field reference manual...units is applicable to astm combined standards referenced in this...

FIELD REFERENCE MANUAL

Specifications for Concrete Construction

ACI 301-20

with selected ACI references

PUBLICATION MNL-15(20) American Concrete Institute

Farmington Hills, MI

Copyright © 2020, American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Dr., Farmington Hills, MI 48331Printed in the United States of America.First Printing, October 2020.

All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any formor by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any elec-tronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

ISBN: 978-1-942727-92-7

CONTENTS

301-20 Specifications for Concrete Construction117-10(15) Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construction (ACI 117-10) and Materials

and Commentary117.1R-14 Guide for Tolerance Compatibility in Concrete Construction211.5R-14 Guide for Submittal of Concrete Proportions224.1R-07 Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures302.1R-15 Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction302.2R-06 Guide for Concrete Slabs that Receive Moisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials303R-12 Guide to Cast-in-Place Architectural Concrete Practice304R-00(09) Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete304.2R-17 Guide to Placing Concrete by Pumping Methods304.4R-20 Guide to Placing Concrete with Belt Conveyors305R-20 Guide to Hot Weather Concreting305.1-14(20) Specification for Hot Weather Concreting306R-16 Guide to Cold Weather Concreting306.1-90(02) Standard Specification for Cold Weather Concreting308R-16 Guide to External Curing of Concrete308.1-11 Specification for Curing Concrete309R-05311.6-18

Guide for Consolidation of Concrete Specification for Testing Ready-Mixed Concrete

347R-14 Guide to Formwork for Concrete347.3R-13 364.17T

Guide to Formed Concrete Surfaces TechNote: How to Measure pH of a Concrete Surface Prior to Installation of a Floor Covering

423.7-14 Specification for Unbonded Single-Strand Tendon MaterialsITG-7-09 Specification for Tolerances for Precast Concrete

ACI 301-20 supersedes ACI 301-16, was adopted August 31, 2020, and published September 2020.

Copyright ©2020, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by

any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

This is a Reference Specification that the Architect/Engineer can apply to projects involving concrete construction by citing it in the Project Specification. A mandatory requirements checklist and an optional requirements checklist are provided to assist the Architect/Engineer in supplementing the provisions of this Specification as required or needed by designating or specifying individual project requirements.

The first five sections of this Specification cover general require-ments for concrete construction. These sections cover materials and proportioning of concrete; reinforcement and prestressing steel; production, placing, finishing, and curing of concrete; formwork performance criteria and construction; treatment of joints; embedded items; repair of surface defects; and finishing of formed and unformed surfaces. Provisions governing testing, evaluation, and acceptance of concrete as well as acceptance of the structures are included. The remaining sections are devoted to architectural concrete, lightweight concrete, mass concrete, post-tensioned concrete, shrinkage-compensating concrete for interior slabs, industrial floor slabs, tilt-up construction, precast structural concrete, and precast architectural concrete.

The materials, processes, quality control measures, and inspec-tions described in this document should be tested, monitored, or performed as applicable only by individuals holding the appro-priate ACI Certification or equivalent.

Keywords: architectural concrete; cold weather; compressive strength; consolidation; curing; durability; finish; formwork; grouting; hot weather; industrial floors; inspection; joints; lightweight concrete; mass concrete; mixture proportions; placing; post-tensioned concrete; precast concrete; prestressing steel; repair; reshoring; shoring; shrinkage-compensating concrete; slabs-on-ground; steel reinforcement; testing; tilt-up; tolerance; welded wire reinforcement.

ACI 301-20

Specifications for Concrete Construction

An ACI Standard

Reported by ACI Committee 301

Michelle L. Wilson, Chair Jason P. Bray, Secretary

VOTING MEMBERS

Roger J. Becker*Nicholas J. Carino

Domingo J. CarreiraMark F. Chrzanowski

Teck L. ChuaJames N. Cornell

Anthony R. DeCarlo Jr.*Thano Drimalas

Christopher C. Ferraro

John W. Gajda*Thomas M. Greene

Kenneth S. Harmon*John L. Hausfeld*Kenneth C. HoverSteven C. JaycoxEric P. Koehler*Larry B. Krauser

Colin L. Lobo

Ward R. MalischFrank Stephen Malits

David R. NauTheodore L. Neff*Aimee PergalskyEric S. Peterson

Henry B. Prenger*Amy M. Reineke Trygestad

David B. Scott

George W. SeegebrechtMatthew J. Sheehan

Kuntay K. TalayScott M. Tarr*

David G. TepkeDaniel B. Toon*John B. Turner*Kevin D. Wolf

*Subcommittee Chairs

SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERS

Oscar R. AntommatteiAsit N. BaxiEric Carleton

Steven J. CrawfordUfuk Dilek

Daniel P. DorfmuellerRick Felder

Chris A. ForsterCharles S. HanskatTodd R. Hawkinson

Roger S. Johnston†Phil Jones

Neel R. KhosaDonald P. Kline

Ronald L. Kozikowski Jr.Andrew R. Lloyd

Andrew S. McPhersonTodd R. MesserlyYvonne Nelson

Joseph F. Neuber Jr.

Lance OsborneKaren Polanco

Jonathon L. PooleChristopher James Perry

Karen PolancoJohn P. Ries

G. Michael RobinsonJohn W. Rohrer

Paul A. Rouis IIISteven K. Rowe

Edith G. SmithJason A. Swagert

Ralph H. TulisMiroslav Vejvoda

Gregory R. WagnerDavid Wan

Michael A. WhisonantDennis M. WittryWilliam H. Wolfe

Zuming Xia

CONSULTING MEMBERS

Jon B. Ardahl Sidney Freedman David P. Gustafson W. Calvin McCall

1

CONTENTS

SECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, p. 31.1—Scope, p. 31.2—Interpretation, p. 31.3—Definitions, p. 31.4—Referenced standards, p. 51.5—Submittals, p. 81.6—Preconstruction conference, p. 81.7—Testing and inspection, p. 81.8—Acceptance of structure, p. 101.9—Protection of in-place concrete, p. 11

SECTION 2—FORMWORK AND FORMWORK ACCESSORIES, p. 12

2.1—General, p. 122.2—Products, p. 122.3—Execution, p. 13

SECTION 3—REINFORCEMENT AND REINFORCEMENT SUPPORTS, p. 14


SECTION 4—CONCRETE MIXTURES, p. 184.1—General, p. 184.2—Products, p. 194.3—Execution, p. 24

SECTION 5—HANDLING, PLACING, AND CONSTRUCTING, p. 24


SECTION 6—ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE, p. 296.1—General, p. 296.2—Products, p. 306.3—Execution, p. 31

SECTION 7—LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, p. 327.1—General, p. 327.2—Products, p. 327.3—Execution, p. 32

SECTION 8—MASS CONCRETE, p. 328.1—General, p. 32

8.2—Products, p. 338.3—Execution, p. 33

SECTION 9—POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE, p. 339.1—General, p. 339.2—Products, p. 359.3—Execution, p. 36

SECTION 10—SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE FOR INTERIOR SLABS, p. 39


SECTION 11—INDUSTRIAL FLOOR SLABS, p. 4011.1—General, p. 4011.2—Products, p. 4011.3—Execution, p. 41

SECTION 12—TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION, p. 4212.1—General, p. 4212.2—Products, p. 4212.3—Execution, p. 42

SECTION 13—PRECAST STRUCTURAL CONCRETE, p. 44


SECTION 14—PRECAST ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE, p. 50


(Nonmandatory information follows)

NOTES TO SPECIFIER, p. 53General notes, p. 53Foreword to checklists, p. 54Authored references, p. 55

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST, p. 56

OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST, p. 59

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

2 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE CONSTUCTION (ACI 301-20)

SECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1—Scope1.1.1 This Specification covers construction of cast-in-

place concrete, architectural concrete, lightweight concrete, mass concrete, post-tensioned concrete, shrinkage-compen-sating concrete for interior slabs, industrial floor slabs cast on ground, tilt-up construction, precast structural concrete, and precast architectural concrete.

1.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, Sections 1 through 5 apply to Work where this Specification is referenced. Work covered by Sections 6 through 14 apply only if that Work is designated in Contract Documents.

1.1.3 This Specification is incorporated by Contract Docu-ments and provides requirements for Contractor.

1.1.4 This Specification governs for construction within its scope. If there are differences between requirements of this Specification and project-specific Contract Documents, project-specific Contract Documents govern.

