«fhý - 3

fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk yLku ys{kÞþ

3.1 «MíkkðLkk

3.2 ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk

3.3 f÷{kuLke Ãkqðo «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ

3.4 f÷{kuLke «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ

3.5 ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk fMkkuxeLkwt f÷{ Ãk]Úk¬hý

3.5.1 Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ

3.5.2 ¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ

3.5.3 ®çkËw rî©uýef MknMktçktÄ

3.5.4 rðf»kof Ãk]Úk¬hý

3.6 ytrík{ fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk

3.7 ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkk «þkMkLkLke Mkk{kLÞ Mkq[Lkkyku

3.8 WÃkMktnkh

49

3.1 «MíkkðLkk

fkuEÃký fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk {kxu ykÞkusLk yu ¾qçk yøkíÞLke çkkçkík nkuÞ Au.

yÃkurûkík Ãkrhýk{kuLke «kró {kxu Ãkqðo rð[khýk fhðe ¾qçk sYhe nkuÞ Au. {Lkkuði¿kkrLkf

fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk {kxu {kir÷f ®[íkLk Ãký yux÷wt s yøkíÞLkwt Au. Mkkhe fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk

{kxu íkLkíkkuz {nuLkík, Äehs, ¿kkLk yLku Ãkqðo íkiÞkhe sYhe nkuÞ Au. yLku íkku s W¥k{

«fkhLke {Lkkuði¿kkrLkf fMkkuxe íkiÞkh Úkíke nkuÞ Au. fkuEÃký fMkkuxeLke Mkth[Lkk {kxu çku

«r¢Þk {n¥ðLke nkuÞ Au.

1. þwt {kÃkðwt Au yLku þk {kxu {kÃkðwt Au íku rLkrùík fhðwt.

2. suLkwt {kÃkLk fhðkLkwt Au íkuLkk {kxu fMkkuxe f÷{kuLke h[Lkk {kxu ykÞkusLk

fhðwt yk {kxu E. F. LindquistLkk þçËku{kt òuEyu íkku

“Planning is essential with the need for anticipating various

diffculties before they arise, of co-ordinating and trying

together various operation involved and ensuring an

effective administration of the project as a whole”1

{Lkkuði¿kkrLkf fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk fhíkk Ãknu÷k fMkkuxeLku ÷økíke {n¥ðLke çkkçkíkkuLkku

æÞkLkÃkqðof yÇÞkMk {køke ÷u Au. yk MktþkuÄLk {kxu fMkkuxe h[Lkk yøkíÞLkwt Ãkøk÷wt

nkuðkÚke fMkkuxe h[Lkk {kxu ÃkØríkMkhLkwt ykÞkusLk fhu÷ Au.

ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk fMkkuxeLkkt ykÞkusLk {kxu Ëhuf fMkkuxe{kt Mk{kððk{kt

ykðu÷e f÷{kuLke MktÏÞk, Ëhuf fMkkuxe {kxu Mðefkhðk{kt ykðu÷ rð»kÞ ðMíkw, Ëhuf

fMkkuxeLkk «fkhku, Ëhuf fMkkuxeLke ÷tçkkE, Ëhuf ÃkuxkfMkkuxeLkwt ÞkuøÞ heíku ðøkeofhý suðe

yøkíÞLke çkkçkíkkuLkku Mk{kðuþ fhðk{kt ykðu Au.

3.2 ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk

fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk ËhBÞkLk nuíkwykuLke MÃküíkk ¾qçk s ykð~Þf Au. «Míkwík

yÇÞkMk rðãkÚkeoykuLke ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk òýðkLkk nuíkw {kxu fhðk{kt ykðe Au

yLku íku {kxu fMkkuxe h[Lkk fhðe sYhe Au. Äkuhý-8, 9 yLku 10Lkk rðãkÚkeoyku {kxu

ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk fhíkkt yøkkW íku ytøkuLke MkiØktríkf ¼qr{fk yLku

Ãkqðuo ÚkE økÞu÷k MktþkuÄLkLkku Mk{eûkkí{f yÇÞkMk fÞkuo íku{s Mkt˼o MkkrníÞLkwt Ãký sYhe

50

ðkt[Lk fÞwO, {køkoËþof©e MkkÚku [[ko fhe fMkkuxe {kxu fux÷ktf ½xfkuLke rð[khýk fhðk{kt

ykðe, íku íku{kt rð»kÞíks¿kLkk yr¼«Þku yLku Mkq[Lkku {u¤ððk{kt ykÔÞk yLku íku ÃkhÚke

ÃkMktË fhu÷k ½xfku Ãkh ykÄkrhík f÷{ku çkLkkðe fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk fhðk{kt ykðe.

f÷{kuLke h[Lkk fhðk {kxu ½ýe çkkçkíkku æÞkLk{kt hk¾ðk{kt ykðe Au f÷{kuLkk

W¥kh {kxu [kh rðfÕÃkku hk¾ðkLkwt Lk¬e fÞwO, íku{kt yuf s W¥kh Mkk[ku nkuÞ íkuðk

«fkhLke çknwrðfÕÃk fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk fhðk{kt ykðe Au. fMkkuxe{kt ½xfku {wsçk f÷{Lke

h[Lkk fhe íkuLkk W¥kh {kxu [kh rðfÕÃkku ykÃke su{ktÚke Mkk[ku rðfÕÃk ÃkMktË fhe W¥kh

ykÃkðk {kxuLkwt Mkq[Lk ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞwt Au. Mkk[ku rðfÕÃk ÃkMktË fhe W¥khÃkºk{kt

«&™Lktçkh «{kýu [kufzeLke rLkþkLke fhðkLke Au, íku {kxu Ëhuf f÷{kuLkk W¥kh ykÃkðk{kt

Mkh¤íkk hnu íku {kxu yuf WËknhýLke Mk{sý rðãkÚkeoLku ykÃkðk{kt ykðe W¥kh y÷øk

W¥khÃkºk{kt ÷¾ðkLkk nkuðkÚke W¥khÃkºk h[ðkLkwt Ãký rð[khðk{kt ykÔÞwt. W¥khÃkºkLkk

{Úkk¤u rðãkÚkeoLke Mkk{kLÞ {krníke LkkUÄðkLkwt rð[kÞwO fMkkuxe ykÃkíkkt Ãknu÷kt rðãkÚkeoykuLku

ykÃkðkLke Mkq[Lkkyku ytøku rð[khýk fhðk{kt ykðe íku{kt sYhe MkwÄkhkðÄkhk fhðkLkwt

rð[khðk{kt ykÔÞwt. fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk ð¾íku íkuLkku fkuE Mk{Þ Lk¬e fhðk{kt ykÔÞku LkÚke.

f÷{kuLke økkuXðýe

f÷{ ÃkMktËøke ÃkAe {n¥ðLkwt fkÞo f÷{kuLke ÞkuøÞ økkuXðýeLkwt Au. yk {kxu

MktþkuÄfu ½ýe çkkçkíkkuLkku ÏÞk÷ hkÏÞku Au. su{ fu f÷{kuLke økkuXðýe ÞkuøÞ Mk{qn{kt

økkuXðe Au. f÷{kuLke økkuXðýe nuíkwykuLku ykÄkhu fhe Au íku{s frXLkíkkLku ykÄkhu

f÷{kuLke økkuXðýe fhðk{kt ykðe Au. ð¤e, f÷{kuLke økkuXðýe ð¾íku Lke[uLke çkkçkíkku

Ãký æÞkLk{kt hk¾e Au.

