field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests...

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Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources Vol. 1(2), June 2010, pp. 221-226 Field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests of Sesame R M Ahirwar 1 , M P Gupta 2 * and S Banerjee 1 1 Department of Zoology, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India 2 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh 472 001, Madhya Pradesh, India Received 12 May 2009; Accepted 3 September 2009 Sesame, Sesamum indicum Linn. is a major oilseed crop of India, including Bundelkhand Zone of Madhya Pradesh. One of the major constraints in its production is damage caused by insect pests, particularly sucking which suck the cell sap from leaves, flower and pods. Efficacy of some indigenous neem products, insecticides and their admixtures against three sucking pests (jassid, mired bug and white fly) of sesame were tested at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (Madhya Pradesh) during kharif 2004-2006. The results revealed that incidence of nymph and adult population of sucking pests, viz. jassid, Orosius albicinctus (Distant), mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Rent.) and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) was decreased significantly by natural and indigenous products, viz. Neem oil (NO), Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), Neem leaf extract (NLE), Garlic bud + Red pepper extract (GB + RPE), Cow urine (CU) and Cow butter milk (CBM) as compared to untreated. However, insecticide Endosulfan was more effective than these products. The efficacy of all the above products were in the following order: Endosulfan > NSKE > NO > NLE > GB + RPE > CU > CBM. Grain yield was significantly higher in all the treatments as compared to untreated but was maximum with Endosulfan 0.07% (622 kg/ha) followed by NSKE-30 ml/l (605 kg/ha). Whereas, net profit and incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was maximum with NSKE followed by NO in net profit and ICBR in NLE. Keywords: Bemisia tabaci, Indigenous Products, Nesidiocoris tenuis, Orosius albicinctus, Oil seed crop, Sesame, Sesamum indicum, Sucking pests. IPC code; Int. cl. 8 A23D, A01N 65/00, A01N 65/26 Introduction Sesame, Sesamum indicum Linn. is the most indigenous oilseed crop of the world and also a major oilseed crop of India, including Bundelkhand Zone of Madhya Pradesh. According to Singh 1 , productivity of sesame is very low (332 kg/ha) in our country as compared to world’s average of 389 kg/ha. The average yield of sesame in Madhya Pradesh is also low (295 kg/ha) in comparison to some other states 2 . One of the major constraints in sesame production is the colossal damage caused by insect pests. Biswas et al have listed 29 insect species infesting sesame at various stages of plant growth 3 . However, Ahuja and Bakhetia recorded 65 insect species and one species of mite feeding and damaging this crop at one or the other stages of plant growth in different agro- ecological regions 4 . Among the various insect pests of sesame, nymphs and adults population of Jassid Orosius albicinctus (Distant), mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Rent.) and whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are serious pests which suck the cell sap from leaves, flowers and pods. Due to this curling of leaf margins downward, reddening of leaf margins, stunted growth of the plants, sickly appearance of the crop and subnormal growth of the leaf tissue occur. The peculiar yellow spots are found on upper surface of leaves affected by whitefly. Jassid and white fly are also responsible to transmit phyllody and leaf curl diseases in sesame, respectively (Plate 1). Insecticides are very harmful to the environment and residual problems are created to non target species. But, the natural products, if found effective, are not only economical and ecologically safe but also free from residual problems. The present study was undertaken, keeping the above facts in mind. Material and Methods Population of three sucking pests of sesame jassid, O. albicinctus (major pests), mirid bug, N. (Cyrtopeltis) tenuis and whitefly, B. tabaci __________ *Correspondent author: E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 098937 10422 (Mob.)

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Page 1: Field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests …nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/9830/1/IJNPR 1(2... · 2010-07-01 · Indian Journal of Natural Products

Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources

Vol. 1(2), June 2010, pp. 221-226

Field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests of Sesame

R M Ahirwar1, M P Gupta

2* and S Banerjee

1

1Department of Zoology, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India 2Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh 472 001, Madhya Pradesh, India

Received 12 May 2009; Accepted 3 September 2009

Sesame, Sesamum indicum Linn. is a major oilseed crop of India, including Bundelkhand Zone of Madhya Pradesh. One

of the major constraints in its production is damage caused by insect pests, particularly sucking which suck the cell sap from

leaves, flower and pods. Efficacy of some indigenous neem products, insecticides and their admixtures against three sucking

pests (jassid, mired bug and white fly) of sesame were tested at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh

(Madhya Pradesh) during kharif 2004-2006. The results revealed that incidence of nymph and adult population of sucking

pests, viz. jassid, Orosius albicinctus (Distant), mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Rent.) and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci

(Gennadius) was decreased significantly by natural and indigenous products, viz. Neem oil (NO), Neem seed kernel extract

(NSKE), Neem leaf extract (NLE), Garlic bud + Red pepper extract (GB + RPE), Cow urine (CU) and Cow butter milk

(CBM) as compared to untreated. However, insecticide Endosulfan was more effective than these products. The efficacy of

all the above products were in the following order: Endosulfan > NSKE > NO > NLE > GB + RPE > CU > CBM. Grain

yield was significantly higher in all the treatments as compared to untreated but was maximum with Endosulfan 0.07%

(622 kg/ha) followed by NSKE-30 ml/l (605 kg/ha). Whereas, net profit and incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was

maximum with NSKE followed by NO in net profit and ICBR in NLE.

Keywords: Bemisia tabaci, Indigenous Products, Nesidiocoris tenuis, Orosius albicinctus, Oil seed crop, Sesame, Sesamum

indicum, Sucking pests.

IPC code; Int. cl.8 A23D, A01N 65/00, A01N 65/26

Introduction

Sesame, Sesamum indicum Linn. is the most

indigenous oilseed crop of the world and also a major

oilseed crop of India, including Bundelkhand Zone of

Madhya Pradesh. According to Singh1, productivity of

sesame is very low (332 kg/ha) in our country as

compared to world’s average of 389 kg/ha. The

average yield of sesame in Madhya Pradesh is also

low (295 kg/ha) in comparison to some other states2.

One of the major constraints in sesame production

is the colossal damage caused by insect pests. Biswas

et al have listed 29 insect species infesting sesame at

various stages of plant growth3. However, Ahuja and

Bakhetia recorded 65 insect species and one species

of mite feeding and damaging this crop at one or the

other stages of plant growth in different agro-

ecological regions4.

Among the various insect pests of sesame, nymphs

and adults population of Jassid Orosius albicinctus

(Distant), mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Rent.) and

whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are serious pests

which suck the cell sap from leaves, flowers and pods.

Due to this curling of leaf margins downward,

reddening of leaf margins, stunted growth of the

plants, sickly appearance of the crop and subnormal

growth of the leaf tissue occur. The peculiar yellow

spots are found on upper surface of leaves affected by

whitefly. Jassid and white fly are also responsible to

transmit phyllody and leaf curl diseases in sesame,

respectively (Plate 1).

Insecticides are very harmful to the environment

and residual problems are created to non target

species. But, the natural products, if found effective,

are not only economical and ecologically safe but also

free from residual problems. The present study was

undertaken, keeping the above facts in mind.

Material and Methods Population of three sucking pests of sesame

jassid, O. albicinctus (major pests), mirid bug,

N. (Cyrtopeltis) tenuis and whitefly, B. tabaci

__________

*Correspondent author:

E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 098937 10422 (Mob.)

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INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010

222

(minor pests) were maintained to observe the effects

of some natural and indigenous products which were

compared with the effects of a known chemical

insecticide, Endosulfan. The natural products Neem

oil (NO), Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), Neem

leaf extract (NLE), Garlic buds + Red pepper extracts

(GB+RPE), Cow urine (CU) and Cow butter milk

(CBM) were tested.

To observe effects of different natural and

indigenous products and insecticide Endosulfan, the

experiment was laid randomized block design during

three consecutive kharif seasons of 2004, 2005 and

2006 at research farm of College of Agriculture

(COA), Tikamgarh. Plot size was kept 4 m × 3 m and

distance between rows and plants were maintained at

30 and 10-15 cm, respectively. Cultivar, ‘TKG-22’ of

sesame was sown on first fortnight of July and

treatments were replicated four times. All the

treatments were applied as foliar sprays.

Preparation of sprays

Total 500 l/ha aqueous solutions of all compounds

were used for experiments. Neem leaf extract was

prepared by soaking 250 g chopped neem leaves per

litre cow urine for 10-15 days. Thereafter, the leaves

were pressed between the palms, remains were

thrown out and the extract was filtered. For

preparation of Neem seed kernel extract, neem seed

kernel were ground into powder and 100 g of this was

soaked in one litre cow urine. This was also left for

10-15 days. Ten to fifteen days old cow urine was

used in sprays. Cow butter milk was also kept for

15 days in plastic container before use. Pulps of garlic

buds and dry red pepper were prepared by grinding

250 g of each in one litre water and filtering the

extract. For all the formulations except Endosulfan,

liquid detergent (Ezee) was mixed @ 0.5 ml/l of water

in preparing the spray solutions. The treatments were

applied twice every year. First spray was given at the

30-35 days and second at 40-45 days after sowing.

Knapsack sprayer was used for spraying.

Nine treatments were T1 : Neem oil @ 10 ml/l

(5 l/ha); T2 : Neem leaf extract (in cow urine)

@ 30 ml/l (3.750 kg neem leaves + 15 l cow

urine/ha); T3 : Neem seed kernel extract (in cow

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AHIRWAR et al.: EFFICACY NATURAL PRODUCTS ON SUCKING PESTS OF SESAME

223

urine) @ 30 ml/l (1.500 kg neem seed kernel powder

+ 15 l cow urine/ha); T4 : Cow butter milk @ 40 ml/l

(20 l/ha); T5 : Cow urine @ 30ml/l (15 l/ha);

T6 : Garlic buds + Red pepper extracts (1:1) @ 5 ml/l

(2.5 l/ha); T7 : Garlic buds + Red pepper extracts

(1:1) @ 10 ml/l (5 l/ha) and T8 : Endosulfan 0.07%

@ 2 ml/l (1 l/ha) and T9 was untreated (control).

The number of nymphs and adults of jassid, mirid

bug and whitefly were recorded before spray and after

2, 7 and 15 days of each spray on 10 plants selected

randomly from each plot at vegetative and flowering

stages. Mean values of the above were calculated.

Observations for all the three years were pooled to

derive pooled means. Grain yield received from each

plot was also recorded. Data were analyzed

statistically at P = 0.05 probability level. Net return

and cost benefit ratio were worked out.

Results and Discussion

Effect of different treatments on population of jassid

The results (Table 1) revealed that population of

jassid was significantly reduced in all the treatments

as compared to untreated during all three seasons and

in pooled mean. It was reduced minimum in Neem

oil, NLE, NSKE and Endosulfan treatments followed

by Cow urine, GB+RPE-10 ml/l, GB+RPE 5 ml/l and

Cow butter milk 40 ml/l (Fig. 1).

Effect of different treatments on population of mirid bug

Population of mirid bug was significantly reduced

all the treatments during all three seasons and also in

pooled mean as compared to untreated. Incidence was

reduced to minimum in Endosulfan treated plots

followed by Neem oil, NLE and NSKE. However,

rests of the treatments were also significantly

effective in reducing the population of mirid bug

(Table 2, Fig. 1).

Effect of different treatments on population of whitefly

Population of whitefly was significantly reduced in

all the treatments during all three seasons of study and

in pooled mean as compared to untreated plots.

Pooled mean population was reduced to minimum in

Endosulfan treated plots followed by Neem oil and

NSKE. However, rest of the treatments also

minimized the population markedly (Table 3, Fig. 1).

Endosulfan 0.07%, NSKE 5% and Neem oil was

also found effective against jassid and whitefly in

sesame, moong bean and cotton

5-7. However, Gupta

Table 1 Effect of natural and indigenous products on population of jassid, Orosius albicinctus

in sesame during 2004-06

Mean population of jassid/10 plants

2004 2005 2006

Plots PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean Pooled

Mean

T1- Neem oil,

10 ml/l

7.2

(2.7)

5.8

(2.5)

3.0

(1.7)

4.4

(2.1)

15.0

(3.9)

9.5

(3.0)

3.6

(2.0)

6.5

(2.5)

6.5

(2.6)

3.5

(2.0)

2.2

(1.6)

2.8

(1.8)

4.6

(2.1)

T2- NLE

(in cow urine),

30 ml/l

6.7

(2.6)

5.8

(2.5)

3.1

(1.9)

4.4

(2.2)

16.5

(4.0)

9.5

(3.0)

3.6

(2.0)

6.5

(2.5)

5.2

(2.3)

3.7

(1.9)

2.2

(1.6)

2.9

(1.7)

4.6

(2.1)

T3- NSKE

(in cow urine),

30 ml/l

8.5

(3.0)

5.5

(2.4)

2.8

(1.8)

4.1

(2.1)

16.2

(4.1)

9.2

(3.0)

3.5

(2.0)

6.3

(2.5)

7.5

(2.8)

3.2

(1.9)

2.0

(1.6)

2.6

(1.7)

4.3

(2.1)

T4- Cow butter

milk, 40 ml/l

7.2

(2.7)

7.0

(2.7)

4.3

(2.1)

5.6

(2.4)

16.0

(4.0)

10.5

(3.1)

4.2

(2.1)

7.3

(2.6)

7.7

(2.8)

4.7

(2.2)

3.2

(1.9)

3.9

(2.0)

5.6

(2.3)

T5- Cow urine,

30 ml/l

8.0

(2.9)

6.2

(2.6)

3.8

(2.0)

5.0

(2.3)

19.5

(4.4)

9.9

(3.1)

3.9

(2.0)

6.9

(2.5)

7.5

(2.8)

4.5

(2.1)

2.5

(1.7)

3.5

(1.9)

5.1

(2.2)

T6- GB + RPE

(1:1), 5 ml/l

8.0

(2.9)

6.5

(2.6)

3.8

(2.0)

5.1

(2.3)

18.0

(4.3)

10.3

(3.2)

4.1

(2.1)

7.2

(2.6)

9.2

(3.0)

4.5

(2.1)

2.7

(1.8)

3.6

(1.9)

5.3

(2.3)

T7- GB + RPE

(1:1), 10 ml/l

6.7

(2.6)

5.9

(2.5)

3.6

(1.9)

4.7

(2.2)

16.2

(4.0)

9.6

(3.0)

3.7

(2.0)

6.6

(2.5)

8.5

(3.0)

3.7

(2.0)

2.5

(1.7)

3.1

(1.8)

4.8

(2.2)

T8- Endosulfan

0.07%, 2 ml/l

7.7

(2.8)

5.4

(2.4)

2.8

(1.8)

4.1

(2.1)

16.5

(4.1)

9.0

(2.9)

3.5

(1.9)

6.2

(2.4)

10.5

(3.3)

3.2

(1.9)

1.7

(1.5)

2.4

(1.7)

4.2

(2.1)

T9- Untreated 7.2

(2.7)

9.2

(3.1)

6.8

(2.7)

8.0

(2.9)

26.5

(5.1)

17.1

(4.1)

6.9

(2.7)

12.0

(3.4)

6.2

(2.5)

7.7

(2.8)

6.2

(2.5)

6.9

(2.6)

9.0

(3.0)

LSD (P=0.05) NS 0.16 0.30 0.16 NS 0.30 0.30 0.21 NS 0.60 0.31 0.06 0.09

Figures in parenthesis denote transformed values √ x + 0.5

D: Age in days; GB: Garlic bud; LSD: Least significant difference; NLE: Neem leaf extract; NSKE: Neem seed kernel extract;

NS: Non significant; T: Treatments; PBS: Population before sprays; RPE: Red pepper extract

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INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010

224

Table 2 Effect of natural and indigenous products on population of mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenius

in sesame during 2004-06

Mean population of mirid bug/10 plants

2004 2005 2006 Plots

PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean

Pooled

Mean

T1- Neem oil,

10 ml/l

6.2

(2.5)

2.7

(1.8)

1.8

(1.5)

2.2

(1.6)

4.0

(2.0)

2.6

(1.7)

1.7

(1.5)

2.1

(1.6)

4.7

(2.2)

3.0

(1.8)

1.5

(1.4)

2.2

(1.6)

2.2

(1.6)

T2- NLE

(in cow urine),

30 ml/l

7.5

(2.8)

2.9

(1.7)

2.0

(1.5)

2.4

(1.6)

3.7

(2.0)

2.8

(1.8)

1.7

(1.5)

2.2

(1.6)

5.7

(2.4)

3.2

(1.8)

2.0

(1.6)

2.6

(1.7)

2.4

(1.6)

T3- NSKE

(in cow urine),

30 ml/l

5.7

(2.4)

2.3

(1.7)

1.8

(1.5)

2.0

(1.6)

5.5

(2.4)

2.4

(1.7)

1.7

(1.4)

2.0

(1.5)

6.5

(2.6)

3.0

(1.8)

1.5

(1.4)

2.2

(1.6)

2.1

(1.6)

T4- Cow

butter milk,

40 ml/l

4.7

(2.2)

3.1

(1.9)

2.8

(1.8)

2.9

(1.8)

5.0

(2.3)

3.8

(2.0)

3.2

(1.9)

3.5

(1.9)

6.2

(2.5)

4.5

(2.1)

2.7

(1.8)

3.6

(1.9)

3.3

(1.9)

T5- Cow urine,

30 ml/l

4.7

(2.2)

2.9

(1.8)

2.1

(1.6)

2.5

(1.7)

6.2

(2.5)

3.3

(1.9)

3.0

(1.8)

3.1

(1.8)

4.7

(2.2)

3.8

(2.0)

2.5

(1.5)

3.1

(1.7)

2.9

(1.7)

T6- GB + RPE

(1:1), 5 ml/l

3.7

(2.0)

3.1

(1.8)

2.5

(1.7)

2.8

(1.7)

4.0

(2.0)

3.4

(1.9)

3.0

(1.9)

3.2

(1.9)

4.7

(2.2)

3.8

(2.0)

2.5

(1.6)

3.1

(1.8)

3.0

(1.8)

T7- GB + RPE

(1:1), 10 ml/l

5.8

(2.4)

2.9

(1.8)

2.1

(1.5)

2.5

(1.6)

3.7

(2.0)

2.9

(1.7)

2.5

(1.7)

2.7

(1.7)

3.7

(2.0)

3.3

(1.8)

2.2

(1.6)

2.7

(1.7)

2.6

(1.7)

T8-

Endosulfan

0.07%, 2 ml/l

6.5

(2.6)

1.6

(1.6)

1.5

(1.3)

1.5

(1.4)

5.2

(2.3)

2.2

(1.6)

1.2

(1.3)

1.7

(1.4)

7.5

(2.8)

2.5

(1.7)

1.5

(1.4)

2.0

(1.5)

1.7

(1.4)

T9- Untreated 4.7

(2.2)

5.1

(2.3)

5.3

(2.3)

5.2

(2.3)

5.5

(2.4)

8.4

(2.9)

7.7

(2.8)

8.0

(2.8)

5.8

(2.4)

9.3

(3.1)

6.0

(2.5)

7.6

(2.8)

6.9

(2.6)

LSD (P=0.05) NS 0.30 0.34 0.17 NS 0.31 0.45 0.20 NS 0.62 0.32 0.21 0.17

Figures in parenthesis denote transformed values √ x + 0.5

D : Age in days; GB : Garlic bud; LSD : Least significant Difference; NLE : Neem leaf extract; NSKE : Neem seed kernel extract; NS : Non

significant; T: Treatments; PBS : Population before sprays; RPE : Red pepper extract

