d{kk

12

ih;w’k-izokg

d{kk12

ih;w’k-izokg

fganh vfuok;Z dh f}rh; iqLrd

ih;w’k-izokg

vfuok;Z fganh dh f}rh; iqLrd d{kk - 12

ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj

ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k-lfefriqLrd % vfuok;Z fganh f}rh;

d{kk - 12

la;kstd %&

lEikndx.k %&

MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] Jhxaxkuxj

1- MkW- jktsUnz dqekj fla?koh] O;k[;krk] fgUnh

egkjk.kk izrki jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] fpÙkkSM+x<+

2- Hkjr ’kekZ] O;k[;krk] fgUnh

jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;] ek.kd pkSd] t;iqj

MkW- vUukjke 'kekZ] O;k[;krk] fgUnh

ikB~;Øe lfefr

la;kstd &

ys[kdx.k% &

iqLrd & ih;w k izokgd{kk&12 fganh vfuok;Z f}rh;

MkW-

fganh foHkkx] eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo’ofo|ky;] mn;iqjU

MkW- nhfidk fot;oxhZ;] O;k[;krk jktdh; LukrdksŸkj efgyk dkWyst] pkSewa ftyk&t;iqj

2 MkW- uohu uUnokuk] lgk;d vkpk;Z fgUnh foHkkx eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj

Jh lat; dqekj ’kekZ

Jh v’kksd dqekj ’kekZ] Okfj"B v/;kid

"

vk'kh"k fllksfn;k] lgk;d vkpk;Z

1-

-

3-

-

5

-

-

MkbV ] guqekux<+

4 Jh jek’kadj ’kekZ] O;k[;krk jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;] /kkSyiqj

jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;] jykork] vtesj

6 Jh jek’kadj ’kekZ] Okfj"B v/;kid jktdh; Okfj"B mik/;k; laLd`r fo|ky;] dq.MxsV] lkoj] vtesj

nks ’kCn

izks- ch-,y- pkS/kjh v/;{k

ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj

fon~;kFkhZ ds fy, ikB~;iqLrd Øec) v/;;u] iq"Vhdj.k] leh{kk vkSj

vkxkeh v/;;u dk vk/kkj gksrh gSA fo"k;-oLrq vkSj f’k{k.k fof/k dh n`f"V ls

fon~;ky;h ikB~;iqLrd dk Lrj vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA ikB~;iqLrdksa dks

dHkh tM+ ;k efgekef.Mr djus okyh ugha cuus nh tkuh pkfg,A ikB~;iqLrd vkt

Hkh f’k{k.k-vf/kxe-izfØ;k dk ,d vfuok;Z midj.k cuh gqbZ gS] ftldh ge mis{kk

ugha dj ldrsA

fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ ds ikB~;Øe esa jktLFkku dh Hkk"kkxr

,oa lkaLd`frd fLFkfr;ksa ds izfrfuf/kRo dk vHkko eglwl fd;k tk jgk Fkk] bls

n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, jkT; ljdkj }kjk d{kk-9 ls 12 ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ek/;fed

f’k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku }kjk viuk ikB~;Øe ykxw djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA blh

ds vuq:i cksMZ }kjk f’k{k.k l= 2016-17 ls d{kk-9 o 11 rFkk l= 2017-18 ls

d{kk-10 o 12 dh ikB~;iqLrdsa cksMZ ds fu/kkZfjr ikB~;Øe ds vk/kkj ij gh rS;kj

djkbZ xbZ gSaA vk’kk gS fd ;s iqLrdsa fon~;kfZFkZ;ksa esa ekSfyd lksp] fparu ,oa

vfHkO;fDRk ds volj iznku djsaxhA

-

vkeq[k

laiknd eaMy

^ih;w"k izokg* iqLrd ckjgoha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku]

vtesj ds funsZ'kkuq:i vfuok;Z fgUnh dh f}rh; ikB~;iqLrd ds :i esa fufeZr gqbZ gSA bl iqLrd esa

fgUnh x| dh dgkuh] vkRedFkk] js[kkfp=] miU;kl] ;k=ko`Ÿk ,oa thou pfjr fo/kkvksa dh Js"B

jpukvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bu jpukvksa ds p;u dk vk/kkj mudh jkspdrk] fo"k; fofo/krk

,oa cks/kxE;rk rks gS gh] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds pkfjf=d laosxkRed igyqvksa ,oa vfHkO;fDr dkS'ky dk fodkl

djuk Hkh jgk gSA mlus dgk Fkk* ¼pUnz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh*½ fgUnh dh vR;ar izfl) dgkuh gS] ftls i<+us

ls fu'Ny izse] R;kx] ohjrk ,oa jk"VªHkfDr ds Hkko tkxzr gksrs gSaA xka/kh th dh vkRedFkk ^lR; ds

iz;ksx** ds laikfnr va'k ls ikBdksa dks ckgjh fn[kkos ls cpus] lg;ksxh ,oa LokoyEch cuus rFkk

laLdkjksa ds lkFk lknxhiwoZd thou thus dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA

^xkSjk* ¼egknsoh oekZ½ js[kkfp= esa ysf[kdk us Lo;a }kjk ikfyr xk; dk vR;ar d#.kkiwfjr fp=

mdsjk gSA ;g js[kkfp= euq"; dh LokFkZizo`fÙk ij pksV djrk gqvk i'kq if{k;ksa ,oa fujhg izkf.k;ksa ds

izfr xgjh laosnuk tkxzr djrk gSA ^^ekul dk gal** ¼ve`r yky ukxj½ xksLokeh rqylhnkl ds

thouo`Ùk ij vk/kkfjr ,d ,sfrgkfld lkaLÑfrd miU;kl gS] ftlds ladfyr va'k ls Hkkjrh; ukjh

ds R;kx ,oa leiZ.k ds lkFk lkFk mldh ckSf)d rstfLork Hkh mtkxj gksrh gSA jRukoyh ,oa

rqylhnkl ds okrkZyki ls yksd dY;k.k ds fufeÙk L=h iq#"k ds ikjLifjd lg;ksx] fo'okl]

drZO;fu"Bk] la;e ,oa oSjkX;izo`fÙk dk egÙo izdV gksrk gSA ^dqN ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dk Hkze.k** ¼lsB

xksfoUnnkl½ ;k=ko`Ÿk esa ys[kd us vusd LFkkuksa ds viwoZ lkSUn;Z] mudh lkaLd`frd fnO;rk ,oa

