1 FHC A.P. Biology Name __________________________________ Campbell Chapter 26 – Phylogeny and The Tree of Life You Can’t Make Me Read The Introduction! Why isn’t the animal shown to the right a “snake”? 1. 2. 3. It is e______________ biology that seeks to reconstruct the history of life on Earth. The evolutionary history of a species or group of related is the area of study termed ________________. The study of biological classification based upon evolutionary relationships is _________________. The study of phylogeny and systematics MUST begin with a consideration of _____________, rock imprints left by formerly living organisms. 26.1 Phylogenies Show Evolutionary Relationships Similar (closely related) organisms share many characteristics because of c__________ a_____________. In the cladogram to the right, the only organism to share a closer common ancestor with a chimpanzee than a pigeon is a ____________. According to the cladogram, did (a) birds evolve from reptiles or

(b) reptiles evolve from birds? _____ The only organism with ancestors more ancient than the perch is the ___________. The “derived characteristic” that allowed fish to evolve into lizards was ________. The chimps most distant relative is the ___________________. Do hagfish have jaws? _____ (Yes / No) A lizard is distinguishable from a salamander because it has _________ or ________. Binomial Nomenclature Each organism species has a unique name in what language? _________ This unique name has two parts: a __________ name and a ____________ (more specific) name. The first letter of a scientific name genus is always ________________, and the name MUST be written in _________________. Write the scientific name that follows in italics: Bufo americanus __________________________ How did you do? __________________ If two different organisms bear the same genus name, how close are they on a Phylogenetic tree? _______________________

Hierarchical Classification Which taxon is more inclusive, family or order? ______________________ A phylum is made up of a number of different c_________________. The only taxon larger than a kingdom is the _____________. How many different species of Panthera are there? _____ How many species of Panthera pardus are there? _____ A group of genuses make up a ______. According to the diagram of Linnaean classification, there are 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya. One (1.) is Animalia. Name the other three. 2. 3. 4. The most inclusive taxon is the _______________. The least inclusive taxon is the ________________. What is the least inclusive taxon that you share in common with the leopard? _____________

Linking Classification and Phylogeny Do the positions of organisms in a Phylogenetic tree ever change? _____ (Yes / No) A systematist would insist that all Phylogenetic trees be based upon _________________ relationships. In the diagram to the right, place a at the common ancestor of all the species.

1 *This is known as the most recent common ancestor.

2 Is Canis latrans more closely related to Canis lupus or to Lutra lutra? ___________________________ How many branch points are there on the Phylogenetic tree on the bottom of page 1? _______ What We Can and Cannot Learn From Phylogenetic Trees Do Phylogenetic trees show (A) patterns of descent or (B) phenotypic similarity? _____ Do Phylogenetic trees indicate ages of organism groups accurately? _____ (Yes / No) When organism species are found next to one another on a Phylogenetic tree, does it mean that one group evolved from the other? _____ If not, then what DOES it mean when they are placed side by side and share a source branch? What does the word “extant” mean?___________________________________________________________________________________ 26.6 Phylogenies Are Inferred From Morphological And Molecular Data What does the word “morphology” mean? ______________________________________________________________________________ CAN morphological similarities be used as a basis for establishing relatedness on a Phylogenetic tree? _____ (Yes/No)

Color the bones on the left to indicate homology. Use the following key:

Sorting Homology From Analogy During convergent evolution… Do organisms become more similar or dissimilar? ______________________ Do organisms become more closely or more distantly related phylogenetically? ______ Are structural similarities due to homology or analogy? ________________ Is it possible for 2 species to unite into 1 via convergent evolution? _____ (Yes / No) Are the bones of a bird wing and a bat wing homologous or analogous? ________________ Is the structure of a bat wing and a bird wing homologous or analogous? _________________ Insert the words “origin” and “function” in each of the sentences below: Homologous structures have similar ___________ but different ______________. Analogous structures have similar _____________ but different ______________. Evaluating Molecular Homologies Can a comparison of nucleotide sequences in similar portions of the genomes of two organisms establish relatedness? _____ Over time, do DNA insertions and deletions accumulate or do nucleotide sequences in common portions of the genome become more and more

alike? Can molecular analogy occur? _____ Is it possible for portions of the genomes of two distantly related species to become more and more alike over time? _____ The discipline that uses data from DNA and proteins to determine evolutionary relationships is named ___________________. 26.3 Shared Characters Are Used To Construct Phylogenetic Trees When constructing a Phylogenetic tree, what is the 1st step? _____________________________________________________ In constructing cladograms, what is the primary criterion used to classify organisms? ______________________________ In a cladogram, a group of related organisms is called a ___________. A clade always includes (1) ____________________________ and (2) ______________________________________.

Humerus Ulna & Radius Carpals Metacarpals & Phalanges

3 In the cladogram to the right, circle one monophyletic group (or clade) in blue. In the cladogram to the right, circle one paraphyletic group in red. In the cladogram to the right, circle one polyphyletic group in green. In the cladogram to the right, circle one sister group. How many branch points (common ancestors) are shown in the cladogram? A characteristic that is shared with a distant ancestor is called an ______________ character. A characteristic that is not found in ancestors, but that appeared relatively recently is called a _________________ character. Is there a firm way of determining whether a character is ancestral or derived? _____ In mammals, is fur ancestral or derived? _______________ In vertebrates, is fur ancestral or derived? ______________ Inferring Phylogenies Using Derived Characters

Why are lancelets an “outgroup” in the Phylogenetic tree drawn to the left?

All of the members that share a vertebral column are called an i________________. If “jaws” is an ingroup characteristic, what animals belong to the outgroup?

Skip 544 – 551 (Column 1) Concept 26.6: New Information Continues To revise Our Understanding Of The Tree Of Life Review: What are the two fundamentally different types of cells on Earth? (1) (2) What was the principle problem encountered when using the 5 Kingdom taxonomic system? Our most current taxonomic thinking divides all living things into 3 _________________. Name the three domains: (1) (2) (3) Name the three categories of multicellular life on Earth: (1) (2) (3) What happened to the Kingdom Monera? What happened to the Kingdom Protista? How is it that Archaea are considered a closer relative than Bacteria? Is there any evidence to contradict this belief? _____ (Yes / No). The evidence is based upon an examination of the genes that affect m______________ in y_____________. How can organisms in these three domains “exchange” or “share” genes, as proposed by your textbook? (1) (2) (3)