field measurements of thermal plumes - hr...
TRANSCRIPT
Hydraulics ReseardtWall:ncford
FIELD TTEASURBUETT
C B TIATERS
R e p o r t f , o . S R 2 0l la rch 1985
OF TEBRI{AL PLUUES
HYDFAULTcs ResEeRiul, er ronrWALL |NGFeRg ; i ; , , 1
2 r JUN t985CLASS No.
Acc No . as. l [ lpL
Crown Copyrlght 1985
This report describes work funded by the Departmentof the Environment under Reserach Contract PECD7 /7 /050. I t was supervised by Mr C B Waters in theServices Department of Hydraul ics Research,Wallingford, urder the management of Mr M F CThorn.
ABSNACT
This report descr ibes the development ofinstr tmentat ion for f ie ld measurement of thethernal ef f luent from power stat ion outfal ls. Theequipment consl.sts of an array of five shorttLme-constant thermlstor probes and a pressuresensing depth meter whlch are towed fron a surveyvessel. An lnboard mLcroprocessor-based instrrmentdlsplays slmultaneously the flve temperaturereadlngs and the depth measurement on ltqutdcrystal dlsplays. The sensor interrogat ion rate isadJustable from 1 second upwards. Recording of thesensor outputs together with real t ime is made on adot-natrix prlnter. A sinultaneous fix narkenables a correlatlon to be nade between the sensorreadings and the vesselrs posit ion.
The results of f ie ld measurements of the thernaloutfall plrne fron Fawley Power Station arepresented.
A prelinlnary evaluation of the "Stewkle"ki te-nounted aerial photography system forphotographing therrnal plrnes is also reported on.
oof,rEilTs
APPruDIT
Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 EQUIPMENT DESCRTPTTON 2
Sensors 2In-board instrrmentatlon 5
3 FIELD TRIAL 7
Measurements Ln the thernal plrmeAerlal photography of the plr.me
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10
5 ACKNOI^ILEDGEMENTS 1.1
Manufacturerf s technlcal l i terature
FIGIIRBS I Thermistor assembly2 PLan of experlmental area showing
outfal l posi t ion3 Fawley outfal l 20.3.85 near surface
temperature distr ibut ionHW + t h r ro I IW + 1 .5 h rs .
4 Fawley outfa[ 20.3.85 near surfacetemperature distr ibut ionIII,I + 2.3hrs to ItW f 3hrs
5 Fawley outfaLL 20.3.85 near surfacetemperature dlstr ibut lonHI, I + 3.5hrs to l i l { f 4.3 hrs
6 LongitudinaL varlatlons of tenperatureduring period I IW + 3.5hrs to HI ' I * 4.3hrs
7 Lateral variations of temperature 60Onfron outfal l at I IW + 3.5hrs
PLAIBS I Inboard Lnstrrmentation2 The "Stewkl.e" Kite being laurched
fron the moored vessel3 Photograph of the dye-enhanced thernal
pltme4 Aerial photograph showlng the outfall
structure, the moored vessel and thetracking vessel
INTRODUCTIOI|For many years llydraullcs Research (HR) has beeninvolved in studles aimed at predicting thebehaviour of thermal pLr-nes emanating frorn theoffshore discharge of cool ing water from coastalpower stat ions. In many cases, studies have beencarried out prl.or to porrer station construction lnorder to opt lnise the si t ing of the outfal l andlntake structures. Clearly any recirculat lon ofthe heated water would result in a reduct lon inpower stat lon eff ic lency.
Mathenatical and physical nodels have beendeveloped to asslst in the predlct lve process.Proving data for these nodels are obtained fromextensive f ie ld measurements of the f low patterns,sal ini ty structure etc at the part icular s l te.Subsequent post-construct ion f ie ld measurements ofthe thernal plr.me are carrLed out in order toconf irm the predlct lon and/or to provide furtherdata for ref inlng future nodeLs.
In the deveLopnent of many exlsting power statlonsi tes expansion of the generat ing eapacity wi l lresult in a proport lonal increase in the dischargeof heated water to the sea, ei ther through theexist ing outfal l or thror€h addit ional outfal ls.The conpl.ex nature of the thermal interchange posesfurther problems for the nodel ler and necessitatesa greater urderstanding of the processes involved.
In order to improve otrr capabi l i t ies ln the f ie ldmeasurement of the temperature distributions withina thermal plrne a nerr Lnstrlnent system has beendeveloped.
A technical speclf icat lon was prepared at HR and,after a competi t lve tenderlng exereise, thecontract for the detalled design and manufacture ofthe equlpment was let to Cir tronlc Instr tments Ltd,Readlng.
EQUTpH|T. DBSCRTPTTOL
Sensors
The rndernater sensor attay consLsts of fivethernistor temperature probes and a singlepressure-sensing depth meter.
The construct ion of one of the thermlstor uni ts isshown ln Ftg 1 and consists of a Fenwall GB34 MM132thermistor noulded, using epoxy resin, to anlndividual electro-nechanlcal cable. A circularcage around the thermistor provides good mechanicalprotect ion without adversely affect ing the f lowaround the thermistor or the measurement tlmeconstant. The thermistors used are glassencapsulated and are designed for oceanographicuse. The resistance-temperature (R-T)characteristics are nnatched to a standard R-T curveto give an interchangeabi l i ty to within tO.1"C
over the temperature range 0 - 30"C. This sensorinterchangeabiJ- i ty slnpl i f ies the electroniccircul try and el ininates the need for individualcircui t adjustnent.
By having the sensors on individual cables i t iseasy to make up the measurement array to suit thesite requirements and al-so allows rapid sensorexchange or level adjustnent in the f ie ld.
Nornally the sensors are strapped at the requiredmeasurements levels el ther to a r igid streamlinedmast attached to the side of the traeking vessel orto a cornmon towing line with a heavy streamllnedweight or a cable depressor at i ts lower end. Thetotal depth of the array is measured using a DruckPDCR 10 strain-gauge pressure transducer attachedat the Lower end of the array. The depth of eachtemperature sensor ls then deternined byinterpolat lon.
