Page 2 March, 1955

The 20th North American WildlifeConference will be held March 14 to16 in Montreal. Sponsored by the Wild-life Management Institute, this confer-ence annually attracts conservationleaders from the United States, Canada,Mexico and Alaska. "Natural ResourcesUseA Continental Challenge" is thetheme for this year's meeting. .

* * *Field agents this winter classified

3,195 black-tailed deer and 14,052 muledeer to get information on sex ratiosand production. The black-tailed herdsaveraged 36 bucks per 100 does, sameas last year and above the 4 year aver-age of 34. The ratio of 81 fawns per 100does is the highest average in 4 years.Mule deer herds averaged 28 bucks per100 does, higher than the 4 year aver-age of 26. A light decrease in fawns wasindicated by the ratio of 79 fawns per100 does compared to the 4 year aver-age of 82. The highest fawn ratios againshowed up in the southeast regionwhere a count of over 100 fawns per100 does was recorded on 4 of the 11ranges under observation.

* * *

Excellent goose usage has been ob-served at Fern Ridge Reservoir on therye grass planted on the mud flats.About 2,000 geese have been using thearea since the close of the huntingseason.

* * *Winter finds members of the fish

liberation crew busy working on theirtankers. The old ones are being re-paired and readied for next season'sreleases and a brand new jumbo 1,200gallon job is under construction. Thelargest ever owned by the state, it willbe used for making long hauls and forsteelhead and salmon distribution.

* * *The Commission's wildlife program,

"Waterfowl Management" is findingfavor with school children throughoutthe state. Personnel of the Informationand Education Department had pre-sented the program to 120 schools upto the latter part of January and willhave visited many more by the end ofthe season.

* * *National Wildlife Week is being ob-

served from March 20 to 26 this year.

Fifty -Years Ago

unter's nse,STATE OF

Corny of (-

Xtioa, all men t.g Cbtse Presittitf: That

i 66.er., ofStott of 0400 rehrtlaz to tit opplicotioo for Affp#1111WS

durviv And resrarimi tbsn

g tBratitett a ficensei9oS.371stitaddi;$411, tooLee Amu' for, logroge, Asir, catth

axiom& or dirk within 14, State of Orogoat, Aro' ot the ofie Ruse* tokso it is loseful to

This year is the fiftieth anniversaryof the resident hunting license in Ore-gon. The 1905 legislature passed the firstlaw requiring residents to have a licenseto hunt game and set the fee at one dol-lar. Prior to this the only license law ineffect was the 1901 act requiring non-.residents to pay a fee of ten dollars for alicense to hunt game for marketing pur-poses. Angling licenses were not re-

quired until 1909.As there was no game commission

when these laws were passed, licensesales were handled by the individualcounties until 1912. Each county in thestate printed and paid for its own fishingand hunting license blanks, collected themoney and forwarded it to the statetreasurer to be placed in the game pro-tection fund.

VOLUME X

Oregon State Game Commission BulletinMarch, 1955 NUMBER 3

Published Monthly by theOREGON STATE GAME COMMISSION

1634 S.W. Alder StreetP. 0. Box 4136Portland .8, Oregon

MIRIAM KAUTTU, EditorH. C. SMITH, Staff Artist

MEMBERS OF COMMISSIONDelbert Gildersleeve, Chairman BakerKenneth G. Denman MedfordDon Mitchell TaftJ. H. Van Winkle Oregon CityElmer H. Balsiger _Klamath Falls

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFFP. W. Schneider DirectorC. B. Walsh _Assistant DirectorW. D. DeCew Acting ControllerH. R. Mangold _Chief, Supply and PropertyArthur Higgs AttorneyC. J. Cambell __Chief, Basin InvestigationsR. C. Holloway Chief, Info. and Educ.John McKean._ Chief of Oper., Game Div.H. J. Rayner - -Chief of Oper., Fishery Div.George Kernan _.Engineer

REGIONAL SUPERVISORSLeslie Zumwalt, Region I,

Route 1, Box 325, CorvallisJ. W. Vaughn, Region II_ Box 977, RoseburgL. M. Mathisen, Region III _ 222 E. 3rd, BendW. H. Brown, Region IV Box 742, La GrandeW. C. Lightfoot, Region V Box 8, Hines

Entered as second-class matter September 30,1947, at the post office at Portland. Oregon,under the act of August 24, 1912.

