Fibre, Nylon & Polyester

Presented by:Noor Azurah Abdul Razak (20101037502)Wan Norazwani Mahusin (D20101037506)Ira Nusrat Jaafar (D20101037533)Lecturer : Dr Noorsyida

Fibre

• Fibres are the base unit of all textile materials and products.

• They are slender thread-like structures that can be spun into yarns and thread, and woven, knitted or felted into materials.

Wool Fibres

CottonFibres

Fibre Classifications

Composed of atoms of various elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sometimes of nitrogen and other elements (sulphur) in lower quantities

Come from plants, animals and minerals. Have short fibres, called staple fibres. The exception to this rule is silk, a natural fibre

whose continuous filaments are up to one kilometre in length.

Sources of natural fibres• Cotton from the cotton plant• Linen from the flax plant• Wool from sheep• Silk from silkworms

Natural Fibres

Cotton Linen/FlaxHemp

Hemp

1) Plant Fibres - Cellulose Fibres

Flax

Cotton

2) Animal Fibres – Protein Fibres

SilkWoolAlpacaAngora/Mohair

Angora

Alpaca Silk

Man-made Fibres Man is involved in the actual fibre

formation process. Synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres

are man-made, usually from chemical and natural polymer sources.

Continuous filament fibres: Fibres are long and do not always have to be spun into yarn.

Sources of synthetic fibres• Viscose comes from pine trees or

petrochemicals. • Acrylic, nylon and polyester come from

oil and coal.

Viscose

Slick and abrasion resistant Strong and resilient Resistant to most common fibre

degradants: sunlight (except for nylon)

Flame resistance varies widely Low density Non-biodegradable

Common Properties

Man-made – Synthetic Fibres

• Fibers made by chemical synthesis are often called synthetic fibers.

• Examples: Polyester Acrylic Lycra Nylon

Polyester

Nylon

Man-made – Regenerated Fibres

Fibres regenerated from natural polymer sources.

Examples: Rayon Acetate

Acetate

Rayon

Common Manufacturing Process

o Polymerization (poly condensation or poly- addition)

o Spinningo Drawing

Polymerization• Process of macromolecules formation through

repetition of basic units (synthesis fibres).• Activated and controlled during the process by various

parameters: Temperature, pressure, catalysers and reaction stabilizers

• Two mechanisms of chemical reaction available for the synthesis of linear polymers:Poly-condensation - two molecules of same type or of

different types are joined together to form macromolecules by removing simple secondary products as water, hydrochloric acid, alcohol.

Poly-addition - joins together several molecules and redistributes the valence links existing in the monomers, however without removing secondary products.

Spinning

• The term spinning defines the extrusion process through spinnerets of fluid polymer masses which are able to solidify in a continuous flow.

• The polymer processing from the solid to the fluid state can take place with two methods:

Melting: applied on thermoplastic polymers which show stable performances at the processing temperatures (used by 70% of the fibres)

Solution: the polymer is solved in variable concentrations according to the kind of polymer and of solvent, anyhow such as to produce a sufficiently viscous liquid. (used by 30% of the fibres)

Drawing

• The polymer extruded by the spinnerets in form of filaments has not yet the properties which are typical of a textile fibre: poor thermal and chemical stability, low resistance to ageing, high plasticity

• To develop strength, pliability, toughness, and elasticity properties.

Issue 1: Silk Production Causes Painful Death for Insects• Silkworm is a domesticated insect. • Undergoes stages of metamorphosis: egg,

larva, pupa, and adult. • Silk derived from the cocoons of larvae. Most

of the insects raised by the industry don’t live past the pupa stage

• They are steamed or gassed alive in their cocoons. Approximately 3,000 silkworms are killed to make every pound of silk.

NYLON18

• belonging to a class of polymers called polyamides

• It is made of repeating units linked by amide bonds and is frequently referred to as polyamide

• Developed in the 1930s as an alternative to silk

• Developed by Wallace Carothers at the Dupont Chemical companyChemical company

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General Properties of Nylon

• Functional group is amide • Light in weight• Incredible tensile strength• Durability• Resistance to damage• Takes dye easily• Absorbs most water• Greater stretchability • Dries slower • smoother and softer fabric

than polyester• Somewhat UV resistant

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Type of Nylon and its Manufacture

• In nylon, the repeating units contain chains of carbon atoms.

• There are various different types of nylon depending on the nature of those chains for example:– Nylon-6,6– Nylon-6

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Nylon-6,6• synthesised by polycondensationpolycondensation of

hexamethylenediaminehexamethylenediamine and adipic acidadipic acid.