The character lst ics of the sensors, including theR-T thernlstor vaLues, are given in the fol lowingtab le :
TABIJ I SETTSOR CTARACITnISTICS
(a) R-T character ist ics of Fenwal l GB 34 MM 132 thernl .srors
0 .00 .1o.20 .30 .40 .50 .6O ,70 .80 .91 .01 .1t . 21 .3r .41 .51 .6r .71 .81 .92 .O2 .12 .22 .32 .42 .52 .62 .72 .82 .93 .03 .13 .23 .33 .43 .53 .63 .73 .83 .94 .04. r4 .24 .34 .44 .54 .64 .74 .84 .95 .0
11 ,4001 1 ,3491 I , 298Lt ,2471 1 , 19611 ,146I I , 0961 1 ,04510 ,99710 , 94910 ,8991o ,850I 0 ,80110 ,7 5310 .7051 0 , 65910 ,61010 ,56310 ,51 6to,469r0,422LO ,37 610 ,330I0,284L0 ,23910 ,19310 , 14810 ,10310 ,058t 0 , 0149 ,969 .59 ,925 .59 ,881 .69 ,839 .19 ,794 .79 r75L.59 ,7O9 .69 ,665 .99 ,623.39 , 581 . 09 ,539 .09 ,497 . L9 ,455 .49 ,4 r4 .O9 ,372 .79 ,33 t .79 ,29O.99 ,25O.29 ,2O9 .79 ,L69 .59 , t 29 .5
5 .15 .25 .35 .45 .55 .65 .75 .8s.96 .06 .16 .26 .36 .46 .56 .66 .76 .86 .97 .07 .17 .27 .37 .47 .57 .67 .77 .87 .98 .08 .18 .28 .38 .48 .58 .68 .78 .88 .99 .09 .19 .29 .39 .49 .59 .69 .79 .89 .910 .010 .1
9 ,089 .69 ,050 .09 , 010 . 68 ,971 . 38 ,932 . 38 ,893 . 48 ,854 .78 ,916 .38 ,779 .08 ,739 . 98 ,702 .O8 .664 .38 ,626 .98 ,589 . 48 ,552 .28 ,515 .38 ,478 . 5I , 441 .98 ,405 . 48 ,369 .28 ,333 .18 ,297 .28 ,26 r . 58 ,225 .98 , 190 . 58 ,155 .38 , 120 .38 ,095 . 58 ,050 . 8I , 016 .37 ,98L.97 , 947 . 77 ,9 r3 .77 , 879 .97 ,846 .27 ,8 t2.77 , 779 .37 ,746 . r7 , 713 .L7 ,680 .27 , 647 . 57 ,6 t4 .97 1582.67 , 550 .37 ,5L8 .27 ,486 .37 , 454 .57 ,422 .97 ,39 t .57 ,360 . r7 ,329.O
r0.210 .310 .410 .510 .610 .710 . B10 .911 . 011 .1LT.211 . 311 . 411 . 511 .611 . 711 . 811 . 912 .ot2 . rL2.212.3t2.4L2.512 .6L2.712.8L2.913 . 013 . 1L3.213 . 313 . 413 . 513 .6L3 .713 .813 . 914 .014 .1t4 .2L4 .314 .414 .514 .614 .714 .814 .915 .015 . 1t5 .2
7 ,298.07 , 267 . l7 , 236 .47 ,205 .87 , r 7 5 .47 , r 45 . r7 , 115 . 07 , 085 . 07 ,O55 .27 ,O25.56 ,996 .06 ,966 .66 1937 .36 ,9O8 .26 ,879 .26 ,850 .36 ,821 .66 ,793 .06 ,764 .66 ,736 .36 ,708 . 16 ,680 . 16 ,652 .26 ,624 .46 . 596 . 86 ,569 .36 .54 r . 96 ,5 r4 .76 ,487 . 66 ,460 .66 ,433 .76 1407 .O6 , 380 .46 ,353 .96 ,327 . 66 , 301 . 46 ,275 .36 ,249 .36 ,223 .46 rr97 .76 , r72 . !6 ,146 .66 ,LzL .26 ,096 .06 ,07O.96 ,O45 .96 , 021 . 05 ,996 .25 , 97 r . 55 ,947 . o5 ,922 .5
1 5 . 31 5 . 41 5 . 51 5 . 61 5 . 71 5 . 81 5 . 91 6 . 01 6 . 1L 6 . 21 6 . 31 6 . 41 6 , 5t 6 . 61 6 . 71 6 . 81 6 . 91 7 . 01 7 . 1t 7 . 21 7 . 3t 7 . 4L 7 . 51 7 . 61 7 . 71 7 . 8L 7 . 91 8 . 01 8 . 118.21 8 . 31 8 . 41 8 . 51 8 . 61 8 . 71 8 . 81 8 . 91 9 . 01 9 . 11 9 . 21 9 . 31 9 . 41 9 . 51 9 . 61 9 . 71 9 . 81 9 . 92 0 . 02 A . t20 .220.3
5 , 898 .25 , 87 4 .O5 ,849 . 95 ,826 .05 ,802 . 15 , 778 .45 ,754 .75 ,73 r . 25 ,707 . 85 ,684 .55 ,66 r . 35 ,638 .25 ,615 .25 ,592 .35 ,569 .55 ,546 .95 ,524 .35 ,501 . 85 1479 .55 ,457 . 25 ,435 . 15 ,413 .15 ,391 . 15 ,369 .35 ,347 . 55 ,325 .95 ,3O4 .45 ,282 .95 ,26 r . 65 ,24O.45 ,279 .25 , r98 .25 , t 77 . 25 , 156 .45 ,135 .65 ,115 .05 ,A94 .45 ,O73 .95 , 053 . 65 ,033 .35 ,013 . 14 r9g3.O4 ,973 .O4 ,953 .14 ,933 . 34 ,9 r3 .54 ,993 . 94 , 87 4 .44 ,854 .94 ,835 .54 ,816 .3
TABI,E 1 SEI{SOR CHARACffi.ISTICS conrt
20.424.520.620.720 .820.92 I .O2 l . r2 t .22L.32r .421 .52 r . 62.1.72L ,82 r .922 .022 . r22 .222 .322 .422 .522 .622.722 .822 .9
4 ,797 . r4 , 779 .04 ,7 58 .94 ,7 40 .O4 .72 r . 24 , 7O2 .44 ,693 .74 ,665 .14 ,646 .64 ,629 .24 ,609 .94 ,59 t . 54 ,573 .44 ,555 .34 ,537 . 34 ,5 t9 .44 ,501 . 64 , 483 . 94 ,466 .14 ,448 .54 , 431 . 04 ,4 r3 .54 ,396 .24 ,379 ,94 ,36 t . 74 ,344 .6
23.O23 . r23.223.323.423 .523.623.723.823.924 .O24 . r24 .224 .324 .424 .524 .624 .724 .824 .925.O25 .L25.22s .325.425 .5
4 ,327 .54 , 310 .54 ,293.64 ,276 .84 , 260 .04 1243 .44 ,226 .94 r2l0.24 ,193 .84 , t 77 . 44 ,161 .14 , r44 .94 , r28 .74 ,Lrz .54 ,096 .64 ,080 .74 ,064 .84 ,049 .O4 , 033 . 34 rOL7 .64 ,OO2.O3 ,986 .53 ,971 .03 , 955 .63 ,940 .33 .925 . 1
25.625 .725.825.926 .O26 . r26 .226 .326 .426 .526.626 .726 .826 .927 .027 . l27 . 227 . 327 . 427 . 527 .627 . 727 .827 . 928 .028 . r
3 ,909 .93 , 894 . 83 ,879 . 73 , 864 . 83 ,849 .93 , 835 . 03 1820.23 ,805 .53 , 790 .93 ,77 6 .33 ,761 .83 ,747 .33 ,732 .93 ,7L8 .63 ,704 .33 ,690 . 13 ,67 6 .03 ,66 t . 93 ,647 . 93 ,633 .93 ,62A .03 ,606 .23 ,592 .43 , 578 .73 ,565 . 13 ,551 . 5
28.228 . 328.428.528.628.728 .828.929.029 . r29.229 .329.429 .529 ,629 .729.829 .930 .0
3 ,537 . 93 1524 .53 ,511 . 13 ,497 . 73 ,494 .43 r47l - .23 ,458 . 03 1444 .93 ,431 .83 , 418 .83 , 405 .93 , 393 . 03 ,380 .13 ,367 . 33 ,354 .63 ,341 . g3 ,329 .33 ,316 .93 ,304 .3