1.1.5 Use shotcrete as designated in Contract Documents.1.1.6 Work not specified—The following Work is not in

the scope of this Specification:(a) Manufactured concrete products specified by ASTM standards(b) Environmental concrete structures(c) Heavyweight shielding concrete(d) Paving concrete(e) Terrazzo(f) Insulating concrete(g) Refractory concrete(h) Nuclear containment structures(i) Concrete piles; drilled piers; and caissons assigned to Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C(j) Fire safety(k) Slipformed concrete walls(l) Residential post-tensioned slabs-on-ground1.1.7 This Specification governs if there is a conflict with

referenced materials and testing standards.1.1.8 Contractor is permitted to submit written alterna-

tives to any provision in this Specification for consideration.1.1.9 Ignore provisions of this Specification that are not

applicable to Work.1.1.10 Units—Values in this Specification are stated in

inch-pound units. A companion specification in SI units is available.

1.1.11 Unless otherwise stated, the inch-pound system of units is applicable to ASTM combined standards referenced in this Specification.

1.1.12 The Notes to Specifier are not part of this Specification.

1.2—Interpretation1.2.1 Unless otherwise explicitly stated, this Specification

shall be interpreted using the following principles:1.2.1.1 Interpret this Specification consistent with the

plain meaning of the words and terms used.1.2.1.2 Definitions provided in this Specification govern

over the definitions of the same or similar words or terms found elsewhere.

1.2.1.3 Headings are part of this Specification and are intended to identify the scope of the provisions or sections that follow. If there is a difference in meaning or implication between the text of a provision and a heading, the meaning of the text governs.

1.2.1.4 Notes to a table are part of this Specification. The meaning of the provision text governs in the event of a difference in meaning or implication between the provision text and a note to a table.

1.2.1.5 If a provision of this Specification involves two or more items, conditions, requirements, or events connected by the conjunctions “and” or “or,” interpret the conjunction as follows:

(a) “and” indicates that all the connected items, condi-tions, requirements, or events apply.(b) “or” indicates that the connected items, conditions, requirements, or events apply singularly.1.2.1.6 The use of the verbs “may” or “will” indicates that

the specification provision is for information to Contractor.1.2.1.7 The phrases “as indicated in Contract Documents”

and “as designated in Contract Documents” mean the speci-fier included provision requirements in Contract Documents.

1.2.1.8 The phrase “unless otherwise specified” means the specifier may have included an alternative to the default requirement in Contract Documents.

1.2.1.9 The phrase “if specified” means the specifier may have included a requirement in Contract Documents for which there is no default requirement in this Specification.

1.3—Definitionsacceptable or accepted—determined to be satisfactory

by Architect/Engineer based on requirements of Contract Documents.

acceptance—acknowledgment by Architect/Engineer that submittal or completed Work is acceptable.

ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade I—a person who has demonstrated knowledge and ability to perform and record the results of ASTM standard tests on freshly mixed concrete and to make and cure test speci-mens; knowledge and ability shall be demonstrated by passing prescribed written and performance examinations and having credentials that are current with the American Concrete Institute.

Architect/Engineer—Architect, Engineer, architectural firm, design or engineering firm, or architectural and engi-neering firm issuing Contract Documents, or administering the Work under Contract Documents, or both.

backshores—shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or structural member after the original formwork and shores have been removed from a small area at a time, without allowing the slab or member to deflect, or support its own weight or existing construction loads.

cast-in-place concrete—concrete that is deposited and allowed to harden in the place where it is required to be in the completed structure.

check test—test performed to verify result of previous test result of freshly-mixed concrete.


SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (ACI 301-20) 3

Contract Documents—a set of documents that form the basis of an agreement between Owner and Contractor; these documents can contain contract forms, contract conditions, specifications, drawings, addenda, and contract changes.

Contractor—the person, firm, or entity under contract for construction of Work.

defective work—construction or material that does not comply with Contract Documents.

design reference sample—sample of architectural concrete for color, finish, and texture that is submitted for initial verification of design intent.

drawings—graphic presentation that details requirements for Work.

duct—a conduit in a concrete member to accommo-date the prestressing steel of a post-tensioning tendon and provide an annular space for protective coating.

encapsulated tendon—a tendon that is enclosed completely in a watertight covering from end to end, including anchorages, sheathing with coating, and caps over the strand tails.

equivalent diameter of bundle—the diameter of a circle having an area equal to the sum of the bar areas in a bundle of reinforcing bars.

expansive cement—a cement that, when mixed with water, produces a paste that, after setting, increases in volume and is used to compensate for volume decrease due to shrinkage or to induce tensile stress in reinforcement.

exposed to view—portion of structure that can be observed by the public during normal use.

high-early-strength concrete—concrete that, through the use of additional cement, high-early-strength cement, admixtures, or other acceptable methods, has accelerated early-age strength development.

jack clearance—minimum space required to safely install, operate, and remove a hydraulic jack through its full range of movement in stressing of a tendon.

licensed design engineer—an individual retained by the Contractor who is licensed to practice engineering as defined by the statutory requirements of the professional licensing laws of the state or jurisdiction in which the project is to be constructed.

movement joint—an interface between adjacent portions of Work that allows movement in one or more direction.

nonencapsulated tendon—a tendon that has bare metallic anchorages and sheathing that is continuous between anchor-ages but not connected to the anchorages.

normalweight concrete—concrete containing aggregate that conforms to ASTM C33/C33M and that typically has a density between 135 and 160 lb/ft3.

Owner—the corporation, association, partnership, individual, public body, or authority for whom Work is constructed.

placing drawing—drawing that gives size, location, and spacing of reinforcement, and other information required for site-cast concrete construction.

point of delivery—location where concrete is discharged from the vehicle used to transport concrete to the project site.

point of placement—location where concrete is placed in structure.

prestressing steel—high-strength steel element; for example, strand, bars, or wire, used to impart prestress forces to concrete.

quality assurance—actions taken by Owner or Owner’s Representative to provide confidence that Work done and materials provided are in accordance with Contract Documents.

quality control—actions taken by Contractor to ensure that Work meets the requirements in Contract Documents.

reference specification—a standardized mandatory-language document prescribing materials, dimensions, and workmanship, incorporated by reference in Contract Documents.

referenced standards—standardized mandatory-language documents of a technical society, organization, or association, including codes of local or federal authorities, which are incorporated by reference in Contract Documents.

required—required in this Specification or in Contract Documents.

reshores—shores placed snugly under a stripped concrete slab or other structural member after the original forms and shores have been removed from a large area, thus requiring the new slab or structural member to deflect and support its own weight and existing construction loads.

sheathing—a material encasing prestressing reinforce-ment to prevent bonding of prestressing reinforcement with surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and to contain corrosion-inhibiting coating.

shop drawings—drawings that provide details for a particular portion of Work that are prepared by Contractor in accordance with Contract Documents and are reviewed by Architect/Engineer.

shore—vertical or inclined support members designed to support the weight of the formwork, concrete, and construc-tion loads above.

strength test—standard test conducted for evaluation and acceptance of concrete determined as the average of the compressive strengths of at least two 6 x 12 in. cylinders or at least three 4 x 8 in. cylinders made from the same sample of concrete, taken in accordance with ASTM C172/C172M at the point of delivery, handled and standard cured in accor-dance with ASTM C31/C31M, and tested in accordance with ASTM C39/C39M at 28 days or at test age designated for fc′.

structural concrete—plain or reinforced concrete in a member required to transfer gravity loads, lateral loads, or both, to the ground.

submit—provide to Architect/Engineer for review.submittal—documents or materials provided to Archi-

tect/Engineer for review and acceptance.surface defects—imperfections in concrete surfaces

defined in Contract Documents requiring repair.tendon—in pretensioned applications, the tendon is

the prestressing steel; in post-tensioned applications, the tendon is a complete assembly consisting of anchorages, prestressing steel, and sheathing with coating for unbonded applications or ducts with grout for bonded applications.