- f÷{kuLke h[Lkk rðãkÚkeoykuLke ðÞfûkk yLku Mk{ÞLku æÞkLk{kt ÷ELku fhðe.

- Mkq[Lkk Mkh¤íkkÚke Mk{S þfkÞ íkuðe MÃkü ¼k»kk{kt f÷{kuLke h[Lkk fhðe.

- f÷{kuLke økkuXðýe{kt Mkh¤Úke frXLkíkk ¢{Lku æÞkLk{kt hk¾eLku h[Lkk fhðe.

- fMkkuxe þÁ fhðk{kt ykðu íku yøkkW sYhe Mkq[LkkykuLke Mk{s ykÃkðk{kt ykðe

fMkkuxeLku ÷økíkk ÞkuøÞ WËknhýLkku Ãký Mk{kðuþ fhðk{kt ykÔÞku Au. yk {kxu

Ëhuf rð¼køk {kxu yuf WËknhý ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞwt Au. fMkkuxeLke Mkq[Lkkyku

51

fMkkuxe fíkkoyu òíku s ykÃke Au. Ãkqýo Mk{s {¤e hnu íkuðe MÃkü Mkq[Lkk

ykÃkðk{kt ykðe.

3.3 f÷{kuLke Ãkqðo «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ

fMkkuxeLku ðÄw Mk[kux yLku yMkhfkhf çkLkkððe nkuÞ íkku íkuLke «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ

fhíkkt Ãknu÷k íkuLke Ãkqðo «kÚkr{f [fkMkýe fhðe òuEyu suLkkÚke Lke[uLkk suðk VkÞËk

ÚkkÞ Au.

- fMkkuxe ÷uLkkhLkk «íÞk½kíkku òýe þfkÞ Au.

- Lkçk¤e yLku ûkríkÞwõík f÷{ku òýe þfkÞ Au.

- Mk{Þ{ÞkoËk fux÷e hk¾ðe íkuLkku ÏÞk÷ ykðu Au.

- f÷{kuLkk rðfÕÃkku Ãkife rçkLkyMkhfkhf rðf»kofku òýe þfkÞ Au.

- «&™kuLke ¼k»kk ÞkuøÞ Au fu Lknª íku òýe þfkÞ Au.

- rðãkÚkeoLke W¥kh ykÃkðkLke ÃkØrík òýe þfkÞ Au.

- yíÞtík Mkh¤ fu yíÞtík frXLk f÷{ku þkuÄe íku{Lku Ëqh fhe þfkÞ Au.

- rðãkÚkeoyku {kxuLke Mkq[Lkk íkÃkkMke íku{kt sYhe MkwÄkhk ðÄkh fhe þfkÞ Au.

- fMkkuxe ykÃkðk{kt Úkíke rðãkÚkeoykuLke {kLkrMkf «r¢ÞkykuLkku yÇÞkMk fhe

«kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ ð¾íku sYhe MkwÄkhk ðÄkhk fhe þfkÞ Au.

WÃkhkuõík çkkçkíkkuLku ÷ûk{kt hk¾e 352 «&™kuLke yuf fMkkuxe h[e íkuLku Äkuhý-8,

9 yLku 10Lkk rðãkÚkeoykuLku ykÃkeLku Ãkqðo «khtr¼f ys{kÞþ fhðk{kt ykðe. su

‘Ãkrhrþü-f’{kt Ëþkoðu÷ Au. yk fMkkuxe ykÃkðk{kt yÇÞkMkfu Ãkkuíku rðãkÚkeo ÃkkMku

fMkkuxeykuLkk W¥khku {u¤ÔÞk íku Ëhr{ÞkLk rðãkÚkeo su {qtÍðý yLkw¼ðu íkÚkk fMkkuxe Ãkqýo

fhíkkt Mkhuhkþ fux÷ku Mk{Þ ÷køku Au íku ytøkuLke LkkUÄ fhe.

fMkkuxeLke Ãkqðo «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ ÃkAe fMkkuxeLkk «&™kuLkk Mkk[k sðkçkku íkiÞkh

fhe W¥khðneLkwt økwýktfLk fhðk{kt ykÔÞwt, çkÄk s rðãkÚkeoykuLku Mkk[e Ãkzu÷e yrík Mkh¤

f÷{ku íku{s çkÄkt s rðãkÚkeoykuLku ¾kuxe Ãkzu÷e yrík frXLk f÷{ku, fMkkuxe{ktÚke Ëqh

fhðk{kt ykðe. ð¤e, ¼k»kk fu rðøkíkkuLke árüyu su f÷{ rðãkÚkeoykuLku Lk Mk{òÞ íkuðe

52

÷køke íku f÷{kuLku Ãký Ëqh fhe yLku {køkoËþof©e yLku íks¿kku MkkÚku [[ko rð[khýkLku

ytíku sYhe MkwÄkhk-ðÄkhk fhe «kÚkr{f fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk fhðk{kt ykðe.

3.4 fMkkuxeLke «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ

Ãkqðo «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ ÃkAe «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ fhðk{kt ykðe. fMkkuxeLke

«kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ {kxuLkkt nuíkwyku Lke[u «{kýu Au.

- fMkkuxeLke f÷{kuLke frXLkíkk Lk¬e fhðe.

- fMkkuxeLke f÷{kuLkwt ¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ þkuÄðwt.

- fMkkuxe {kxuLkku Mk{Þøkk¤ku Lk¬e fhðku.

- fMkkuxeLkkt rðf»kofkuLkwt Ãk]Úk¬hý fhðtw.

- fMkkuxe {kxuLke Mkq[LkkykuLke yMkhfkhfíkkLke Mk{qn {kxu [fkMkýe

- ytrík{ ys{kÞþ {kxuLke ¼kiríkf ÔÞðMÚkk suðe fu, çkuXf ÔÞðMÚkk, Y{Lkku «fkþ

íkÚkk æðrLk rLkÞtºký, þk¤kLkwt ðkíkkðhý, rðãkÚkeoLku Lkzíkk yðhkuÄku ðøkuhuLkku

ytËks íkkhððku.

- Mk{rü {kxu fMkkuxeLkkt «kóktfkuLke Mk{ÄkhýíkkLkku ytËks {u¤ððku.

«kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ {kxu 170 f÷{kuLke fMkkuxe íkiÞkh fhe su ‘Ãkrhrþü-¾’{kt

Ëþkoððk{kt ykðe Au. «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ {kxu swËk-swËk rðMíkkh{ktÚke ºký þk¤kyku

ÃkMktË fhðk{kt ykðe yLku Ëhuf þk¤k{ktÚke ºký ðøkkuo ÃkMktË fhðk{kt ykÔÞk. «kÚkr{f

ys{kÞþ {kxu ÃkMktË fhu÷ þk¤kLkku Lk{qLkku Mkkhýe 3.1{kt Ëþkoðu÷ Au.

53

Mkkhýe - 3.1

«kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ {kxu ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ þk¤kyku

¢{ þk¤kLkwt Lkk{ Äkuhý-8 Äkuhý-9 Äkuhý-10 fw÷

Akufhkyku Akufheyku Akufhkyku Akufheyku Akufhkyku Akufheyku

1 «þktík nkEMfq÷, 25 22 27 23 26 22 145

Sðhks Ãkkfo2 MkhMðíke rðãk÷Þ, 30 26 30 26 27 23 162

Lkhkuzk3 MktMfkh rðãk÷Þ, 29 25 28 25 27 22 156

MkkýtË

fw÷ 84 73 85 74 80 67 463

WÃkhkuõík Mkkhýe 3.1{kt ËþkoÔÞk {wsçkLke þk¤kyku{kt rðãkÚkeoykuLku fMkkuxe

ykÃke íku ËhBÞkLk rLkheûký fhe rðãkÚkeoyku çkÄe s f÷{kuLkk W¥kh ykÃku íkuðku ykøkún

hk¾ðk{kt ykÔÞku. òu íku{Lku fkuE {qtÍðý nkuÞ íkku íkuLkwt {køkoËþoLk ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞwt Ãký

Mkk[ku W¥kh rðãkÚkeoyu òíku s Lk¬e fhðkLkku níkku íkuLkku ÏÞk÷ hk¾ðk{kt ykÔÞku.

fMkkuxeLkku Mk{Þøkk¤ku íkÚkk Mkq[Lkk ykÃkðk{kt ÷køkíkku Mk{Þ íkuLke y÷øk y÷øk

LkkUÄ fhðk{kt ykðe yLku çkÄe s f÷{kuLkk W¥kh Ãkqhk fhu íkux÷ku Mk{Þ rðãkÚkeoykuLku

ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞku yLku yk heíku «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþLku ytíku {¤u÷kt W¥khÃkºkkuLke [fkMkýe

fhðk{kt ykðe.

3.5 ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk fMkkuxeLke f÷{kuLkwt Ãk]Úk¬hý

fMkkuxeLke rðïMkLkeÞíkk yLku ÞÚkkÚkoíkkLkku ykÄkh fMkkuxeLke f÷{ Ãkh hnu÷ku Au. íkuÚke

f÷{Lke ÃkMktËøke íkuLke VuhçkË÷e fu MkwÄkhk ðÄkhk fhðkÚke fMkkuxeLke rðïMkLkeÞíkk ðÄkhe

þfkÞ Au. f÷{Lke rðïMkLkeÞíkk yLku íkkhðýeLke økýíkheLku f÷{ Ãk]Úk¬hý fnu Au.

B. W. Tuckman Lkk {íku Item-Analysis yux÷u,

“The Process of evaluation single test items by determing

the difficulty value and discriminating power of the item and

offen its correlation with some criterion”2

54

f÷{ Ãk]Úk¬hýLkkt nuíkwyku Lke[u {wsçk Au.

- f÷{kuLkwt Mkh¤íkk{qÕÞ yLku íkkhðýe {qÕÞ Lk¬e fhðwt.

- f÷{kuLke økkuXðýe íkuLkk Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞLku ykÄkhu fhðe.

- ytrík{ fMkkuxe íkiÞkh fhðe.

«kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ {kxu fw÷ 463 rðãkÚkeoykuLku fMkkuxe ykÃkðk{kt ykðe íku{ktÚke

ûkríkðk¤e fMkkuxe Ëqh fhe fw÷ 400 fMkkuxe ÃkMktË fhðk{kt ykðe. Ëhuf Mkk[e f÷{Lku

yuf økwý ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞku «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþ{kt Ëhuf rðãkÚkeoyu {u¤ðu÷ «kóktfku

ÃkhÚke W¥khÃkºkkuLku [Zíkk ¢{{kt økkuXððk{kt ykÔÞk íÞkhçkkË fw÷ W¥khÃkºkLkkt WÃkhLkk

27% yux÷u fu MkkiÚke ðÄw «kóktfku ÄhkðLkkh rðãkÚkeoykuLkk W¥khÃkºkf yLku Lke[uLkk 27%

yux÷u fu MkkiÚke ykuAk «kóktfku ÄhkðLkkh rðãkÚkeoykuLkkt W¥khÃkºkfkuLku çku y÷øk-y÷øk

sqÚk{kt yLkw¢{u WÃk÷wt sqÚk yLku Lke[÷wt sqÚk ðzu Ëþkoððk{kt ykÔÞk su ÃkhÚke Mkh¤íkk

{qÕÞ yLku ¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ þkuÄðk{kt ykÔÞwt.

3.5.1 Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ

òu fkuE yuf f÷{Lkku 90% rðãkÚkeoyku Mkk[ku W¥kh ykÃku yLku çkeS f÷{Lkku íku

s sqÚkLkk 50% rðãkÚkeoyku Mkk[ku W¥kh ykÃku íkku Ãknu÷e f÷{ yu çkeS f÷{ «{ký{kt

Mknu÷e økýkÞ yLku òu fkuE ºkeS f÷{Lkku íku s sqÚkLkk 10% rðãkÚkeoyku Mkk[ku W¥kh

ykÃku íkku ºkeS f÷{, çkeS f÷{ fhíkkt «{ký{kt y½he økýkÞ Mkk{kLÞ heíku su

f÷{Lkku 20% Úke 80% rðãkÚkeoyku Mkk[ku W¥kh ykÃku íku f÷{ «{ký{kt Mkkhe økýkÞ.

Ahmen J. H. Lkk {ík «{kýu,

“Test Items which are externly difficult or externly easy do

not help, to any noticeable degree in the process of

altempting to differentiate among students interms of their

achievement.”3

Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ þkuÄðk {kxu W¥khðkneyku íkÃkkMkeLku Ëhuf rðãkÚkeoLkk «kóktfku

þkuÄðk{kt ykðu Au. sðkçkÃkºkkuLkk «kóktfku [Zíkk ¢{{kt økkuXððk{kt ykðu Au. yk heíku

økkuXðkÞu÷k W¥khÃkºkkuLkk WÃkhLkk 27% WÃk÷k sqÚk{ktÚke íkÚkk Lke[uLkk 27% rðãkÚkeoykuLkk

Lke[uLkk sqÚk{ktÚke ÷uðk{kt ykðu Au.