(b) Disslpat lon Constant, ie. the power requiredto raise the thermistor temperature loC
9.0 nW/Co in s t l l l water10.0 nW/C" in moving water, 6m/s
(c) Tlme Constant, ie. the t lme requlred by thethermlstor to change 637" of the difference betweenIts ini t la l and f lnal temperature
I second ln st l l l water0.3 seconds ln noving rf,ater, 6n/s
(d) Temperature measurement
Range 0 - 30"CAccuracy t0.1o6 over the O - 30oC rangeStabi l i ty t 0.05"C per year change maximun
(e) Depth measurement
Range 0- 3On
Accuracy t0. ln
In-board InstrLmentat ion
A photograph of the inboard instrrment is shown inP l a t e 1 .
A ful l technical descr ipt ion of the instrrmenta-tLon, including the software l - ist ings, as suppl iedby the manufacturer, is given in the Appendix toth ls repor t .
The basic components of the system comprise:
(a) a sensor energisat ion supply;
(b) a nuLt iplexer which scans sequent ialLy thefive thernistor channel,s and the depthmeasuring channel;
(c) a real- t ime clock and calender;
(d) an Intel 8031 nlcroprocessor which controLsthe whole unit and converts the measuredsensor values lnto engineering units oftemperature and depth by neans of aprogrammed "lookup" tab1e.
Each sensor channel has an individual four-decadel iquid crystal display.
A hard-copy of the six data channels is obtaineduslng a Cit izen DP-505 dot-matr ix pr inter. Eachrecord contains the five temperature values, thedepth value and real time. The record is updatedat a selectable scan rate between 1 and 99 seconds.A pr intout of the date is made at the start of eachrecord block.
A sinul taneous "f lx" indicat ion is made at everyprint cycle. This comprises a momentary contactclosure which nay be used to synchronise themeasured values with the vesselts posl t lonal data.
The sensor val-ues nay be displayed and printedeither as an Lnstantaneous value or as an averageover the set scan interval . An RS 232C out let portenables direct connect ion to a microcomputer foron-board logging and conputation.
The rnl t operates from a 12V battery supply andincorporates reverse polar i ty protect ion.
3 FIELD N.IALMeasurengnts in the thernal plrme
Prior to carrying out a f ie ld tr ia l of the thernalsurvey system the thermistor sensors were eachcalibrated in the laboratory using athermostat ical ly control led, c irculat lng waterbath. A measurement accuracy andinterchangeabi l i ty of tO.1oC was conf irned.
In order to demonstrate the operat lon of the systenrnder fteld conditlons a short experLment nascarried out 1n which measurements were taken of thethernal plrne from the Fawley power statlon outfaLl( s e e F l g 1 ) .
The Fawley power stat ion is oi l - f i red and fortun-ately for us, because of the minerrs dispute, nasoperating continuously and at near fu1-1- power atthe t ine chosen for the tr ia l . I t ean be seen fromFig 1 that the cool ing l rater is taken fromSouthanpton Water and the outfal l d ischarges to theSolent. Calshot Spit forns a natural barr ierbetween intake and outfal l .
The experirnent was carried out on 20 March 1985during the ebb t ide period only. The predictedtidal range at Southampton was 3.5n (the neansprlng and neap t tdal ranges are 4.0 and 1.9nrespec t ive ly ) .
The power stat ion generat ing load was 1350 MWduring the perlod of the tr iaL. t r Ieather condit ionswere ideal with a smooth sea and very light windsthroughout the day.
Five thennistor sensors rilere attached to a cornmontowing line which was held near-vertical by a 25kgstreamlined weight. The measurement levels werechosen to be near-surface (within 10cn) and atdepths of I , 2, 3 and /rm. The array was towed atspeeds of between L and 1.5n/s from a 12n longh i red f i sh ing vesse l .
For posit ion control , a Motorola Miniranger I I Iposi t ion f ix ing system was set up with remotestat ion si ted at Stansore Point on the mainland andat Osborne House on the Is le of l l ight. On thetracking ves.sel , the vessel-posit ion data fron theMotorola master unLt were logged onto magnetic tapecassette using an Act i f DL4 l-ogger to enable thesubsequent plott ing of the vesselrs course to benade using the HR nainframe computer. The fixoutput from the thernal survey equipment was logged
simultaneously onto the cassette to enable a pre-cise correlation to be made between the temperaturemeasurements and the vesselts posi t ion.
For this experiment, a measurement tine interval of10 seconds nas chosen which, at the towing speed of1 to 1.5r/s represented a distance of between 10and 15 metres between f ixes.