Please report promptly any change ofaddress. Send in both the old and newaddress with notice of change.

At the present time the Bulletin is circulatedfree of charge to anyone forwarding a writtenrequest.

COVERWood duck nest boxes installed last yearare shown to a troop of Boy Scouts bygame agent Mel Cummings. Numerousyouth groups are becoming interested inthe project of constructing and installingthese nest boxes. Plans may be obtainedfrom the Oregon State Game Commission.(Photo by Ron Shay)

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VI

By R. E. DIMICK, HeadDepartment of Fish and Game Management

IN the latter part of 1933, two mentraveling by train from Portland toSpokane got to talking about whatcould be done to stem the general de-cline of the wildlife resources. Theycame to a common conclusion that ifthe same basic approaches were madetoward the problems of fishes and gameanimals as had been employed in thefields of agriculture and forestrynamely, applied research, the collegetraining of fish and game biologists, andeventually an extension programthenthere would be hope that the scientificmanagement of the wildlife resourceswould some day become a reality.These two men were Ira N. Gabrielsonand William A. Schoenfeld. Dr.Gabrielson was then regional biologistof the U. S. Biological Survey, laterbecoming chief of the U. S. Fish andWildlife Service and now director ofthe Wildlife Management Institute.Dean-emeritus Schoenfeld was at thattime dean and director of the School ofAgriculture at Oregon State College.

Although there had been previousisolated beginnings in the teaching ofwildlife management at a few univer-sities, Dr. Gabrielson's and DeanSchoenfeld's idea received favorableaction in 1935 by J. N. "Ding" Darling,who was in charge of wildlife activitiesfor the federal government, and byothers. In that year cooperative wild-life programs were established through-

out the country in seven land grantcolleges, of which Oregon State Collegewas one. These were, and still are,cooperative units in that personnel,funds, and facilities come from thecolleges, the state game departments,the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, andthe Wildlife Management Institute.Today there are seventeen such unitslocated in all regions of the UnitedStates, including Alaska, and more thanthirty other universities give instruc-tions and conduct research with fishes,wild birds and mammals. At least six ofthe land grant colleges now have wild-life extension specialists on their staffs,including Oregon State College.

The Department of Fish and GameManagement at the College was organ-ized in the School of Agriculture in1935, and the first degrees in fish andgame management were granted in1938. At the beginning there was onlyone fish and game instructor (theauthor), and now students entering aretaught by a staff of five.

Jay B. Long, who became an instruc-tor shortly after he was graduatedfrom the department in 1939, special-izes in game birds. He received hismaster's degree in 1948 and is now anassociate professor. Students from allover the campus enroll in his "wildlifetechniques" course and follow theircatches from stream to table in themost approved manner. During the war

he did rodent control work in the SouthPacific.

Lee W. Kuhn, who is a graduate ofIowa State, received his master's degreein 1942 following a study of the Colum-bian black-tailed deer in the Coastrange of Oregon. He became a staffmember in 1946 and is now an associateprofessor. Each spring he takes thesenior and graduate students to easternand central Oregon visiting the biggame problem areas and refuges. An-other major contribution of Lee's ishis contacts with prospective employersfor placing students in summer jobs sothat as many as possible will have hadfield training before graduation.

Carl Bond, another of our graduates,received both his B.S. and M.S. degreesfrom Oregon State. As a graduate stu-dent he studied the fishes of Lake ofthe Woods in Klamath County. He wentto the University of California with Dr.Paul R. Needham to help him developthe fisheries work there and to do ad-vanced study. He returned to OregonState in 1949 and has taught ichthy-ology classes as well as working withaquatic weed problems of the coastallakes. Probably no other person knowsso much about species and distributionof fishes in the streams and lakes ofOregon.

