FIGURE 1.1. The Arrowsmith map of Africa, 1807—an indication of Europe’s ignorance of Africa other than the coast at the time. Note especially the fictitious mountain range stretching the width of the continent.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.2. Relative sizes of Africa and the continental United States.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.3. The countries of Africa.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.4. “Lay claim to thy neighbor.” (Left) Mauritania, 1976. This stamp celebrates Mauritania’s ill-fated attempt to annex part of Western Sahara. (Right) Somalia, 1964. This stamp shows parts of neighboring

countries as Somali territory.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.5. Somalia, 2011. The map shows three regions that have claimed independence from Somalia (Somaliland) or have functioned as autonomous regions (Puntland since 1998, and Jubaland since 2010).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.6. Africa’s landlocked states.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

TABLE 1.1. Countries of Africa South of the SaharaFrom Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

TABLE 1.2. Some Important Postindependence Changes to the Map of Africa

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.7. Gross national income (GNI), 2011. Raw income data have been adjusted to reflect the relative purchasing power of income in each country (purchasing power parity, or PPP). Income per capita (PPP) in the highest-income country (Equatorial

Guinea) in 2011 was 66 times as large as that in the lowest-income country (Liberia). Data source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2011. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.9. Informal regional groupings of countries.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.10. Major rivers, lakes, and coastal waters.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 2.1. Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt poses with a hunting trophy, Kenya, 1909. Roosevelt’s widely publicized trip helped to

popularize the African safari. Photo: Phelps Publishing Company.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 2.2. “Carrying Light into the ‘Dark Continent.’ ”Texaco plays on the image of the colonial “civilizing mission”

in this 1930s postcard.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 2.3a. Early 20th-century postcards were widely used by missions to advertise their work in Africa.(a) Congolese mission schoolchildren “on guard for thee.” Missions de Scheut.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 2.3b. Early 20th-century postcards were widely used by missions to advertise their work in Africa.(b) Written message seeks financial support: “If we had started our missionary effort earlier perhaps I might

have sent a different picture.” Missionary Review of the World.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 3.1b. Development initiatives, in order to be effective, must be responsive to local realities. These examples concern issues related to water. Tora, a village in the Darfur region of Sudan, is typical of places in drier rural environments

where shortages of potable water are commonplace. © UN-HABITAT (Olivier Chassot).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 3.2. A comparison of rank in 2011 among world countries for the human development index (HDI) and per capita income (PCI; see text) for selected African states. Data source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human

Development Report 2011. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 3.3. South Africa’s homelands. Of the many effects of apartheid on South Africa’s spatial economy, none rivals the creation of ethnic homelands as incipient “nations.” Only South Africa recognized their “independence.”

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 3.5. Communal work on the construction of a channel to bring water to farmland, Niger. Small projects mobilizing local resources to address local needs epitomized development-from-below approaches.

Photo: © CIDA (Roger Lemoyne).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 3.6. Drying fish, São Tomé e Príncipe. Local fisheries play an important role in food security;initiatives to improve processing methods help to ensure the sustainability of the industry.

Photo: © UNESCO (Pierre Gaillard).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.