Literary TerminologyStory Map: a graphic representation of the events of a story.

Exposition: The beginning of a story or novel. This is where the characters, setting, and the first conflict are usually introduced.

Climax: The highest point of action in a story or novel.

Rising Action: The plot of the story advances.

Falling Action: The story begins to wind down.

Resolution: The conflict of the story is resolved.

Setting: The time and place of a story or novel.

Example: Where the Red Fern Grows setting is during the Depression (1930’s) in the Ozark Mountains.

Chronological Order: presents ideas according to the time in which they occurred. This type of organization is especially effective if you are describing a process, relaying a series of actions, or telling a story. For instance, to convey the plot of a novel or the procedures of an experiment, you would tell readers what happened first, second, etc.

Protagonist: The hero or heroine of a story or novel. This is the main character to who the action and plot of the story or novel revolve around. The protagonist does not have to be a good character. The protagonist can be an animal.

Antagonist: The force or forces working against the protagonist of a story. There can be more than one antagonist in a story. The antagonist isn’t necessarily a character. It can be a force of nature, society, etc.

Story Maps

1. What is a chronological list of events in a story?

a. A list that shows the events of a story in the order of their location.b. A list that shows the events of a story in the order that they occur in

time.c. A list that shows the events of the story in the order of least

importance to the greatest importanced. A list that shows the events of the story in the order of greatest

importance to the least importance

2. In what part of the story map are the characters, setting and the first conflict introduced?

a. expositionb. rising actionc. climaxd. falling actione. resolution

3. In what part of the story map is the conflict resolved?

f. expositiong. rising actionh. climaxi. falling actionj. resolution

4. In what part of the story map does the action wind down?

k. expositionl. rising actionm. climaxn. falling actiono. resolution

5. In what part of the story map does the highest point of action occur?

p. expositionq. rising actionr. climaxs. falling actiont. resolution

6. In what part of the story map does the plot advance?

u. expositionv. rising actionw. climaxx. falling actiony. resolution

7. What are the two parts of setting in a story?

8. What is the difference between the protagonist and the antagonist of a story?

9. What is a story map?

Point of View

Point of View: The perspective that a piece of writing is written in.

First Person: Written in the I voice. Example: I couldn’t believe that my parents were actually going to make me marry a troll.

Second Person: Written in the You voice. Example: You couldn’t believe that your parents were actually going to make you marry a troll.

Third Person: Written in the He/She/It voice. Example: She couldn’t believe that her parents were actually going to make her marry a troll.

Third Person Limited: In this point of view, a narrator zooms in on the thoughts and feelings of just one character in the story. This point of view helps us share that character’s reactions to the story’s events.

Example: The princess tried desperately to get out of her promise. “It was all my parents’ fault,” she thought. They were so unfair.

Omniscient: Omnis in Latin means “all” and sciens means “knowing”. The all knowing point of view. The omniscient narrator looks down on the action like a god. This narrator can tell you everything about all the characters, even their most private thoughts.

Example: Once upon a time there lived a princess who would have been perfectly happy except for one thing. In a moment of weakness, she had promised to marry a frog. Her father felt sorry for her, but he insisted that she keep her word. (In fact, he was a little nervous-he’d never met a talking frog before.)

Foreshadowing and FlashbackForeshadowing: is the author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in a story. For example, the description of a dark cloud in a story might

foreshadow something bad that is about to happen. Foreshadowing helps build suspense, the quality that keeps you wondering what will happen next.

Flashback is a scene that interrupts a story to describe an earlier event. Writers use flashback to show something about a character’s past. For example, a flashback about a happy childhood journey might explain why an adult character loves to travel.

Conflict: A problem, either internal or external that a character has to work through.

Types of Conflict

1. Internal Conflict Person vs. Self: Conflict inside of the character’s mind. For example, the character might doubt his/her/its ability to accomplish something.

2. External Conflict

Person vs. Person: A conflict between the main character and another character. Example: Red Riding Hood vs. The Big Bad Wolf

Person vs. Society: A conflict between the main character and two or more other characters. Example: Billy vs. the Town Children in Where the Red Fern Grows.

Person vs. Nature: A conflict between the main character and nature. Example: Dorothy is swept away by a tornado in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Person vs. Technology: A conflict between the main character and some type of technology. Example: Humans vs. robots.

Person vs. Fate/God: A conflict between the main character and a supernatural event, circumstance, or God. Example: Job is tested by God in the bible.

1. Fiction vs. Non Fiction

Characteristics of fiction

*They include made-up people or animals called characters and a made-up series of events called the plot.