55

Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ Lke[uLkk MkqºkÚke þkuÄðk{kt ykðu Au.

Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ Fv% = 2

U LR RE?

× 100

ßÞkt RU = WÃk÷kt 27% sqÚk{kt Mkk[k sðkçk ykÃkLkkhLke MktÏÞk

RL = Lke[uLkk 27% sqÚk{kt Mkk[k sðkçk ykÃkLkkhLke MktÏÞk

E = «íÞuf sqÚk{kt Mk{kÞu÷k ÃkkºkkuLke MktÏÞk

yk heíku Mkk[k {kÃkLk {kxu fMkkuxeLkwt Mkh¤íkk{qÕÞ þkuÄðk{kt ykðu Au.

3.5.2 ¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ

¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞLkku {wÏÞ ykÄkh Wå[fûkkLkk yLku rLkBLk fûkkLkk rðãkÚkeoykuLku

MkV¤íkkÃkqðof yLku Mk[kux heíku swËk íkkhððkLke ûk{íkk fux÷k «{ký{kt Ähkðu Au íkuLkk Ãkh

ÚkkÞ Au. fMkkuxeLke fkuE f÷{Lkwt ¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ yux÷u WÃk÷k sqÚk{kt f÷{ Mkk[e nkuÞ

íkuðk rðãkÚkeoLke MktÏÞk yLku Lke[÷k sqÚk{kt f÷{ Mkk[e nkuÞ íkuðk rðãkÚkeoykuLke

MktÏÞkLkku íkVkðík. òu fkuE yuf f÷{Lkku W¥kh çkÄk s rðãkÚkeoyku Mkk[ku ykÃku yÚkðk

çkÄk s rðãkÚkeoyku ¾kuxku ykÃku íkku íku f÷{Lkwt ¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ þqLÞ Au.

F. G. BrownLkk {íku,

“The degree to which a test item differentiates between

people having various levels of obility of knowledge of the

material tested when an external griterion is used as a

basis for diffetiating ability levels it is called item validity”4

¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ Lke[uLkk MkqºkÚke þkuÄðk{kt ykðu Au.

¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ Di = U LR R

E?

ßÞkt RU = WÃk÷kt 27% sqÚk{kt Mkk[k sðkçk ykÃkLkkhLke MktÏÞk

RL = Lke[uLkk 27% sqÚk{kt Mkk[k sðkçk ykÃkLkkhLke MktÏÞk

E = «íÞuf sqÚk{kt Mk{kÞu÷k ÃkkºkkuLke MktÏÞk

56

ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk fMkkuxe {kxu ÃkMktË fhu÷ f÷{kuLkwt Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ ¼uËÃkh¾

{qÕÞ íkÚkk ytrík{ fMkkuxe{kt ÃkMktË fhu÷ f÷{Lkk Lktçkh Mkkhýe 3.2 Úke 3.8{kt Ëþkoðu÷ Au.

Mkkhýe - 3.2

ði¿kkrLkf ¿kkLk {kÃkLk fMkkuxeLke Ëhuf f÷{ {kxu {u¤ðu÷ WÃk÷wt sqÚk, Lke[÷wt sqÚk, Mkh¤íkk{qÕÞ,

¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ, ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ f÷{ku íkÚkk ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkku Lktçkh Ëþkoðíke Mkkhýe¢{ RU RL Fv% Di ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ ytrík{ fMkkuxe{kt

f÷{ f÷{ ¢{ktf

1 96 59 71.76 0.34 * 1

2 96 69 76.39 0.25

3 95 52 68.06 0.40 * 4

4 99 38 63.43 0.56 * 3

5 100 74 80.56 0.24

6 96 40 62.96 0.52 * 5

7 85 54 64.35 0.29

8 99 78 81.94 0.19

9 89 63 70.37 0.24

10 97 69 76.85 0.26

11 90 35 57.87 0.51 * 6

12 98 27 57.87 0.66 * 2

13 98 43 65.28 0.51 * 10

14 89 65 71.30 0.22

15 98 60 73.15 0.35 * 8

16 95 40 62.50 0.51 * 12

17 85 60 67.13 0.23

18 90 67 72.69 0.21

19 100 72 79.63 0.26

20 88 62 69.44 0.24

21 99 31 60.19 0.63 * 9

57

22 85 66 69.91 0.18

23 92 27 55.09 0.60 * 11

24 99 41 64.81 0.54 * 7

25 97 55 70.37 0.39 * 15

26 92 67 73.61 0.23

27 98 46 66.67 0.48 * 14

28 96 69 76.39 0.25

29 92 55 68.06 0.34 * 16

30 101 81 84.26 0.19

31 77 55 61.11 0.20

32 95 53 68.52 0.39 * 17

33 77 59 62.96 0.17

34 93 55 68.52 0.35 * 18

35 81 53 62.04 0.26

36 90 65 71.76 0.23

37 93 56 68.98 0.34 * 19

38 81 57 63.89 0.22

39 80 52 61.11 0.26

40 88 59 68.06 0.27

41 97 68 76.39 0.27

42 91 40 60.65 0.47 * 20

43 95 33 59.26 0.57 * 21

44 91 65 72.22 0.24

45 81 57 63.89 0.22

46 99 54 70.83 0.42 * 22

47 97 42 64.35 0.51 * 23

¢{ RU RL Fv% Di ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ ytrík{ fMkkuxe{ktf÷{ f÷{ ¢{ktf

58

48 94 52 67.59 0.39 * 24

49 81 53 62.04 0.26

50 85 59 66.67 0.24

51 97 67 75.93 0.28

52 87 59 67.59 0.26

53 92 47 64.35 0.42 * 25

54 92 69 74.54 0.21

55 92 35 58.80 0.53 * 26

56 93 48 65.28 0.42 * 27

57 79 53 61.11 0.24

58 91 37 59.26 0.50 * 28

59 81 52 61.57 0.27

60 79 55 62.04 0.22

61 92 55 68.06 0.34 * 29

62 92 45 63.43 0.44 * 13

63 92 69 74.54 0.21

64 88 60 68.52 0.26

65 90 66 72.22 0.22

66 89 45 62.04 0.41 * 30

67 85 65 69.44 0.19

68 89 49 63.89 0.37 * 31

69 85 38 56.94 0.44 * 32

70 69 41 50.93 0.26

71 67 40 49.54 0.25

72 77 48 57.87 0.27

¢{ RU RL Fv% Di ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ ytrík{ fMkkuxe{ktf÷{ f÷{ ¢{ktf

59

Mkkhýe 3.3

Mkqºk yLku Mk{efhý fMkkuxeLke Ëhuf f÷{ {kxu {u¤ðu÷ WÃk÷wt sqÚk, Lke[÷wt sqÚk Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ,¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ, ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ f÷{ku íkÚkk ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkku Lktçkh Ëþkoðíke Mkkhýe