4 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE CONSTUCTION (ACI 301-20)

00--Frontmatter01--301-20TITLE PAGESECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS1.1—Scope1.2—Interpretation1.3—Definitions1.4—Referenced standards1.5—Submittals1.6—Preconstruction conference1.7—Testing and inspection1.8—Acceptance of structure1.9—Protection of in-place concrete

SECTION 2—FORMWORK AND FORMWORK ACCESSORIES2.1—General2.2—Products2.3—Execution

SECTION 3—REINFORCEMENT AND REINFORCEMENT SUPPORTS3.1—General3.2—Products3.3—Execution

SECTION 4—CONCRETE MIXTURES4.1—General4.2—Products4.3—Execution

SECTION 5—HANDLING, PLACING, AND CONSTRUCTING5.1—General5.2—Products5.3—Execution

SECTION 6—ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE6.1—General6.2—Products6.3—Execution

SECTION 7—LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE7.1—General7.2—Products7.3—Execution

SECTION 8—MASS CONCRETE8.1—General8.2—Products8.3—Execution

SECTION 9—POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE9.1—General9.2—Products9.3—Execution

SECTION 10—SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE FOR INTERIOR SLABS10.1—General10.2—Products10.3—Execution

SECTION 11—INDUSTRIAL FLOOR SLABS11.1—General11.2—Products11.3—Execution

SECTION 12—TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION12.1—General12.2—Products12.3—Execution

SECTION 13—PRECAST STRUCTURAL CONCRETE13.1—General13.2—Products13.3—Execution

SECTION 14—PRECAST ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE14.1—General14.2—Products14.3—Execution

NOTES TO SPECIFIERGeneral notesForeword to checklistsAuthored references

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLISTOPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST

02--117-10(15)TITLE PAGECONTENTSINTRODUCTIONSECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS1.1—Scope1.2—Requirements1.3—Definitions1.4—Referenced standards

SECTION 2—MATERIALS2.1—Reinforcing steel fabrication and assembly2.2—Reinforcement location2.3—Placement of embedded items, excluding dowels in slabs-on-ground2.4—Concrete batching2.5—Concrete properties

SECTION 3—FOUNDATIONS3.1—Deviation from plumb3.2—Deviation from location3.3—Deviation from elevation3.4—Deviation from plane3.5—Deviation from cross-sectional dimensions offoundations

SECTION 4—CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE FOR BUILDINGS4.1—Deviation from plumb4.2—Deviation from location4.3—Not used4.4—Deviation from elevation4.5—Deviation from cross-sectional dimensions4.6—Deviation from formed opening width or height4.7—Deviation from relative elevations or widths for stairs4.8—Deviation from slope or plane4.9—Sawcut depth in slab-on-ground

SECTION 5—CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE AT INTERFACE WITH PRECAST CONCRETE (EXCEPT TILT-UP CONCRETE)5.1—Deviation from elevation—cast-in-place concrete5.2—Deviation from location—cast-in-place concrete5.3—Deviation from dimension—cast-in-place concrete5.4—Deviation from plane at bearing surface—cast-inplaceconcrete measured over length or width ofbearing surface

SECTION 6—MASONRY SECTION 7—CAST-IN-PLACE, VERTICALLY SLIPFORMED BUILDING ELEMENTS7.1—Deviation from plumb for buildings and cores7.2—Horizontal deviation7.3—Cross-sectional dimensions7.4—Openings through elements7.5—Embedded plates7.6—Deviation from plumb for slipformed and jumpformedsilos

SECTION 8—MASS CONCRETE8.1—Deviation from plumb8.2—Horizontal deviation8.3—Vertical deviation8.4—Cross-sectional dimension8.5—Deviation from plane

SECTION 9—CANAL LINING9.1—Horizontal deviation9.2—Vertical deviation9.3—Cross-sectional dimensions

SECTION 10—MONOLITHIC WATER-CONVEYING TUNNELS, SIPHONS, CONDUITS, AND SPILLWAYS10.1—Horizontal deviation10.2—Vertical deviation10.3—Cross-sectional dimensions10.4—Deviation from plane

SECTION 11—CAST-IN-PLACE BRIDGES11.1—Deviation from plumb11.2—Horizontal deviation11.3—Vertical deviation11.4—Length, width, or depth of specified elements11.5—Deviation from plane11.6—Deck reinforcement cover11.7—Bearing pads

SECTION 12—EXTERIOR PAVEMENTS AND SIDEWALKS12.1—Horizontal deviation12.2—Vertical deviation of surface

SECTION 13—CHIMNEYS AND COOLING TOWERS13.1—Deviation from plumb13.2—Outside shell diameter13.3—Wall thickness

SECTION 14—CAST-IN-PLACE NONREINFORCED PIPE14.1—Wall thickness14.2—Pipe diameter14.3—Offsets14.4—Surface indentations14.5—Grade and alignment14.6—Concrete slump

SECTION 15—TILT-UP CONCRETE15.1—Panel forming15.2—Deviation from plumb15.3—Deviation from elevation15.4—Deviation from location15.5—Deviation from slope or plane15.6—Deviation from relative widths

NOTES TO SPECIFIERGeneral notes

FORWORD TO CHECKLISTSMANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLISTOPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST

03--117.1R-14CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1—Introduction1.2—Scope1.3—Unit conversions

CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS2.1—Definitions

CHAPTER 3—TOLERANCE COORDINATION AND RESPONSIBILITY3.1—Tolerance coordination meetings3.2—Responsibilities3.3—Review and approval3.4—Measurements

CHAPTER 4—CREATING TOLERANCE COMPATIBILITY4.1—Steps toward tolerance compatibility4.2—More restrictive tolerances4.3—Tolerance limit considerations4.4—Coordinating architectural layouts with structural framing4.5—Communicating information

CHAPTER 5—TOLERANCES AND METHODS OF ACCOMMODATING TOLERANCES5.2—Elevator cores and hoistways5.3—Openings in slabs and walls5.4—Manufactured couplers and splicing systems for reinforcing bars5.5—Cast-in-place stairs5.6—Cladding systems5.7—Infill wall systems5.8—Surface accessibility5.9—Finish floor coverings5.10—Expansion joints

CHAPTER 6—REFERENCESCited references

04--211.5R-14CONTENTSCHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1—General1.2—Scope

CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1—Notation2.2—Definitions

CHAPTER 3— MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION3.1—Quality of constituent materials3.2—Submittal information

CHAPTER 4— CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS4.1—Proportioning4.2—Quantities by weight4.3—Quantities by volume

CHAPTER 5— DOCUMENTATION OF SPECIFIED PROPERTIES5.1—Freshly mixed concrete properties5.2—Required average strength fcr′5.3—Past performance record submittal5.4—Trial batch record submittal5.5—Specific properties other than strength5.6—Resubmittals

CHAPTER 6— ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED DOCUMENTATION6.1—Transmittal letter6.2—Submittal forms

CHAPTER 7—REFERENCESAPPENDIX A—PRESCRIPTIVE SUBMITTAL NO. 1 (SINGLE MIXTURE, MULTIPLE PLANTS)APPENDIX B— PRESCRIPTIVE SUBMITTAL NO. 2 (MULTIPLE MIXTURES, MULTIPLE PLANTS)APPENDIX C— PERFORMANCE SUBMITTAL

05--224.1R-07CONTENTSPREFACECHAPTER 1— CAUSES AND CONTROL OF CRACKING1.1— Introduction1.2—Cracking of plastic concrete1.2.1 Plastic shrinkage cracking1.2.2 Settlement cracking

1.3—Cracking of hardened concrete1.3.1 Drying shrinkage1.3.2 Thermal stresses1.3.3 Chemical reaction1.3.4 Weathering1.3.5 Corrosion of reinforcement1.3.6 Poor construction practices1.3.7 Construction overloads1.3.8 Errors in design and detailing1.3.9 Externally applied loads

CHAPTER 2— EVALUATION OF CRACKING2.1— Introduction2.2—Determination of location and extent of concrete cracking2.2.1 Direct and indirect observation2.2.2 Nondestructive testing2.2.3 Tests on concrete cores2.2.4 Review of drawings and construction data

2.3—Selection of repair procedures

CHAPTER 3— METHODS OF CRACK REPAIR3.1— Introduction3.2—Epoxy injection3.3—Routing and sealing3.4—Near-surface reinforcing and pinning3.5—Additional reinforcement3.5.1 Conventional reinforcement3.5.2 Prestressing steel

3.6—Drilling and plugging3.7—Gravity filling3.8—Grouting3.8.1 Portland-cement grouting3.8.2 Chemical grouting