,sfrgkfld egÙo dks cM+s gh jkspd <ax ls mHkkjk gSA ^^jktLFkku ds xkSjo** ,d ladfyr ikB gS]

ftlesa izns'k ds mu egkiq#"kksa ,oa larksa dk laf{kIr thoupfjr vafdr gS] ftUgsa tuekul esa vikj

J)k çkIr gSA muds }kjk fn, x, lUns'k gekjs fy, vuqdj.kh; gSaA

ladfyr jpuk,¡ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh dYiuk 'kfDr] fo'ys"k.k cqf) ,oa Hkkf"kd n{krk ds fodkl esa

lgk;d gks] bl gsrq izR;sd ikB ds vUr esa vH;klkFkZ iz'u Hkh fn;s x, gSaA gesa fo'okl gS fd ;g laxzg

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkUrfjd txr~ dks vf/kd laiUu ,oa moZj cuk,xkA laxzg dks vf/kd mi;ksxh cukus ds

fy, lq/kh leh{kdksa ,oa f'k{kdksa ls lq>ko vkeaf=r gSaA

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le;&3%15 fo"k; dksM&

iw.kkZad&80

vf/kxe {ks= vad

vifBr cks/k 08

O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk 16

ikB~;iqLrd &l`tu ¼izFke iqLrd½ 32

ikB~;iqLrd &ih;w” izokg ¼f}rh; iqLrd½ 12

laokn lsrq 12

vifBr cks/k & 8 vad

¼d½ vifBr x|ka'k & 4 vad

¼[k½ vifBr i|ka'k & 4 vad

O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk & 16 vad

¼d½ Hkk"kk] O;kdj.k ,oa fyfi dk ifjp; & 2 vad

¼[k½ in ifjp; & 2 vad

¼x½ 'kCn 'kfDr & 2 vad

¼?k½ vaydkj & ¼vuqizkl] 'ys"k] ;ed] miek] :id] mRizs{kk] mnkgj.k RkFkk fojks/kkHkkl½ & 2 vad

¼M-½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh & 2 vad

¼p½ i= o izk:Ik ys[ku ¼v}Z'kkldh; i=] fufonk] foKfIr] Kkiu] vf/klwpuk½ & 2 vad

¼N½ fuca/k ys[ku ¼fodYi lfgr½ & 4 vad

fgUnh vfuok;Z ikB~;Øe&d{kk&12

[k.M&1

[k.M&2

ikB~; iqLrd&l`tu ¼izFke iqLrd½ & 36 vad

¼d½ 1 O;k[;k x| ls ¼fodYi lfgr½ & 1x4=4 vad

¼[k½ 1 O;k[;k i| ls ¼fodYi lfgr½ & 1x4=4 vad

¼x½ 2 fuca/kkRed Ikz'u ¼1 iz'u x| ls ,oa 1 iz'u i| Hkkx ls fodYi lfgr½ & 2x4=8 vad

¼?k½ 4 y?kwÙkjkRed iz'u ¼2 x| ,oa 2 i| Hkkx ls½ & 4x3=12 vad

¼M-½ fdlh ,d dfo ;k ys[kd dk ifjp; & 1x4=4 vad

¼p½ 2 vfry?kwÙkjkRed iz'u ¼1 x| ,oa 1 i| Hkkx ls½ & 2x2=4 vad

ikB~; iqLrd & ih;w"k izokg ¼f}rh; iqLrd½ & 12 vad

¼d½ 1 fuca/kkRed Ikz'u ¼fodYi lfgr½ & 1x6=06 vad

¼[k½ 4 y?kwÙkjkRed iz'uksa esa ls dksbZ rhu iz'u & 3x2=6 vad

laokn lsrq & 12 vad

¼d½ lekpkj ys[ku ¼1 iz'u½ & 1x2=2 vad

¼[k½ fofo/k izdkj ds ys[ku ¼Qhpu] laikndh;] lEiknd ds uke i=] izfrfØ;k ys[ku½

¼1 iz'u½ & 1x2=2 vad

¼x½ lk{kkRdkj ysus dh dyk ¼1 iz'u½ & 1x2=2vad

¼?k½ fofo/k {ks=ksa esa i=dkfjrk ¼1 iz'u½ & 1x3=3 vad

¼M-½ okrkZ] fjiksZrkt] ;k=k o`rkar] Mk;jh ys[ku dh dyk ¼1 iz'u½ & 1x3=3 vad

[k.M&3

[k.M&4

[k.M&5

vuqØef.kdk

Ø-la- 'kh"kZd ys[kd i`"B la[;k

1- mlus dgk Fkk ¼dgkuh½ ia- pUnz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh* 1&11

2- lR; ds iz;ksx ¼vkRedFkk va'k½ eksgunkl djepUn xka/kh 12&22

3- xkSjk ¼js[kkfp=½ egknsoh oekZ 23&28

4- ekul dk gal ¼miU;kl va'k½ ve`r yky ukxj 29&36

5- dqN ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dk Hkze.k lsB xksfoUnnkl 37&43

¼;k=ko`Ÿk½

6- jktLFkku ds xkSjo ladfyr 44&50

¼thou pfjr½-

(1)

dgkuh

mlus dgk Fkk-ia- panz/kj 'kekZ ^xqysjh*

ys[kd-ifjp;

ikB-ifjp;

¼,d½

ia- panz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh* ¼1883 bZ- 1922 bZ-½ fgUnh dgkuh ds mYys[kuh; gLrk{kj gSaA mudk tUe

t;iqj esa gqvkA os cpiu ls gh lkfgfR;d izfrHkk laiUu FksA budh izfrHkk dk {ks= [kxksy] foKku]