During the course of the ebb t ide several t raverseswere made through the thernal p].rne to dlstances ofsome 1.5kn fron the outfal l . For iLlustrat ivepurposes, the measured near-surface temPeraturedistr ibut ions at three t tdal states are shown inFigures 3, 4 and 5. The longitr . rdinal temperaturedistr lbut ion at the f ive measurement levels duringone measurement traverse are l l lustrated tn Fig 6and the lateral temperature distr ibut lon at thef ive levels on one cross-sect in are shown in Fig7. At the present t lne the f ie ld logger andcomputer software which would allow computerpLott ing and manipulat ion of the temperature data,have not been developed. The i l l r lstrated resul- tshave therefore been hand plotted. The resultsrepresent a smal l proport ion of the data col lectedduring the short measurement period. A rnoreexhaustive analysLs of the results is beyond thescope of thls developnent proJect.
Aerial photography of the plrne
I{hi lst in the f ie ld, the opportunity was taken ofevaluat ing the use of the "Stewkie" aerialphotography systen for photographing thermalpl-rmes. Th" "Stewkie" seen being launched in Plate2 is a 5mz seml-sai l k i te. The ki te is inf latedwith bal loon gas to give a posit ive l i f t and i tsaerofoi l sect ion, together with twin control 1lnes,enables it to be launched and manoeuvred easlly.The kite nay be operated by hand in very light windconditions and by using a winching system nay beoperated in wind speeds up to 10n/s (20 knots). Aradio-control led camera, attached by ginbals ro theunderside of the kite, aLl-ows the operator to takephotographs and advance the fiLn from the ground.
For these tests the kite was l-aunched fron the deckof a second hired f ishing vessel. In the verylight wind conditions the lar-urching and recovery ofthe ki te proved to be relat ively easy. Ordinaryinfra-red film as trsed in standard cameras does nothave adequate sensit iv i ty to def ine the relat ivelysnall temperature differences found in an outfallplr-me. We therefore adopted a technique of dye-enhancement of the pJ-tme in order to provide a
contrast which could be photographed using astandard colour fihn. The vesseL was moored at theoutfal l structure and a concentrated sol-ut ion offluorescein was pr.mped to a submerged outlet nozzLewlthin the thermal pLr.me.
Plate 3 ls a black and white prlnt of a photographtaken from a height of 100n and shows clearly thelnltial spreadlng of the buoyant pJ.rme. Theorlginal photograph was in colour and a bettercontrast than that shown in the black and whitepr int was obtained. PLate 3 ls a photographshowlng the outfaLl structure, the moored vesseland the smaller tracking vessel traverslng theplrme.
The dye-enhanced plrme was clearly seen by thetracking vessel at lkrn fron the outfaLL. I t isl ikely therefore that given good visibi t i ty and byoperat ing the ki te at higher al t i tude thetrajectory of the pLr-me could be photographed frona f ixed platforn. Al ternat ively i t ls feasiblethat given good posit ion control of the vessel aeomposite longitudinal picture couLd be bui l t upfrom a series of photographs taken at loweral t i t ude .
The lnitial promising performance was somewhatmarred when at the end of the day an operator errorcaused the ki te to go out of control and di tch withconsequent irreparable danage to the non-waterproofcamera !
4 oof,cursloils AM)BBGOI,I}IETIATIOTS
The development of instrrmentation for themeasurement in three-dlnensions of temperatureswithln the thernal plume from power stationoutfalLs has been successful l -y conpleted.
A short f teld tr ia l of the system has demonstratedboth the qual i ty and quant i ty of the data produced.
EncouragLng results were also obtained fron aprel lninary evaluat lon of a kl te-mounted aerialphotography system used to photograph a dye-enhanced thermal pltme.
I t is desirable before tndertaking fulL-scale f ie ldprojects that the logging and software developmentnecessary to enable the temperature data to beprocessed by the HR nnainframe computer isconpleted.
Further evaluat ion of the "Stewkie" ki te, using arf,aterproof camera, is also recornmended.
10
5 ^CKrorlnpcriln{Ts
The development work was supervised byMr C B Waters I lead of the Field Services Sect ion inDr A J Brewerrs Technical Services Department, ofI lydraul ies Research. The electronLc deslgn andconstruction of the ln-board lnstr@entation rcascarr led out by Clr tronlc Instr tnents Ltd, Readlng.Mr M F C Thorn was the Conpany's nomlnated proJecto f f i cer .
Thanks'are due to the varlous members of theHR Fle1d Servlces Sect ion for carrylng out theinstr lment cal ibrat lons and assist ing in the f le ldt r i a l s .
We are also very grateful to Mr ! I l l r ight, Stat lonManager and Messrs J Bridgenan and J Spencer of theCEGB Fawley Power Station for their advice andcooperat lon given pr lor to and during thesuccess fuL f ie ld t r ia ls .
Thls report ls publ ished by pernission of theDepartnent of the Environment but any opinionsexpressed are not necessari ly those of theDepartment.
1 1
DDB Dd 650449 s/85
Appendix
TtsCENTCAL DETAILS OF lUE CIRTROI{IC
ITSTRI'}IHTTIS LlD TSI ISER}IAL SURVBY Sf,SlT}I
G E N E R A L D E S C R I P T I O N
T h e T S I T h e r m a l S u r v e y S y s t e m i s a s i x c h a n n e l t r a n s d u c e r n p n i t o r i n s t r u m e n ti n w h i c h o n e c h a n n e l ( C H 6 ) h a s b e e n a d a p t e d t o m e a s u r e p r e s s u r e a n d t h er e m a i n i n g f i v e c h a n n e l s m e a s u r e t e m p e r a t u r e .
E a c h o f t h e f i v e t e m p e r a t u r e i n p u t s a c c e p t a t h e r m i s t o r w h i c h h a s ar e s i s t a n c R r a n g e o f r o u g h l y l l k t o 3 k 3 f o r a t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n o f0 ' C t o 3 0 " C .
T h e p r e s s u r e i n p u t a c c e p t s t h e v o l t a g e o u t p u t f r o m a D r u c k p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r a n d a l s o s u p p l i e s t h e v o l t a g e r e q u i r e d t o e x c i t e t h e t r a n s d u c e r .
E a c h c h a n n e l h a s i t s o w n f o u r d e c a d e d i s p l a y w h i c h i s c o n t i n u o u s l y u p d a t e da s l o n g a s t h e l S t a r t ' s w i t c h i s o n .