Charles Warren, the newest staffmember, came back to the department

(Continued on page 4)

Page 4 March, 1955

The first class in game fish management (1937-38) studies fish food production in a stream. Membersof the group are, left to right: (top row) Jim Leek ley, Dean Painter (standing) Bill Brown, E. Seghetti,Dean Parker, Margaret Whipple; (bottom row) R. C. Holloway, Ralph Rittenour, E. Crawford, Stan Jewett,

Jr., Eldon Yeoman, Bill Anderson (standing), Ed Scheiffer (behind Anderson) and John McKean.

TRAINING IN WILDLIFE MGT.(Continued from page 3)

in 1953 following work toward a doc-torate at the University of California.He received both his B.S. and M.S.degrees from Oregon State. "FisheriesResearch Methods," largely the appli-cation of statistics, chemistry and phy-sics to the solution of fishery problems,is one of the most essential courses thathe teaches. Graduates in the fieldpointed out the need for this course,and we were fortunate in obtainingWarren to offer it. He has the type ofcontagious enthusiasm for his workthat sparks students to greater effortand more interest in fisheries problems.

In my estimation, conservation of anysort attracts a superior group of stu-dents. It is, of course, partly for thatreason that the graduates have achiev-ed enviable reputations, but it mustalso be, in part, effective teaching thatis responsible for the high ratings ofour graduates in competitive civil serv-ice examinations. Over 250 graduatesfrom the college are now actively en-gaged in a variety of careers withfishes, wild birds and mammals, and invarious other occupations in the fieldof conservation. They are located inmore than thirty different states andin the territories of Alaska and Hawaii.At various times a few ex-studentshave had biological assignments inoverseas areas including Little Amer-

ica. The majority are employed by stategame and fish departments; several bythe federal government; and a few areengaged in business and industries hav-ing wildlife problems or interests.

Their assignments include fish andgame biologists, regional supervisors,state game directors, research directors,district game managers, shellfish biolo-gists, fishery marketing specialists,refuge managers, rodent control ex-perts, pollution biologists, conservationofficers, wildlife public relations work-ers, fish hatchery and game farm oper-ators, college teachers of fish and gamemanagement, wildlife extension serviceworkers, and outdoor writers andphotographers. In addition, some havehighly successful careers in occupationsclosely allied to wildlife such as biologyteachers, park naturalists, soil conser-vation agents, fur farmers, range man-agers, curators of museums, and thelike.

Oregon's outstanding recreationalareas, with its great variety of fishes,birds and mammals, as well as theprogressive programs of the state'sconservation agencies, have attractedmany to study wildlife managementand fisheries at Oregon State College,perhaps more than at any other college.Although the majority have been fromOregon, approximately one-fourth ofthe students have come from otherstates. At various times there havebeen students from Alaska, Hawaii,

Jamaica, Germany, Estonia, Turkey,India, China, and South Americancountries. So great has been the studentresponse and the development of scien-tific wildlife management throughoutthe country that a separate curriculumin fisheries was added about eight yearsago.

The programs of study at the Col-lege from the beginning have made fulluse of existing courses in other de-partments and schools, for it was real-ized that agricultural operations, rangeand forestry practices, as well as engi-neering developments and activities,have far-reaching effects upon wildanimal populations. In addition, basiccourses have been required in English,chemistry, mathematics, economics,social sciences, botany, zoology, and inother subjects. Journalism and publicspeaking also have been considered es-sential. The specialized courses such aswildlife conservation and management,game birds, big game, fur bearers,game and commercial fisheries, gamelaw enforcement, and fishery researchmethods are taught in the Departmentof Fish and Game Management. In thedevelopment of specialized coursesmuch practical guidance was receivedfrom various members and employeesof the Oregon State Game Commission.They had confidence in young menfrom the College and frequently coun-seled with them at the beginning oftheir careers.

In the applied fish and game courses,the central idea of instruction has beenthat the production of sustained annualcrops of wildlife species for recreational,economic, and aesthetic purposes canbest be accomplished in harmony withthe major uses of lands and waters. Onthe other hand, there are areas soimportant to some wildlife forms instrategic locations that primary use iswarranted. Stress has also been placedupon the fact that the wildlife resourcesshould be important components inmost multiple-use undertakings. Thebasic techniques have included instruc-tion in conducting inventories of wildanimal populations, evaluating thecarrying capacities of lands and waters,measuring the effects of ecological fac-tors on wild animals and the orderlyharvesting of the annual crop of gameand commercial species. This calls forrecognition of a multiplicity of birds,mammals, fishes and other related wildanimal and plant forms as well asknowledge of the life histories of theimportant wildlife species.