¢{ RU RL Fv% Di ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ ytrík{ fMkkuxe{ktf÷{ f÷{ ¢{ktf

1 95 51 67.59 0.41 * 35

2 80 51 60.65 0.27

3 75 49 57.41 0.24

4 94 41 62.50 0.49 * 36

5 77 47 57.41 0.28

6 94 39 61.57 0.51 * 37

7 92 43 62.50 0.45 * 33

8 81 55 62.96 0.24

9 91 55 67.59 0.33 * 34

10 74 57 60.65 0.16

11 93 43 62.96 0.46 * 38

12 79 55 62.04 0.22

13 85 57 65.74 0.26

14 89 41 60.10 0.44 * 39

15 77 52 59.72 0.23

16 88 60 68.52 0.26

17 89 35 57.41 0.50 * 40

18 73 48 56.02 0.23

19 97 45 65.74 0.48 * 41

20 95 48 66.20 0.44 * 42

60

Mkkhýe - 3.4Þktrºkf þÂõík fMkkuxeLke Ëhuf f÷{ {kxu {u¤ðu÷ WÃk÷wt sqÚk, Lke[÷wt sqÚk Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ, ¼uËÃkh¾

{qÕÞ, ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ f÷{ku íkÚkk ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkku Lktçkh Ëþkoðíke Mkkhýe¢{ RU RL Fv% Di ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ ytrík{ fMkkuxe{kt

f÷{ f÷{ ¢{ktf

1 88 40 59.26 0.44 * 43

2 94 39 61.57 0.51 * 44

3 89 59 68.52 0.28

4 84 56 64.81 0.26

5 91 51 65.74 0.37 * 45

6 89 40 59.72 0.45 * 46

7 94 31 57.87 0.58 * 47

8 89 66 71.76 0.21

9 85 40 57.87 0.42 * 48

10 88 59 68.06 0.27

11 90 48 63.89 0.39 * 49

12 85 58 66.20 0.25

13 75 53 59.26 0.20

14 70 41 51.39 0.27

15 79 53 61.11 0.24

16 81 50 60.65 0.29

61

Mkkhýe - 3.5íkfoþÂõík fMkkuxeLke Ëhuf f÷{ {kxu {u¤ðu÷ WÃk÷wt sqÚk, Lke[÷wt sqÚk Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ, ¼uËÃkh¾

{qÕÞ, ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ f÷{ku íkÚkk ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkku Lktçkh Ëþkoðíke Mkkhýe¢{ RU RL Fv% Di ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ ytrík{ fMkkuxe{kt

f÷{ f÷{ ¢{ktf

1 72 55 58.80 0.16

2 90 58 68.52 0.30 * 50

3 81 42 56.94 0.36 * 51

4 89 34 56.94 0.51 * 52

5 88 62 69.44 0.24

6 91 67 73.15 0.22

7 95 70 76.39 0.23

8 98 42 64.81 0.52 * 53

9 96 49 67.13 0.44 * 54

10 90 68 73.15 0.20

11 91 47 63.89 0.41 * 55

12 99 72 79.17 0.25

13 89 51 64.81 0.35 * 56

14 77 55 61.11 0.20

15 79 59 63.89 0.19

16 87 39 58.33 0.44 * 57

17 91 63 71.30 0.26

18 89 46 62.50 0.40 * 58

19 87 42 59.72 0.42 * 59

20 80 52 61.11 0.26

21 91 57 68.52 0.31 * 60

22 81 61 65.74 0.19

23 92 55 68.06 0.34 * 61

24 89 67 72.22 0.20

62

Mkkhýe - 3.6yðfkþeÞ MktçktÄ fMkkuxeLke Ëhuf f÷{ {kxu {u¤ðu÷ WÃk÷wt sqÚk, Lke[÷wt sqÚk Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ,

¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ, ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ f÷{ku íkÚkk ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkku Lktçkh Ëþkoðíke Mkkhýe¢{ RU RL Fv% Di ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ ytrík{ fMkkuxe{kt

f÷{ f÷{ ¢{ktf

1 91 59 69.44 0.30 * 62

2 79 55 62.04 0.22

3 90 61 69.91 0.27

4 94 75 78.24 0.18

5 90 49 64.35 0.38 * 63

6 88 42 60.19 0.43 * 64

7 75 50 57.87 0.23

8 88 48 62.96 0.37 * 65

9 88 65 70.83 0.21

10 91 55 67.59 0.33 * 66

11 74 57 60.65 0.16

12 89 56 67.13 0.31 * 67

13 91 52 66.20 0.36 * 68

14 78 57 62.50 0.19

15 90 47 63.43 0.40 * 69

16 73 46 55.09 0.25

17 79 56 62.50 0.21

18 74 58 61.11 0.15

19 91 48 64.35 0.40 * 70

20 95 32 58.80 0.58 * 71

63

Mkkhýe - 3.7yÚkoøkúný fMkkuxeLke Ëhuf f÷{ {kxu {u¤ðu÷ WÃk÷wt sqÚk, Lke[÷wt sqÚk Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ, ¼uËÃkh¾

{qÕÞ, ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ f÷{ku íkÚkk ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkku Lktçkh Ëþkoðíke Mkkhýe¢{ RU RL Fv% Di ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ ytrík{ fMkkuxe{kt

f÷{ f÷{ ¢{ktf

1 75 49 57.41 0.24

2 91 71 75.00 0.19

3 95 50 67.13 0.42 * 72

4 93 68 74.54 0.23

5 85 40 57.87 0.42 * 73

6 92 40 61.11 0.48 * 74

7 92 69 74.54 0.21

8 89 39 59.26 0.46 * 75

9 89 65 71.30 0.22

10 91 41 61.11 0.46 * 76

11 90 38 59.26 0.48 * 77

12 85 59 66.67 0.24

13 82 59 65.28 0.21

14 91 35 58.33 0.52 * 78

15 90 60 69.44 0.28

16 94 41 62.50 0.49 * 79

17 92 35 58.80 0.53 * 80

18 94 69 75.46 0.23

3.5.3 ®çkËw rî©uýef MknMktçktÄ

ytrík{ fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk {kxu f÷{ Ãk]Úk¬hýLkwt ºkeswt MkkuÃkkLk ®çkËw rî©uýef

MknMkçktÄktf økýkÞ Au.