A h i g h s p e e d p r i n t e r i s i n c o r p o r a t e d t o e n a b l e a p e r m a n e n t r e c o r d o f a l ls i x c h a n n e l s t o b e m a d e , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e t i m e o i p r i n t o u t . T h e p r i n t e r ,w h i c h c a n b e d i s a b l e d i f r e q u i r e d , c a n p r i n t o u t a t a r a t e v a r y i n g b e t w e e no n c e p e r s e c o n d t o o n c e p e r n i n e t y - n i n e s e c o n d s , t h e r a t e b e i n g s e l e c t e dby means o f a thumbwhee l sw i tch mounted on the f ron t oane l .
T h e s y s t e m i s b u i l t a r o u n d t h r e e c i r c u i t c a r d s : _
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80 Hu l t i p l exe r Ca rd
80 Rea l T ime B lack Ca rd
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t h e p r i n t e r i s
T h e s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d t o r u n f r o m a l 2 V s u p p l y a n d i s r e v e r s e c o n n e c t i o np r o t e c t e d a s w e l I a s f u s e d .
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T h e s y s t e m i s c o n t a i n e d i n a s t a n d a r d 1 9 " x 3 U E u r o c a r d f r a m e ,
h o u s e d i n a m e t a l c a b i n e t .
S u p p l y v o l t a g e : l l - l A V ( _ V E e a r t h e d )
C u r r e n t l A p e a k i n g t o 4 A w h e n p r i n t i n g
T r a n s d u c e r s
T h e r m i s t o r s F e n w a l T y p e G B 3 4 m 4 1 3 2( c H l t o c H 5 )
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T h e A D C 0 8 1 6 i s a r a t i o m e t r i c d e v i c e a n d i s t h e r e f o r e i d e a l l y s u i t e dt o t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f v o l t a g e s a c r o s s s i m p l e r e s i s t o r n e t w o r k s . T ot h i s e n d t h e 8 0 5 H u l t i p l e x e r i n c o r p o r a t e s a v a r i a b l e g a i n D C a m p l i f i e ra n d a p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e a d j u s t a b l e d r i v e v o l t a g e c i r c u i t .
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S i n c e t h e o u t p u t o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r v a r i e s w i t h e x c i t a t i o n v o l . t a g e , f i n ea d j u s t m e n t o f z e r o o u t p u t c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y a d j u s t i n g t h e s e r i e s r e s i s t o r( t h e r a t i o a r r n o f t h e t h e r m i s t o r c i r c u i t s , R t ) .
F u l l s c a l e a d j u s t m e n t i s t h e n m a d e b y a d j u s t i n g t h e o n b o a r d a m p l i f i e r g a i n .
* t t
S E T T I N G U P
T h e f i r s t s t e p i s t o a d j u s t t h e r e s i s t o r s i n s e r i e s w i t h e a c h t h e r m i s t o rt o a g i v e n v a l u e a n d e n s u r e t h a t c h a n n e l s I - 5 a r e i d e n t i c a l
E q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d : -
I - D V l 4 m i n i m u m i m p e d a n c e l 0 M
I - r e s i s t a n c e b o x , r a n g e 3 k t o l 2 k m i n i m u m w i t h 2 p o l ej a c k p I u g c o n n e c t e d .
I - s m a l I t r i m t o o l
P r o c e d u r e ( r e f e r t o l a y o u t o f 8 0 5 M u l t i p l e x e r )
S w i t c h s n a n d a l l o w u n i t l 0 m i n u t e s t o s t a b i I i s e .
THERMI STORS
l . M o n i t o r t h e - V n l i n e w i t h r e s p e c t t o 0 V a n d a d j u s t t oa p p r o x i m a t e l y " - 0 . 5 V
2 . M o n i t o r + V O l i n e w i t h r e s p e c t t o - V O a n d a d j u s t + V D t o g i v e v a l u e ( V ) .
3 . P l u g r e s i s t a n c e b o x i n t o C H 2 a n d s e t v a l u e t o 3 3 0 4 R .
4 . M o n i t o r v o l t a g e a c r o s s r e s i - s t a n c e b o x a n d a d j u s t R u n t i l i t :
( ? .104 r( l - l o4 + 5 -1375 i
x v i ' e ' 0 '3499v
5 . A d j u s t - V n u n t i I d i s p l a y r e a d s l e s s t h a n 3 0 . 0 0 t h e n g r a d u a l l ya d j u s t b a E k u p t o 3 0 . 0 0
6 . A l t e r r e s i s t a n c e t o l l 4 0 0 n a n d a d j u s t m a i n a m p l i f i e r g a i n t o j u s t
g i v e a d i s p l a y r e a d i n g o f 0 0 . 0 0
7 . R e p e a t 5 - a n d 5 . u n t i I n o c h a n g e s a r e n e c e s s a r y
8 . S e t r e s i s t a n c e b o x t o g i v e a s t e a d y d i s p l a y r e a d i n g a n d t h e nc o n n e c t t o C H I
9 . A d j u s t C H I R t o g i v e t h e s a m e d i s p l a y r e a d i n g
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S E T T I N G C L O C K
S w i t c h o n t h e s y s t e m , b u t d o n o t s t a r t i t . R e l e a s e t h e t w o s c r e w sr e t a i n i n g t h e f r o n t p a n e l a n d h i n g e i t d o w n , r e v e a l i n g t h e c l o c k c o n t r o l s .S e l e c t t h e r e q u i r e d s e t t i n g ( Y e a r , l t o n t h , e t c . ) b y m e a n s o f t h e r o t a r ys w i t c h a n d s e t t h e v a l u e o n t h e f r o n t p a n e l t h u m b w h e e l s w i t c h e s .P r e s s i n g ' E N T E R I w i l l l o a d t h e c l o c k w h i c h w i l l t h e n b e r e a d b a c k o n t ot h e d i s p l a y . T h i s p r o c e d u r e s h o u l d b e r e p e a t e d f o r a l I r e q u i r e d s e t t i n g s .
W h e n s e t t i n g m i n u t e s c h o o s e a v a l u e a h e a d o f r e a l t i m e , s i n c e t h e c l o c kw i l l o n l y s t a r t r u n n i n g w h e n ' S T A R T ' i s o p e r a t e d a n d w i l l c l o c k s e c o n d s( s t a r t i n g a t 0 0 ) f r o m t h e t i m e ' S T A R T ' i s p r e s s e d . T h e s y s t e m m a y n o wb e o p e r a t e d n o r m a l l y .
