By: Laura StokesJesus DaalAlec John

Fighting In France

Identify and explain how the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations led to another war.

Determine why the League of Nations was detested by many people.

Identify the US’s contributions to WWI.Understand how the style of war changed

from traditional to modern.

Objectives

The Bolshevik Revolution happened in 1917

The revolution allowed Russia to pull out of WWIFreed thousands of Germans to fight the

Western front in FranceUS fight for “democracy”

Bolshevik Revolution

Spring 1918: 500,000 German Huns advanced forward towards FranceAble to move fast because they moved with

very few arms and suppliesHeavy bombing of Allied linesKrupp Canons shot over 180 shells at

Paris from over 74 miles awayOne of their greatest strengths and weakness

30,000 US troops along with French Marshal Foch sent to stop the taking of ParisFirst American engagement in an European

war

German Spring Offensive

By July 1918, one million German soldiers had died

Second Battle of the MarneWhere: Aisne-Marne Sector (75 miles northeast

of Paris)When: July 15 - September 16, 1918What happened: German Erich von Ludendorff

attacked Marne but were unsuccessful. Foch organized a counterattack

Casualties: 120,000 Allied, 170,000 GermanImportance: Started the German withdraw

German Withdraw

Second Battle of the Marne

Second Battle of the Marne

When: September 26 – November 11, 1918Where: North and Northwest of VerdunWho: General John J PershingGoal: Cut German railroad lines to Western

frontImportance: Biggest operation/victory of

American Expeditionary Force in WWIOutcome: 10% of American army injured or

dead

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

On the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, Germany surrendered to Allied Forces

US Contributions: foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil, and manpowerEndless amounts of US troops demoralized the

Germans

German Surrender

Woodrow Wilson was the “moral leader” of WWI

In Congressional Elections of 1918, he appealed for a Democratic victory.Republican majority was the turn out

Republicans angered because Wilson went to Europe No president had ever traveled to Europe

before

The “Moral Leader”

The conference convened in Paris on January 18, 191932 countries attended (Germany was not

invited)The major decisions were made by the Big Four

— David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Wilson

Wilson took every opportunity to advance his Fourteen Points, in particular his cherished proposal for an association of nations. The others held greater concern for their nations’ security in the future than for Wilson’s idealism.

Paris Conference

Fourteen Points 1. No more secret agreements

("Open covenants openly arrived at").

2. Free navigation of all seas. 3. An end to all economic

barriers between countries. 4. Countries to reduce weapon

numbers. 5. All decisions regarding the

colonies should be impartial 6. The German Army is to be

removed from Russia. Russia should be left to developher own political set-up.

7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.

8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine

Fourteen Points 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live

in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."

10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.

11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed forthe Balkan states.

12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks inthe old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.

13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.

14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states

Some tension causing issues were: The British opposed any move toward freedom of the

seas, sought primacy in the Middle East and hoped to take control of a number of German colonies

France made no secret of its commitment to regain Alsace and Lorraine

Italian nationalists raised the cry of “Italia Irredenta” (Italy Redeemed) as the slogan for their drive for primacy in the Adriatic

The Japanese wanted German holdings in the Shantung Peninsula of China as well as a number of German islands

Russia wanted Constantinople, but didn’t receive it because of the earlier treaty the Bolshevik government made with Germany

Paris Conference

At the Paris Conference, Woodrow Wilson wanted an association of the world’s countries

The League of Nations would be an assembly with seats for all nations and a council to be controlled by the great powers Goals: disarmament, preventing war through collective

security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global welfare

February 1919: League Covenant created Strengths: 42 initial members (moved up to 60 in the

30’s), Britain and France were “leaders”, could impose economic sanctions, arbitration

Weaknesses: No army, US and Russia weren’t members, poor organization, never agreed on decisions

League of Nations

“The League is very well when sparrows shout, but no good at all when eagles fall out.”Benito Mussilini

League of Nations

Irish-Americans, isolationists, liberals detested

Republicans had great animosity towards the League of NationsThey claimed it would never be approved

because US didn’t want involvement with Europe

This delighted Allied adversaries in Paris who now had a stronger bargaining power because Wilson wanted to protect American interests by changing the Covenant

League of Nations Controversy

After watching the video and discussing the political cartoons, decide and explain whether the League of Nations was or was not successful.

League of Nations

Class Activity

Territorial: The following land was taken away from Germany : Alsace-

Lorraine (France), Eupen and Malmedy (Belgium), Northern Schleswig (Denmark), Hultschin (Czechoslovakia), West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (Poland)

The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany.

Japan kept economic holdings in Shandong Pledged to return to China later

The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.

Germany had to return land to Russia taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia,

Lithuania and Latvia. Poland also received some of this land.

Treaty of Versailles

Military:Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000

menAllowed 6 naval shipsNot allowed: air force, tanks, submarines,

The west of the Rhineland and east of the Rhine River was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed

into this zoneThe Allies were to keep an army of

occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.

Treaty of Versailles

Financial:Loss of vital industrial territory

Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss

ReparationsGermany was forbidden to unite with Austria,

an attempt to keep economic potential to a minimum

Treaty of Versailles

Three vital clauses:1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for

starting the war 2. German had to pay reparations since they

were responsible for the war.– The bulk of which would go to France and Belgium

to pay for the damage done– Payment could be in kind or cash– The figure was not set at Versailles. The Germans

were told to write a blank check, which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at $32 billion

3. League of Nations was to be created to keep the peace

Treaty of Versailles

Called the treaty the Diktat (dictation)Germans weren’t involved with the creation of the treaty

Left mood of anger throughout GermanyFourteen Points left out

Many didn’t approve of the treaty but were forced to sign it“November Criminals”

In last attempt of defiance, the German navy sank itselfMany German citizens felt that they were being punished

for the mistakes of the German government in August 1914 as it was the government that had declared war not the people.

Satisfied the "Big Three" as in their eyesKept Germany weak yet strong enough to spread

communism

German Reaction

Revolutionized WarSubmarines/Torpedoes

Trench Warfare

Machine Guns

Tanks

Planes

Red Baron Zeppelins Ace Pilots (5 victories)

Gases/Chemicals: Tear gas, Red Star (Chlorine), White Star, and Mustard Gas

Presidential Election of 1920Republicans:

President Canidate: Warren G Harding

VP: Calvin CoolidgeAppealed to Pro-

League and Anti-League Parties

Democrats:President: James M

CoxVP: Franklin D.

RooseveltPro-League Party

Presidential Election of 1920Warren Harding won the election

Leads to the fall of the League of Nations

Israeli Palestinian Conflicts Peace never met; anger and tension

Security Treaty (US and Britain protect France) World’s police

“Modern” Warfare Technology, total destruction, civilians

League of Nations Similar to the UN

Modern Connection