3.9—Drypacking3.10—Crack arrest3.11—Polymer impregnation3.12—Overlay and surface treatments3.13—Autogenous healing

CHAPTER 4— REFERENCES 4.1— Referenced standards and reports4.2—Cited references

06--302.1R-15TITLE PAGECHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION1.1—Purpose1.2—Scope

CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONSCHAPTER 3—PREBID AND PRECONSTRUCTION MEETINGS3.1—Prebid meeting3.2—Preconstruction meeting

CHAPTER 4—CLASSES OF FLOORS4.1—Classification of floors4.2—Single-course monolithic floors: Classes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 64.3—Two-course floors: Classes 3, 7, and 84.4—Class 9 floors4.5—Special finish floors

CHAPTER 5—DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS5.1—Scope5.2—Slabs-on-ground5.3—Suspended slabs5.4—Miscellaneous details

CHAPTER 6—SITE PREPARATION AND PLACING ENVIRONMENT6.1—Soil-support system preparation6.2—Suspended slabs6.3—Bulkheads6.4—Setting screed guides6.5—Installation of auxiliary materials6.6—Concrete placement conditions

CHAPTER 7—ASSOCIATED MATERIALS7.1—Introduction7.2—Reinforcement7.3—Special-purpose aggregates7.4—Monomolecular films7.5—Curing materials7.6—Gloss-imparting waxes7.7—Liquid surface treatments7.8—Joint materials7.9—Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

CHAPTER 8—CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONING8.1—Introduction8.2—Concrete8.3—Concrete properties8.4—Recommended concrete mixture8.5—Aggregates8.6—Portland cement8.7—Water8.8—Admixtures8.9—Concrete mixture analysis

CHAPTER 9—BATCHING, MIXING, AND TRANSPORTING9.1—Batching9.2—Mixing9.3—Transporting

CHAPTER 10—PLACING, CONSOLIDATING, AND FINISHING10.1—Placing operations10.2—Tools for spreading, consolidating, and finishing10.3—Spreading, consolidating, and finishing operations10.4—Finishing Class 1, 2, and 3 floors10.5—Finishing Class 4 and 5 floors10.6—Finishing Class 6 floors and monolithic-surface treatments for wear resistance10.7—Finishing Class 7 floors10.8—Finishing Class 8 floors (two-course unbonded)10.9—Finishing Class 9 floors10.10—Toppings for precast floors10.11—Finishing lightweight concrete10.12—Nonslip floors10.13—Decorative and nonslip treatments10.14—Grinding as repair procedure10.15—Floor flatness and levelness10.16—Treatment when bleeding is a problem10.17—Delays in cold-weather finishing

CHAPTER 11—CURING, PROTECTION, AND JOINT FILLING11.1—Purpose of curing11.2—Methods of curing11.3—Curing at joints11.4—Curing special concrete11.5—Length of curing11.6—Preventing plastic shrinkage cracking11.7—Curing after grinding11.8—Protection of slab during construction11.9—Temperature drawdown in cold storage and freezer rooms11.10—Joint filling and sealing

CHAPTER 12—QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST12.1—Introduction12.2—Partial list of important items to be observed

CHAPTER 13—CAUSES OF FLOOR AND SLAB SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS13.1—Introduction13.2—Random cracking13.3—Low wear resistance13.4—Dusting13.5—Scaling13.6—Popouts13.7—Blisters and delamination13.8—Spalling13.9—Discoloration13.10—Low spots and poor drainage13.11—Slab edge curling13.12—Evaluation of slab surface imperfections

CHAPTER 14—REFERENCESAuthored documents

07--302.2R-06CONTENTSCHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND1.1— Introduction1.2—Flooring moisture issues1.3—Concrete slabs that receive flooring materials1.4—Changes in construction methods and materials that affect floor systems1.5—Floor flatness changes with time1.6—Other considerations

CHAPTER 2— CONCRETE MOISTURE BASICS 2.1— Introduction2.2—Moisture movement2.2.1 Drying of concrete slab-on-ground2.2.2 Drying of suspended concrete slab2.2.3 Drying of concrete slab-on-ground with water or water vapor below

2.3—Concrete drying profiles2.3.1 Hanson (1968)2.3.2 Abrams and Orals (1965)2.3.3 Carrier et al. (1975)2.3.4 Initial moisture profile

2.4—Effects of moisture movement2.4.1 Slab curling2.4.2 Joint bulging2.4.3 Moisture movement effects on testing

2.5—Equilibrium moisture content2.6—Drying and wetting of concrete2.6.1 Adsorption and desorption effects2.6.2 Effect of sorption hysteresis on testing2.6.3 Rewetting of concrete

2.7—Moisture loss during drying

CHAPTER 3— CONCRETE MOISTURE TESTING 3.1— Introduction3.2—Standard guides and test methods3.3—Qualitative and quantitative tests3.3.1 Introduction3.3.2 Plastic sheet test3.3.3 Mat and primer tests3.3.4 Moisture meters3.3.5 Calcium chloride tests3.3.6 Relative humidity test

3.4—Test parameters3.4.1 Test frequency3.4.2 Test location3.4.3 Test environment3.4.4 Surface preparation3.4.5 Responsible testing party3.4.6 Acceptance criteria3.4.7 Using multiple test methods3.4.8 Modified surface testing3.4.9 Testing with no vapor retarder/barrier directly underconcrete

3.5—Underlayment testing3.6—Comments on moisture vapor emission rate tests

CHAPTER 4— CONCRETE pH TESTING4.1— Introduction4.2—Test methods4.3—ASTM test differences4.4—Factors affecting pH test results4.4.1 Wetting time4.4.2 Test kit components4.4.3 Carbonation4.4.4 Surface preparation4.4.5 Adhesive water4.4.6 Number of tests

CHAPTER 5— FLOOR COVERING AND ADHESIVE MANUFACTURER’S RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1— Introduction5.2—Manufacturer’s recommendations5.2.1 Vapor retarder/barrier5.2.2 Concrete materials and properties5.2.3 Curing5.2.4 Surface finish5.2.5 Floor flatness5.2.6 Moisture condition5.2.7 pH5.2.8 Surface preparation5.2.9 Repairs

5.3—Dealing with multiple floor covering requirements

CHAPTER 6— DRYING OF CONCRETE 6.1— Introduction6.2—Concrete drying with no external source of moisture6.3—Concrete drying: exposed to moisture from below6.4—Concrete drying: exposed to moisture from above6.5—Concrete drying from both sides6.6—Effect of concrete-making materials6.7—Effect of fresh and hardened concrete properties6.8—Effect of thickness6.9—Effect of curing6.10—Drying of mature concrete6.11—Effect of drying environment6.12—Drying at exposed edge6.13—Drying of lightweight concrete

CHAPTER 7— VAPOR RETARDER/BARRIER 7.1— Introduction7.1.1 Composition7.1.2 Vapor retarders and vapor barriers

7.2—Vapor retarder/barrier location7.2.1 Benefits of concrete placed on granular layer7.2.2 Benefits of concrete placed directly on vaporretarder/barrier7.2.3 Granular layer as water reservoir7.2.4 ACI 302/360 Task Group recommendations on vapor retarder/barrier location

7.3—Vapor transmission through retarder/barrier7.3.1 Perm rating7.3.2 Water vapor transmission through punctures7.3.3 Puncture resistance7.3.4 Effectiveness of vapor retarder/barrier in reducing water vapor inflow7.3.5

CHAPTER 8— FLOOR COVERING MATERIALS8.1— Introduction8.2—Communication between architect and engineer8.3—Floor covering technical resources8.4—Floor adhesives and coverings8.4.1 Adhesives8.4.2 Floor coverings

8.5—Effect of moisture in flooring adhesives8.6—Effect of concrete moisture on adhesive performance

CHAPTER 9— DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1— Introduction9.2—Testing9.3—Vapor retarder/barrier9.4—Concrete materials9.5—Concrete properties9.5.1 Selecting a w/cm

9.6—Surface finish9.6.1 Floor flatness

9.7—Curing9.8—Surface preparation9.9—Repairs9.10—Protection9.11—Moisture mitigation


APPENDIX— TWO CASE STUDIES OF MOISTURE-RELATED FLOORING PROBLEMS A.1— Value engineering results in flooring failureA.2— Postconstruction trench drains results in flooring failure