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4DC0816, ADC0817 8-Bit pP Compatible A/D Converterswith 1 SChannel MultiplexerGsneral DescrlptlonTho AOC0816, ADC0817 data acqulsltlon compon€nt is amonollthic CMOS device wlth an 8.blt analog.todigitalconverlor, 1&chennel multlplex€r and microprocs3sorcompatible control logic. Th€8.bit A/O convortsr uses suc.oosglvo approxlmallon as lh€ conversion t€chnlqu6. Thoconvcrter foaturos a hlgh impsdance chopp€r stabilizodcomparatoG a 256R yoltage divider with analog switch treeand a suoc€ssivo approxlmation reglster. The 'l6.channelmulliplex€r can dirsctly accass any on€ ot 16-singl&.onded analog slgnals, and provides the logic tor sddi-llonal channel €xpansion. Signal condltioning ol anyanalog inpul signal ls 6ased by dirsct acc6ss to tho!"nultlplex€r outpul, and to the input of th6 8.bit A/Dconv€rlot
Th€ dovice olimlnates the n€€d for extsrnal zero and full.scal€ adju3tm6nts. Easy inlortaqing to microproce3sorsic provlded by the lstch€d and decoded multlploxer ad.dress inpuls and lstched TTLTRI-STATEo outputs.
ihe dosign ot the 4OG0816, ADC0817 has been optimiz6dby lncorporallng th6 most desirablo agpects of severalA.lD conversion lechniques. The ADC0816, ADC0817 of.fers high spead, high .accuracy, minimal temperaturedep€ndenc€, €xc6llent long-torm accuracy and rop€atabil.ity, and consumos minimal power. Thas€ fealures makethls dovice ideally suited to applications trom procEss andmrchlne control ,to consumer and automotlve applica.tlons. For similar psrformance in an S.chainel, 28.pin,
8.blt A/D converler, soe the ADC0808, ADC0809 datasheet. (See AN-258 for more Inlormatlon.)
FeaturesI Ro3olutlon - &blt8I Total unadlustod 6.10r - r 1/2 LSB and t 1 LSBI No misslng codesI Converaion tim€ - l00 rsI Single supply - 5 Vp6I Operates ratiomotrlcally or with 5 Voc or analog span
adjuslsd voltago reteronc6I 16-channel multlploxer with lalched control logicI Easy int€rfac€ lo all mlcroprocossors, or operates
"stand alone"I Outputs m6et T2L voltage level speciticationsI 0V to 5V analo0 Inpul voltage rang€ with single 5V
supplyI No zero or full-scale adJust requiredI Standard hermetic or molded 40.pin DIP packageI Temporature rango -40"C to +85'C or -55'C to
+ 125'cI Low power consumplion - 15 mWr Latched TRI.STATEo outputI Dirocl access to "comparator in" and."multiplexer out"
tor slonal condltioningTRl.StAlE l9 s r.clltr.d trld.m..t ot ta.iloml Slhtconducld Corp.
Block Diagramc0ttAf,Al0i fl slAnl clocl
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Functlonal Descrlptlonllultlpl.rcr: Thc dcvlc.- conialnr I l&channcl rtnbn:cnded anilog rlgnel mutllplcxcr. A pbrilculrr lnput cnlrt ln.l lr lolcctcd by ualng lhe iddrcsi deeoder. Trbla | "lhows lho Inpul ltalor tor lhe ratdrcls llnc and ihc rxparl. .rlon conliol llnr lo lclocl eny ehrnncl. fhc rddrers {r .latchcd lnld thc dccoder on thc low.tohlgh tr.nlltlon oflhe addrca! lrlch cnablc rlon.l. -
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Around. Addltlonsl. llodel condltlonlngJpre3callng, almple snd hold, lnslrumenlatlon rmpl!!
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'". i Thr'oiy.h;, ' i l !,r lr,{", i ' ' ;1 ,., i l+ti' ' l l ' l : " r ' l ' ' : ' r i', :
), . iittre treart ot tnii ringte ctrtp data adquhtrton syrteni ii
. .' . "8.bltanaloo.lodlgltalconvorlcr.Thgconvrrtorlsdcala. to glve t!il, accuralq and rcpcatablo convrrslon! ov,
. wldr range of temperaluros. The conyertcI lr parllllolInlo 3 rhalor socllon!:;lho 256R ladddr n6twork, theicogslve approxlmitlon rcgtoter, ind ttr6 compariioir'
' -. , | 'l conyorlor's dlgltal oulputs aro poslllve truc. ,r, i:l tqq.. Thc 256R ledd€r network apprcach (Ftguro t, wat chb.
.] over lhe convcnllonal Rf2R ladder becau3o ot lit Inher' . -. monolonlclty,.whl6h gueilntees n6 mlsslng dlglt!166d
Monolonlclty ls brillcrilarly lirpoitant In cloced loop le.. : back conlrol systom3. A nonmonotoirlc relallonlhlp (
. caulo, osclllallons lhal wlll. bc,.cata3lrophlc lor. lystom. Addltlonally, lhe 25SR network d9o3 not ca"r
r ' , l o e d v a r l a l l o n S o n l h e r o t 6 r e n c s v o n a g e . ,' 11:;; Th. 'bottom reslstor ind thc toD rbi lstor ot th6 tad
nolwork ln Ftgurc t aro dol th6 rame valua as'.. , remalnder ot lhe nslwork. The dllference ln tli
r€slslors causer lhb outpul charact€rlstlc lo bb 3lmbtrlcal wlth tho zero and tulfJcat6 polnls of lhc Iran3
j , : , I curvo. Tho flrsl output transltlon occur3 whon tho anislgnal has rcschod + 1r2 LSB and iucccedlng oui
. lranllllons occur ev6ry 1 LSB latdr up to full.icalc. it , . . i , i . . " ;
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f t t7
:rlIlct|fil rar r rr|'Dsr lpllt l r (oonilnuoo)
.r fhr succ€s!lve approxlmallon 169lster (SAR) porlo.m3 8I _{ltintlon! lo approxlmst€ tho Input voltrge. For any SARr:lyp€ conv€ilot, n-ltoration! are roquired lor an n-bil;i-converter. Flgurc 2 shows a typlcsl cxampl€ ot a $blt.i 'convorlet. ln the 4DC0816, ADC0817, tho approxlmatloni:.i0ahfllqu. ls 6xtond.d lo E bits u3in0 tho 256R n6twork.