Fictional works take place in a time and location, or setting, which may or may not be real.

They are told by a speaker called the narrator. Fiction is told from a certain perspective, or point of view. First=person point of view is

the perspective of a character in the story. Third-person point of view is the perspective of a narrator outside the story.

Fiction often includes a theme, or message about life.

Types of Fiction

Novels: are long works of fiction. A novel has a plot in which characters face a problem in a specific time and place. In addition to its main plot, a novel may introduce subplots, or minor stories within the larger story.

Novellas: are works of fiction that are longer than short stories but shorter than novels.

Short stories: are brief works of fiction. Like a novel, a short story has characters, a setting, and a plot. Unlike a novel, it has a single conflict and is meant to be read in one sitting.

Characteristics of Nonfiction

Nonfiction works differ from fiction in a few important ways. *Nonfiction writings deal only with real people, events, or ideas.*They are narrated, or told, from the author’s perspective, or point of view. Nonfiction

works have a specific tone that reflects the writer’s attitude toward a subject.* Nonfiction reflects an author’s purpose, or reason for writing. This might be to explain,

persuade, inform, or entertain.

Types of Nonfiction

Biographies tell the story of someone’s life. A biography is usually told from the third-person point of view.

Autobiographies tell the story of the author’s life. An autobiography is told from the first-person point of view.

Letters are written forms of communication from one person to another. A letter might share information, thoughts, or feelings.

Journals and diaries are records of daily events and the writer’s thoughts and feelings about them.

Essays are brief written works based on a particular subject.

Informational texts are the documents we come across in everyday life, including instructions and newspaper articles.

Speeches are works that are delivered orally to an audience.

Genre: is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length.

FictionNarrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact.

All FictionDramaStories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.

FableNarration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale.

Fairy Tale

Story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children. Includes clear forces of good and evil.

Fantasy

Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.

Fiction in Verse

Full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is presented in (usually blank) verse form.

Folklore

The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth.

 

Historical Fiction

Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

 

Horror

Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader.

 

Humor

Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain; but can be contained in all genres

 

Legend

Story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, which has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material.

Mystery

Fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets.

Mythology

Legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods.

Poetry

Verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses.

Realistic Fiction

Fictional story that can actually happen and is true to life. Real characters, real setting, real conflicts.

Science FictionStory based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets.

Short Story

Fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots.

Tall TaleHumorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance.

NonfictionInformational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject.

All NonfictionBiography/AutobiographyNarrative of a person's life, a true story about a real person.

Essay

A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.

Manual

Step by step information to help operate something

Memoir

A personal narrative story that is true and based on fact.

Newspaper

Reports current events

Narrative Nonfiction

Factual information presented in a format which tells a story.

Speech

Public address or discourse.

Textbook

Informative prose and graphics based on specific topics. Structure essays divided into chapters, sections, or parts.

Genres1. What is the difference between fiction and nonfiction?

a. fiction is lying and nonfiction is truthb. fiction is based on imagination and nonfiction is based on real-life

and factsc. fiction is just stories and nonfiction is just textbooks

2. Categorize the following genres into either fiction or nonfiction.

science fiction *speech *textbooks biography *folklore *manual fantasy *historical fiction *tall tale realistic fiction *myth *memoir essay *autobiography *fairy tale

Fiction Nonfiction

********

*******

3. What genre reports current events?

a. realistic fictionb. historical fictionc. textbooksd. newspaper

4. What genre is an imagined story that has realistic characters, setting, and conflicts?

a. realistic fictionb. historical fiction c. textbooksd. newspaper

5. What genre often includes gods and often explains human behavior or natural phenomena?

a. folktaleb. legendc. mythd. tall tale

6. What genre often includes exaggerations and super heroes that perform feats with nonchalance and ease?

a. folktaleb. legendc. mythd. tall tale

7. What genre is a nonfiction literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point of view?

a. essayb. manualc. memoird. textbook

8. What genre is a nonfiction narrative story based on the author’s life or experience?

a. essay

b. manualc. memoird. textbook

9. What genre creates a sense of dread in the reader?

a. mythb. legendc. horrord. tall tale

10. What genre is a fictional story based on a historical setting or event?

a. fantasyb. realistic fictionc. biographyd. historical fiction

“7th Grade”by: Gary Soto

1. What two languages does Victor already speak?

a. English and Frenchb. English and Spanishc. Spanish and Frenchd. French and Italian

2. How did Victor and his family earn money to buy fall clothing?

3. What is the setting for the story “7th Grade”? Please give both the time period and the location.

Time Period:

Place:

3. What did Michael infer from looking at GQ magazines?

a. Models hang around beautiful women.b. Models have fancy cars.c. Models get women by scowling.d. Models are in magazines.

