fig. 8.7. structure of flowers outermost whorl typically consists of three to five sepals. sepals...
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![Page 1: Fig. 8.7. Structure of Flowers Outermost whorl typically consists of three to five sepals. Sepals (calyx) may be fused together. Next whorl consists](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e6b5503460f94b69978/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fig. 8.7
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Structure of Flowers
• Outermost whorl typically consists of three to five sepals. Sepals (calyx) may be fused together.
• Next whorl consists of three to many petals (corolla). Calyx and corolla form the perianth.
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Structure of Flowers
• Several to many stamens are attached to the receptacle around the base of the pistil. Each stamen consists of a filament with an
anther at the top.- Pollen grains developed and
disseminated in anthers.
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Structure of Flowers
• Pistil consists of Stigma, Style, and Ovary. Superior Ovary - Calyx and corolla are
attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary.
Inferior Ovary - Receptacle grows up and around the ovary.
- Calyx and corolla appear to be attached at the top.
• Inflorescences - Group of several to hundreds of flowers.
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Generalized Flower
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Fruits
• Fruit is an ovary and its accessory parts that have developed and matured. Usually contains seeds. All fruits develop from flower ovaries and
accordingly are found exclusively in flowering plants.
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Fruits
• Fruit Regions Exocarp - Skin Endocarp - Inner boundary around seed(s). Mesocarp - Fleshy tissue between exocarp
and endocarp.- Three regions are collectively called the
pericarp.
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Regions of a Mature Peach
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Fruits
• Fleshy Fruits Simple fleshy fruits develop from a flower
with a single pistil.- Drupe - Simple fleshy fruit with a single
seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp, or pit. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Fig. 8.9
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Fruits
• Berry - Usually develops from a compound ovary and often contains more than one seed. True berry is a fruit with a thin skin and a
relatively soft pericarp. Pepos - Relatively thick rinds (Pumpkins). Hesperidium - Leathery skin containing oils
(Citrus). Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display
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Fig. 8.10a
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Fruits
• Pomes - Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples)
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Fruits
• Dry Fruits That Split at Maturity (Dehiscent) Follicle - Splits along one side or seam. Legume - Splits along two sides or seams. Silique - Splits along two sides or seams,
but seeds are borne on central partition exposed when the two halves separate.
Capsules - Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways.
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Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission
Required for Reproduction or Display
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display
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Fig. 8.12
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Fig. 8.14b
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Fig. 8.14a
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Fig. 8.15
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Fruits
• Dry Fruits That Do Not Split at Maturity (Indehiscent) Achene Nut Grain Samara Schizocarp
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Fig. 8.16
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Fig. 8.17
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Fruits
• Aggregate Fruits Derived from a single flower with several to
many pistils.- Individual pistils mature as a clustered
unit on a single receptacle Raspberries, Strawberries.
• Multiple Fruits Derived from several to many individual
flowers in a single inflorescence. - Pineapples, Figs
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Fig. 8.19
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Fig. 8.19b
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Fig. 8.20
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Fig. 8.21
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Fruit and Seed Dispersal
• Wind Dispersal Small and Lightweight seeds.
• Animal Dispersal Seeds pass through digestive tract. Fruits and seeds catch in fur or feathers. Oils attract ants.
• Water Dispersal Some fruits contain trapped air.
• Mechanical Ejection of Seeds
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Fig. 8.22
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Fig. 8.23
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Seeds
• Structure Cotyledons - Food storage organs that
function as first seed leaves. Plumule - Embryo shoot. Epicotyl - Stem above cotyledon. Hypocotyl - Stem below attachment point. Radicle - Stem tip developing into a root.
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Dormancy
• Coat Imposed Dormancy Prevention of Water Uptake Mechanical Constraint Interference with Gas Exchange Retention of Inhibitors Production of Inhibitors
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Dormancy
• Embryo Dormancy High levels of GA and ABA
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Dormancy
• Primary vs Secondary dormancy
• Release from Dormancy Afterripening Chilling (stratification) Light
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Germination
• Germination is the beginning or resumption of seed growth. Seed must be viable.
- Favorable Environmental Factors- Imbibe water
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Fig. 8.28b
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Fig. 8.29
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Longevity
• Viability of most seeds is significantly extended when the seeds are stored under conditions of low temperatures and kept dry. A few species produce seeds with no
period of dormancy.- Vivipary
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Box Fig. 8.1
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Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display