Closely associated with the depart-ment's activities, the personnel of the

(Continued on page 5)

March, 1955 Page 5

TRAINING IN WILDLIFE MGT.(Continued from page 4)

Oregon Cooperative Research Unit hasundertaken fundamental investigationsof many problems involving the gamespecies of Oregon. From initial studiesin 1935 with ring-necked pheasants anddeer the projects have been extendedto include quail, grouse, Hungarianpartridge, antelope, trout, beaver, pre-dators, the effects of various land prac-tices on wild animal populations, andthe development of management tech-niques for game species. Arthur S. Ein-arson, research biologist of the U. S.Fish and Wildlife Service, has beenleader of the unit since its establish-ment in 1935. He is assisted in thesestudies by Ross Newcomb and FrancisSchneider, research biologists of theOregon State Game Commission. Grad-uate students on research assistant-ships have prepared 25 theses coveringthe various aspects of these projects.

Other graduate students have takenactive parts in a number of researchstudies. Some of the student investiga-tions include the problems of oysterculture under the direction of WilburBreese, research assistant in charge ofthe Yaquina Bay Fishery Laboratory;the effects of pollution on the fishesof the Willamette River; aquatic weedcontrol at the field station on SiltcoosLake; biological surveys of a few Ore-gon lakes; and the classification anddistribution of Oregon fishes.

Nutritional studies in the use ofmarine fishes in the diets of mink arebeing closely followed by fur farmers

of the country. The experimental furfarm located near the campus gainednational recognition under the direc-tion of Phyllis Watt Wustenberg. Shenow is on the staff in an advisory capa-city, although the major part of hertime is taken up with caring for youngMark Wustenberg. Kenneth Davis, whoworked with her, is now on militaryleave, and John Adair is research assis-tant in charge of the fur farm now.

A little over a year ago anotherimportant cooperative undertaking wasstarted which should result in neededfundamental research for the controland prevention of stream pollution.The fishery unit of the Robert A. TaftCenter of the U.S. Public Health Serv-ice was moved from Cincinnati to Cor-vallis and attached to the Departmentwith Dr. Peter Doudoroff in charge andassisted by Dr. Max Katz. The toxi-cology and fish physiology investiga-tions now well underway have alreadyattracted several graduate students,and others are applying for admission.The guidance of the unit personnelbrings added scope in fish toxicologyresearch to both students and staff.

The main product of the Department,the graduates, have made sizable con-tributions to the scientific wildlifemanagement not only in Oregon, butthroughout the nation as witnessed bythe positions they hold and the largenumbers of their articles appearingfrequently in scientific journals andsemi-popular periodicals. The presentgroup of 160 major students give thesame promise of furthering the wiseuse of wildlife resources as did their

Clyde Smith, Oregon Game Commission field agent, and group of students examine a winter killed deer.

predecessors. The fundamental re-search has contributed greatly toprogressive programs of fish and gamemanagement in Oregon, and the exten-sion program is just getting underway.There is no question that Dr. Gabriel-son's and Dean Schoenfeld's visions of1933 are beginning to bear fruit.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

"R. E.," as he isfamiliarly knownto the host of stu-dents both presentand "ex," whohave studiedunder his guid-ance, is a nativeOregonian born atHubbard. He spentbrief periods ofhis early ,youth in

New Jersey, Arizona and Californiaa fact he studiously attempts to over-look. He graduated from Newport highschool and later from Oregon StateCollege where he specialized in zoologyand education. Graduate work at thesame institution emphasized entomo-logy and marine biology. During theperiod 1926-1929, Waldport claimedhim as its high school principal andbiology teacher after which he returnedto OSC as assistant entomologist until1934.