4.. On the way to his homeroom, Victor tried a scowl. He felt foolish, until out of the corner of his eye he saw a girl looking at him. Umm, he thought, maybe it does work. He scowled with

greater conviction.

Based on the above passage what does the underlined word conviction mean?

a. beliefb. rightc. abilityd. talent

5. Please list three things Victor does in the story to show he likes Teresa.

a.b.c.

6. Please summarize what Victor does in French class to impress Teresa.

7. What is the climax of the story “7th Grade”?

a. Victor talks to Teresab. Teresa wants Victor to help her in French.c. Victor waits to see if Mr. Bueller is going to blow his cover.d. Victor embarrasses himself in French class.

8. What is the resolution of the story “7th grade”?

a. Victor pretends to know Frenchb. Mr. Bueller punishes Victorc. Teresa asks Victor to help her in French class

d. Victor scowls at Teresa

9. What genre is the story “7th Grade”?

10. What point of view is the story “7th Grade” written in?

Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to include the following in your answer. (10 pts)

1. Hook2. Restate the question.3. Include the author and the title of the story.4. Quote from the story.5. Text Connection.6. Answer all parts of the question.7. Fill all the lines!

In the story “7th Grade” Mr. Bueller knows that Victor can’t speak French. Why doesn’t he blow Victor’s cover? Would you have blown Victor’s cover if you were Mr. Bueller? Why or why not?

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“Duffy’s Jacket”by: Bruce Coville

1. Which of the following sentences is an opinion?

a. I found a message scrawled on the wall.b. But as far as I’m concerned, Duffy makes a turnip look bright.c. It was late because we had lost an hour going back to get Duffy’s

suitcase.d. We decided to go out for another walk.

2. Based on the title, which of the following do you predict what will happen in the story?

a. The story will involve many people.b. The story will be about animals.c. The story will have a jacket playing a central role.d. The story will be at the beach.

3. What can you infer about how the children were feeling from the following sentence: “We huddled together in the middle of the room, trying to think of what to do?” pg. 10.

a. The children feel threatened.b. The children feel cold.c. The children feel like cuddling together.d. The children are feeling playful.

4. Why does the author use onomatopoeia words, sound effects, to describe the creature that is outside of the cabin on pg. 10?

a. To add detail to the story.b. To add suspense to the story.c. To add foreshadowing to the story.d. To add a flashback to the story.

5. Which sentence best shows that the narrator is nervous?

a. Don’t bloodhounds have to have something to give them a scent?b. I never saw so many spiders in my life.c. Personally, I thought camping was a big mistake.d. My stomach rolled over, and the skin at the back of my neck started to

prickle.

6. Paraphrase what the narrator means when he says, “But as far as I’m concerned, Duffy makes a turnip look bright.”

7. What caused the family to be late arriving at the cabin?

8. Summarize how the Sentinel used Duffy’s jacket to find the children?

9. What conclusion can you draw from the statement, “Non one has had to remind Duffy to remember his jacket, or his glasses, or his math book for at least a year now.” ?

a. Duffy found a new method to organize him self.b. Duffy was tired of the narrator getting mad at him.

c. Duffy has a better memory.d. Duffy learned his lesson from his experience with the Sentinel.

10. Which sentence best states the main idea of the story?

a. After all, when you leave stuff lying around, you never can be sure just who might bring it back.

b. Personally, I thought camping was a big mistake.c. If my cousin Duffy had the brains of a turnip it never would have

happened.d. That’s why it doesn’t make sense for them to try and do man-stuff with

us.

11. What genre is “Duffy’s Jacket”?

12. What point of view is “Duffy’s Jacket” written in?

Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to include the following in your answer. (10 pts)

8. Hook9. Restate the question.10. Include the author and the title of the story.11. Quote from the story.12. Text Connection.13. Answer all parts of the question.14. Fill all the lines!

Duffy’s forgetfulness causes problems for many characters in the story “Duffy’s Jacket”. Explain three different effects his forgetfulness has on the other characters in the story?