T;ksfr"k] /keZ] Hkk"kk foKku] bfrgkl] 'kks/k ,oa lkfgR; rd foLr`r FkkA mlus dgk Fkk* fgUnh dh izfl)

dgkuh gS] ftldk izdk'ku 1915 bZ- esa gqvk FkkA blds vfrfjDr mUgksaus lq[ke; thou* vkSj cqn~/kw dk

dk¡Vk* vkfn dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[khaA dNqvk /keZ*] ekjsfl eksfg dqBkao* vkfn mudh fuca/k dyk ds izfreku

gSaA mUgksaus ekfld i= ^lekykspd* dk laiknu fd;k ,oa os ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk dk'kh ds laiknd

eaMy esa Hkh jgsA 39 o"kZ dh vYik;q esa mudk fu/ku gks x;kA

^mlus dgk Fkk* izFke fo'o;q) ¼1914 1918bZ½ dh i`"BHkwfe ij fy[kh xbZ ,d ekfeZd dgkuh gS]

ftldk dFkkud izse] R;kx vkSj drZO;fu"Bk dks dsUnz esa j[kdj cquk x;k gSA ve`rlj ds cktkj dk

n`';] ckyd ckfydk dk ckylqyHk fu'Ny izse] egk;q) dk okrkoj.k vkSj ygukflag ds vkReksRlxZ

vkfn ds o.kZu esa xgjk euksoSKkfud iqV gSA ;g dgkuh izkjafHkd pgy igy ls ysdj izse vkSj drZO; dk

fodV iFk ikj djrh gqbZ e`R;q 'kS;k ij lekIr gksrh gSA ;g mRlxZ izse osnuk tfur ugha] cfYd dŸkZO;

dh izlUurk gSA vk¡pfyd 'kCnksa ds lkFk ;FkkFkZ o.kZu o mRdV Hkko O;atuk ls ;g dgkuh fgUnh lkfgR;

dh fof'k"V /kjksgj gSA

k k k k

cM+s cM+s 'kgjksa ds bDds xkM+hokyksa dh t+cku ds dksM+ksa ls ftudh ihB fNy xbZ gS] vkSj dku id

x, gSa] muls gekjh çkFkZuk gS fd ve`rlj ds cEcwdkVZ okyksa dh cksyh dk ejge yxkosaA tc cM+s cM+s

'kgjksa dh pkSM+h lM+dksa ij ?kksM+s dh ihB pkcqd ls /kqurs gq,]---- dHkh jkg pyrs iSnyksa dh vk¡[kksa ds u gksus

ij rjl [kkrs gSa] dHkh muds iSjksa dh v¡xqfy;ksa ds iksjs dks phaFkdj vius gh dks lrk;k gqvk crkrs gSa] vkSj

lalkj Hkj dh Xykfu] fujk'kk vkSj {kksHk ds vorkj cus] ukd dh lh/k esa pys tkrs gSa] rc ve`rlj esa

mudh fcjknjh okys rax pDdjnkj xfy;ksa esa] gj ,d yïh okys ds fy, Bgj dj lcz dk leqæ meM+k

dj] cpks [kkylk th! gVks HkkbZ th! Bgjuk HkkbZ th! vkus nks ykyk th! gVks ck*Nk! --- dgrs gq, lQsn

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(2)

QsaVksa] [kPpjksa vkSj cr[kksa] xUus vkSj [kkseps vkSj Hkkjs okyksa ds taxy esa ls jkg [ksrs gSaA D;k etky gS fd

^th* vkSj lkgc* fcuk lqus fdlh dks gVuk iM+sA ;g ckr ugha fd mudh thHk pyrh gh ugha( pyrh gS]

ij ehBh Nqjh dh rjg eghu ekj djrh gqbZA ;fn dksbZ cqf<+;k ckj ckj fprkSuh nsus ij Hkh yhd ls ugha

gVrh] rks mudh cpukoyh ds ;s uewus gSa gV tk th.ks tksfx,( gV tk] djek¡okfy,( gV tk iqÙkk¡

I;kfj,( cp tk yEch mejk¡ okfy,A lef"V esa buds vFkZ gSa fd rw thus ;ksX; gS] rw HkkX;'kkyh gS] iq=ksa dks

I;kjh gS] yEch mej rsjs lkeus gS] rw D;ksa esjs ifg;ksa ds uhps vkuk pkgrh gS\cp tkA

,sls cEcwdkVZokyksa ds chp esa gksdj ,d yM+dk vkSj ,d yM+dh pkSd dh ,d nqdku ij vk feysA

mlds ckyksa vkSj blds <hys lqFkus ls tku iM+rk Fkk fd nksuksa fl[k gSaA og vius ekek ds ds'k /kksus ds

fy, ngh ysus vk;k Fkk] vkSj ;g jlksbZ ds fy, cfM+;k¡A nqdkunkj ,d ijnslh ls x¡qFk jgk Fkk] tks

lsj&Hkj xhys ikiM+ksa dh xìh dks fxus fcuk gVrk u FkkA

^rsjs ?kj dgk¡ gS\*

^exjs esa( vkSj rsjs\*

^ek¡>s esa( ;gk¡ dgk¡ jgrh gS\*

^vrjflag dh cSBd esa( os esjs ekek gksrs gSaA*

^eSa Hkh ekek ds ;gk¡ vk;k gw¡] mudk ?kj xq# cktkj esa gSaA*

brus esa nqdkunkj fucVk] vkSj budk lkSnk nsus yxkA lkSnk ysdj nksuksa lkFk lkFk pysA dqN

nwj tk dj yM+ds us eqLdjkdj iwNk ^rsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ\* bl ij yM+dh dqN vk¡[k p<+k dj

^/kr~* dg dj nkSM+ xbZ vkSj yM+dk eq¡g ns[krk jg x;kA

nwljs rhljs fnu lCthokys ds ;gk¡ ;k nw/kokys ds ;gk¡] vdLekr~ nksuksa fey tkrsA eghuk Hkj

;gh gky jgkA nks rhu ckj yM+ds us fQj iwNk rsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ\ vkSj mÙkj esa ogh /kr~* feykA ,d

fnu tc fQj yM+ds us oSls gh g¡lh esa fp<+kus ds fy, iwNk rks yM+dh] yM+ds dh laHkkouk ds fo#)

cksyh gk¡] gks xbZA*

^dc\*

^dy( ns[krs ugha] ;g js'ke ls d<+k gqvk lkywA* yM+dh Hkkx xbZA yM+ds us ?kj dh jkg yhA jkLrs

esa ,d yM+ds dks eksjh esa <dsy fn;k] ,d NkcM+h okys dh fnu Hkj dh dekbZ [kksbZ] ,d dqÙks ds iRFkj

ekjk vkSj ,d xksHkhokys ds Bsys esa nw/k mM+sy fn;kA lkeus ugkdj vkrh gqbZ fdlh oS".koh ls Vdjk dj

vU/ks dh mikf/k ikbZA rc dgha ?kj igq¡pkA

^jke jke] ;g Hkh dksbZ yM+kbZ gSA fnu jkr [kUndksa esa cSBs gfì;k¡ vdM+ xbZaA yqf/k;kus ls nl

xquk tkM+k vkSj esg vkSj cQZ Åij lsA fiaMfy;ksa rd dhpM+ esa /k¡ls gq, gSaA tehu dgha fn[krh ugha