08--303R-12CONTENTSCHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 2— DEFINITIONSCHAPTER 3— ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS3.1—Architectural features3.1.1 General acceptance criteria3.1.2 Measurement3.1.3 Variations in color and shading3.1.4 Finishes

3.2—Architectural design3.2.1 General criteria3.2.2 Details of architectural design3.2.2.1 Unchamfered corners3.2.2.2 Chamfered corners3.2.2.3 Joints3.2.2.4 Soffits3.2.2.5 Sloped surfaces

3.2.3 Combination with precast concrete

3.3—Coatings and sealers3.3.1 Purpose

3.4—Joint sealants3.5—Specifications3.5.1 General3.5.2 Design reference sample3.5.3 Mandatory prebid conference3.5.4 Preconstruction mockup3.5.5 Shop drawings3.5.6 Inspection and quality control3.5.6.1 General3.5.6.2 Qualification of the inspector3.5.6.3 Duties of the inspector3.5.6.4 Final acceptance

CHAPTER 4— STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS4.1—Spalling4.2—Deflections4.3—Cracking4.4—Joints4.5—Beams and slabs4.6—Columns4.7—Walls

CHAPTER 5— FORMS5.1—General5.2—Materials5.2.1 Lumber5.2.2 Plywood5.2.3 Metals5.2.4 Plastics5.2.5 Plaster waste molds

5.3—Economics5.4—Formwork accuracy5.4.1 Bracing and walers5.4.2 Tolerances

5.5—Form joints5.5.1 Prevention of leakage5.5.2 Fins

5.6—Textures and patterns5.6.1 Form marks5.6.2 Form liners

5.7—Formwork accessories5.7.1 Ties5.7.2 Tie removal

5.8—Form coatings and sealers5.8.1 Function5.8.2 Types of coatings and sealers5.8.2.1 Mill-sealed form panels5.8.2.2 Field-applied coatings

5.9—Form release agents5.9.1 General5.9.2 Selection5.9.3 Types of release agents5.9.4 Influence of form materials5.9.5 Site storage5.9.6 Application of release agents

5.10—Form removal5.10.1 General5.10.2 Protection of concrete5.10.3 Procedures for form removal5.10.4 Protection and care of forms

CHAPTER 6— REINFORCEMENT6.1—General6.2—Clear space6.2.1 Clear spacing between bars

6.3—Reinforcement supports and spacers6.4—Tie wire6.5—Zinc-coated (galvanized) steel reinforcement6.6—Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars

CHAPTER 7— CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONING7.1—General7.2—Materials7.2.1 Portland cements and special cements7.2.2 Aggregates7.2.3 Admixtures7.2.3.1 Air-entraining agents7.2.3.2 Accelerating admixtures7.2.3.3 Water-reducing and set-retarding admixtures7.2.3.4 Pozzolans and slag

7.2.4 Pigments and color admixtures7.2.5 Water

7.3—Proportioning, mixing, and temperature control7.3.1 Temperature

CHAPTER 8— PLACING AND CONSOLIDATION8.1—Conveying and placing8.1.1 General8.1.2 Conveying8.1.3 Depositing in the form

8.2—Consolidation8.2.1 General8.2.2 Internal (immersion) vibration8.2.3 Form vibration8.2.4 Revibration8.2.5 Spading

CHAPTER 9— CURING9.1—General9.2—Curing in forms9.3—Moist curing9.4—Membrane curing9.5—Hot weather curing

CHAPTER 10— TREATED ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES10.1—Surface retarders10.2—High-pressure water jet10.3—Acid wash10.4—Abrasive blasting10.5—Tooling or other mechanical treatments10.5.1 Bush-hammering10.5.2 Grinding10.5.3 Manual treatment

CHAPTER 11— FINISHING AND FINAL CLEANUP11.1—General11.2—Tie holes11.3—Blemish repair11.4—Stain removal11.5—Sealers and coatings

CHAPTER 12— REFERENCES12.2—Cited references

APPENDIX A— ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE PHOTOS

09--304R-00(09)CONTENTSCHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION1.1— Scope1.2—Objective1.3—Other considerations

CHAPTER 2— CONTROL, HANDLING, AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS2.1— General considerations2.2—Aggregates2.2.1 Coarse aggregate2.2.1.1 Sizes2.2.1.2 Control of undersized material

2.2.2 Fine aggregate (sand)2.2.3 Storage2.2.4 Moisture control2.2.5 Samples for test

2.3—Cement2.4—Ground slag and pozzolans2.5—Admixtures2.6—Water and ice2.7—Fiber reinforcement

CHAPTER 3— MEASUREMENT AND BATCHING3.1— General requirements3.1.1 Objectives3.1.2 Tolerances

3.2—Bins and weigh batchers3.3—Plant type3.3.1 Manual weigh batching3.3.2 Partially automatic weigh batching3.3.3 Semiautomatic weigh batching3.3.4 Automatic weigh batching3.3.4.1 Cumulative automatic weigh batching3.3.4.2 Individual automatic weigh batching

3.3.5 Volumetric batching

3.4—Cementitious materials3.4.1 Batching3.4.2 Discharging

3.5—Water and ice measurement3.5.1 Batching equipment3.5.2 Aggregate moisture determination and compensation3.5.3 Total mixing water

3.6—Measurement of admixtures3.7—Measurement of materials for small jobs3.8—Other considerations

CHAPTER 4— MIXING AND TRANSPORTING4.1— General requirements4.2—Mixing equipment4.2.1 Tilting drum mixer4.2.2 Nontilting drum mixer4.2.3 Vertical shaft mixer4.2.4 Pugmill mixers4.2.5 Truck mixers4.2.6 Continuous mixing equipment4.2.7 Separate paste mixing

4.3—Central-mixed concrete4.4—Truck-mixed concrete4.5—Charging and mixing4.5.1 Central mixing4.5.2 Truck mixing4.5.3 Water4.5.3.1 Mixing water4.5.3.2 Addition of water on the job4.5.3.3 Wash water

4.6—Mixture temperature4.7—Discharging4.8—Mixer performance4.9—Maintenance4.10—General considerations for transporting concrete4.10.1 General4.10.2 Revolving drum4.10.3 Truck body with and without an agitator4.10.4 Concrete buckets on trucks or railroad cars4.10.5 Other methods

4.11—Returned concrete4.11.1 Admixtures4.11.2 Mechanical methods

CHAPTER 5— PLACING CONCRETE5.1— General considerations5.2—Planning5.3—Reinforcement and embedded items5.4—Placing5.4.1 Precautions5.4.2 Equipment5.4.2.1 Buckets and hoppers5.4.2.2 Manual or motor-propelled buggies5.4.2.3 Chutes and drop chutes5.4.2.4 Paving equipment5.4.2.5 Slipforming

5.5—Consolidation5.6—Mass concreting

CHAPTER 6— FORMS, JOINT PREPARATION, AND FINISHING6.1— Forms6.2—Joint preparation6.3—Finishing unformed surfaces

CHAPTER 7— PREPLACED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE7.1—General considerations7.2—Materials7.2.1 Cement7.2.2 Coarse aggregate7.2.3 Fine aggregate7.2.4 Pozzolan7.2.5 Admixtures7.2.5.1 Grout fluidifier7.2.5.2 Calcium chloride

7.3—Grout proportioning7.3.1 Cementitious materials7.3.2 Fine aggregate7.3.3 Proportioning requirements7.3.4 Consistency of grout

7.4—Temperature control7.5—Forms7.6—Grout pipe systems7.6.1 Delivery pipes7.6.2 Grout insertion pipes7.6.3 Vent pipes

7.7—Coarse aggregate placement7.7.1 Preparation for placement7.7.2 Aggregate placement7.7.3 Contamination

7.8—Grout mixing and pumping7.8.1 Mixers7.8.2 Pumps7.8.3 Grout injection7.8.4 Grout surface determination

7.9—Joint construction7.9.1 Cold joints7.9.2 Construction joints

7.10—Finishing7.11—Quality control

CHAPTER 8— CONCRETE PLACED UNDER WATER8.1— General considerations8.1.1 Scope8.1.2 Methods available8.1.3 Basic technique

8.2—Materials8.2.1 General requirements8.2.2 Aggregates8.2.3 Admixtures

8.3—Mixture proportioning8.3.1 Basic proportions8.3.2 Final selection

8.4—Concrete production and testing8.4.1 Production sampling and testing8.4.2 Concrete temperature