Because of his far-seeing vision andcontagious, enthusiastic belief in theimportance of proper management ofOregon's wildlife resources, R. E.Dimick is rightly regarded as the"father of game management in Ore-gon." He became professor of wildlifemanagement and head of the Depart-ment of Fish & Game Management in1935. His efforts have brought the de-partment to a top spot in nationalrecognition.

Anyone who has ever been associatedwith him knows that his chief interestis his students. That concern is nosurface matter for at national meetingswhere he is always surrounded by "hisboys," who now work in all corners ofthe country, he remembers each oneintimately regardless of the length oftime since their last contact.

Such spare time as he might have isinvariably spent in the vicinity ofYaquina Bay where it is suspected thathe becomes engrossed in matters per-taining more to the work of his depart-ment than to any diversions which aresupposed to rest a man for his regularjob. But then, what can one expect froman individual who says his vocationis his vacation?

"13 deadTop of one head blown offTwo right arms missingThree eyes eliminatedFive legs shatteredNumerous flesh wounds inflictedQuite a prosperous year!"

As the grim reaper closes his diaryfor 1954 it is time to take a close look athis record and even more importanttake a look at "how it happened."

During 1954, the most complete rec-ords in the history of the Game Com-mission were kept on hunting accidents.Standardized report forms were usedin the majority of the cases, and theywere well filled out through the coop-eration of the Oregon State Police andthe county sheriffs' offices in the state.Also close scrutiny of newspaper re-ports from throughout the state addedto the compiled knowledge.

The totals: 13 persons dead and 37wounded in hunting accidents during1954.

Since we do have records that arefairly complete, it is possible to analyzeto some extent how the accidents hap-pened. Why they happened is easy toexplain . . . Someone was careless!

Accompanying this article are graphsshowing comparisons in some phases ofthe accident reports. The totals do notin all cases equal the total number ofaccidents, since. information was notalways complete; however, some signi-ficant facts can be seen.

A great majority of the accidents (75

per cent) happened at a range less than50 yards. This percentage was broughtabout largely by persons with loadedguns in cars, in boats, and around camp,all violations of the basic 10 command-ments of gun safety.

As in the past, the rifle and deerseason were the greatest disaster insti-gators. The shotgun and pheasant sea-son ran a strong second, but in thecomparison a very important pointarises.

In the past when reports were lesscomplete, many of the minor wound-ings undoubtedly were not reported. Anumber of this year's nonfatal acci-dents consisted of a person being spray-ed by shotgun shot, a few of whichimbedded in the flesh. The apparentalarming increase in the number ofaccidents over 1953 is probably not asmuch an increase as it is a more com-plete report.

2

15

1

One other surprising developmentwas the number of accidents occurringwhen the prey was other than gamespecies. People were killed and wound-ed while after raccoon, squirrels, jackrabbits, rats, and a woodpecker.

Settings for the accidents were thesame as in the past years with a newcast of characters. The causes were alsogenerally the same, with such standbysas disrespect for a loaded weapon, notmaking sure of a target, and havingloaded weapons in vehicles leading thelist.

There is only one person who canprevent hunting accidents. There is noroom for the phrase "Oh, it can't happento me!" It has happened to a widevariety of persons. Complete respect,understanding, and obedience of the 10commandments of safety plus the useof common sense by every hunter couldeliminate hunting accidents! (Ron Shay)

19

10

59

4

NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS BY GAME HUNTED

March, 1955 Page 7

40

30

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30

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25

20

Fatal Non-Fatal1954 Hunting Accidents

0-10 /0-50 50-100 /00ormoreYARDS

Distance from Weapon

5

Rifle Shotgun HandgunType of Weapon

PROCLAMATIONNATIONAL WILDLIFE WEEK

WHEREAS, the wise use of natural resources-soils and waters,forests, minerals, and wildlife-is essential to the welfare and securityof the community, state and nation, and

WHEREAS, the sound management of natural resources cannot beachieved without the guidance and support of an informed and interest-ed public, and

WHEREAS, the week of March 20 through March 26 is being ob-served across the nation as National Wildlife Week, and as an expres-sion of national interest in conservation and as a means of stimulatinggreater public interest in the pressing problems of natural resourcemanagement;

NOW THEREFORE, the week of March 20 through 26, 1955, ishereby designated as NATIONAL WILDLIFE WEEK in the State ofOregon. All citizens are urged to acquaint themselves with the factspertaining to natural resources problems, and, in keeping with thenational theme, to give particular thought and attention to the im-portance and preservation of wetland resources, including the marshes,sloughs, lakes and stream courses of America, and the wildlife andrecreational opportunities produced and afforded by such areas.