?kaVs nks ?kaVs esa dku ds ijns QkM+us okys /kekds ds lkFk lkjh [kUnd fgy tkrh gS vkSj lkS lkS xt /kjrh

mNy iM+rh gSA bl xS+ch xksys ls cps rks dksbZ yM+sA uxjdksV dk tytyk lquk Fkk] ;gk¡ fnu esa iPphl

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¼nks½

(3)

tytys gksrs gSaA tks dgha [kUnd ls ckgj lkQk ;k dqguh fudy xbZ] rks pVkd ls xksyh yxrh gSA u

ekywe csbZeku feêh esa ysVs gq, gSa ;k ?kkl dh ifÙk;ksa esa fNis jgrs gSaA*

^ygukflag] vkSj rhu fnu gSaA pkj rks [kUnd esa fcrk gh fn,A ijlksa fjyhQ* vk tk,xh vkSj fQj

lkr fnu dh NqêhA vius gkFkksa >Vdk djsaxs vkSj isV Hkj [kkdj lks jgsaxsA mlh fQjaxh ese ds ckx+ esa

e[key dk lk gjk ?kkl gSA Qy vkSj nw/k dh o"kkZ dj nsrh gSA yk[k dgrs gSa] nke ugha ysrhA dgrh gS]

rqe jktk gks] esjs eqYd dks cpkus vk, gksA*

^pkj fnu rd iyd ugha >¡ihA fcuk Qsjs ?kksM+k fcxM+rk gS vkSj fcuk yM+s flikghA eq>s rks laxhu

p<+k dj ekpZ dk gqDe fey tk;A fQj lkr teZuksa dks vdsyk ekj dj u ykSVw¡] rks eq>s njckj lkgc dh

nsgyh ij eRFkk Vsduk ulhc u gksA ikth dgha ds] dyksa ds ?kksM+s laxhu ns[krs gh eq¡g QkM+ nsrs gSa] vkSj

iSj idM+us yxrs gSaA ;ksa va/ksjs esa rhl rhl eu dk xksyk Qsadrs gSaA ml fnu /kkok fd;k Fkk pkj ehy

rd ,d teZu ugha NksM+k FkkA ihNs tujy us gV tkus dk deku fn;k] ugha rks---*

^ugha rks lh/ks cfyZu igq¡p tkrs! D;ksa\* lwcsnkj gtkjkflag us eqLdjkdj dgk] yM+kbZ ds ekeys

teknkj ;k uk;d ds pyk;s ugha pyrsA cM+s vQlj nwj dh lksprs gSaA rhu lkS ehy dk lkeuk gSA ,d

rjQ c<+ x, rks D;k gksxk\*

^lwcsnkjth] lp gS]* ygukflag cksyk] ^ij djsa D;k\ gfì;ksa gfì;ksa esa rks tkM+k /k¡l x;kA lw;Z

fudyrk ugha vkSj [kkbZ esa nksuksa rjQ ls pEcs dh ckofy;ksa ds ls lksrs >j jgs gSaA ,d /kkok gks tk;] rks

xjeh vk tk;A*

^mneh] mB] flxM+h esa dksys MkyA othjk] rqe pkj tus ckfYV;k¡ ysdj [kkbZ dk ikuh ckgj

QsadksA egkflag] 'kke gks xbZ gS] [kkbZ ds njokts dk igjk cny nsA* ;g dgrs gq, lwcsnkj lkjh [kUnd esa

pDdj yxkus yxsA

ot+hjkflag iyVu dk fonw"kd FkkA ckYVh esa x¡nyk ikuh Hkj dj [kkbZ ds ckgj Qsadrk gqvk cksyk]

^^eSa ik/kk cu x;k gw¡A djks teZuh ds ckn'kkg dk riZ.k!** bl ij lc f[kyf[kyk iM+s vkSj mnklh ds

ckny QV x,A

ygukflag us nwljh ckYVh Hkj dj mlds gkFk esa nsdj dgk viuh ckM+h ds [kjcwtksa esa ikuh nksA

,slk [kkn dk ikuh iatkc Hkj esa ugha feysxkA*

^gk¡] ns'k D;k gS] LoxZ gSA eSa rks yM+kbZ ds ckn ljdkj ls nl ?kqek tehu ;gk¡ ek¡x yw¡xk vkSj Qyksa

ds cwVs yxkšxkA*

^ykMh gksjka dks Hkh ;gk¡ cqyk yksxs\ ;k ogh nw/k fiykusokyh Qjaxh ese---*

^pqi djA ;gk¡ okyksa dks 'kje ughaA*

^ns'k ns'k dh pky gSA vkt rd eSa mls le>k u ldk fd fl[k rEck[kw ugha ihrsA og flxjsV

nsus esa gB djrh gS] vksBksa esa yxkuk pkgrh gS] vkSj eSa ihNs gVrk gw¡ rks le>rh gS fd jktk cqjk eku x;k]

vc esjs eqYd ds fy, yM+sxk ughaA*

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(4)

^vPNk] vc cks/kkflag dSlk gS\*

^vPNk gSA*

^tSls eSa tkurk gh u gksš ! jkr Hkj rqe vius dEcy mls m<+krs gks vkSj vki flxM+h ds lgkjs

xqtj djrs gksA mlds igjs ij vki igjk ns vkrs gksA vius lw[ks ydM+h ds r[rksa ij mls lqykrs gks] vki

dhpM+ esa iM+s jgrs gksA dgha rqe u ek¡ns iM+ tkukA tkM+k D;k gS] ekSr gS] vkSj fueksfu;k* ls ejusokyksa dks

eqjCcs ugha feyk djrsA*

^esjk Mj er djksA eSa rks cqysy dh [kì ds fdukjs e:¡xkA HkkbZ dhjrflag dh xksnh ij esjk flj

gksxk vkSj esjs gkFk ds yxk, gq, vk¡xu ds vke ds isM+ dh Nk;k gksxhA*----

nks igj jkr xbZ gSA vU/ksjk gSA lUukVk Nk;k gqvk gSA cks/kkflag [kkyh fcLdqVksa ds rhu fVuksa ij

vius nksuksa dEcy fcNk dj vkSj ygukflag ds nks dEcy vkSj ,d cjdksV vks<+ dj lks jgk gSA

ygukflag igjs ij [kM+k gqvk gSA ,d vk¡[k [kkbZ ds eq¡g ij gS vkSj ,d cks/kkflag ds nqcys 'kjhj ijA

cks/kkflag djkgkA

^D;ksa cks/kk HkkbZ] D;k gS\*

^ikuh fiyk nksA*

ygukflag us dVksjk mlds eq¡g ls yxk dj iwNk dgks dSls gks\* ikuh ih dj cks/kk cksyk d¡ih