64

yu{.ze.rºkðuËe yLku çke. Þw. Ãkkhu¾Lkk {ík {wsçk,

‘‘fMkkuxeLkk f÷{ Ãk]Úk¬hý{kt ®çkËw rî©uýef MknMktçktÄktfLkku ÏÞk÷ ¾kMkWÃkÞkuøke Au. fMkkuxe yLku íkuLke f÷{ ðå[uLkku MknMktçktÄktf yk heíku þkuÄeþfkÞ Au. f÷{ Ãk]Úk¬hý{kt íku WÃkÞkuøke Au yLku fkuEÃký f÷{ fMkkuxe{kthk¾ðk ÞkuøÞ Au fu Lknª íku íkuLku ykÄkhu Lk¬e fhðk{kt ykðu Au.’’5

yu{.ze.rºkðuËe íkÚkk çke.Þw.Ãkkhu¾Lkk yk rðÄkLkLkk yLkwMktÄkLku ynª ÃkMktË ÚkÞu÷

«íÞuf f÷{ {kxu ®çkËw rî©uýef MknMktçktÄ þkuÄe íkuLke MkkÚkofíkkLke [fkMkýe fhðk{kt

ykðe Au. su f÷{kuLkwt MkkÚkofíkk {qÕÞ 0.05Úke ykuAwt nkuÞ íku f÷{ku Ëqh fhe f÷{

çkË÷ðk{kt ykðe. ®çkËw rî©uýef MknMktçktÄktfLkk rðMíkhý MðYÃku fkuE s ÃkqðoÄkhýk LkÚke

Ãkhtíkw íkuLkku rðMíkkh –1 Úke +1 ðå[uLkku Au.

rpbis = p qM M

?

? × pq

ynª rpbis = rî©uýef MknMktçktÄktf

Mp = f÷{Lkku W¥kh ykÃÞku nkuÞ íkuðk sqÚkLkku {æÞf

Mq = f÷{Lkku W¥kh ¾kuxku ykÃÞku nkuÞ íkuðk sqÚkLkwt «{ký

? = Mk{økú rðíkhýLkwt «{ký rð[÷Lk

P = f÷{Lkku W¥kh Mkk[ku ykÃÞku nkuÞ íkuðk sqÚkLkwt «{ký

q = f÷{Lkku W¥kh ¾kuxku ykÃÞku nkuÞ íkuðk sqÚkLkwt «{ký

ytrík{ fMkkuxe {kxu ÃkMktË ÚkÞu÷ rðøkíkkuLku Mkkhýe-3.8{kt Ëþkoððk{kt ykðe Au.

65

Mkkhýe - 3.8ytrík{ fMkkuxeLke ÃkMktË fhkÞu÷ f÷{kuLkk Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞ, ¼uËÃkh¾ {qÕÞ

yLku ®çkËw rî©uýef MknMktçktÄktf¢{ Fv% Di Rpbis

1 71.76 0.34 0.54

2 57.87 0.66 0.56

3 63.43 0.56 0.58

4 68.06 0.40 0.48

5 62.96 0.52 0.41

6 57.87 0.51 0.45

7 64.81 0.54 0.49

8 73.15 0.35 0.49

9 60.19 0.63 0.51

10 65.28 0.51 0.55

11 55.09 0.60 0.53

12 62.50 0.51 0.46

13 63.43 0.44 0.57

14 66.67 0.48 0.58

15 70.37 0.39 0.56

16 68.06 0.34 0.49

17 68.52 0.39 0.52

18 68.52 0.35 0.46

19 68.98 0.34 0.57

20 60.65 0.47 0.60

21 59.26 0.57 0.52

22 70.83 0.42 0.48

23 64.35 0.51 0.47

24 67.59 0.39 0.43

25 64.35 0.42 0.42

66

26 58.80 0.53 0.47

27 65.28 0.42 0.48

28 59.26 0.50 0.51

29 68.06 0.34 0.54

30 62.04 0.41 0.53

31 63.89 0.37 0.48

32 56.94 0.44 0.51

33 62.50 0.45 0.40

34 67.59 0.33 0.42

35 67.59 0.41 0.49

36 62.50 0.49 0.42

37 61.57 0.51 0.50

38 62.96 0.46 0.51

39 60.19 0.44 0.47

40 57.41 0.50 0.45

41 65.74 0.48 0.52

42 66.20 0.44 0.57

43 59.26 0.44 0.57

44 61.57 0.51 0.42

45 65.74 0.37 0.51

46 59.72 0.45 0.49

47 57.87 0.58 0.47

48 57.87 0.58 0.47

49 63.89 0.39 0.53

50 68.52 0.30 0.57

51 56.94 0.36 0.42

52 56.94 0.51 0.48

¢{ Fv% Di Rpbis

67

53 64.81 0.52 0.42

54 67.13 0.44 0.48

55 63.89 0.41 0.45

56 64.81 0.35 0.51

57 58.33 0.44 0.55

58 62.50 0.40 0.56

59 59.72 0.42 0.46

60 68.52 0.31 0.43

61 68.06 0.34 0.41

62 69.44 0.30 0.50

63 64.35 0.38 0.42

64 60.19 0.43 0.48

65 62.69 0.37 0.42

66 67.59 0.33 0.53

67 67.13 0.31 0.54

68 66.20 0.36 0.44

69 63.43 0.40 0.40

70 64.35 0.40 0.51

71 58.80 0.58 0.50

72 67.13 0.42 0.42

73 57.87 0.42 0.53

74 61.11 0.48 0.44

75 59.26 0.46 0.49

76 61.11 0.46 0.57

77 59.26 0.48 0.51

78 58.33 0.52 0.53

79 62.50 0.49 0.56

80 58.80 0.53 0.55

¢{ Fv% Di Rpbis

68

3.5.4 rðf»kof Ãk]Úk¬hý

Mkk{kLÞ fMkkuxeLke f÷{kuLke su{ yk fMkkuxeLke f÷{ku çknwrðfÕÃk «fkhLke Au.

yk «fkhLke fMkkuxe{kt Ëhuf «&™Lkk W¥khLke ÃkMktËøke {kxu [kh rðfÕÃkku ykÃkðk{kt

ykðu÷ Au. íku rðfÕÃkku{ktLkku yuf {kºk yuf rðfÕÃk Mkk[ku W¥kh nkuÞ Au yLku çkkfeLkk

rðfÕÃkkuLku rðf»kofku fnu Au.

rðf»kofku yuðk «fkhLkk rðfÕÃkku Au, fu su W¥kh ykÃkLkkhLku Mkk[k W¥khLke su{

ykf»kuo Au. rðf»kofkuLke økwýð¥kk ðÄkhu íku{ fMkkuxeLke økwýð¥kk ðÄu Au. Lkçk¤k rðf»kofku

Ähkðíke f÷{ku ¾qçk s Lkçk¤e økýkÞ Au. Ãkrhýk{u yÇÞkMkf îkhk fMkkuxeLke f÷{kuLkwt

Ãk]Úk¬hý nkÚk Ähe íkuLku ðÄw økwýð¥kkðk¤k çkLkkððkLkku «ÞkMk fhu÷ Au. íku {kxu

fMkkuxeLke «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþÚke {¤u÷ {krníke ÃkhÚke WÃk÷k sqÚk yLku Lke[÷k sqÚk Ãkh

rðf»kof Ãk]Úk¬hý fhu÷ Au su Mkkhýe - 3.9{kt Ëþkoðu÷ Au.Mkkhýe - 3.9

fMkkuxeLke «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþLke f÷{kuLkk rðfÕÃkkuLkwt rðf»kof Ãk]Úk¬hý