:f ?ho A/D converler's Bucceisly€ approximatlori fogistot:. {EAfl i! rcg€t on th€ positlvc edg€ of th€ start convorslon.iFC) putae. Th9 convorsion is b€gun on th6 falllng edg€ ot.i.:.he gtart conv€rslon pulse. A converslon in procesg will be
_'::intenupted by r€calPt ot a n€w 3tart convsrsion pulss.:l,Conlinuous conv€rslon may b6 accomptlshod by tying th€
.,]rrdof+onvcrsion (EOC) output to rhe SC input. lf u3od in, $i! mod€, an oxlornal 3lerl convgrsion pulso should b6i,,pptieO atter power up. End.ot.converslon will go low bsil l ' lrsen 0 and 8 clock pulses after the rlsing €dge of start
The molt lmportant section of lhe AJO converler is th6comparalor. lt is this s6ction which is responsibl€ tor lhaultimele accuracy of lhg ontir€ conv€rler; lt is also thecomparalor dritt which has th€ greal6st intlu€nce on therepeatabillty of the dovlce. A chopper-slabiliz€d com.paralor providos tho most €lfoctiv€ m€thod of 3atistying6ll tho converter requlramenlr.
Ths chopper'slablllz€d comparatot conyerls tho DC inputs ignal Into sn AC algnal . This s ignal is thsn fed through ahigh gain AC amplltisr and has the OC level restored. Thistechniqu€ llmit8 tho drilt compon€nt of lhe amplitier sincethg drlll ls a DC componenl which is not passed by the ACamplifi€r. This makos the snllre AJD converter extremelyingensltlve to tomperaturo, long tsrm drift and input of tsetorors,
Figura I shows a typical error curve for the ADCO816 asm€asurod using the procedures outlinecl ln AN-179.
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Acqulsltlon Syitom (DAS) for'rallomcttlc convortlonrysrcmr. rn reromcr'rc sy3r6ms, rhc phy8rcar.varrebro ["Hi*:liglf*.iimf*r'f,*n:lmffil1;:1ffi:il"1'i,:T|i":",fi:ii:'f:$xt,"J:il'"""?:: m6ans a svsrcri rererence mirsr be uied whrch rcrrti{iTho voltao. Input,to thc ADCOSiC lr.xprersod by tho the fult'rcalevoltdgotothcltandardvolt'Forcxamplt'$
ff,ilr':'"*"'^-^" 'w v"E ffinT',"ij.l1 :*!tiii:tffi#,.i1##
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OPERATlON
l.O Rallomatrlc Convcrrlon Ratlom€trlc transducerg suCh ar potcntlometorr'
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rho ADcoBro, ADcoBlT r! dolrsned !! a comprete bata ' ::J:i'iijl,1ffJ,ff.:'Jlin' 3::;:fi:l'i",Tfi::';
- -v. l - - = DX= (1, , ' , , ,1 - t . , , l ; ' , , ' ' - , ;$$
Vr. - Vt Dxex - Durr 2.0 R.rlttor Llddcr Llirllrtlonr r:,, I :,:ti{dVrr = Input voltago Into th6 ADCOAIO Tho volag€s irbm the reClitor liddir'ere compared toii{Vtr = Full-acale vottage Eotsclad Input 8 tlmo! ln r convsrslon. Thasc vottagei rq,
Vz = Zero voltaga ' couplod lo th6 comparaior vla an enaloo swllch lrocrvrycl
Ox = Oata polnl belng moasured 3 reforenced lo th€ iupply' The voltags3 at the top' Codl$
D M $ ( = M a x | m u m d a t a | | m l t e n d b o t t o m o | t h o l d d d e t m u s t b o c o h l r c ' | | e d t o m a l rDurx=Mlnlmumdala'mfl
propotoperatlon' -
" i ; ' l ' "1 ' ' - ' ' l l ; : ; i*
A sood oxampro o, a raromarrrc r,ansduce, rs a porsn. Ilii:i::ff'iir:"*iili|,11#5,ii:tifff Hii-qllomolor used rs a poslilon aenaor. The porltlon of the should not bg moro negatlvo than ground' Thc ccntrtf
wrpe' rs dr'ecry proportonario ttreousuirori"s.? Ju119!, :[liii?":",::t#::ffi"rff,fiij:';:?'r'jr'l$[ il*:lH':l T"ri';l.:i3i ?,f iii*lil]j[1j;:3 " H.cnannerswrrehes ro p.chirlnd ewrrchcd rhaicrirt[{'requrremenrs 8r. groary reduced, ellmrnarrng a rarge
" ilons are.auloq3tlcali sattsiidd ln iatlomeiac ryiielt
sourcc of error and cost for many appllcallonq. A malof and can ba easlty metin ground referenced systemliri
advantags of fhe ADS0B16, ADCO817 la that the Inpul Ftguro 10 show3 a ground raferenced'aysfem witliivoltage
-range ls equal to th6 supply rango so th€ separatesupplyandreferencc' lnlhlssystsm,lhcluppir
transduc€rs can be conn6ct€d dlrgclly acro3s lhc supply '
mu3t bo trlmmed fo match the raferencc voltage. Fo{ $and th€ir oulputs connoctod dlroctty into the multlplexer . slance, lf a 5.12V raference ls used, the iupply shou{.ftnputs, (F tguie 9). adlusi€d to lho 3am€ voltage wlthln 0.1V.
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iApplications Informatioil (conrinueo)
.,ThcADG0816 ncods less than a mllllsmp ot supply current
.jo devgloplng th€ 3uppty from the retorence is roadlly-aqggmpflshed, tn Figurc 11 a ground referenced system ig.:l{rownwhlch gcna.at€! thc !upply trom tho r€loruncc. Tho".ibirlh rhown can b€ an op amp of suttlctont drive te:fi!'ply tho milllamp of 3upply current and tho desired bus.::ffie, or il a capacitivo bu3 is driven by the outputs a large:.caprcltor will supply the transient supply current a8 seen:l\rFlgurc t2. The LM301 is overcompensatsd to insurej.r,trbillty wh€n loadecl by ths 10 FF output capacitor.,i:'i
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The top and bottom lsdder voltages cannot excesd Vccand ground, r€spectivoly, bul they can b€ symm€tricallyless than Vcc and great€r th.n ground, Tha centor of thollddor voltagg ihould alwlys be neer th€ conter of th€supply. Th€ sensltlvlty of th€ convertsr can be Increased,(1.e., siz6 of the LSB 6leps docr€assd) by uslng a sym.melrical referonc6 syst6m.ln Flgure 13, a2.5V r€farencels symmetrically,cantered aboul Vg6/2 since lhe samocuttsnl flowg In idontical r€slslors. This systsm with a2.5V roloronco allows lho LSB to b€ hatf the sizo ot th6LSB in a 5V rof€ronco system.
