fighting drug-resistant malaria lesson pdf/natural_selection_engineering... · resistance to drug...

FIGHTING DRUG-RESISTANT MALARIA

Read the Daily Message and record notes of

important points and deliverables. (5 min)

Open and repin Daily Message Notes

• Add today’s date and subject of the message

(Designing Malaria Treatments) at the top of the

note.

• Add (Copy/Paste) summary of deliverables

and/or important information under heading.

NSEI 1.5.1 WARM-UP

NSEI – 1.5: THE DESIGN CYCLE

Watch a video describing the four steps of The Design Cycle and then review how to conduct

iterative tests in MalariaMed. (10 min)

The Design Cycle video

(~2 min).

You are entering the Design

phase of your internship.

Futura created this video to

illustrate The Design Cycle

and how it relates to your

malaria treatment designs.


In the Build step, engineers

create a design. In many

cases, engineers build or use

models rather than the actual

product, so they can make

quick changes to their designs.

For example, in this internship,

you are using the MalariaMed

Design Tool to build a malaria

treatment.

In the Analyze step,

engineers carefully

examine test results.

They consider how well

the test results address

the project criteria and

identify areas that need

improvement,

sometimes by

comparing them to

other versions.

Based on their analysis, engineers

return to the planning stage. They

think about what they can change in

their design to better address the

criteria in their next iterative test. In

this way, engineers progress through

The Design Cycle multiple times.

In the Test step, engineers run the tests to get their results; these outcomes will help engineers figure out

how well their design works. MalariaMed is a model that allows you to test how your malaria treatment

performs when treating all the different malaria patients who get sick over ten years, without actually

testing real people or waiting for ten years to pass.

In the Plan step, engineers think about

the project criteria and make a plan for a

design that addresses those criteria.


Let’s discuss the definition

of iterative testing.

Do you remember hearing or

reading the term iterative

testing or iteration?

The design process involves a

series of tests in which the

results of the most recent test

influence the changes made

to the next test.

Iterative testing is testing with a purpose,

each result gives engineers the information

they need to rebuild their designs.

This type of testing is called iterative

testing. Each test influences the next

test; tests are not random.


These tables will help you remember the strategies you have used as you try

different designs.

On the MalariaMed Data sheet, each Plan-Build-Test-Analyze section represents a

different iteration, or version.

Have available your

MalariaMed Data.

The data tables are extremely

important for tracking different

versions of the design.


Version number:

You will be doing many

iterations, or versions,

during the Design phase, so

it is important you keep

track of each one.

Number the versions as you

go.

If partners are testing

separately and then sharing

data, you need to

communicate the

numbering to your partner

so you do not both have

Version #4.


Plan section:

You should write about

the design you will build

and test in this section.

For example, you could

write about what variable

you will change in this

version to better address

the criteria.

Do not rush through

your iterations - change

variables in a deliberate,

systematic way.


Build section:

You will record the drug

(Drug A, B, or C) and

dose for each day of the

treatment.

If you do not use drugs

for all seven days you can

cross out the extra days

on the data sheet.


Test section:

Here, you will record

your results.

In MalariaMed, the results

of a design are shown by

selecting Test.

The results (in the top

right corner of the

projection) are recorded

in the table.


Analyze section:

It is important to write

ideas in the Analyze

section as it will help you

understand where your

design was successful, and

where it could be

improved.

Think about how well the

test results address the

project criteria and

identify areas that need

improvement.


Next Plan section:

You should determine

which criteria need to be

better addressed and,

move to the next section

of the data sheet, write

about the changes you

plan to make in your next

iteration.


Making connections between The Design Cycle and MalariaMed.

You will use MalariaMed and the data sheet to help

progress through The Design Cycle.

You will have to think about all of your test results

to figure out an optimal malaria treatment.

• The Analyze section is where you’ll think about

what worked and what did not work in each

version.

• This is why The Design Cycle is a circle—

because each Analyze section leads to the Plan

section for the next version, or iterative test.

NSEI – 1.5: TESTING MALARIA TREATMENTS

Practice iterative testing using MalariaMed to systematically test your designs and document

your test results on the data sheets. (20 min)

You will work in MalariaMed to complete

several iterative tests.

You will work with a partner as

design pairs.