LkkUÄ Mktfuík Mkk[k W¥kh Ëþkoðu Au, RU = WÃk÷wt sqÚk, RL = Lke[÷wt sqÚk

¢{ sqÚk A B C D yLkw¥kh

1 Ru 96 4 3 4 1

RL 59 19 14 15 1

2 Ru 3 98 5 2 0

RL 29 27 34 15 3

3 Ru 2 5 99 2 0

RL 28 32 38 7 3

4 Ru 6 95 3 3 1

RL 25 52 15 13 3

5 Ru 1 7 3 96 1

RL 17 27 22 40 2

6 Ru 5 8 90 4 1

RL 25 29 35 16 3

69

7 Ru 4 3 99 2 0

RL 27 23 41 15 2

8 Ru 4 3 2 98 1

RL 19 15 13 60 1

9 Ru 4 99 3 2 0

RL 30 31 22 24 1

10 Ru 2 98 5 2 1

RL 17 43 27 19 2

11 Ru 7 5 4 92 0

RL 32 24 22 27 3

12 Ru 5 3 95 3 2

RL 25 19 40 21 3

13 Ru 4 7 92 5 0

RL 19 24 45 20 0

14 Ru 4 98 3 2 1

RL 28 46 17 14 3

15 Ru 97 2 3 2 1

RL 55 12 17 14 3

16 Ru 5 7 92 3 1

RL 21 25 55 5 2

17 Ru 95 4 5 3 1

RL 53 21 18 15 1

18 Ru 7 93 5 2 1

RL 19 55 17 16 1

19 Ru 6 5 93 3 1

RL 20 16 56 14 2

¢{ sqÚk A B C D yLkw¥kh

70

20 Ru 7 5 91 3 2

RL 27 24 40 15 2

21 Ru 95 2 2 7 2

RL 33 22 24 27 2

22 Ru 4 2 3 99 0

RL 17 14 20 54 3

23 Ru 4 2 97 3 2

RL 21 17 42 25 3

24 Ru 94 1 5 7 1

RL 52 10 20 23 3

25 Ru 92 4 2 8 2

RL 47 20 16 22 3

26 Ru 6 92 8 1 1

RL 25 35 23 21 3

27 Ru 5 6 93 3 1

RL 20 24 48 15 1

28 Ru 91 5 5 6 1

RL 37 21 25 23 2

29 Ru 92 5 4 7 0

RL 55 24 15 14 0

30 Ru 5 12 89 2 0

RL 15 29 45 19 0

31 Ru 89 6 2 9 2

RL 49 28 9 21 1

32 Ru 10 85 8 4 1

RL 30 38 27 12 1

¢{ sqÚk A B C D yLkw¥kh

71

¢{ sqÚk A B C D yLkw¥kh

33 Ru 92 7 4 3 2

RL 43 31 24 8 2

34 Ru 5 4 91 7 1

RL 13 18 55 21 1

35 Ru 4 5 95 3 1

RL 17 19 51 19 2

36 Ru 3 5 5 94 1

RL 16 23 25 41 3

37 Ru 1 5 7 94 1

RL 12 25 30 39 2

38 Ru 7 93 4 3 1

RL 26 43 20 17 2

39 Ru 89 5 3 10 1

RL 41 19 11 35 2

40 Ru 5 6 89 7 1

RL 19 24 35 29 1

41 Ru 2 5 3 97 1

RL 15 29 18 45 1

42 Ru 95 3 7 3 0

RL 48 15 35 10 0

43 Ru 11 3 6 88 0

RL 38 17 13 40 0

44 Ru 4 7 94 3 0

RL 15 33 39 21 0

45 Ru 6 91 5 6 0

RL 19 51 28 10 0

72

¢{ sqÚk A B C D yLkw¥kh

46 Ru 89 6 8 5 0

RL 40 18 32 17 1

47 Ru 94 8 3 3 0

RL 31 33 22 21 1

48 Ru 4 10 8 85 1

RL 15 33 19 40 1

49 Ru 3 7 8 90 0

RL 9 19 32 48 0

50 Ru 2 10 90 5 1

RL 17 24 58 8 1

51 Ru 7 14 6 81 0

RL 19 21 25 42 1

52 Ru 10 2 89 7 0

RL 28 30 34 16 0

53 Ru 2 2 5 98 1

RL 18 29 19 42 0

54 Ru 9 2 96 1 0

RL 19 14 49 26 0

55 Ru 3 5 9 91 0

RL 22 17 21 47 1

56 Ru 5 89 9 5 0

RL 19 51 23 14 1

57 Ru 11 87 7 2 1

RL 32 39 20 15 2

58 Ru 10 5 3 89 1

RL 28 21 13 46 0

73

¢{ sqÚk A B C D yLkw¥kh

59 Ru 9 7 87 5 0

RL 29 21 42 16 0

60 Ru 6 3 91 8 0

RL 18 16 57 17 0

61 Ru 2 92 9 5 0

RL 12 55 25 16 0

62 Ru 9 3 91 5 0

RL 21 18 59 10 0

63 Ru 16 90 4 2 1

RL 16 49 25 18 0

64 Ru 8 10 2 88 0

RL 18 27 19 42 2

65 Ru 6 10 88 4 0

RL 19 28 48 13 0

66 Ru 5 9 91 3 0

RL 19 22 55 12 0

67 Ru 89 5 9 3 2

RL 56 21 13 16 2

68 Ru 9 3 91 4 1

RL 15 22 52 18 1

69 Ru 4 90 11 2 1

RL 19 47 20 22 0

70 Ru 9 91 5 2 1

RL 18 48 24 17 1

71 Ru 6 95 3 4 0

RL 21 32 20 35 0

74

¢{ sqÚk A B C D yLkw¥kh

72 Ru 8 3 95 2 0

RL 25 18 50 15 0

73 Ru 85 12 6 5 0

RL 40 22 27 19 0

74 Ru 9 4 92 2 1

RL 31 20 40 16 1

75 Ru 89 3 9 7 0

RL 39 19 32 18 0

76 Ru 7 7 3 91 0

RL 20 18 28 41 1

77 Ru 90 3 8 6 1

RL 38 22 29 19 0

78 Ru 7 6 91 4 0

RL 19 32 35 22 0

79 Ru 94 6 5 2 1

RL 41 28 21 17 1

80 Ru 5 92 9 2 0

RL 22 35 32 19 0

yk{, «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþLkk ytíku ði¿kkrLkf yr¼ÞkuøÞíkk fMkkuxe{kt ði¿kkrLkf

¿kkLk {kÃkLk fMkkuxe{kt 0.34 Úke 0.66 ðå[u Mkqºk yLku Mk{efhý fMkkuxe{kt 0.41 Úke

0.51 ðå[u, Þktrºkf þÂõík fMkkuxe{kt 0.39 Úke 0.58, íkfoþÂõík fMkkuxe{kt 0.30 Úke

0.51 yðfkþeÞ MktçktÄ fMkkuxe{kt 0.30 Úke 0.58 yLku yÚkoøkúný fMkkuxe{kt 0.42 Úke

0.53 frXLkíkk {qÕÞ Ähkðíke fw÷ 80 f÷{Lkku ytrík{ fMkkuxe {kxu ÃkMktË fhðk{kt ykðu÷

Au.