8.5—Tremie equipment and placement procedure8.5.1 Tremie pipes8.5.2 Placement procedures8.5.2.1 Pipe spacing8.5.2.2 Starting placements8.5.2.3 Placing8.5.2.4 Horizontal distribution of concrete

8.5.3 Postplacement evaluation

8.6—Direct pumping8.7—Concrete characteristics8.8—Precautions8.8.1 Inspection8.8.2 Loss of seal8.8.3 Go-devils8.8.4 Laitance8.8.5 Cracking8.8.5.1 Cement content8.8.5.2 Placement environment8.8.5.3 Volume8.8.5.4 Restraint

8.8.6 Detailing8.8.7 Preplacement planning8.8.8 Personnel

8.9—Special applications8.9.1 Fabric forming8.9.2 Diaphragm-wall construction

8.10—Antiwashout admixtures

CHAPTER 9— PUMPING CONCRETE9.1— General considerations9.2—Pumping equipment9.3—Pipeline and accessories9.3.1 General9.3.2 Pipeline components

9.4—Proportioning pumpable concrete9.4.1 Basic considerations9.4.2 Coarse aggregate9.4.3 Fine aggregate9.4.4 Combined normalweight aggregates9.4.5 Water9.4.6 Cementitious materials9.4.7 Admixtures

9.5—Field practice9.6—Field Control

CHAPTER 10— CONVEYING CONCRETE10.1— General considerations10.2—Conveyor operation10.3—Conveyor design10.4—Types of concrete conveyors10.4.1 Portable conveyors10.4.2 Feeder conveyors10.4.3 Spreading conveyors10.4.3.1 Radial spreaders10.4.3.2 Side-discharge conveyors10.4.3.3 Conveyor combinations

10.5—Field practice

CHAPTER 11— HEAVYWEIGHT AND RADIATION- SHIELDING CONCRETE11.1—General considerations11.2—Materials11.2.1 General11.2.2 Aggregate11.2.3 Proprietary premixed mortar

11.3—Concrete characteristics11.3.1 Physical properties11.3.2 Mixture proportioning

11.4—Mixing equipment11.5—Formwork11.6—Placement11.6.1 Conventional method11.6.2 Preplaced-aggregate method

11.7—Quality control11.7.1 Samples and testing11.7.2 Control tests11.7.3 Inspection

CHAPTER 12— LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURAL CONCRETE12.1— General considerations12.2—Measuring and batching12.2.1 Free water and absorbed water12.2.2 Unit-weight variations12.2.3 Volume-weight batching of coarse aggregate12.2.3.1 Calibrating the weighing hopper

12.2.4 Batching lightweight fine aggregate

12.3—Mixing12.3.1 Charging mixers12.3.1.1 Stationary mixers12.3.1.2 Truck mixers

12.3.2 Mixer operation

12.4—Job controls

CHAPTER 13— VOLUMETRIC-MEASURING AND CONTINUOUS- MIXING CONCRETE EQUIPMENT13.1— General Considerations13.2—Operations13.3—Fresh concrete properties

CHAPTER 14— REFERENCES14.1— Referenced standards and reports14.2—Cited references

10--304.2R-17TITLE PAGECHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1—Introduction1.2—Scope

CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONSCHAPTER 3—PUMPING CONCRETE3.1—Mixture component distribution3.2—Disruptions to flow

CHAPTER 4—PUMPING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS4.1—Piston pumps4.2—Valve types4.3—Trailer pumps4.4—Truck-mounted concrete pumps4.5—Separate placing booms4.6—Specialized equipment4.7—Pipeline and accessories4.8—Flexible system hose types and applications4.9—Concrete placing system accessories

CHAPTER 5—PUMPABLE CONCRETE5.1—Basic considerations5.2—Normalweight aggregate5.3—Lightweight aggregate concrete5.4—Water and slump5.5—Cementitious materials5.6—Admixtures5.7—Fiber reinforcement5.8—Trial mixtures and pumpability testing5.9—Estimating performance

CHAPTER 6—FIELD PRACTICES6.1—General6.2—Pipeline concrete placement6.3—Powered boom placement6.4—Equipment and operational safety6.5—Reduction in air content

CHAPTER 7—FIELD CONTROLCHAPTER 8—REFERENCESAuthored documents

11--304.4R-20304.4R-20.pdfTITLE PAGECHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION1.1—General1.2—History1.3—Concrete conveyor development

CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONSCHAPTER 3—DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS3.1—General requirements3.2—Concrete ribbon parameters3.3—Belt charging3.4—Belt discharge3.5—Belt conveyor design principles3.6—Concrete mixture proportioning for conveying3.7—Specifications

CHAPTER 4—TYPES OF CONVEYORS AND FUNCTIONS4.1—General4.2—Portable conveyors4.3—Feeder conveyors4.4—Spreading conveyors4.5—Conveyor combinations4.6—Special belt conveyors4.7—Truck-mounted conveyors4.8—Economics of conveyor placement

CHAPTER 5—FIELD PRACTICE5.1—Selection of conveyors5.2—Actual capacity5.3—Conveyor charging5.4—Discharge control5.5—Maintenance

CHAPTER 6—INSPECTION AND TESTING6.1—Concrete inspection6.2—Testing

CHAPTER 7—REFERENCESAuthored references

12--305R-20TITLE PAGECHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1—Introduction1.2—Scope

CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1—Notation2.2—Definitions

CHAPTER 3—POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND PRACTICES3.1—Potential problems in hot weather3.2—Potential problems related to other factors3.3—Practices for hot weather concreting

CHAPTER 4—EFFECTS OF HOT WEATHER ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES4.1—General4.2—Calculating estimated evaporation rate4.3—Effects of temperature of concrete4.4—Maximum ambient and concrete temperature4.5—Water4.6—Cement4.7—Supplementary cementitious materials4.8—Chemical admixtures4.9—Aggregates4.10—Fibers4.11—Proportioning

CHAPTER 5—PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY5.1—General5.2—Temperature control of concrete5.3—Batching and mixing5.4—Delivery5.5—Slump adjustment5.6—Properties of concrete mixtures5.7—Retempering

CHAPTER 6—PLACING AND CURING6.1—General6.2—Preparations for placing and curing6.3—Placement and finishing6.4—Curing and protection

CHAPTER 7—TESTING AND INSPECTION7.1—Testing7.2—Inspection

CHAPTER 8—REFERENCES8.1—Referenced standards and reports8.2—Cited references

APPENDIX A—ESTIMATING CONCRETE TEMPERATUREA.1—Estimating temperature of freshly mixed concreteA.2—Estimating temperature of concrete with ice

APPENDIX B—METHODS FOR COOLING FRESH CONCRETEB.1—Cooling with chilled mixing waterB.2—Liquid nitrogen cooling of mixing waterB.3—Cooling concrete with iceB.4—Cooling mixed concrete with liquid nitrogenB.5—Cooling of coarse aggregates

13--305.1-14(20)SECTION 1—GENERAL1.1—Scope1.2––Definitions1.3—Reference Standards1.4—Submittals1.5––Quality assurance, quality control, and acceptance of work

SECTION 2—PRODUCTS2.1—General

SECTION 3—EXECUTION3.1—General3.2—Maximum temperature of fresh concrete at time of discharge3.3—Qualification of concrete mixture3.4—Concrete production and delivery3.5—Concrete placement and finishing3.6—Concrete bleed-water evaporation3.7—Concrete curing3.8—Concrete protection

NOTES TO SPECIFIERGeneral notesForeword to checklists

APPENDIX A––EXAMPLE OF UNO EQUATION USED TO DETERMINE SURFACE EVAPORATION RATE OF FRESH CONCRETEAPPENDIX B––EXAMPLE OF NRMCA NOMOGRAPH FOR ESTIMATING SURFACE EVAPORATION RATE ON THE BASIS OF MENZEL FORMULA



CHAPTER 3—OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES, AND ECONOMY3.1—Objectives3.2—Principles3.3—Economy

CHAPTER 4—GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS4.1—Planning4.2—Protection during unexpected freezing4.3—Concrete temperature4.4—Temperature records4.5—Heated enclosures4.6—Slab finishing4.7—Concrete workability