¼d¡id¡ih½ NwV jgh gSA jkse jkse esa rkj nkSM+ jgs gSaA nk¡r ct jgs gSaA*

^vPNk] esjh tjlh igu yks!*

^vkSj rqe\*

^esjs ikl flxM+h gS vkSj eq>s xehZ yxrh gSA ilhuk vk jgk gSA*

^uk] eSa ugha igurkA pkj fnu ls rqe esjs fy,---*

^gk¡] ;kn vkbZA esjs ikl nwljh xje tjlh gSA vkt losjs gh vkbZ gSA foyk;r ls cqu cqudj Hkst

jgh gSa esesa] xq# mudk Hkyk djsaA* ;ksa dg dj yguk viuk dksV mrkj dj tjlh mrkjus yxkA

^lp dgrs gks\*

^vkSj ugha >wB\* ;ksa dg dj ukgha djrs cks/kk dks mlus tcjnLrh tjlh iguk nh vkSj vki [kkdh

dksV vkSj thu dk dqjrk Hkj igudj igjs ij vk [kM+k gqvkA ese dh tjlh dh dFkk dsoy dFkk FkhA

vk/kk ?k.Vk chrkA brus esa [kkbZ ds eq¡g ls vkokt vkbZ] lwcsnkj gtkjkflag!*

^dkSu] yiVu lkgc\ gqDe gqtwj* dg dj lwcsnkj ru dj QkSth lyke djds lkeus gqvkA

^^ns[kks] blh le; /kkok djuk gksxkA ehy Hkj dh nwjh ij iwjc ds dksus esa ,d teZu [kkbZ gSA

mlesa ipkl ls ft;kng teZu ugha gSaA bu isM+ksa ds uhps uhps nks [ksr dkV dj jkLrk gSA rhu&pkj ?kqeko

gSaA tgk¡ eksM+ gS ogk¡ iUæg toku [kM+s dj vk;k gw¡A rqe ;gk¡ nl vkneh NksM+ dj lc dks lkFk ys muls

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¼rhu½

(5)

tk feyksA [kUnd Nhu dj ogha] tc rd nwljk gqDe u feys] MVs jgksA ge ;gk¡ jgsxkA**

^tks gqdqeA*

pqipki lc rS;kj gks x,A cks/kk Hkh dEcy mrkj dj pyus yxkA rc ygukflag us mls jksdkA

ygukflag vkxs gqvk rks cks/kk dh vksj b'kkjk fd;kA ygukflag le> dj pqi gks x;kA ihNs nl vkneh

dkSu jgsa] bl ij cM+h gqT+t+r gqbZA dksbZ jguk ugha pkgrk FkkA le>k cq>kdj lwcsnkj us ekpZ fd;kA

yiVu lkgc yguk dh flxM+h ds ikl eq¡g Qsj dj [kM+s gks x, vkSj tsc ls flxjsV fudky dj lqyxkus

yxsA nl feuV ckn mUgksaus yguk dh vksj gkFk c<+k dj dgk yks rqe Hkh fi;ksA*

vk¡[k ekjrs djrs ygukflag lc le> x;kA eq¡g dk Hkko fNik dj cksyk ykvks lkgcA* gkFk

vkxs djrs gh mlus flxM+h ds mtkys esa lkgc dk eq¡g ns[kkA cky ns[ksA rc mldk ekFkk BudkA

yiVu lkgc ds ifê;ksa okys cky ,d fnu esa gh dgk¡ mM+ x, vkSj mudh txg dSfn;ksa ds ls dVs cky

dgk¡ ls vk x,\

'kk;n lkgc 'kjkc fi, gq, gSa vkSj mUgsa cky dVokus dk ekSdk fey x;k gS\ygukflag us tk¡puk

pkgk yiVu lkgc ik¡p o"kZ ls mldh jsftesaV esa FksA

^D;ksa lkgc] ge yksx fgUnqLrku dc tk,¡xs\*

^yM+kbZ [kRe gksus ijA D;ksa] D;k ;g ns'k ilUn ugha\*

^ugha lkgc] f'kdkj ds os ets ;gk¡ dgk¡\;kn gS] ikjlky udyh yM+kbZ ds ihNs ge vki

txk/kkjh ftys esa f'kdkj djus x, Fks gk¡ gk¡ ogha tc vki [kksrs ij lokj Fks vkSj vkidk [kkulkek

vCnqYyk jkLrs ds ,d efUnj esa ty p<+kus dks jg x;k Fkk\cs'kd] ikth dgha dk* lkeus ls og

uhyxk; fudyh fd ,slh cM+h eSaus dHkh u ns[kh FkhaA vkSj vkidh ,d xksyh dU/ks esa yxh vkSj iqës ls

fudyhA ,sls vQlj ds lkFk f'kdkj [ksyus esa etk gSA D;ksa lkgc] f'keys ls rS;kj gksdj ml uhy xk;

dk flj vk x;k Fkk u! vkius dgk Fkk fd jsftesaV dh esl esa yxk,¡xsA* gk¡] ij eSaus og foyk;r Hkst

fn;k ,sls cM+s cM+s lhax! nks nks QqV ds rks gksaxs\*

^gk¡] ygukflag] nks QqV pkj bap ds FksA rqeus flxjsV ugha fi;k\*

^ihrk gw¡ lkgc*] fn;klykbZ ys vkrk gw¡ dg dj ygukflag [kUnd esa ?kqlkA vc mls lUnsg ugha

jgk FkkA mlus >ViV fu'p; dj fy;k fd D;k djuk pkfg,A

va/ksjs esa fdlh lksus okys ls og Vdjk;kA

^dkSu\ot+hjkflag\*

^gk¡] D;ksa yguk\D;k d;ker vk xbZ\tjk rks vk¡[k yxus nh gksrh\*

^gks'k esa vkvksA d;ker vkbZ vkSj yiVu lkgc dh onhZ igu dj vkbZ gSA*

^D;k\*

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¼pkj½

(6)