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“Rikki-tikki-tavi”by: Rudyard Kipling

1. Please summarize what a mongoose looks like. Include at least three characteristics mentioned in the text.

2. Paraphrase what the author means when he uses the idiom, “A mongoose is eaten up from head to tail with curiosity”.

3. They gave him a little piece of raw meat. Rikki-tikki liked it immensely.

The underlined word immensely means what?

a. not at allb. enormouslyc. excitedlyd. happily

4. A garden that is not cultivated might be described as untended, disorderly, or growing wild. What then would be the definition for a cultivated garden?

a. beautifulb. neatly keptc. overgrownd. wild

5. Which of the following statements is a fact?

a. This is a splendid hunting ground.b. It looks very funny, but it is so perfectly balanced a gait that you

can fly off from any angle you please.c. Teddy’s safer with that little beast than if he had a bloodhound to

watch him.d. One of our babies fell out of the nest yesterday and Nag ate him.

6. In what way are Rikki-tikki and the cobras different?

a. They both want to protect their families.

b. They both follow their natural instincts.c. They both are enemies of the Tailor bird.d. They both think the garden is their home to protect.

7. Which of the following is an example of internal conflict?

a. Rikki is worried that if he doesn’t bite Nat’s head right away the snake might beat him in the battle.

b. Rikki is washed away in a flood.c. Rikki battles Nagaina in her hold.d. Rikki kills Karait.

8. When Rikki got to the house, Teddy and Teddy’s mother (She looked very white and still)…

What can you infer about the way Teddy’s mother was feeling from the above passage?

a. She was frightened that Nagaina would kill Teddy.b. She was hungry because she hadn’t eaten breakfast.c. She was white because she doesn’t spend much time in the sun.d. She was very tired because of all the snake attacks.

9. Which of the following is an example of a cause and effect situation?

a. Nagaina loses her chance to kill Teddy when she is distracted by Rikki and her last egg.

b. Very few mongooses care to follow a cobra down into its hold.c. The cobra eggs were in the melon patch.d. The tailor bird wasn’t always very smart.

10. Which of the following is the climax of the story?

a. Rikki kills Nag in the bathroom.b. Rikki smashes Nagaina’s eggs.c. Rikki put himself in mortal danger by following Nagaina down her

hold.d. Rikki challenges Nagaina to fight.

11. What genre is “Rikki-tikki-tavi”?

12. What point of view is “Rikki-tikki-tavi” written in?

Constructed Response. . Please answer the following question. Remember to include the following in your answer. (10 pts)

15. Hook16. Restate the question.17. Include the author and the title of the story.18. Quote from the story.19. Text Connection.20. Answer all parts of the question.21. Fill all the lines!

In the story “Rikki-tikki-tavi” which character do you believe was more valiant (brave), Rikki or Nagaina? Give at least two examples of their valiant behavior from the text to support your opinion.

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“Three Skeleton Key”by: George G. Toudouze

1. In what way might the story of the three convicts foreshadow what’s going to happen later in the story?

2. “Still, it was a nice life there. We had enough provisions to last for months, in the event that the sea should become too rough for the supply ship to reach us on schedule.” Based on the above passage what can you infer the underlined word provisions means?

a. A strong lighthouseb. Food and other supplies c. Monthly wagesd. Work duties

3. Compare and contrast Le Gleo’s and Itchoua’s reactions to the mysterious ship.

4-5. What do you conclude has happened to the ship’s crew? What evidence supports your conclusion?

6. In what country does “Three Skeleton Key” take place?

a. Franceb. Brazilc. Cayenned. French Guiana

7. True or false, the rats on board the drifting ship were very similar to land rats?

8-12. Draw and label a ship with the following terms: port, starboard, bow, stern, poop.

13. On the 9th day of the rat attack how do the men decide to signal the mainland that they are in trouble?

a. They don’t light the lantern.b. They signal with Morse codec. They telegraph the mainlandd. They set fire to the lighthouse

14. What is the correct chronological order of the following events?

a. A meat barge is pulled to the island.b. The men don’t light the lantern.c. A fireboat sets the meat barge on fire.d. The fireboat turned a powerful jet of water on the rats.e. A whaleboat took the men off the island.

a. a, b, c, d ,eb. b, d, a, c, ec. e, a, d, c, bd. b, d, c, a, e

15. What was the author’s purpose in writing “Three Skeleton Key?”

a. To inform the reader about ship rats.b. To warn the reader about working at a lighthouse.c. To entertain and frighten the reader.d. To persuade the reader to visit French Guiana.

16. What genre is “Three Skeleton Key”?

17. What point of view was “Three Skeleton Key” written in?

Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to include the following in your answer. (10 pts)

1. Hook2. Restate the question.3. Include the author and the title of the story.4. Quote from the story.5. Text Connection.6. Answer all parts of the question.7. Fill all the lines!

What makes the setting of “Three Skeleton Key” a perfect setting for a horror story? Give three aspects of the setting to support your opinion.