CHAPTER 5—TEMPERATURE OF CONCRETE AS MIXED AND PLACED, AND HEATING OF MATERIALS5.1—Placement temperature5.2—Mixing temperature5.3—Heating mixing water5.4—Heating aggregates5.5—Steam heating of aggregates5.6—Overheating of aggregates5.7—Calculation of mixture temperature5.8—Temperature loss during delivery

CHAPTER 6—PREPARATION BEFORE CONCRETING6.1—Preparation of surfaces in contact with fresh concrete6.2—Massive metallic embedments6.3—Subgrade condition

CHAPTER 7—PROTECTION AGAINST FREEZING FOR CONCRETE NOT REQUIRING CONSTRUCTION SUPPORTS7.1—Protection methods7.2—Protection period7.3—Protection period for durability7.4—Protection for strength gain7.5—Temperature drop after removal of protection7.6—Allowable temperature differential during stripping

CHAPTER 8—PROTECTION AGAINST FREEZING FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REQUIRING CONSTRUCTION SUPPORTS8.1—Introduction8.2—Field-cured cylinders8.3—In-place testing8.4—Maturity testing8.5—Attainment of design strength8.6—Increasing early strength8.7—Cooling concrete8.8—Estimating strength development8.9—Removal of forms and supports8.10—Estimating strength development: modeling cold weather placements

CHAPTER 9—EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND METHODS OF TEMPERATURE PROTECTION9.1—Introduction9.2—Insulating materials9.3—Selection of insulation when supplementary heat is not used9.4—Selection of insulation for use with hydronic heaters9.5—Heaters9.6—Enclosures9.7—Internal heating9.8—Temperature monitoring9.9—Temporary removal of protection9.10—Insulated forms

CHAPTER 10—CURING RECOMMENDATIONS AND METHODS10.1—Introduction10.2—Curing during the protection period inside an enclosure10.3—Curing following the protection period

CHAPTER 11—ACCELERATION OF SETTING AND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT11.1—Introduction11.2—Accelerating admixtures11.3—Cold weather admixture systems (CWASs)11.4—Rapid setting cements

CHAPTER 12—REFERENCESAuthored documents

15--306.1-90(02)FOREWORDF1.F2.F3.F4.

PREFACE TO SPECIFICATION CHECKLISTP1.P2.P3.P4.P5.P6.

CONTENTS1 - GENERAL1.1 - Scope1.1.11.1.2

1.2. - Definitions1.3 - Reference organizations1.4 - Reference standards1.4.1 ACI Standards1.4.2 ASTM Standards

1.5 - Submittal of procedures1.5.1 Detailed procedures

2 - MATERIALS2.1 Scheduling protection materials2.2 - Concrete

3 - EXECUTION3.1 - Preparation before concreting3.2 - Concrete temperature3.2.1 Placement temperature3.2.2 Protection temperature3.2.3 Termination of protection

3.3 - Curing of concrete3.4 - Protection of concrete3.4.1 Combustion heaters3.4.2 Overheating and drying3.4.3 Maximum air temperature3.4.4 Protection against freezing3.4.5 Protection for structural safety3.4.6 Protection deficiency

APPENDIX - METRIC CONVERSIONSBlank Page

16--308R-16TITLE PAGECHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION1.1—Introduction1.2—Curing1.3—Curing and hydration of portland cement1.4—Deliberate curing procedures1.5—Curing-affected zone1.6—Concrete properties influenced by curing1.7—Effects of elevated temperature1.8—Sustainability

CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONSCHAPTER 3—CURING METHODS AND MATERIALS3.1—Scope3.2—Use of water for curing concrete3.3—Initial curing methods3.4—Final curing measures3.5—Termination of curing measures3.6—Cold-weather protection and curing3.7—Hot-weather protection and curing3.8—Accelerated curing3.9—Minimum curing requirements3.10—Temperature limits during curing

CHAPTER 4—CURING FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION4.1—Pavements and other slabs on ground4.2—Buildings, bridges, and other structures4.3—Mass concrete4.4—Curing colored concrete floors and slabs4.5—Specialty constructions

CHAPTER 5—MONITORING CURING AND CURING EFFECTIVENESS5.1—General5.2—Evaluating environmental conditions5.3—Means to verify application of curing5.4—Impact of curing procedures on immediate environment5.5—Impact of curing procedures on moisture and temperature within concrete5.6—Maturity method5.7—Assessing curing effectiveness


17--308.1-11FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTSNOTES TO SPECIFIERPrefaceMandatory requirements checklistMANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLISTOPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLISTSUBMITTALS CHECKLISTSUBMITTALS CHECKLIST (cont.)

CONTENTSPART 1— GENERAL1.1— Scope1.1.1 Work specified1.1.2 Exclusions1.1.3 Units

1.2—Reference standards1.3—Definitions1.4—Submittals1.4.1 Curing materials1.4.1.1 Fogging equipment1.4.1.2 Sheet material1.4.1.3 Liquid membrane-forming curing compound1.4.1.4 Water1.4.1.5 Dike material1.4.1.6 Absorbent materials1.4.1.7 Watering equipment1.4.1.8 Insulation materials1.4.1.9 Heating equipment1.4.1.10 Evaporation retardant

1.4.2 Curing procedures

1.5—Quality assurance1.5.1 General1.5.2 Testing agencies1.5.3 Support

PART 2— PRODUCTS2.1— Physical protection2.1.1 Liquid membrane-forming curing compound2.1.2 Evaporation retardants2.1.3 Sheet material2.1.4 Temperature protection2.1.5 Wind protection

2.2—Water application2.2.1 Ponding2.2.2 Sprinkling systems2.2.3 Fogging systems2.2.4 Absorbent materials2.2.4.12.2.4.2

PART 3— EXECUTION3.1— Initial curing3.1.1 Fogging3.1.2 Evaporation retardant

3.2—Final curing3.2.1 Sheet material3.2.1.13.2.1.2

3.2.2 Liquid membrane-forming curing compounds3.2.2.13.2.2.2

3.2.3 Ponding3.2.3.13.2.3.2

3.2.4 Sprinkling3.2.4.13.2.4.2

3.2.5 Fogging3.2.6 Absorbent material

3.3—Termination of curing3.3.13.3.23.3.2.1 General testing requirements3.3.2.1.1 Nondestructive test method3.3.2.1.2 Molded cylinder method3.3.2.1.3 Maturity method

3.4—Protection from mechanical injury3.5—Cold weather curing3.5.1 General3.5.23.5.33.5.43.5.53.5.6

3.6—Hot weather curing3.6.1 General3.6.2 Final curing

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18--309R-05CONTENTSCHAPTER 1— GENERALCHAPTER 2— EFFECT OF MIXTURE PROPORTIONS ON CONSOLIDATION2.1—Mixture proportions2.2—Workability and consistency2.3—Workability requirements

CHAPTER 3— METHODS OF CONSOLIDATION3.1—Manual methods3.2—Mechanical methods3.3—Methods used in combination

CHAPTER 4— CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETE BY VIBRATION4.1—Vibratory motion4.2—Process of consolidation

CHAPTER 5— EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATION5.1—Internal vibrators5.1.1 Flexible-shaft type5.1.2 Electric motor-in-head type5.1.3 Pneumatic vibrators5.1.4 Hydraulic vibrators5.1.5 Selecting an internal vibrator for the job5.1.6 Special shapes of vibrator heads5.1.7 Data to be supplied by manufacturer

5.2—Form vibrators5.2.1 General description5.2.2 Types of form vibrators5.2.2.1 Rotary5.2.2.2 Reciprocating5.2.2.3 Other types

5.2.3 Selecting external vibrators for vertical forms

5.3—Vibrating tables5.4—Surface vibrators5.5—Vibrator maintenance5.5.1 Preventive maintenance program

CHAPTER 6— FORMS6.1—General6.2—Sloping surfaces6.3—Surface blemishes6.4—Form tightness6.5—Forms for external vibration6.5.1 General6.5.2 Forming material6.5.3 Design and construction

CHAPTER 7— RECOMMENDED VIBRATION PRACTICES FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION7.1—General7.2—Procedure for internal vibration7.3—Adequacy of internal vibration7.4—Vibration of reinforcement7.5—Revibration7.6—Form vibration7.7—Consequences of improper vibration7.7.1 Honeycomb7.7.2 Excessive entrapped-air voids7.7.3 Sand streaking7.7.4 Placement lines7.7.5 Cold joints7.7.6 Subsidence cracking7.7.77.7.8