Each design pair should

complete and record several

iterative tests.

Make sure to record all results…

—even the bad ones—

…because you can and should

learn from versions that don't work

as well.


Think about which criterion

you will prioritize, or think is

most important, and design

tests focused on strongly

addressing that criterion.

Take a few moments to plan with your design partner about what strategies you

want to test first.

Criteria:

• Minimize the percentage of

the malaria population with

high drug resistance:

• Minimize patient side effects:

• Keep treatment costs low:

Constraint:

• Avoiding an increase in the

malaria parasite population


Carefully record your Plan and

Analyze information on the data

sheets – Use as many as needed.

You should not rush through your

analysis or planning steps.

The more versions you test, the more

data you will have to analyze, and the

more information you will have when

identifying a strong design.

Test your malaria treatments by using the MalariaMed Data Worksheet

NSEI – 1.5: ANALYZING DESIGNS

Analyze your data so far and select one design to submit for feedback that best addresses the

project criteria. (10 min)

Let’s reflect on your iterative testing and share successful strategies you used or

problems you had while testing.

1. Did you notice any particularly successful strategies when you were running your

iterative tests in MalariaMed?

2. Was one design strong for one criterion, but not the others?

3. Perhaps you think you have a great design already at this point, but we should

check in with your project director.


Examples of MalariaMed Data. In order to identify your strongest design so far, you need

to compare all of the results for all of your completed iterative tests.

The constraint—preventing

an increase in the total

parasite population.

Does any of these versions

cause either

an increase or large

increase in the Total Parasite

Population field on their Data

sheets?

• Yes – Version 6

• Version 5 had no change


Which version has the smallest

percentage of the malaria

population with high drug

resistance?

• Version 5, 54%2525 with high

resistance to Drug A.

The smaller percentages of

resistance are better because

when more of the malaria

parasite population has traits for

high resistance, the greater the

chance these drugs won’t work

to cure malaria.

Criterion 1 – Identify which version is strongest in minimizing drug resistance.


Which of these example

versions has the lowest

treatment cost for 1000

treatments.

The less a particular treatment

costs, the more patients can be

treated which potentially saves

more lives.

• Version 6, $3,000.

Criterion 3 – Identify which version is strongest in keeping costs low.


You will analyze your

data in this same way,

comparing all your

versions to identify the

strongest results.

The green circles are

around the best values for

each criterion.


Typically, if one version had

more results that were

strong, it would be easy to

identify; however, in this case,

Version 6 might appear to be

strong, but interns must

consider the constraint.

Version 6 fails to meet to

the constraint because it

resulted in a population

increase.

Thus, if we had to choose between these two versions, we’d have to select Version 5.


You can also use the criterion

you identified as your priority as

another way to help identify your

strongest design so far.

You will need to hear what else

the project director has to say.

You will use this process to

identify your strongest design to

submit for feedback from Ken.

You may notice that there is no “perfect plan.” In order to more strongly address one

criterion, you’ll have to make sacrifices in addressing the others. These are trade-offs between

designs.

You should review all of your versions and eliminate any that resulted in a population increase.


Design partners analyze your data to select your strongest design.

Use green highlighters as you

analyze your data and discuss

the pros and cons of your

results as you work to

compare versions and identify

the strongest design.

Evaluate data of all the

versions you have so far by

circling the best result for each

criterion in green, and by

crossing out versions that

caused an increase in the total

parasite population.


Submit your designs in Futura Workspace.

You can only submit one design per

design team, so you should choose

one device to use for your

submission.

1. Return to the Futura Workspace

and open the MalariaMed Design

form in the inbox.

2. Double check your data entry

before selecting SUBMIT.

3. You must complete and submit

this form before the end of the

workday,

Note: If the second partner submits a design

after the first, the last submitted form is the only

one viewable in the internship coordinator’s

Futura Workspace.


Mark the version you submitted.

Draw a star on your MalariaMed

Data sheets next to your

submitted version.

Based on the feedback you will

receive, you will be making

revisions to this submitted

design.

Drawing the star will help you remember which version you submitted so you can use the

drug types and doses in this version as a starting point for your next iterations.

NSEI 1.5.2 HOMEWORK

After-Hours Work:

Read a short article to learn about a real engineer.

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