^yiVu lkgc ;k rks ekjs x, gSa ;k dSn gks x, gSaA mudh onhZ igu dj ;g dksbZ teZu vk;k gSA

lwcsnkj us bldk eq¡g ugha ns[kkA eSaus ns[kk gS vkSj ckrsa dh gSaA ---- lkQ mnwZ cksyrk gS] ij fdrkch mnwZ

vkSj eq>s ihus dks flxjsV fn;k gSA*

^rks vc!*

^vc ekjs x,A /kks[kk gSA lwcsnkj gksjka] dhpM+ esa pDdj dkVrs fQjsaxs vkSj ;gk¡ [kkbZ ij /kkok

gksxkA mBks] ,d dke djksA iyVu ds iSjksa ds fu'kku ns[krs ns[krs nkSM+ tkvksA vHkh cgqr nwj u x,

gksaxsA lwcsnkj ls dgks ,dne ykSV vkosaA [kUnd dh ckr >wB gSA pys tkvks] [kUnd ds ihNs ls fudy

tkvksA iÙkk rd u [kM+dsA nsj er djks]

^gqdqe rks ;g gS fd ;gha*&

^,slh rSlh gqdqe dh! esjk gqdqe--- teknkj ygukflag tks bl oä ;gk¡ lc ls cM+k vQlj gS]

mldk gqdqe gSA eSa yiVu lkgc dh [kcj ysrk gw¡A*

^ij ;gk¡ rks rqe vkB gh gksA*

^vkB ugha] nl yk[kA ,d ,d vdkfy;k fl[k lok yk[k ds cjkcj gksrk gSA pys tkvksA*

ykSV dj [kkbZ ds eqgkus ij ygukflag nhokj ls fpid x;kA mlus ns[kk fd yiVu lkgc us tsc

ls csy ds cjkcj ds rhu xksys fudkysA rhuksa dks txg txg [kUnd dh nhokjksa esa ?kqlsM+ fn;k vkSj rhuksa

esa ,d rkj lk ck¡/k fn;kA rkj ds vkxs lwr dh ,d xqRFkh Fkh] ftls flxM+h ds ikl j[kkA ckgj dh rjQ

tkdj ,d fn;klykbZ tyk dj xqRFkh ij j[kus---

fctyh dh rjg nksuksa gkFkksa ls mYVh cUnwd dks mBk dj ygukflag us lkgc dh dqguh ij rku

dj ns ekjkA /kekds ds lkFk lkgc ds gkFk ls fn;klykbZ fxj iM+hA ygukflag us ,d dqUnk lkgc dh

xnZu ij ekjk vkSj lkgc ^vkg! ehu xkSV* dgrs gq, fpÙk gks x,A ygukflag us rhuksa xksys chu dj

[kUnd ds ckgj Qsads vkSj lkgc dks ?klhV dj flxM+h ds ikl fyVk;kA tscksa dh ryk'kh yhA rhu pkj

fyQkQs vkSj ,d Mk;jh fudky dj mUgsa viuh tsc ds gokys fd;kA

lkgc dh ewNkZ gVhA ygukflag g¡l dj cksyk D;ksa yiVu lkgc\fetkt dSlk gS\vkt eSaus

cgqr ckrsa lh[khaA ;g lh[kk fd fl[k flxjsV ihrs gSaA ;g lh[kk fd txk/kjh ds ftys esa uhy xk;sa gksrh

gSa vkSj muds nks QqV pkj bap ds lhax gksrs gSaA ;g lh[kk fd eqlyeku [kkulkek eafnjksaa esa ty p<+krs

gSaA vkSj yiVu lkgc [kksrs ij p<+rs gSaA ij ;g rks dgks] ,slh lkQ mnwZ dgk¡ ls lh[k vk,\gekjs yiVu

lkgc rks fcuk Mse* ds ik¡p y¶+t Hkh ugha cksyk djrs FksA

yguk us irywu ds tscksa dh ryk'kh ugha yh FkhA lkgc us ekuks tkM+s ls cpus ds fy,] nksuksa gkFk

tscksa esa MkysA

ygukflag dgrk x;k] pkykd rks cM+s gks ij ek¡>s dk yguk brus cjl yiVu lkgc ds lkFk

jgk gSA mls pdek nsus ds fy, pkj vk¡[ksa pkfg,A rhu eghus gq,] ,d rqjdh ekSyoh esjs xk¡o vk;k FkkA

vkSjrksa dks cPps gksus ds rkcht ck¡Vrk Fkk vkSj cPpksa dks nokbZ nsrk FkkA pkS/kjh ds cM+ ds uhps eatk fcNk

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(7)

dj gqDdk ihrk jgrk Fkk vkSj dgrk Fkk fd teZuhokys cM+s iafMr gSaA osn Ik<+ i<+ dj mlesa ls foeku

pykus dh fo|k tku x, gSaA xkS dks ugha ekjrsA fgUnqLrku esa vk tk,¡xs rks xksgR;k cUn dj nsaxsA eaMh

ds cfu;ksa dks cgdkrk fd Mkd[kkus ls #i;k fudky yksA ljdkj dk jkT; tkusokyk gSA Mkd ckcw

iksYgwjke Hkh Mj x;k FkkA eSaus eqYyk th dh nk<+h ewaM nh Fkh vkSj xk¡o ls ckgj fudky dj dgk Fkk fd

tks esjs xk¡o esa vc iSj jD[kk rks *

lkgc dh tsc esa ls fiLrkSy pyk vkSj yguk dh tk¡?k esa xksyh yxhA b/kj yguk dh ^gSujh

ekfVZuh* ds nks Qk;jksa us lkgc dh diky fØ;k dj nhA /kM+kdk lqu dj lc nkSM+s vk,A

cks/kk fpYyk;k D;k gS\*

ygukflag us mls ;g dg dj lqyk fn;k fd ,d gM+dk gqvk dqÙkk vk;k Fkk] ekj fn;k* vkSjksa ls

lc gky dg fn;kA lc cUnwdsa ysdj rS;kj gks x,A yguk us lkQk QkM+ dj ?kko ds nksuksa rjQ ifê;k¡

dl dj ck¡/khA ?kko ek¡l esa gh FkkA ifê;ksa ds dlus ls ygw fudyuk cUn gks x;kA

brus esa lÙkj teZu fpYykdj [kkbZ esa ?kql iM+sA flD[kksa dh cUnwdksa dh ck<+ us igys /kkos dks

jksdkA nwljs dks jksdkA ij ;gk¡ Fks vkB ¼ygukflag rd rd dj ekj jgk Fkk og [kM+k Fkk] vkSj ysVs gq,