Nylon -6,6

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• Hexamethylene diamine Hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid adipic acid are combined with water in a combined with water in a reactorreactor. This produces nylon salt. produces nylon salt.

• The nylon salt is then sent to an evaporatorevaporator where excess water is excess water is removedremoved.

• The nylon salt goes into a reaction vessel reaction vessel where a continuous polymerization process takes placepolymerization process takes place. This chemical process makes molten molten nylon 6-6. nylon 6-6.

• The molten nylon -6,6 undergoes a spinning process, spinning process, where the nylon 6-6 is extruded and sent through a spinneret, which is a small metal plate with fine holes.

• The nylon is then air-cooled to form filaments.

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Uses of Nylons

• Synthetic replacement for silk• It replaced silk in military applications

such as parachutes and flak vests, and was used in many types of vehicle tires.

• Used in many applications, including fabrics, bridal veils, carpets, musical strings, and rope.

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Carpets

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Tyres

Air bags

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Ropes Zip ties

Hoses

conveyor belts

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Guitar Nut

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Toothbrush

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Parachutes32

Bridal veils

Flak vest

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ISSUE 2:ADVANCED MATERIAL Artificial

Muscles From Fishing Line And Thread

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• Artificial muscles have been crafted out of materials including metal wires and carbon nanotubes, but they have proven to be costly to make and tricky to control.

• According to research published in the journal Science on 20th February 2014, these scientists instead turned to high-strength polymer fibres made of polyethylene and nylon, materials found in everyday items like fishing line and sewing thread. They twisted the fibres into very tight coils and used changes in temperature to make the artificial muscles contract and relax.

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POLYESTER

The name "polyester“ (aka Terylene) refers to the linkage of several monomers (esters) within the fibre.

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Esters are formed when alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid:Example :

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Fiberfill :the voluminous form used in the manufacture of pillows and outerwear

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Different Structures Of PolyesterDifferent Structures Of Polyester

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o Colorless and transparento Smooth and lustrous o Shape as we requireo Shiny glass rod like

o Colorless and transparento Smooth and lustrous o Shape as we requireo Shiny glass rod like

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Characteristics of polyester

Characteristics of polyester

Strong Very durable Resistant to stretching and shrinking Quick drying Wrinkle resistant Mildew resistant Retains its shape good for making outdoor clothingEasily washed

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Manufacturing Polyester

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Drawing

• when polyester emerges from the spinneret, it is soft and easily elongated up to 5 times its original length.

• This helps to reduce the fibre width. • This fibre is now ready and would into cones as filaments. It

can also be crimped and cut into staple lengths as per requirement

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Some Major Polyester Fibre

Uses

Some Major Polyester Fibre

UsesApparel: Every form of clothing Home Furnishings: Carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets and pillow cases, wall coveringsOther Uses: hoses, power belting, ropes and nets, thread, tire cord, auto upholstery, sails, floppy disk liners, and fiberfill for various products including pillows and furniture

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Issue 3: Advanced material

of polyester Transforming plastic bottles into polyester

fabric

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Nylon Polyester

Functional group is amide Functional group is ester

Absorbs most water Absorbs some water

Greater stretchability Resistant to stretching

Dries slower Dries quickly

smoother and softer fabric than polyester

polyester has always been a rougher fabric than nylon

Somewhat UV resistant More UV resistant

lightweight and durable synthetic fabrics

Mildew resistant53

Let’s play the game

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Q1: What are the base unit of all textile materials and products?

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Answer: Fibre

Q2 : State 2 classifications of fibre

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Ans: Man-made & Natural Fibre

Q3 : State 3 common manufacturing process of fibre

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Ans: •Polymerization (polycondensation or poly- addition) •Spinning•Drawing

Q4 : Give 2 example of synthetic fibres

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Ans: •Nylon•Polyester•Acrylic•Lycra

Q5 : Name 4 forms of polyester

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Ans: • Filament•Staple•Tow•Fiberfill

Q6 : What is the functional group for polyester?

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Ans: • Ester

Q7 : Gives 2 type of nylon

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Ans: • Nylon -6•Nylon -6,6

Q8 : What is the product when alcohol reacts with carboxylic acid?

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Ans: • Ester

Q9 : What are the process to form polyester?

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Ans: • Polymerization•Spinning•Drawing

Q10 : What is the another name for nylon

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Ans: • Polyamide