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“Echo and Narcissus”Retold by:

1. What is the main idea of the myth “Echo and Narcissus”?

a. Love is the most important thing.b. Love requires patiencec. Love can be powerful and devastating.d. Love is wonderful.

2. Echo’s flaw is talking too much. What is the effect of her flaw?

a. She falls in love with Narcissus.b. She dies of unrequited love.c. She is cursed by Hera only to repeat what others say.d. She is rewarded by Zeus.

3. “But at last Hera realized that Echo was doing this on purpose to detain her while Zeus went quietly back to Olympus as if he had never been away.”

Based on the above passage the word detain means.

a. Uselessly; without resultb. Not returned in kindc. Hold back; delayd. With great concentration

4. The phrase her heat leaping with joy shows that Echo feels this way about meeting Narcissus?

a. nervousb. vainc. intentd. happy

5. True or false, Aphrodite feels that Narcissus insults her personally when he rejects Echo’s love.

6. How would you describe Narcissus’s major character trait?

7. Compare the way Echo and Narcissus love was the same?

a. They both loved themselves.b. They both loved Gods or Goddessesc. They both were happy with their loved. They both had unrequited love

8. What kind of flower bloomed in the spot where Narcissus died?

9. Which of the following statements of theme best fits this myth?

a. We can’t love other people when we are too involved with ourselves.

b. Love is a powerful feeling whether we seek it or not.c. Romantic love and self love can have devastating

effects.

10. “Woe is me for I loved in vain!” he cried.

What does the underlined word vain mean in the above passage?

e. Uselessly; without resultf. Not returned in kindg. Hold back; delayh. With great concentration

11. What genre is “Echo and Narcissus”?

12. What point of view was “Echo and Narcissus” written in?

Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to include the following in your answer. (10 pts)

8. Hook9. Restate the question.10. Include the author and the title of the story.11. Quote from the story.12. Text Connection.13. Answer all parts of the question.14. Fill all the lines!

Are Echo and Narcissus victims of the gods, or are they responsible for their own tragedies? Explain your position and use examples from the text to support your answers.

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“The Naming of Names”by: Ray Bradbury

“The wind blew as if to flake away their identities. At any moment the Martian air might draw his soul from him, as marrow comes from a white bone. He felt submerged in a chemical that could dissolve his intellect and burn away his past.”

1. What can you infer about the way Harry is feeling about Mars from the above passage?

a. Harry feels that Mars is boring.b. Harry feels that Mars is overwhelming and dangerous.c. Harry feels that Mars is barren and flat.d. Harry feels that Mars is different than Earth.

“They looked at Martian hills that time had worn with a crushing pressure of years. They saw the old cities, lost in their meadows lying like children’s delicate bones among the blowing lakes of grass.”

2. What does the above passage foreshadow?

3. List three changes that happen to Earth’s plants and animals on Mars.

1.

2.

3.

4. What effect does the setting have on Sam’s and Harry’s appearance on pg. 452?

5. How is Harry’s reaction to Mars from that of the other settlers? Give one example from the text to show this difference.

6. Why doesn’t Harry change as quickly as the other settlers?

a. He is more frightened by the changes.b. He only eats Earth food out of the deep freezer.c. He is too busy building the rocket.d. He has a better memory.

7. What view of life on Mars does Ray Bradbury present?

a. Mars is frightening.b. Mars is ugly.c. Mars is carefree and peaceful.d. Mars is boring.

8. What genre is “The Naming of Names”?

9. What point of view is “The Naming of Names”?

“’What do you think of naming those mountains the Lincoln Mountains, this canal the Washington Canal, those hills-we can name those hills for you Lieutenant. Diplomacy. And you, for a favor, might name a town for me. Polishing the apple. And why not make this the Einstein Valley, and further over…are you listening Lieutenant?’

The lieutenant snapped his gaze from the blue color and the quiet mist of the hills far beyond the town.

‘What? Oh, yes, sir!’”

10. Based on the above passage what do you predict will happen to the Earth men who just landed on Mars?

Where in the World…?Directions: In the “Naming of Names” by Ray Bradbury, the Bittering children decide to change their names to Martian names. Research the origin and meaning of your first middle and last name, recording the information in the graphic organizer below and coloring in the country(ies) or region(s) of origin on the map below.

Name Meaning OriginFirst

MiddleLast

Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to include the following in your answer. (10 pts)

15. Hook16. Restate the question.17. Include the author and the title of the story.18. Quote from the story.19. Text Connection.20. Answer all parts of the question.

Fill all the lines!