Fks½ vkSj os lÙkjA vius eqnkZ Hkkb;ksa ds 'kjhj ij p<+ dj teZu vkxs ?kqls vkrs FksA FkksM+s feuVksa esa os

vpkud vkokt vkbZ ^okg xq# th nh Qrg! okg xq# th nk [kkylk!!** vkSj /kM+k/kM+ cUnwdksa ds

Qk;j teZuksa dh ihB ij iM+us yxsA ,su ekSds ij teZu nks pDdh ds ikVksa ds chp esa vk x,A ihNs ls

lwcsnkj gtkjkflag ds toku vkx cjlkrs Fks vkSj lkeus ygukflag ds lkfFk;ksa ds laxhu py jgs FksA

ikl vkus ij ihNs okyksa us Hkh laxhu fijksuk 'kq: dj fn;kA

,d fdydkjh vkSj ^vdky flD[kk¡ nh QkSt vkbZ!* okg xq# th nh Qrg! okg xq# th nk

[kkylk!! lr Jh vdkyiq#"k!!!** vkSj yM+kbZ [kRe gks xbZA frjslB teZu ;k rks [ksr jgs Fks ;k djkg

jgs FksA flD[kksa esa iUæg ds çk.k x,A lwcsnkj ds nkfgus dU/ks esa ls xksyh vkjikj fudy xbZA ygukflag

dh ilyh esa ,d xksyh yxhA mlus ?kko dks [kUnd dh xhyh feêh ls iwj fy;k vkSj ckdh dk lkQk dl

dj dejcUn dh rjg yisV fy;kA fdlh dks [kcj u gqbZ fd yguk dks nwljk ?kko Hkkjh ?kko yxk gSA

yM+kbZ ds le; pk¡n fudy vk;k Fkk] ,slk pk¡n] ftlds çdk'k ls laLÑr dfo;ksa dk fn;k gqvk

^{k;h* uke lkFkZd gksrk gS vkSj gok ,slh py jgh Fkh tSlh ck.kHkê dh Hkk"kk esa ^nUroh.kksins'kkpk;Z*

dgykrhA othjkflag dg jgk Fkk fd dSls eu eu Hkj Ýkal dh Hkwfe esjs cwVksa ls fpid jgh Fkh] tc eSa

nkSM+k nkSM+k lwcsnkj ds ihNs x;k FkkA lwcsnkj ygukflag ls lkjk gky lqu vkSj dkxtkr ikdj os mldh

rqjr cqf) dks ljkg jgs Fks vkSj dg jgs Fks fd rw u gksrk rks vkt lc ekjs tkrsA

bl yM+kbZ dh vkokt rhu ehy nkfgus vksj dh [kkbZ okyksa us lqu yh FkhA mUgksaus ihNs VsyhQksu

dj fn;k FkkA ogk¡ ls >ViV nks MkDVj vkSj nks chekj <ksus dh xkfM+;k¡ pyha] tks dksbZ Ms<+ ?k.Vs ds

vUnj vUnj vk igq¡phA QhYM vLirky utnhd FkkA lqcg gksrs gksrs ogk¡ igq¡p tk,¡xs] blfy, ekewyh

iêh ck¡/kdj ,d xkM+h esa ?kk;y fyVk, x, vkSj nwljh esa yk'ksa j[kh xbZaA lwcsnkj us ygukflag dh tk¡?k

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(8)

esa iêh c¡/kokuh pkgh ij mlus ;g dg dj Vky fn;k fd FkksM+k ?kko gS] losjs ns[kk tk;sxkA cks/kkflag

Toj esa cjkZ jgk FkkA og xkM+h esa fyVk;k x;kA yguk dks NksM+ dj lwcsnkj tkrs ugha FksA ;g ns[k yguk

us dgk& rqEgsa cks/kk dh dle gS vkSj lwcsnkjuh th dh lkSxU/k gS] tks bl xkM+h esa u pys tkvksA*

^vkSj rqe\*

^esjs fy, ogk¡ igq¡pdj xkM+h Hkst nsuk] vkSj teZu eqjnksa ds fy, Hkh rks xkfM+;k¡ vkrh gksaxhA esjk

gky cqjk ugha gSA ns[krs ugha] eSa [kM+k gw¡\ot+hjkflag esjs ikl rks gS ghA*

^vPNk] ij---*

^cks/kk xkM+h ij ysV x;k\Hkyk! vki Hkh p<+ tkvksA lqfu;s rks] lwcsnkjuh gksjk¡ dks fpV~Bh fy[kks rks

esjk eRFkk Vsduk fy[k nsukA vkSj tc ?kj tkvks rks dg nsuk fd eq>ls tks mlus dgk Fkk og eSaus dj

fn;kA*

xkfM+;k¡ py iM+h FkhaA lwcsnkj us p<+rs&p<+rs yguk dk gkFk idM+ dj dgk] ^rSus esjs vkSj

cks/kk ds çk.k cpk;s gSaA fy[kuk dSlk\lkFk gh ?kj pysaxsA viuh lwcsnkjuh dks rw gh dg nsukA mlus D;k

dgk Fkk\*

^vc vki xkM+h ij p<+ tkvksA eSaus tks dgk] og fy[k nsuk] vkSj dg Hkh nsukA*

xkM+h ds tkrs yguk ysV x;kA ot+hjk ikuh fiyk ns vkSj esjk dejcUn [kksy nsA rj gks jgk gSA*

e`R;q ds dqN le; igys Le`fr cgqr lkQ gks tkrh gSA tUe Hkj dh ?kVuk,¡ ,d ,d djds lkeus

vkrh gSaA lkjs –';ksa ds jax lkQ gksrs gSaA le; dh /kqU/k fcYdqy mu ij ls gV tkrh gSA

x x x

ygukflag ckjg o"kZ dk gSA ve`rlj esa ekek ds ;gk¡ vk;k gqvk gSA nghokys ds ;gk¡] lCthokys ds

;gk¡] gj dgha] mls ,d vkB o"kZ dh yM+dh fey tkrh gSA tc og iwNrk gS] rsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ\* rc

^/kr~* dg dj og Hkkx tkrh gSA ,d fnu mlus oSls gh iwNk rks mlus dgk] gk¡] dy gks xbZ] ns[krs ugha

;g js'ke ds Qwyksaokyk lkyw\lqurs gh ygukflag dks nq%[k gqvkA Øks/k gqvkA D;ksa gqvk\

