Fight for North America:

The Emergence of Colonial and Native Societies

(1607-1754)

Essential Question #1

If the goal of colonization was to create new empires for the European

powers, why did the Europeans develop such different patterns of

colonization? (Key concept 2.1)

Spanish Colonization

Focus/Discussion Question #1

How did Spain establish tight control over the land and the native

population?

  Spain began to fortify their new territory in the New World   Goal- block the French   St. Augustine, FL, 1565   Settlements in Texas, 1716

  Control over Native Americans   Convert to Christianity   Battle of Acoma   Pope’s Rebellion   “Black Legend” and reality of Spain’s legacies

French, Dutch, and British Colonization

Focus/Discussion Question #2

How did the French and Dutch differ from the British in their views of establishing relationships with

American Indians?

  Dutch and French   Small population of colonists   Focused on trade alliances with the Indians (beaver fur)   Intermarriage with American Indians

  British   Focused on agricultural production   Large numbers of colonists would populate the colonies   Hostility toward American Indians

  Colonists wanted more land   Believed Am. Indians served no economic function for the

colonists

Racial Differences

Focus/Discussion Question #3

Why was the treatment of Africans and American Indians much more violent for the British than the French, Spanish,

and Dutch?

  British   Cultural and racial superiority

  American Indians   Pequot War   King Philip’s War (Metacom)

  Africans   Slavery became based on race   Early “slave codes”   Slavery began for economic reasons, later racial

discrimination molded future American slave system

Regional differences (the future 13 colonies)

Focus Question #4

How was each region successful in their own way, considering the climate, geography, people and

natural resources were different?

  New England

  Middle Colonies

  Chesapeake

  Southern Colonies (also including the West Indies)

  New England   Success revolved around the family and community

  Unity and purpose- concern about the moral health of the whole community

  Farming was difficult, shifted focus to shipbuilding and fishing industry

  Middle Colonies (NY, NJ, DE, PA)   Known as the “bread colonies”- heavy exports of

grain

  Fur trade (access to several rivers)   Lumbering and shipbuilding

  Most ethnically mixed area, most democratic, religious tolerance

  Chesapeake (VA & MD)   Most difficult area to survive in (1/2 born in this area

died by the age of 20)   Tobacco cultivation- 40 million lbs by 1700   Lack of workers led to the increase of indentured

servitude and headright system

  Southern Colonies (SC & GA)   “Plantation colonies”   Tobacco and rice   Slave labor became increasingly popular- Africans

would outnumber the white pop.   West Indies- sugar plantations, Barbados slave

code

Competition for Colonization

Essential Question #2

How did European efforts to colonize North America intensify conflicts between colonizers and native

peoples? (Key concept 2.2)

Focus/Discussion Question #1

Explain how competition over resources between European rivals led to

conflict within the North American colonies as well as with American

Indians.

  New trade items   Beaver fur

  Dutch and French competition

  Violated many Indians’ religious beliefs

  Demonstrated the effect that contact with Europeans had on traditional Indian way of life

  Am. Indians new desire- firearms- created competition among the tribes for access to prime hunting grounds, intensified fighting between Indian groups

  Tobacco   Desired product in Europe

  Tobacco planting expanded, caused more Indian attacks

  Labor sources   Indians used first, died of diseases too quickly

  Africans too expensive

  Indentured servants (4-7 years)

  Headright system

  Problems?

  Conflicts   Colonists begin seeking foreign markets to sell their

goods (tobacco, fur)

  Molasses Act   Stop North American trade with other European

countries (France)

  Colonies would lose profits from other countries

  Merchants begin smuggling, bribing

  Foreshadows revolutionary movement

Focus/Discussion Question #2

Analyze the cultural and demographic changes brought about on the

American Indians as contact with Europeans increased.

  Trade transformed Indian life   Desire for guns, alcohol

  Horses from the Spanish led to the migration of Indians onto the Great Plains

  European traders began to marry Indian women, conform to Indian ways of life

  Disease   Would extinguish entire cultures

  Oral traditions would be lost

  New tribes would be created

Focus/Discussion Question #3

How did the British and Spanish differ on their views of American Indian

culture?

  Spanish Black Legend   False concept that Spanish simply tortured, killed,

stole from, infected, and left nothing but misery

  Spanish laid the foundation for the future Spanish-speaking nations of Central and South America

  Spanish married and fused together a new culture

  English   Came to dominate land, Indians to be used as a

labor source

  Racial superiority

  No desire to blend with Indian culture, isolate the Indians

  Wars with American Indians   Pope’s Rebellion (1680)

  Spanish missionaries tried to suppress Indian religious customs

  Pueblos destroyed every Catholic Church and killed hundreds of Spanish settlers

  First (1610-1614) and Second Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1644-1646)   First- Lord De La Warr used “Irish tactics” against

Powhatans, ended with marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe

  Second- Powhatans’ last effort to remove Virginians

  No assimilation or peaceful coexistence, banished the Chesapeake Indians- beginning of reservation system

  King Philip’s War   Puritans annihilated the Pequot tribe in 1637

  By 1675, pan-Indian alliance was created, led by Metacom

  Metacom led assaults on English villages   52 Puritan towns attacked, 12 destroyed

  Hundreds of colonists, Indians dead

  Metacom’s wife and son sold into slavery

  Metacom- captured, beheaded, and drawn and quartered.

  Importance-   Reduced Indian numbers, confidence, and unity

Essential Question #3

Explain the impact on the colonial societies as the exchanges within the

Atlantic World increased between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

(key concept 2.3)

Focus/Discussion Question #1

How did the interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Indians stimulate economic growth

while reshaping labor systems?

Focus/Discussion Question #2

How did Britain’s desire to maintain a North American empire inspire colonists to begin to resist Britain’s

control?