75

3.6 ytrík{ fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk

ytrík{ fMkkuxe {kxu Ãkqðo «kÚkr{f yLku «kÚkr{f fMkkuxeLke ys{kÞþ fÞko çkkË

f÷{ Ãk]Úk¬hý yLku rðf»kof Ãk]Úk¬hýLkk íkçk¬k{ktÚke ÃkMkkh fheLku f÷{kuLkwt frXLkíkk

{qÕÞ 0.30 Úke 0.66 nkuÞ íkuðe 80 f÷{kuLke ÃkMktËøke fhðk{kt ykðu÷ Au.

ytrík{ fMkkuxe{kt Ãkqðo «kÚkr{f yLku «kÚkr{f ys{kÞþLkk ytíku fMkkuxeLke

Mkq[Lkkyku, íku{s ¼q÷ku ðøkuhu{kt sYhe VuhVkhku fhðk{kt ykÔÞk Au. fMkkuxeLke f÷{ku

rðãkÚkeoykuLke fûkkLku æÞkLk{kt hk¾eLku Mkh¤íkk {qÕÞLkk ykÄkhu Mkh¤Úke frXLk íkhV

økkuXððk{kt ykðe. rðãkÚkeoyku îkhk {¤íkk «rík¼kðkuLku ykÄkhu f÷{ku{kt ÞkuøÞ

MkwÄkhkðÄkhk fhðk{kt ykÔÞk.

«kÚkr{f fMkkuxe ykÃkíke ð¾íku yð÷kufLk ÃkhÚke òýe þfkÞwt fu rðãkÚkeoykuLku

«kÚkr{f fMkkuxeLke 170 f÷{ku Ãkqýo fhðk {kxu ÷øk¼øk 1 f÷kf 55 r{rLkxLkku Mk{Þ

÷køkíkku níkku. Mk{ÞLkk yk yð÷kufLkLkk ykÄkhu ytrík{ fMkkuxeLke 80 f÷{ku {kxu

Mk{Þøkk¤ku 60 r{rLkx Lk¬e fhðk{kt ykÔÞku. WÃkhktík fMkkuxeLke f÷{kuLke MktÏÞkLkk

ykÄkhu W¥khÃkºk{kt W¥khLkk ¢{ktf økkuXððk{kt ykÔÞk. su{kt Ëhuf f÷{Lkk þõÞ [kh

rðfÕÃkku{ktÚke rðãkÚkeo Mkk[ku sðkçk þkuÄe ÞkuøÞ rðfÕÃk Ãkh (?) Lke rLkþkLke fhe þfu

Au. yk {kxu Ëhuf f÷{Lkk Lktçkh MkkÚku [kh rðfÕÃk a, b, c, d MðYÃku Ëþkoðu÷ Au. W¥kh

ykÃkðkLke Mkh¤íkk {kxu yuf ÃkkLkk{kt ykøk¤-ÃkkA¤ h[u÷ Au. ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkku Lk{qLkku

íkÚkk W¥khÃkºkLkku Lk{qLkku ‘Ãkrhrþü-øk’{kt Ëþkoðu÷ Au. íku{s ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkk Mkk[k

W¥khkuLke økwýktfLk [kðe ‘Ãkrhrþü-½’{kt Ëþkoðu÷ Au.

ytrík{ fMkkuxeLkk «þkMkLkLke Mkk{kLÞ Mkq[Lkk

MktþkuÄfLku ytrík{ fMkkuxe ykÃkíkk Ãknu÷kt Lke[uLke Mkk{kLÞ Mkq[Lkkyku ykÃkðe

ÞkuøÞ ÷køke Au su yk «{kýu Au.

(1) ík{Lku «&™Ãkºk yLku W¥khÃkºk çktLku y÷øk ykÃkðk{kt ykðþu.

(2) «&™Ãkºk{kt fkuEÃký òíkLkwt ÷¾ký fu r[ö ÷¾ðkLkwt LkÚke.

(3) fMkkuxe{kt fkuEÃký òíkLkwt hVfk{ fhðkLkwt LkÚke.

76

(4) yk ík{khe fkuE Ãkheûkk LkÚke {kxu fkuEÃký òíkLkk ¼Þ ðøkh «&™Lkk W¥kh

ykÃkþku.

(5) fkuEÃký rðãkÚkeo{kt W¥kh òuÞk ðøkhu òíku s W¥kh ÷¾ðkLkku Au.

(6) rLkrùík Mk{Þ{ÞkoËk{kt Ëhuf «&™Lkk W¥kh ÷¾ðkLkk Au.

(7) ík{Lku fnuðk{kt Lkk ykðu íÞkt MkwÄe sðkçk ÷¾ðkLkk LkÚke.

WÃkhkuõík Mkk{kLÞ Mkq[Lkk ykÃÞk çkkË ytrík{ fMkkuxeLke Mkq[Lkkyku ykÃkðk{kt

ykðe.

WÃkMktnkh

{Lkkuði¿kkrLkf {kÃkLk {kxuLke fMkkuxeykuLke h[Lkk yLku «{kýefhýLkk ¼køkYÃku

fMkkuxeLke h[Lkk {kxuLkk ys{kÞþe íkçk¬kyku rðþu rðMík]ík [[ko yk «fhý{kt fhðk{kt

ykðu÷ Au, suLkk îkhk íkiÞkh ÚkÞu÷ fMkkuxe ÃkhLkk {kLkktfku «MÚkkrÃkík fhðk{kt ykðþu.

77

ÃkkËLkkUÄ

1. E. F. Lindquist (1950) : “Educational Measurement”, American council on

Education, Washington D. C.; p. 139

2. B. W. Tuckman (1975) : “Measuring Eduaction Outcomes Fundamentals

of Testing” Harcourt Brasce Jovanovich International

Edition New York; p. 480

3. J. H. Ahmen (1966) : “Testing Student Achievement and Aptitude” The

Centre for Applied Research in Education, Washington p. 16

4. F. G. Brown (1983) : “Principles of Education and Psychological

Testing” (Third Edition) New York; BS College Publishing

Holt Rinehart and Winston p. 490

5. çke.Þw. Ãkkhu¾ yLku yu{.ze. rºkðuËe (1972) : ‘‘rþûký{kt yktfzkþk†’’, ÞwrLkðŠMkxe

økútÚk rLk{koý çkkuzo, y{ËkðkË; Ãk]. 257