CHAPTER 8— STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 8.1— Design and detailing prerequisites8.2—Mixture requirements8.3—Internal vibration8.4—Form vibration8.5—Tunnel linings

CHAPTER 9— MASS CONCRETE9.1—Mixture requirements9.2—Vibration equipment9.3—Forms9.4—Vibration practices9.5—Roller-compacted concrete

CHAPTER 10— NORMAL-DENSITY CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS10.1—Mixture requirements10.2—Equipment10.3—Structural slabs10.4—Slabs on ground10.4.1 Internal vibration10.4.2 Surface vibration

10.5—Heavy-duty industrial floors10.6—Vacuum dewatering

CHAPTER 11— PAVEMENTS 11.1— General11.2—Mixture requirements11.3—Equipment11.3.1 Selection of equipment11.3.2 General requirements11.3.3 Internal vibrators11.3.4 Surface vibrators

11.4—Vibration procedures11.4.1 Internal vibrations using gang-mounted vibrators11.4.2 Surface vibration11.4.2.111.4.2.2

11.4.3 Manual vibration

11.5—Special precautions

CHAPTER 12— PRECAST PRODUCTS 12.1— General12.2—Mixture requirements12.3—Forming material12.4—Choice of consolidation method12.5—Placing methods

CHAPTER 13— STRUCTURAL LOW- DENSITY CONCRETE 13.1— General13.2—Mixture requirements13.3—Behavior of structural low-density concrete during vibration13.4—Consolidation equipment and procedures13.5—Floors

CHAPTER 14— HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE 14.1— General14.2—Mixture requirements14.3—Placing techniques14.3.1 Conventional placing techniques14.3.2 Special placing techniques

CHAPTER 15— SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE15.1—General

CHAPTER 16— QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE16.1—General16.2—Adequacy equipment and procedures16.3—Checking equipment performance16.3.1 Frequency of internal vibrators16.3.2 Amplitude of internal vibrators16.3.3 Frequency and amplitude for external vibration

CHAPTER 17— CONSOLIDATION OF TEST SPECIMENS 17.1— Strength17.2—Density17.3—Air content17.4—Consolidating very stiff concrete in laboratory specimens

CHAPTER 18— CONSOLIDATION IN CONGESTED AREAS18.1—Common placing problems18.1.1 Congestion of reinforcement18.1.2 Electrical conduit, pipe sleeves, and otherembedded items18.1.3 Boxouts

18.2—Consolidation techniques18.2.1 Placing and consolidation techniques18.2.2 Use of chemical admixtures18.2.3 Use of modified mixtures18.2.4 Conclusion


APPENDIX— FUNDAMENTALS OF VIBRATION A.1— Principles of simple harmonic motionA.2—Action of a rotary vibratorA.3—Vibratory motion in the concrete

19--311.6-18TITLE PAGESECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS1.1—Scope1.2—Qualifications1.3—Definitions1.4—Referenced standards1.5—Certification and accreditation organizations1.6—Units of measurement

SECTION 2—TESTING READY MIXED CONCRETE2.1—Sampling2.2—Frequency of sampling and testing2.3—Tests2.4—Number of strength test specimens2.5—Curing of strength test specimens2.6—Testing for strength

SECTION 3—TRANSMITTALS3.1—Scope3.2—Reports3.3—Report information

NOTES TO SPECIFIERSGeneral notes

FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTSMANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLISTOPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLISTSUBMITTALS CHECKLIST



CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS3.1—Achieving economy in formwork3.2—Contract documents

CHAPTER 4—DESIGN4.1—General4.2—Loads4.3—Member capacities4.4—Safety factors for accessories4.5—Shores4.6—Bracing and lacing4.7—Foundations for formwork4.8—Settlement

CHAPTER 5—CONSTRUCTION5.1—Safety precautions5.2—Construction practices and workmanship5.3—Tolerances5.4—Irregularities in formed surfaces5.5—Shoring and centering5.6—Inspection and adjustment of formwork5.7—Removal of forms and supports5.8—Shoring and reshoring of multistory structures

CHAPTER 6—MATERIALS6.1—General6.2—Properties of materials6.3—Accessories6.4—Form coatings and release agents

CHAPTER 7—ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE7.1—Introduction7.2—Role of architect7.3—Materials and accessories7.4—Design7.5—Construction7.6—Form removal

CHAPTER 8—SPECIAL STRUCTURES8.1—Discussion8.2—Bridges and viaducts, including high piers8.3—Structures designed for composite action8.4—Folded plates, thin shells, and long-span roof structures8.5—Mass concrete structures8.6—Underground structures

CHAPTER 9—SPECIAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION9.1—Preplaced-aggregate concrete9.2—Slipforms9.3—Permanent forms9.4—Forms for prestressed concrete construction9.5—Forms for site precasting9.6—Use of precast concrete for forms9.7—Forms for concrete placed under water


21--347.3R-13ContentsCHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONSCHAPTER 3—FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE DESCRIPTIONS3.1—General3.2—Examples and determination of surface void ratio

CHAPTER 4—BASICS OF LAYOUT AND DESIGN4.1—General4.2—Design and construction recommendations4.3—Planning and detailing4.4—Formwork and facing selection4.5—Premanufactured panelized formwork4.6—Job-built formwork4.7—Design with form liners4.8—Post-construction treated concrete surfaces

CHAPTER 5—SPECIFICATIONS5.1—General description5.2—Design features5.3—Surface finish limitations

CHAPTER 6—CONSTRUCTION6.1—Formwork6.2—Reinforcement and inserts6.3—Concrete mixture6.4—Concrete placement6.5—Concrete surface team

CHAPTER 7—EVALUATION OF FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES7.1—Basics7.2—Overall impression7.3—Procedure in case of deviations


22--364.17T-18IntroductionQuestionAnswerProposed methodDiscussionSummaryReferencesAuthored documentsAppendix A—ASTM F710 pH Test Procedure

23--423.7-14TITLE PAGE1—SCOPE1.11.21.31.4

2—DEFINITIONS2.1

3—REFERENCED STANDARDS3.1—American Concrete Institute3.2—ASTM International3.3—International Organization for Standardization3.4—Federal Test Method Standard

4—ORDERING INFORMATION4.1

5—MATERIALS5.1—Prestressing steel5.2—Post-tensioning (PT) coating5.3—Sheathing5.4—Anchorages and couplers5.5—Connecting components5.6—Tape

6—MANUFACTURE6.1—Minimum quantity of post-tensioning (PT) coating6.2—Manufacturing processes6.3—Sheathing coverage6.4—Nonencapsulated systems6.5—Encapsulated systems

7—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES7.1—Prestressing steel7.2—Post-tensioning (PT) coating

8—DIMENSIONS, DENSITY, AND PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS8.1—Prestressing steel8.2—Sheathing8.3—Anchorages8.4—Connecting components

9—ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY TESTING9.1—Validation9.2—Components9.3—Encapsulated systems9.4—Static test9.5—Fatigue test9.6—Hydrostatic test

10—TESTING SERVICES10.1—Prestressing steel10.2—Anchorage assembly

11—CERTIFICATION11.1

12—PACKAGING AND IDENTIFICATION12.1—Bundling and banding12.2—Identification of components

13—HANDLING, STORAGE, AND SHIPPING13.1—Handling13.2—Storage before shipping13.3—Shipping13.4—Protection from moisture

14—INSTALLATION DRAWINGS

24--ITG-7-09CONTENTSSECTION 1— GENERAL REQUIREMENTS1.1—Scope1.1.1 Work specified1.1.2 Work not specified1.1.3 Units

1.2—Requirements1.2.1 Accumulation of tolerances1.2.2 Sign definition1.2.3 Exceeding tolerances

1.3—Definitions1.4—Referenced standards

SECTION 2— STRUCTURAL PRODUCT TOLERANCES2.1— Scope2.2—Tolerances

SECTION 3— STRUCTURAL PRODUCT ERECTION TOLERANCES3.1— Scope3.2—Tolerances

SECTION 4— NONSTRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCT TOLERANCES4.1— Scope4.2—Tolerances

SECTION 5— NONSTRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCT ERECTION TOLERANCES5.1— Scope5.2—Tolerances

NOTES TO SPECIFIERGeneral notes

FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTSMANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLISTOPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST