field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests...
TRANSCRIPT
Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources
Vol. 1(2), June 2010, pp. 221-226
Field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests of Sesame
R M Ahirwar1, M P Gupta
2* and S Banerjee
1
1Department of Zoology, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India 2Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh 472 001, Madhya Pradesh, India
Received 12 May 2009; Accepted 3 September 2009
Sesame, Sesamum indicum Linn. is a major oilseed crop of India, including Bundelkhand Zone of Madhya Pradesh. One
of the major constraints in its production is damage caused by insect pests, particularly sucking which suck the cell sap from
leaves, flower and pods. Efficacy of some indigenous neem products, insecticides and their admixtures against three sucking
pests (jassid, mired bug and white fly) of sesame were tested at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh
(Madhya Pradesh) during kharif 2004-2006. The results revealed that incidence of nymph and adult population of sucking
pests, viz. jassid, Orosius albicinctus (Distant), mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Rent.) and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
(Gennadius) was decreased significantly by natural and indigenous products, viz. Neem oil (NO), Neem seed kernel extract
(NSKE), Neem leaf extract (NLE), Garlic bud + Red pepper extract (GB + RPE), Cow urine (CU) and Cow butter milk
(CBM) as compared to untreated. However, insecticide Endosulfan was more effective than these products. The efficacy of
all the above products were in the following order: Endosulfan > NSKE > NO > NLE > GB + RPE > CU > CBM. Grain
yield was significantly higher in all the treatments as compared to untreated but was maximum with Endosulfan 0.07%
(622 kg/ha) followed by NSKE-30 ml/l (605 kg/ha). Whereas, net profit and incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was
maximum with NSKE followed by NO in net profit and ICBR in NLE.
Keywords: Bemisia tabaci, Indigenous Products, Nesidiocoris tenuis, Orosius albicinctus, Oil seed crop, Sesame, Sesamum
indicum, Sucking pests.
IPC code; Int. cl.8 A23D, A01N 65/00, A01N 65/26
Introduction
Sesame, Sesamum indicum Linn. is the most
indigenous oilseed crop of the world and also a major
oilseed crop of India, including Bundelkhand Zone of
Madhya Pradesh. According to Singh1, productivity of
sesame is very low (332 kg/ha) in our country as
compared to world’s average of 389 kg/ha. The
average yield of sesame in Madhya Pradesh is also
low (295 kg/ha) in comparison to some other states2.
One of the major constraints in sesame production
is the colossal damage caused by insect pests. Biswas
et al have listed 29 insect species infesting sesame at
various stages of plant growth3. However, Ahuja and
Bakhetia recorded 65 insect species and one species
of mite feeding and damaging this crop at one or the
other stages of plant growth in different agro-
ecological regions4.
Among the various insect pests of sesame, nymphs
and adults population of Jassid Orosius albicinctus
(Distant), mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Rent.) and
whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are serious pests
which suck the cell sap from leaves, flowers and pods.
Due to this curling of leaf margins downward,
reddening of leaf margins, stunted growth of the
plants, sickly appearance of the crop and subnormal
growth of the leaf tissue occur. The peculiar yellow
spots are found on upper surface of leaves affected by
whitefly. Jassid and white fly are also responsible to
transmit phyllody and leaf curl diseases in sesame,
respectively (Plate 1).
Insecticides are very harmful to the environment
and residual problems are created to non target
species. But, the natural products, if found effective,
are not only economical and ecologically safe but also
free from residual problems. The present study was
undertaken, keeping the above facts in mind.
Material and Methods Population of three sucking pests of sesame
jassid, O. albicinctus (major pests), mirid bug,
N. (Cyrtopeltis) tenuis and whitefly, B. tabaci
__________
*Correspondent author:
E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 098937 10422 (Mob.)
INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010
222
(minor pests) were maintained to observe the effects
of some natural and indigenous products which were
compared with the effects of a known chemical
insecticide, Endosulfan. The natural products Neem
oil (NO), Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), Neem
leaf extract (NLE), Garlic buds + Red pepper extracts
(GB+RPE), Cow urine (CU) and Cow butter milk
(CBM) were tested.
To observe effects of different natural and
indigenous products and insecticide Endosulfan, the
experiment was laid randomized block design during
three consecutive kharif seasons of 2004, 2005 and
2006 at research farm of College of Agriculture
(COA), Tikamgarh. Plot size was kept 4 m × 3 m and
distance between rows and plants were maintained at
30 and 10-15 cm, respectively. Cultivar, ‘TKG-22’ of
sesame was sown on first fortnight of July and
treatments were replicated four times. All the
treatments were applied as foliar sprays.
Preparation of sprays
Total 500 l/ha aqueous solutions of all compounds
were used for experiments. Neem leaf extract was
prepared by soaking 250 g chopped neem leaves per
litre cow urine for 10-15 days. Thereafter, the leaves
were pressed between the palms, remains were
thrown out and the extract was filtered. For
preparation of Neem seed kernel extract, neem seed
kernel were ground into powder and 100 g of this was
soaked in one litre cow urine. This was also left for
10-15 days. Ten to fifteen days old cow urine was
used in sprays. Cow butter milk was also kept for
15 days in plastic container before use. Pulps of garlic
buds and dry red pepper were prepared by grinding
250 g of each in one litre water and filtering the
extract. For all the formulations except Endosulfan,
liquid detergent (Ezee) was mixed @ 0.5 ml/l of water
in preparing the spray solutions. The treatments were
applied twice every year. First spray was given at the
30-35 days and second at 40-45 days after sowing.
Knapsack sprayer was used for spraying.
Nine treatments were T1 : Neem oil @ 10 ml/l
(5 l/ha); T2 : Neem leaf extract (in cow urine)
@ 30 ml/l (3.750 kg neem leaves + 15 l cow
urine/ha); T3 : Neem seed kernel extract (in cow
AHIRWAR et al.: EFFICACY NATURAL PRODUCTS ON SUCKING PESTS OF SESAME
223
urine) @ 30 ml/l (1.500 kg neem seed kernel powder
+ 15 l cow urine/ha); T4 : Cow butter milk @ 40 ml/l
(20 l/ha); T5 : Cow urine @ 30ml/l (15 l/ha);
T6 : Garlic buds + Red pepper extracts (1:1) @ 5 ml/l
(2.5 l/ha); T7 : Garlic buds + Red pepper extracts
(1:1) @ 10 ml/l (5 l/ha) and T8 : Endosulfan 0.07%
@ 2 ml/l (1 l/ha) and T9 was untreated (control).
The number of nymphs and adults of jassid, mirid
bug and whitefly were recorded before spray and after
2, 7 and 15 days of each spray on 10 plants selected
randomly from each plot at vegetative and flowering
stages. Mean values of the above were calculated.
Observations for all the three years were pooled to
derive pooled means. Grain yield received from each
plot was also recorded. Data were analyzed
statistically at P = 0.05 probability level. Net return
and cost benefit ratio were worked out.
Results and Discussion
Effect of different treatments on population of jassid
The results (Table 1) revealed that population of
jassid was significantly reduced in all the treatments
as compared to untreated during all three seasons and
in pooled mean. It was reduced minimum in Neem
oil, NLE, NSKE and Endosulfan treatments followed
by Cow urine, GB+RPE-10 ml/l, GB+RPE 5 ml/l and
Cow butter milk 40 ml/l (Fig. 1).
Effect of different treatments on population of mirid bug
Population of mirid bug was significantly reduced
all the treatments during all three seasons and also in
pooled mean as compared to untreated. Incidence was
reduced to minimum in Endosulfan treated plots
followed by Neem oil, NLE and NSKE. However,
rests of the treatments were also significantly
effective in reducing the population of mirid bug
(Table 2, Fig. 1).
Effect of different treatments on population of whitefly
Population of whitefly was significantly reduced in
all the treatments during all three seasons of study and
in pooled mean as compared to untreated plots.
Pooled mean population was reduced to minimum in
Endosulfan treated plots followed by Neem oil and
NSKE. However, rest of the treatments also
minimized the population markedly (Table 3, Fig. 1).
Endosulfan 0.07%, NSKE 5% and Neem oil was
also found effective against jassid and whitefly in
sesame, moong bean and cotton
5-7. However, Gupta
Table 1 Effect of natural and indigenous products on population of jassid, Orosius albicinctus
in sesame during 2004-06
Mean population of jassid/10 plants
2004 2005 2006
Plots PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean Pooled
Mean
T1- Neem oil,
10 ml/l
7.2
(2.7)
5.8
(2.5)
3.0
(1.7)
4.4
(2.1)
15.0
(3.9)
9.5
(3.0)
3.6
(2.0)
6.5
(2.5)
6.5
(2.6)
3.5
(2.0)
2.2
(1.6)
2.8
(1.8)
4.6
(2.1)
T2- NLE
(in cow urine),
30 ml/l
6.7
(2.6)
5.8
(2.5)
3.1
(1.9)
4.4
(2.2)
16.5
(4.0)
9.5
(3.0)
3.6
(2.0)
6.5
(2.5)
5.2
(2.3)
3.7
(1.9)
2.2
(1.6)
2.9
(1.7)
4.6
(2.1)
T3- NSKE
(in cow urine),
30 ml/l
8.5
(3.0)
5.5
(2.4)
2.8
(1.8)
4.1
(2.1)
16.2
(4.1)
9.2
(3.0)
3.5
(2.0)
6.3
(2.5)
7.5
(2.8)
3.2
(1.9)
2.0
(1.6)
2.6
(1.7)
4.3
(2.1)
T4- Cow butter
milk, 40 ml/l
7.2
(2.7)
7.0
(2.7)
4.3
(2.1)
5.6
(2.4)
16.0
(4.0)
10.5
(3.1)
4.2
(2.1)
7.3
(2.6)
7.7
(2.8)
4.7
(2.2)
3.2
(1.9)
3.9
(2.0)
5.6
(2.3)
T5- Cow urine,
30 ml/l
8.0
(2.9)
6.2
(2.6)
3.8
(2.0)
5.0
(2.3)
19.5
(4.4)
9.9
(3.1)
3.9
(2.0)
6.9
(2.5)
7.5
(2.8)
4.5
(2.1)
2.5
(1.7)
3.5
(1.9)
5.1
(2.2)
T6- GB + RPE
(1:1), 5 ml/l
8.0
(2.9)
6.5
(2.6)
3.8
(2.0)
5.1
(2.3)
18.0
(4.3)
10.3
(3.2)
4.1
(2.1)
7.2
(2.6)
9.2
(3.0)
4.5
(2.1)
2.7
(1.8)
3.6
(1.9)
5.3
(2.3)
T7- GB + RPE
(1:1), 10 ml/l
6.7
(2.6)
5.9
(2.5)
3.6
(1.9)
4.7
(2.2)
16.2
(4.0)
9.6
(3.0)
3.7
(2.0)
6.6
(2.5)
8.5
(3.0)
3.7
(2.0)
2.5
(1.7)
3.1
(1.8)
4.8
(2.2)
T8- Endosulfan
0.07%, 2 ml/l
7.7
(2.8)
5.4
(2.4)
2.8
(1.8)
4.1
(2.1)
16.5
(4.1)
9.0
(2.9)
3.5
(1.9)
6.2
(2.4)
10.5
(3.3)
3.2
(1.9)
1.7
(1.5)
2.4
(1.7)
4.2
(2.1)
T9- Untreated 7.2
(2.7)
9.2
(3.1)
6.8
(2.7)
8.0
(2.9)
26.5
(5.1)
17.1
(4.1)
6.9
(2.7)
12.0
(3.4)
6.2
(2.5)
7.7
(2.8)
6.2
(2.5)
6.9
(2.6)
9.0
(3.0)
LSD (P=0.05) NS 0.16 0.30 0.16 NS 0.30 0.30 0.21 NS 0.60 0.31 0.06 0.09
Figures in parenthesis denote transformed values √ x + 0.5
D: Age in days; GB: Garlic bud; LSD: Least significant difference; NLE: Neem leaf extract; NSKE: Neem seed kernel extract;
NS: Non significant; T: Treatments; PBS: Population before sprays; RPE: Red pepper extract
INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010
224
Table 2 Effect of natural and indigenous products on population of mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenius
in sesame during 2004-06
Mean population of mirid bug/10 plants
2004 2005 2006 Plots
PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean
Pooled
Mean
T1- Neem oil,
10 ml/l
6.2
(2.5)
2.7
(1.8)
1.8
(1.5)
2.2
(1.6)
4.0
(2.0)
2.6
(1.7)
1.7
(1.5)
2.1
(1.6)
4.7
(2.2)
3.0
(1.8)
1.5
(1.4)
2.2
(1.6)
2.2
(1.6)
T2- NLE
(in cow urine),
30 ml/l
7.5
(2.8)
2.9
(1.7)
2.0
(1.5)
2.4
(1.6)
3.7
(2.0)
2.8
(1.8)
1.7
(1.5)
2.2
(1.6)
5.7
(2.4)
3.2
(1.8)
2.0
(1.6)
2.6
(1.7)
2.4
(1.6)
T3- NSKE
(in cow urine),
30 ml/l
5.7
(2.4)
2.3
(1.7)
1.8
(1.5)
2.0
(1.6)
5.5
(2.4)
2.4
(1.7)
1.7
(1.4)
2.0
(1.5)
6.5
(2.6)
3.0
(1.8)
1.5
(1.4)
2.2
(1.6)
2.1
(1.6)
T4- Cow
butter milk,
40 ml/l
4.7
(2.2)
3.1
(1.9)
2.8
(1.8)
2.9
(1.8)
5.0
(2.3)
3.8
(2.0)
3.2
(1.9)
3.5
(1.9)
6.2
(2.5)
4.5
(2.1)
2.7
(1.8)
3.6
(1.9)
3.3
(1.9)
T5- Cow urine,
30 ml/l
4.7
(2.2)
2.9
(1.8)
2.1
(1.6)
2.5
(1.7)
6.2
(2.5)
3.3
(1.9)
3.0
(1.8)
3.1
(1.8)
4.7
(2.2)
3.8
(2.0)
2.5
(1.5)
3.1
(1.7)
2.9
(1.7)
T6- GB + RPE
(1:1), 5 ml/l
3.7
(2.0)
3.1
(1.8)
2.5
(1.7)
2.8
(1.7)
4.0
(2.0)
3.4
(1.9)
3.0
(1.9)
3.2
(1.9)
4.7
(2.2)
3.8
(2.0)
2.5
(1.6)
3.1
(1.8)
3.0
(1.8)
T7- GB + RPE
(1:1), 10 ml/l
5.8
(2.4)
2.9
(1.8)
2.1
(1.5)
2.5
(1.6)
3.7
(2.0)
2.9
(1.7)
2.5
(1.7)
2.7
(1.7)
3.7
(2.0)
3.3
(1.8)
2.2
(1.6)
2.7
(1.7)
2.6
(1.7)
T8-
Endosulfan
0.07%, 2 ml/l
6.5
(2.6)
1.6
(1.6)
1.5
(1.3)
1.5
(1.4)
5.2
(2.3)
2.2
(1.6)
1.2
(1.3)
1.7
(1.4)
7.5
(2.8)
2.5
(1.7)
1.5
(1.4)
2.0
(1.5)
1.7
(1.4)
T9- Untreated 4.7
(2.2)
5.1
(2.3)
5.3
(2.3)
5.2
(2.3)
5.5
(2.4)
8.4
(2.9)
7.7
(2.8)
8.0
(2.8)
5.8
(2.4)
9.3
(3.1)
6.0
(2.5)
7.6
(2.8)
6.9
(2.6)
LSD (P=0.05) NS 0.30 0.34 0.17 NS 0.31 0.45 0.20 NS 0.62 0.32 0.21 0.17
Figures in parenthesis denote transformed values √ x + 0.5
D : Age in days; GB : Garlic bud; LSD : Least significant Difference; NLE : Neem leaf extract; NSKE : Neem seed kernel extract; NS : Non
significant; T: Treatments; PBS : Population before sprays; RPE : Red pepper extract
Table 3 Effect of natural and indigenous products on population of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in sesame during 2004-06
Mean population of whitefly/10 plants
2004 2005 2006
Plots
PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean PBS
(34D)
First
Spray
Second
Spray
Mean
Pooled
Mean
T1- Neem oil,
10 ml/l
5.3
(2.4)
3.0
(1.9)
0.5
(0.9)
1.7
(1.4)
4.7
(2.2)
2.7
(1.7)
1.7
(1.4)
2.2
(1.5)
3.2
(1.9)
1.3
(1.2)
0.5
(0.9)
0.9
(1.0)
1.6
(1.3)
T2- NLE (in
cow urine),
30 ml/l
5.3
(2.4)
3.0
(1.9)
0.7
(1.0)
1.8
(1.4)
5.2
(2.3)
3.0
(1.8)
1.7
(1.5)
2.3
(1.6)
2.2
(1.6)
1.4
(1.3)
0.7
(1.0)
1.0
(1.1)
1.7
(1.4)
T3- NSKE (in
cow urine),
30 ml/l
3.7
(2.0)
2.7
(1.8)
0.5
(0.9)
1.6
(1.3)
3.7
(2.0)
2.2
(1.7)
1.5
(1.4)
1.8
(1.5)
4.0
(2.1)
1.1
(1.2)
0.5
(0.9)
0.8
(1.0)
1.4
(1.3)
T4- Cow
butter milk,
40 ml/l
4.7
(2.3)
3.7
(2.0)
1.5
(1.4)
2.6
(1.7)
5.0
(2.3)
4.0
(2.1)
2.7
(1.7)
3.3
(1.9)
2.5
(1.7)
2.2
(1.6)
1.5
(1.4)
1.8
(1.5)
2.6
(1.7)
T5- Cow urine,
30 ml/l
3.7
(2.0)
3.3
(1.9)
1.0
(1.1)
2.1
(1.5)
4.2
(2.1)
3.7
(2.0)
2.0
(1.6)
2.8
(1.8)
2.7
(1.8)
1.8
(1.4)
1.0
(1.1)
1.4
(1.2)
2.1
(1.5)
T6- GB + RPE
(1:1), 5 ml/l
4.7
(2.2)
3.3
(1.9)
1.0
(1.1)
2.1
(1.5)
4.2
(2.1)
3.7
(2.0)
2.0
(1.6)
2.8
(1.8)
2.7
(1.8)
1.8
(1.4)
1.0
(1.1)
1.4
(1.2)
2.1
(1.5)
T7- GB + RPE
(1:1), 10 ml/l
5.7
(2.4)
3.0
(1.9)
0.7
(1.1)
1.8
(1.5)
5.5
(2.4)
3.2
(1.9)
1.7
(1.5)
2.4
(1.7)
3.2
(1.9)
1.7
(1.4)
0.7
(1.1)
1.2
(1.2)
1.8
(1.5)
T8-
Endosulfan
0.07%, 2 ml/l
5.7
(2.4)
2.3
(1.7)
0.2
(0.8)
1.2
(1.2)
3.2
(1.9)
2.2
(1.6)
0.5
(0.9)
1.3
(1.2)
3.7
(2.0)
1.0
(1.1)
0.2
(0.8)
0.6
(0.9)
1.0
(1.1)
T9- Untreated 3.7
(2.0)
6.3
(2.6)
3.7
(2.0)
5.0
(2.3)
4.2
(2.1)
7.0
(2.7)
3.0
(1.9)
5.0
(2.3)
2.5
(1.7)
5.6
(2.4)
3.7
(2.0)
4.7
(2.1)
4.9
(2.2)
LSD (P=0.05) NS 0.43 0.60 0.22 NS 0.42 0.47 0.29 NS 0.30 0.60 0.07 0.18
Figures in parenthesis denote transformed values √ x + 0.5
D : Age in days; GB : Garlic bud; LSD : Least significant difference; NLE : Neem leaf extract; NSKE : Neem seed kernel extract; NS : Non significant;
T: Treatments; PBS : Population before sprays; RPE : Red pepper extract
AHIRWAR et al.: EFFICACY NATURAL PRODUCTS ON SUCKING PESTS OF SESAME
225
Table 4 Effect of natural and indigenous products on grain yield & economics in sesame during 2004-06
Mean grain yield (kg / ha)
Plots 2004 2005 2006 Pooled
Mean
Addl. Yield
(Rs/ha)
Addl. Profit
(Rs/ha)
Addl. Cost
(Rs/ha)
Net Profit
(Rs/ha)
ICBR
T1-Neem oil,
10 ml/l
460 657 600 572 148 4440 650 3790 6.8
T2- NLE (in cow
urine), 30 ml/l
448 655 568 557 133 3990 240 3750 16.6
T3- NSKE (in cow
urine), 30 ml/l
490 659 666 605 181 5430 240 5190 22.6
T4- Cow butter milk,
40 ml/l
419 493 518 476 52 1560 400 1160 3.9
T5- Cow urine,
30 ml/l
434 611 533 526 102 3060 200 2860 15.3
T6- GB + RPE (1:1),
5 ml/l
419 560 523 500 76 2280 350 1930 6.5
T7- GB + RPE (1:1),
10 ml/l
441 620 564 541 117 3510 680 2830 5.2
T8-Endosulfan
0.07%, 2 ml/l
507 677 683 622 198 5940 700 5240 8.5
T9- Untreated 367 457 450 424 - - - - -
LSD (P=0.05) 74.3 78.0 132.0 49.42 - - - - -
Figures in parenthesis denote transformed values arc sin √p
Addl. : Additional; Additional Cost : 2 sprays during each year; GB : Garlic bud; ICBR : Incremental cost benefit ratio; LSD : Least
significant difference; NLE : Neem leaf extract; NSKE : Neem seed kernel extract; T: Treatments; RPE : Red pepper extract
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 1–Effect of natural and indigenous products on population of jassid, mired bug and whitefly in sesame during 2004-06
Fig. 2–Effect of natural and indigenous products on grain yield and economics in sesame during 2004-06
and Pathak reported that admixture of NSKE (in cow
urine) + dimethoite and neem oil + dimethoite not
only reduced the incidence of whitefly and yellow
mosaic virus but also the pod borer population on
black gram8.
Effect of different treatments on grain yield and economics
Grain yield was significantly increased in plots
treated with Endosulfan, NSKE, Neem oil and NLE
during 2004 and 2006 in all the treatments except
Cow butter milk during 2005 as compared to
INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010
226
untreated. However, pooled mean grain yield was
significantly higher in all the treatments as compared
to untreated. Pooled mean grain yield was in
following order: Endosulfan > NSKE > Neem oil >
NLE > GB+RPE - 10 ml/l > Cow urine > GB+RPE -
5 ml/l > Cow butter milk. Thus, grain yield was
maximum in treated plots followed by NSKE
(Table 4, Fig. 2). Higher grain yield by managing the
insect pests of sesame with Endosulfan, NSKE and
Neem oil has also been reported earlier9-12
.
Net profit was also maximum in Endosulfan
(Rs 5240/ha) followed by NSKE (Rs 5190) per ha.
However, cost benefit ratio was maximum in NSKE
(22.6) as compared to 8.5 in Endosulfan.
Conclusion The incidence of sucking pests of sesame, jassid, mirid bug and whitefly may be effectively,
economically and safely managed by two foliar sprays
of natural and indigenous products, viz. Neem seed
kernel extract (in cow urine) @ 30 ml/l, Neem oil
@ 10 ml/l and Neem leaf extract (in cow urine)
30 ml/l. These products were equally effective as
compared to Endosulfan in controlling the
populations of sucking pests and in getting higher
grain yield and net profit. However, cost and benefit
(C:B) ratio was highest with Neem seed kernel
extract.
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