DIGITALOUTPUIR€fERETCEOTO0R0uri0
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fla<npooAdd rpr r r r r b AEumubto !Add dr |E huc lo AEumuhlo lAdd r r r i rm RAM to A&mubro tA6d rmrEdu|s dtu r0 AEuhublotAdd rgrrcr lo Admulrror uth CrmAdd drct blrrr ro A srh (im'frfAdd rndrEt RAM ro A nrh Crrn fhpAdd rmmcdatr dru ro A nth C.m fLfSubrnn aprncr lrom A sth l iorroeSubrna drrrt byrr lrom A sth BonouSubrrrct rndracr RAM lrom A r l lorrorSubrrrct rmmcd dru lrom A r I Bonoulrcnmnt Accumubtotlrcrcmn: rcgrncrlncrrmnt drdt lt$.lmrcnrn t rndrm RAMf)catmcnt AFumubrolI ) rc rmcnt ngrs rc tftcrcmcnr drno brrcI)ccrcmcnt lndrrl R AMlncrcrent Dau PornarMul r ip ly A & tsDividc A b1 BDcotil l AdruJl AEumubrot
f)6riurioAND npsrrr to AccumulatorAli f) drcct b$( lo AdumubtotAND rndr r r r RAM to Acumul r lo rAND immcdra t r dau r ( , Arumubro lAliD Aaumuletor ro drut bvttAND rmmcdrerc dru to dtrcct bn.Olt rcpiscr ro Arumulalo'OIi drrco tr\a. ro ArumulerorOR rndrro R AM ro AffumularorOR rmmcdr tc dau to Acumuls ro tOR Aaumui:tor ro drEd byrrOR rmmcdntc deu ro drrcs trrrtErciusrw-OR rcSrsrcr to AccumuhlorErclusiF-OR drEcr hFc to AEumuErorErclusiw-OR rndrrrr R.AM ro ALrclulw-OR rmredutc dau ro AErciusin{R Acumubror to drrrr bncErclusir4R immcdierr dru ro drmClcer AcumulerorComplcmcnt AcumulalorRourc Aaumuhtor lt l tRoutr A Lcft rhrou3h thc Crr4'fL6Rourc Ammubror n,rfhtI{ourt A Rrght rhrough Crrr'. flfS$zn nihblo slthrn thc AEumuLrror
Ddriprio
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OR dirr6 brr to Carn fLpOR complcmcnt of drrccr btl lo Crr^Movc drm brr to C:nr f legMovt Crrlv fleS lo drtdt tttl
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( t .
a d d r l Irddr l6r l(o^ -DPTRr iF !EIE lbrr-Elbrl-Elbit.rclA-drrdr.rlA-*dru.ElR n-rdru.rl(olRi..deu-nlRn.n ldrrcc.nl
Movt nFncr ro Acdmultlor IMon drrc<l bnr to Acumuiaror 2MoE rndrrt RAM to Acumubtor IMow rmmcdurc drtl to Acumuhlor 2MoE Arumullor ro EFsrcr IMow drrcd bnc to rcgr$cr 2Movc rnmcdnrt dru ro rcgrstcr 2Mow Acumuleror ro drcct byrc 2Mow r3irtcr ro drrccr byt 2Morr drrco bnc ro dircct IMow rndrrr RAM ro drrEcr br1r 2Mow immcdrrtr dru to drrrn byr 3Mos Acumubror ro rndic<r RAM IMor dirco byrc to indrrect RAM 2Mow immcdretc deu ro indirct RAM 2lod Derr Pointcr rirh r lGbit consnnt 3
hoto on drrt rddtdint DodBRn -\ 'otlrnt ngrncr R0-R.?drrcct -t2lr Inrcml RAM lutronl tn1' I 'O pon- control or 6utu! rtStic'(o)Ri -lndrur rnterul RAM louon rddmrcd b! rctrsct R0 or R I
adab -{a+ir consunl rncluded tn Innrunronadau l6- lGtri l consrnt Includcd rr trrno 2 & J of rnstrunronbrt - | 2b roltsrr fbgr. rn1" I rO prn. control ot ttttui brl
liot6 on ptotrrh rddrcin3 modc:eddr l t ' - -J )c r r imr ron rddmr fo r LCALL & L IMP f f i t b ( .n \ th ' f t e th rn
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3. INSTRUCTION SET AND ADDRESSING MODES
The 8051 instruction set is extremel_t' regular. in the sensethat most instructions can opcrate u'ith variables fromseveral diffcrcnt phvsical or logical address spaces. Beforegetting dcepll ' cnmeshcd in the instruction set proper. i lis important to undcrstand the details of the mostcommon data addressing modes. Whereas Table 4 sum-marizes the instructions sel broken-dou'n bv functional
Table {. MCS-51 " Instruclion Sel Dercriplion
group, this chapter starts with the addressing mode
classes and builds to include the related instructions
Data Addressing Modes
MCS-5t assembly language inst ruct ions consist of an
operation mnemonic and zero to threc op€rands separated
by commas. In two opcrand inst ruct ions the dest inat ion
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Depth contours in metres
Fig 2 Plon of .experimentql oreq showing outfoll position
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Tempero ture obove ombien t (oC)
IffiffiA m b i e n l
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t e m p e r o t u r e 5 ' 8 o C
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Fig 3 Fowley out fo l l 20.3.85 Neor-surfoce temperoturedis t r ibut ion HW " t hr to HW . 1 ' 5 hrs
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Temperoture obove ombient ( 'C)
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Fig 1 Fowley outfol t 20.3.85 Neor-surfoce temperoturedistr ibut ion HW " 2.3 hrs to HW * 3 hrs
++
Temperoture obove ombient (oC)
5
31
Ambient temperoture 5.8
Course of trocking vessel
6r00 0 metres
Fig 5 Fowley out f o l l 20- 3. 85 Neor-surf oce temperoturedis t r ibut ion HW*3-5 hrs to HW * 4 '3 hrs
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Plates
PI.AE I Inboard Lnstrumentation
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PI.ATT 2 The "Stewkie" Kite being Launched fron the moored vessel
PLttitT 3 Photograph of the dye-enhanced thermal plune
Aerial photograph
the moored vessel
showing the outfal l structure,
and the tracking vessel.
PI.AIT 4