(Signed) Paul Patterson, Governor

1954 ANNUAL REPORTDEPARTMENT OF STATE POLICE

GAME CODE

Warn. Arrests Acq. Sent. FinesAngling: Closed season 21 58 4 .06 $ 1,780.50

Prohibited areas, hours ormethods 258 342 15 .16 7,249.50

Disguising: Sex of animal 1 50.00Species, kind of bird 1 7 1 150.00

Exceeding bag limit 67 142 8 .40 3,943.00Failure to tag properly 471 251 24 2.41 13,167.50False application for license 7 83 14 .33 3,614.00Holding game animal no permit 1 1 20.50Hunting: Closed season 10 114 8 1.94 9,599.50

Prohibited areas, hours ormethods 283 460 39 3.97 25,005.50

Protected animals, birds 3 28 .44 2,320.50Lending angler's or hunter's license 8 2 194.75Molesting game animals, birds, fish 1 1No license: Alien gun 5 1 125.00

Angling 657 338 25 .31 6,964.00Guide 3 5 95.50Holding permit 8 .03 167.50Hunting 280 126 19 .43 2,793.00Non-resident 6 60 9 1,339.50Trapping 6 4 250.00

Permitting dogs to run deer 20.50Possession: Game animal 3 160 18 3.12 14,171.00

Game bird . 7 47 2 1,371.50Game fish 116 85 2 .04 2,018.00Protected animal, bird 3 10 2 737.50

Sale game animal, bird, fish 1Shooting from highway 28 62 1 1,276.50Stream pollution 50.00Trapping: Closed season 2 4 85.00

Prohibited areas, or methods. 2 50.00With unbranded traps 4 6 1 100.00

Trespassing 28 2 444.00Using license of another 3 25 1 1,437.00Wanton waste of game 14 2 .40 2,060.00

TOTALS 2,237 2,483 207 14.04 $102,650.75

10.15 years suspended $19,771.75 remittedLicenses and bag limits

checked o. k.: Angling and hunting 137,106Guide 65Non-resident 425Trapping 234

Predatory animals killed 43

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salmon tore up stream, thewater like a tide-rip behind

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Chinook are robust, deep bodiedfish with lengths up to 4e/cY:Sport caught fish average /0 -0.5 lbs.Present record Chinook /26 /b.-8oz.caught- in trap near SA Petersburg, Alaska.Oregon has record 83/b. sport caughtChinook from the Umpeuci River. Back isgreenish, fading to silvery sides and belly.Black spots on back, dorsal -fin and both-lobes of the caudal fin. Spawning fish, especiallythe rnates, turn almos&a blackish muddy-red.

Usually in their fourth or fifth year matureChinooks return to their parent stream tospawn and die. Spawning runs occur inspring and fall, with spawning act takingplace in the fall. -In Oregon, Chinook spawnin almost all streams with access to thesea and suitable gravel beds.

Sal mon`vRedds" or nests aredug in gravel by female in fairlydeep, -Fast water: Female maydeposit eggs in several reads.From 3,000 to /6000 eggs maybe laid, average is 6,000.

Herring

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Oregon State GameCommission Bulletin

1634 S.W. ALDER STREETP. 0. BOX 4136

PORTLAND 6. OREGON

AnchovyChinook fry first feed on plankton,insects,insect larvae, crab larvae, rngsids, andlater pelagic shrimp and small fish.Mature salmon feed in the oceanon sand launces, anchovy,with herring and pilchardbeing main sources of food.

Young Chinook hatch in two to four monthsdepending on water temperature. Live onyolk sac about 30 days. Fry go to sea verysoon after emerging from grave/ or remainin fresh water up to fifteen months. Salmonfry have long vertical bars or parr markson their sides which disappear as theymature, also have black or dusky colorationinside mouth.

Insect Larvae

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