Table 3 Effect of natural and indigenous products on population of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in sesame during 2004-06

Mean population of whitefly/10 plants

2004 2005 2006

Plots

PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean PBS

(34D)

First

Spray

Second

Spray

Mean

Pooled

Mean

T1- Neem oil,

10 ml/l

5.3

(2.4)

3.0

(1.9)

0.5

(0.9)

1.7

(1.4)

4.7

(2.2)

2.7

(1.7)

1.7

(1.4)

2.2

(1.5)

3.2

(1.9)

1.3

(1.2)

0.5

(0.9)

0.9

(1.0)

1.6

(1.3)

T2- NLE (in

cow urine),

30 ml/l

5.3

(2.4)

3.0

(1.9)

0.7

(1.0)

1.8

(1.4)

5.2

(2.3)

3.0

(1.8)

1.7

(1.5)

2.3

(1.6)

2.2

(1.6)

1.4

(1.3)

0.7

(1.0)

1.0

(1.1)

1.7

(1.4)

T3- NSKE (in

cow urine),

30 ml/l

3.7

(2.0)

2.7

(1.8)

0.5

(0.9)

1.6

(1.3)

3.7

(2.0)

2.2

(1.7)

1.5

(1.4)

1.8

(1.5)

4.0

(2.1)

1.1

(1.2)

0.5

(0.9)

0.8

(1.0)

1.4

(1.3)

T4- Cow

butter milk,

40 ml/l

4.7

(2.3)

3.7

(2.0)

1.5

(1.4)

2.6

(1.7)

5.0

(2.3)

4.0

(2.1)

2.7

(1.7)

3.3

(1.9)

2.5

(1.7)

2.2

(1.6)

1.5

(1.4)

1.8

(1.5)

2.6

(1.7)

T5- Cow urine,

30 ml/l

3.7

(2.0)

3.3

(1.9)

1.0

(1.1)

2.1

(1.5)

4.2

(2.1)

3.7

(2.0)

2.0

(1.6)

2.8

(1.8)

2.7

(1.8)

1.8

(1.4)

1.0

(1.1)

1.4

(1.2)

2.1

(1.5)

T6- GB + RPE

(1:1), 5 ml/l

4.7

(2.2)

3.3

(1.9)

1.0

(1.1)

2.1

(1.5)

4.2

(2.1)

3.7

(2.0)

2.0

(1.6)

2.8

(1.8)

2.7

(1.8)

1.8

(1.4)

1.0

(1.1)

1.4

(1.2)

2.1

(1.5)

T7- GB + RPE

(1:1), 10 ml/l

5.7

(2.4)

3.0

(1.9)

0.7

(1.1)

1.8

(1.5)

5.5

(2.4)

3.2

(1.9)

1.7

(1.5)

2.4

(1.7)

3.2

(1.9)

1.7

(1.4)

0.7

(1.1)

1.2

(1.2)

1.8

(1.5)

T8-

Endosulfan

0.07%, 2 ml/l

5.7

(2.4)

2.3

(1.7)

0.2

(0.8)

1.2

(1.2)

3.2

(1.9)

2.2

(1.6)

0.5

(0.9)

1.3

(1.2)

3.7

(2.0)

1.0

(1.1)

0.2

(0.8)

0.6

(0.9)

1.0

(1.1)

T9- Untreated 3.7

(2.0)

6.3

(2.6)

3.7

(2.0)

5.0

(2.3)

4.2

(2.1)

7.0

(2.7)

3.0

(1.9)

5.0

(2.3)

2.5

(1.7)

5.6

(2.4)

3.7

(2.0)

4.7

(2.1)

4.9

(2.2)

LSD (P=0.05) NS 0.43 0.60 0.22 NS 0.42 0.47 0.29 NS 0.30 0.60 0.07 0.18

Figures in parenthesis denote transformed values √ x + 0.5

D : Age in days; GB : Garlic bud; LSD : Least significant difference; NLE : Neem leaf extract; NSKE : Neem seed kernel extract; NS : Non significant;

T: Treatments; PBS : Population before sprays; RPE : Red pepper extract

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AHIRWAR et al.: EFFICACY NATURAL PRODUCTS ON SUCKING PESTS OF SESAME

225

Table 4 Effect of natural and indigenous products on grain yield & economics in sesame during 2004-06

Mean grain yield (kg / ha)

Plots 2004 2005 2006 Pooled

Mean

Addl. Yield

(Rs/ha)

Addl. Profit

(Rs/ha)

Addl. Cost

(Rs/ha)

Net Profit

(Rs/ha)

ICBR

T1-Neem oil,

10 ml/l

460 657 600 572 148 4440 650 3790 6.8

T2- NLE (in cow

urine), 30 ml/l

448 655 568 557 133 3990 240 3750 16.6

T3- NSKE (in cow

urine), 30 ml/l

490 659 666 605 181 5430 240 5190 22.6

T4- Cow butter milk,

40 ml/l

419 493 518 476 52 1560 400 1160 3.9

T5- Cow urine,

30 ml/l

434 611 533 526 102 3060 200 2860 15.3

T6- GB + RPE (1:1),

5 ml/l

419 560 523 500 76 2280 350 1930 6.5

T7- GB + RPE (1:1),

10 ml/l

441 620 564 541 117 3510 680 2830 5.2

T8-Endosulfan

0.07%, 2 ml/l

507 677 683 622 198 5940 700 5240 8.5

T9- Untreated 367 457 450 424 - - - - -

LSD (P=0.05) 74.3 78.0 132.0 49.42 - - - - -

Figures in parenthesis denote transformed values arc sin √p

Addl. : Additional; Additional Cost : 2 sprays during each year; GB : Garlic bud; ICBR : Incremental cost benefit ratio; LSD : Least

significant difference; NLE : Neem leaf extract; NSKE : Neem seed kernel extract; T: Treatments; RPE : Red pepper extract

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 1–Effect of natural and indigenous products on population of jassid, mired bug and whitefly in sesame during 2004-06

Fig. 2–Effect of natural and indigenous products on grain yield and economics in sesame during 2004-06

and Pathak reported that admixture of NSKE (in cow

urine) + dimethoite and neem oil + dimethoite not

only reduced the incidence of whitefly and yellow

mosaic virus but also the pod borer population on

black gram8.

Effect of different treatments on grain yield and economics

Grain yield was significantly increased in plots

treated with Endosulfan, NSKE, Neem oil and NLE

during 2004 and 2006 in all the treatments except

Cow butter milk during 2005 as compared to

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INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010

226

untreated. However, pooled mean grain yield was

significantly higher in all the treatments as compared

to untreated. Pooled mean grain yield was in

following order: Endosulfan > NSKE > Neem oil >

NLE > GB+RPE - 10 ml/l > Cow urine > GB+RPE -

5 ml/l > Cow butter milk. Thus, grain yield was

maximum in treated plots followed by NSKE

(Table 4, Fig. 2). Higher grain yield by managing the

insect pests of sesame with Endosulfan, NSKE and

Neem oil has also been reported earlier9-12

.

Net profit was also maximum in Endosulfan

(Rs 5240/ha) followed by NSKE (Rs 5190) per ha.

However, cost benefit ratio was maximum in NSKE

(22.6) as compared to 8.5 in Endosulfan.

Conclusion The incidence of sucking pests of sesame, jassid, mirid bug and whitefly may be effectively,

economically and safely managed by two foliar sprays

of natural and indigenous products, viz. Neem seed

kernel extract (in cow urine) @ 30 ml/l, Neem oil

@ 10 ml/l and Neem leaf extract (in cow urine)

30 ml/l. These products were equally effective as

compared to Endosulfan in controlling the

populations of sucking pests and in getting higher

grain yield and net profit. However, cost and benefit

(C:B) ratio was highest with Neem seed kernel

extract.

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