (n<25)10


Russia (control) (pool)8


China (>40 yrs) (pool)6

China (15-19 yrs) (pool)6













USA (Missouri) (pool)3

Guam (n=10)2

USA (pool)2

Germany (n=102)2

Russia (St. Petersburg) (pool)2

Russia (Baikalsk) (pool)2

USA (residents) (n=16)1

P5CDD/TCDD Ratio

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00



CIDA 849;18/04/00;cida849 fig2.14-2.17 & 2.20-2.22.xls

Figure 2.16 TCDD concentrations (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) and Total TEQs (% TCDD of Total TEQ in parentheses) determined in human blood from exposed participants (i.e., some form of exposure in industrialized countries), and individuals in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999 (cf., Tables 2.7 and 2.9).

1 Tepper et al. 1997. 8 Schecter 1994b (Table 8). 2 Ayotte et al. 1997. 9 Rosenberg et al. 1995. 3 Papke et al. 1992. 10 Papke et al. 1990. 4 Wuthe et al. 1992. 11 Cole et al. 1997. 5 Demi et al. 1996. 12 Schecter 1992. 6 Schecter 1994b (Table 9). 13 Schecter et al. 1993a. 7 Hesso et al. 1992. 14 Schecter et al. 1994b.

(0.0%)

(0.0%)

(0.0%)

(0.0%)

(66.1%)

(48.8%)

(57.0%)

(65.0%)

(0.0%)

(24.1%)

(45.5%)

(66.4%)

(84.3%)

(87.4%)

(88.6%)

(89.3%)

(57.5%)

(21.7%)

(27.1%)

(45.5%)

(11.7%)

(18.5%)

(16.7%)

(15.8%)

(19.1%)

(13.0%)

(11.7%)

(16.2%)

(11.9%)

(5.2%)

(9.3%)

(70.3%)

(8.7%)

(27.9%)

(24.4%)

(7.6%)

(8.3%)

(16.3%)

(5.8%)

(57.2%)

(21.2%)

(9.5%)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0





HONG VAN COMMUNE





HONG THUONG COMMUNE





HUONG LAM COMMUNE





A SO COMMUNE

Russia (office workers in agrochemical plant) (n=2)14

USA (PCB exposure) (n=2)13

USA (pulp plant) (n=2)13

USA & Europe (chemists) (n=3)12







Germany (distillation plant fire) (n=7)10

Germany (relay station fire) (n=25)10

Germany (hospital fire) (n=53)10

Finland (paper mill) (n=20)9

Finland (pulp bleaching plant) (n=14)9

Russia (chemical workers' children) (n=6)8

Finland (lab personnel) (n=7)7

China (Na-PCP sprayed areas, 40 yrs) (n=50)6

China (Na-PCP sprayed areas, 15-19 yrs) (n=50)6

Germany (incinerator plant) (n=20)5


Germany (pyrolysis plant) (n=12)4

Germany (metal plant) (n=32)3

Germany (TCP accident) (n=17)3

Canada (Quebec, sea-food based diet) (n=9-55)2

USA (pulp mill) (n=46)1


0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

Total TEQ

TCDD



CIDA 849;07/04/00;cida849 fig2.14-2.17 & 2.20-2.22.xls

Figure 2.17 Ratios of P5CDD to TCDD levels (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) calculated from human blood data reported in other invesigations involving exposed participants, and this study (1999) (cf., Tables 2.7 and 2.9).

1 Tepper et al. 1997. 8 Schecter 1994b (Table 8). Note: NC denotes a ratio could not be calculated 2 Ayotte et al. 1997. 9 Rosenberg et al. 1995. given that either P5CDD or TCDD was below 3 Papke et al. 1992. 10 Papke et al. 1990. detection, or the P5CDD level was not reported. 4 Wuthe et al. 1992. 11 Cole et al. 1997. 5 Demi et al. 1996. 12 Schecter 1992. 6 Schecter 1994b (Table 9). 13 Schecter et al. 1993a. 7 Hesso et al. 1992. 14 Schecter et al. 1994b.

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00





HONG VAN COMMUNE





HONG THUONG COMMUNE





HUONG LAM COMMUNE





A SO COMMUNE

Russia (office workers in agrochemical plant) (n=2)14

USA (PCB exposure) (n=2)13

USA (pulp plant) (n=2)13

USA & Europe (chemists) (n=3)12







Germany (distillation plant fire) (n=7)10

Germany (relay station fire) (n=25)10

Germany (hospital fire) (n=53)10

Finland (paper mill) (n=20)9

Finland (pulp bleaching plant) (n=14)9

Russia (chemical workers' children) (n=6)8

Finland (lab personnel) (n=7)7

China (Na-PCP sprayed areas, 40 yrs) (n=50)6

China (Na-PCP sprayed areas, 15-19 yrs) (n=50)6



Germany (pyrolysis plant) (n=12)4

Germany (metal plant) (n=32)3

Germany (TCP accident) (n=17)3

Canada (Quebec, sea-food based diet) (n=9-55)2

USA (pulp mill) (n=46)1

P5CDD/TCDD Ratio

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00



CIDA 849;07/04/00;cida849 fig2.14-2.17 & 2.20-2.22.xls

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Commune

TC

DD

(p

g/g

, lip

id b

asis

)Figure 2.18 TCDD concentrations (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) in human breast milk

collected from the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, June 1999.

Huong LamA So Hong VanHong Thuong

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Commune

To

tal T

EQ

(p

g/g

, lip

id b

asis

)

Huong LamA So Hong VanHong Thuong

Figure 2.19

Individual primaparous female

Mean of primaparous females (n=4) ± 1 SDIndividual multiparous female

Total TEQ (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) in human breast milk collected from the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, June 1999.

Individual primaparous female

Mean of primaparous females (n=4) ± 1 SDIndividual multiparous female

cida849:cida849 fig2.18 & 2.19.xls:chart 1 data

Figure 2.20 TCDD concentrations (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) and Total TEQs determined in human breast milk reported inother investigations, and this study (1999) (cf., Tables 2.11 and 2.13).

1 Furst et al. 1994. 6 Jodicke et al. 1992. 11 Schuhmacher et al. 1999. 2 Schecter et al. 1994a. 7 Hooper et al. 1998. 12 Becher 1995. 3 Polder et al. 1998. 8 Jensen and Slorach 1991. 13 Schecter et al. 1989b. 4 Beck et al. 1994. 9 Dewailly et al. 1992, Dewailly et al. 1991. 14 Schecter et al. 1989c. 5 Korner et al. 1993. 10 Schecter et al. 1991a, Schecter 1994b.

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

M

P

M

M

M

M

M

M

P

P

P

M

P

P

P

M

M

M

99VN686

99VN678

99VN667

99VN666

99VN594

99VN592

99VN586

99VN579

99VN608

99VN603

99VN625

99VN609

99VN649

99VN655

99VN648

99VN629

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Average Hong Van Commune (n=4)

Hong Van Commune (n=1)




Average Hong Thuong Commune (n=4)

Hong Thuong Commune (n=1)




Average Huong Lam Commune (n=4)

Huong Lam Commune (n=1)




Average A So Commune (n=4)

A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)

Tan Uyen District (n=2)14



Song Be Province (n=12)14

Ho Chi Minh City (n=38)14

Dong Nai (n=11)10

Da Nang (n=11)10

Ha Noi (n=30)10


South (n=11)8

Tan Than [sic] Village (n=2)13

Lithuania (Anykshchiai) (n=10-12)12

Spain (Tarragona) (n=15)11

Cambodia (Phnom Penh) (n=8)10

Thailand (Bangkok) (n=10)10

Siberia (n=23)10

United States (n=42)10

Germany (n=185)10

Canada (Arctic) (n=40)9

Canada (S. Quebec) (n=96)9

Vienna (n=54)8

Belgium (Industrial) (n=1)8

Canada (Quebec) (n=34)8

Denmark (n=10)8

W. Berlin (n=40)8

Weiden (n=14)8

Japan (Fukuoka) (n=6)8

Netherlands (Urban) (n=1)8

Netherlands (Rural) (n=1)8

New Zealand (n=2)8

Norway (Tromso) (n=11)8

Sweden (Sundsvall) (n=10)8

UK (Birmingham) (n=1)8

Binghamton, NY (n=22)8

Los Angeles (n=21)8

Kazakhstan (Rural) (n=8)7

Germany (n=1)6

Germany (n=1)5

Germany (n=112)4

Murmansk (n=8)3

China (General Population) (n=50)2

China (Na-PCP Exposed) (n=50)2

Germany (n=526)1


0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Average TCDD

Average Total TEQ

TCDD

Total TEQ


Viet Nam (Other Studies):

Viet Nam (This Study): Sample ID#:

M = Mean/Median

P = Pool

CIDA 849;07/04/00;cida849 fig2.14-2.17 & 2.20-2.22.xls

Figure 2.21 Ratios of P5CDD to TCDD levels (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) calculated from human breast milk data reported in other investigations, and this study (1999) (cf., Tables 2.11 and 2.13).

1 Furst et al. 1994. 6 Jodicke et al. 1992. 11 Schuhmacher et al. 1999. Note: NC denotes a ratio could not be calculated 2 Schecter et al. 1994a. 7 Hooper et al. 1998. 12 Becher 1995. given that P5CDD was below detection. 3 Polder et al. 1998. 8 Jensen and Slorach 1991. 13 Schecter et al. 1989b. 4 Beck et al. 1994. 9 Dewailly et al. 1992, Dewailly et al. 1991. 14 Schecter et al. 1989c. 5 Korner et al. 1993. 10 Schecter et al. 1991a, Schecter 1994b.

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

99VN686

99VN678

99VN667

99VN666

99VN594

99VN592

99VN586

99VN579

99VN608

99VN603

99VN625

99VN609

99VN649

99VN655

99VN648

99VN629

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00













A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)






Dong Nai (n=11)10

Da Nang (n=11)10

Ha Noi (n=30)10


South (n=11)8






Siberia (n=23)10


Germany (n=185)10



Vienna (n=54)8



Denmark (n=10)8

W. Berlin (n=40)8

Weiden (n=14)8




New Zealand (n=2)8





Los Angeles (n=21)8


Germany (n=1)6

Germany (n=1)5

Germany (n=112)4

Murmansk (n=8)3



Germany (n=526)1

P5CDD/TCDD Ratio

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00




Sample ID#:

CIDA 849;11/05/00;cida849 fig2.14-2.17 & 2.20-2.22.xls

Figure 2.22 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p -dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) congener profiles expressed asa percent of Total TEQ, determined in human breast milk during other investigations, and during the present study in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999; Toxicity Equivalent Factors were applied to the congener concentration (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) to facilitate calculation of a percent contribution to total toxicity (2,3,7,8-T4CDD = TCDD; if data points were ND or NDR, 1/2 the detection level was used in the T-TEQ calculation; cf., Tables 2.11 and 2.13).

1 Furst et al. 1994. 6 Jodicke et al. 1992. 11 Schuhmacher et al. 1999. 2 Schecter et al. 1994a. 7 Hooper et al. 1998. 12 Becher 1995. 3 Polder et al. 1998. 8 Jensen and Slorach 1991. 13 Schecter et al. 1989b. 4 Beck et al. 1994. 9 Dewailly et al. 1992, Dewailly et al. 1991. 14 Schecter et al. 1989c. 5 Korner et al. 1993. 10 Schecter et al. 1991a, Schecter 1994b.

99VN686

99VN678

99VN667

99VN666

99VN594

99VN592

99VN586

99VN579

99VN608

99VN603

99VN625

99VN609

99VN649

99VN655

99VN648

99VN629

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%













A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)

A So Commune (n=1)






Dong Nai (n=11)10

Da Nang (n=11)10

Ha Noi (n=30)10


South (n=11)8






Siberia (n=23)10


Germany (n=185)10



Vienna (n=54)8



Denmark (n=10)8

W. Berlin (n=40)8

Weiden (n=14)8




New Zealand (n=2)8





Los Angeles (n=21)8


Germany (n=1)6

Germany (n=1)5

Germany (n=112)4

Murmansk (n=8)3



Germany (n=526)1

% of Total TEQ

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

TCDD

P5CDD

H6CDD

H7CDD

O8CDD

T4CDF

P5CDF

H6CDF

H7CDF

O8CDF




Sample ID#:

CIDA 849;11/05/00;cida849 fig2.14-2.17 & 2.20-2.22.xls

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

pg

/kg

bo

dy

wei

gh

t/d

ay

Figure 2.23

TDI (Canada)2

TDI Range

(WHO/EURO)3

Intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p -dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) by infants through breast milk from primaparous females, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999; Aluoi Valley data are compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI; based on Total TEQ [T-TEQ]) values used in Canada (10 pg/kg body weight/day), and as recommended by WHO/EURO (1-4 pg/kg body weight/day).

Daily T-TEQ Intake (for individual primaparous females)1

Average Daily T-TEQ Intake (mean [± 1 SD] of the 4 primaparous females)1

A So Commune

Huong Lam Commune

Hong Thuong Commune

Hong Van Commune

1Based on a 5 kg infant consuming 700 ml breast milk/day with 3.5% lipid content in milk (WHO/EURO 1989).2Government of Canada (1993).3WHO/EURO (1998 a,b).

4 mean321 4 mean321 4 mean321 4 mean321

cida849:cida849 fig2.23.xls:fig 2.23

CIDA849: Sect 3 figures1.xls,SFig3.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99

Year

Per

cen

t o

f p

reg

nan

cies

Term death

Spontaneous abortion

Figure 3.1 Pregnancy outcomes (1959-1999) in four communes (A So, Huong Lam, Hong Thuong and Hong Van), in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam.


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Year

Per

cen

t o

f b

irth

s

Birth defects, alive

Birth defects, death

Figure 3.2 Birth outcomes (1959-1999) in four communes (A So, Huong Lam, Hong Thuong and Hong Van) in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Year

Per

cen

t o

f b

irth

s

A So

Huong Lam

Hong Thuong

Hong Van

Figure 3.3 Total birth defects (1959-1999) in four communes in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam.

total birth defects = birth defects in living offspring + birth defects in term deaths


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Year

Per

cen

t o

f b

irth

s

A So

Huong Lam

Hong Thuong

Hong Van

Figure 3.4 Birth defects in live offspring (1959-1999) in four communes in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Year

Per

cen

t o

f b

irth

s

A So

Other communes (Huong Lam, Hong Thuong and Hong Van)

Figure 3.5 Total birth defects (1959-1999) in A So and three other communes in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam.

total birth defects = birth defects in living offspring + birth defects in term deaths


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Year

Per

cen

t o

f b

irth

s

A So

Other communes (Huong Lam, Hong Thuong and Hong Van)

Figure 3.6 Birth defects in live offspring (1959-1999) in A So and three other communes in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam.

dlfig51b.doc: 04/07/00

Figure 5.1 Historical population and forest cover trends in Viet Nam.

dlfig52b.doc: 04/07/00

Figure 5.2 Changing forest cover in Viet Nam - 1943 to 1992.

Land Use Types (in 1991)Rich ForestMedium ForestPoor ForestRecovered ForestPlantationBare LandRocky MountainAgriculture LandShifting Cultivation

Figure 5.3 Current (1991) land use map of Aluoi District (data from FIPI 1995).

N

CIDA849: FRST91_NEW4.APR

LAOS

LAOS

LAOS

16 10'107

00'

o

o

0 10 20 Kilometres

figure 2.2 herbicide spray missions, aluoi valley, viet ......figure 2.2 herbicide spray missions,...

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