^ot+hjkflag] ikuh fiyk nsA*

x x x

iPphl o"kZ chr x,A vc ygukflag ua 77 jkbQYl esa teknkj gks x;k gSA ml vkB o"kZ dh

dU;k dk /;ku gh u jgkA u ekywe og dHkh feyh Fkh] ;k ughaA lkr fnu dh Nqêh ysdj tehu ds

eqdn~nesa dh iSjoh djus og vius ?kj x;kA ogk¡ jsftesaV ds vQlj dh fpV~Bh feyh fd QkSt yke ij

tkrh gS] QkSju pys vkvksA lkFk gh lwcsnkj gtkjkflag dh fpV~Bh feyh fd eSa vkSj cks/kkflag Hkh yke ij

tkrs gSaA ykSVrs gq, gekjs ?kj gksrs tkukA lkFk gh pysaxsA lwcsnkj dk xk¡o jkLrs esa iM+rk Fkk vkSj lwcsnkj

mls cgqr pkgrk FkkA ygukflag lwcsnkj ds ;gk¡ igq¡pkA

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(9)

tc pyus yxs] rc lwcsnkj csM+s esa ls fudy dj vk;kA cksyk& yguk] lwcsnkjuh rqedks tkurh

gSaA cqykrh gSA tk fey vkA* ygukflag Hkhrj igq¡pkA lwcsnkjuh eq>s tkurh gSa\dc ls\jsftesaV ds DokVZjksa

esa rks dHkh lwcsnkj ds ?kj ds yksx jgs ughaA njokts ij tk dj ^eRFkk Vsduk* dgkA vlhl lquhA

ygukflag pqiA

^eq>s igpkuk\*

^ughaA*

^rsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ \/kr~ dy gks xbZ ns[krs ugha] js'keh cwVksaokyk lkyw ve`rlj esa----A* Hkkoksa

dh VdjkgV ls ewNkZ [kqyhA djoV cnyhA ilyh dk ?kko cg fudykA

^ot+hjk] ikuh fiykA* mlus dgk FkkA*

x x x

LoIu py jgk gSA lwcsnkjuh dg jgh gS eSaus rsjs dks vkrs gh igpku fy;kA ,d dke dgrh gw¡A

esjs rks Hkkx QwV x,A ljdkj us cgknqjh dk f[krkc fn;k gS] yk;yiqj esa tehu nh gS] vkt ued gykyh

dk ekSdk vk;k gS] ij ljdkj us ge rhfe;ksa dh ,d ?k?kfj;k iyVu D;ksa u cuk nh] tks eSa Hkh lwcsnkjth

ds lkFk pyh tkrh\,d csVk gSA QkSt esa HkrhZ gq, mls ,d gh cjl gqvkA mlds ihNs pkj vkSj gq,] ij

,d Hkh ugha ft;kA *lwcsnkjuh jksus yxhA* vc nksuksa tkrs gSaA esjs Hkkx! rqEgsa ;kn gS] ,d fnu rk¡xsokys dk

?kksM+k nghokys dh nqdku ds ikl fcxM+ x;k FkkA rqeus ml fnu esjs çk.k cpk;s Fks] vki ?kksM+s dh ykrksa esa

pys x, Fks] vkSj eq>s mBk dj nqdku ds r[rs ij [kM+k dj fn;k FkkA ,sls gh bu nksuksa dks cpkukA ;g

esjh fHk{kk gSA rqEgkjs vkxs vk¡py ilkjrh gw¡A

jksrh&jksrh lwcsnkjuh vksojh esa pyh xbZA yguk Hkh vk¡lw iksaNrk gqvk ckgj vk;kA

^^ot+hjkflag] ikuh fiyk** & mlus dgk FkkA*

x x x

yguk dk flj viuh xksnh esa j[ks ot+hjkflag cSBk gSA tc ek¡xrk gS] rc ikuh fiyk nsrk gSA vk/k

?k.Vs rd yguk pqi jgk] fQj cksyk dkSu! dhjrflag\*

ot+hjk us dqN le>dj dgk& gk¡A*

^Hkb;k] eq>s vkSj Å¡pk dj ysA vius iê ij esjk flj j[k ysA* ot+hjk us oSls gh fd;kA

^gk¡] vc Bhd gSA ikuh fiyk nsA cl] vc ds gkM+ esa ;g vke [kwc QysxkA pkpk Hkrhtk nksuksa ;gha

cSB dj vke [kkukA ftruk cM+k rsjk Hkrhtk gS] mruk gh ;g vke gSA ftl eghus mldk tUe gqvk Fkk]

mlh eghus esa eSaus bls yxk;k FkkA*

ot+hjkflag ds vk¡lw Vi Vi Vid jgs FksA

x x x

dqN fnu ihNs yksxksa us v[kckjksa esa i<+k&

ÝkUl vkSj csyft;e 68 oha lwph eSnku esa ?kkoksa ls ejk ua 77 fl[k jkbQYl teknkj

ygukflagA

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(10)

'kCnkFkZ &

vH;kl iz'uoLrqfu"B iz'u &

vfry?kwÙkjkRed iz'u &

ck*Nk & ckn'kkg fprkSuh & psrkouh

lef"V & lekt dqM+ekbZ & lxkbZ

lkyw & vks<+uh [kand & cM+k xM~<k] [kkbZ

mneh & 'kjkjrh eatk & [kfV;k

dksys & dks;ys cwVs & ikS/ks

ikth & nq"V ewNkZ & csgks'kh

eqjCcs & ugjksa ds ikl dh cjdksV & vksoj dksV

oxkZdkj Ñf"k Hkwfe /kkok & vkØe.k

cjkZ & cM+cM+kuk rhfe;ksa & vkSjrksa

tytyk & Hkwdai gqTtr & fookn

fonw"kd & el[kjk [kksrs & x/ks

ikjlky & foxr o"kZ ek¡ns & chekj

d;ker & izy; gM+dk & ikxy

{k;h & u"V gksus okyk yke ij tkuk & yM+kbZ ij tkuk

ued gykyh & LokfeHkfDr iV~V & tk¡?k

vkscjh & vanj dk ?kj ik/kk & iqjksfgr

1- ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh dk uk;d gS &

¼d½ ot+hjk flag ¼[k½ yguk flag

¼x½ gtkjk flag ¼?k½ cks/kk flag ¼ ½

2- ^rsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ\*& dFku esa fufgr Hkko gS&

¼d½ volkn ¼[k½ vlQyrk

¼x½ fu'Ny izse ¼?k½ osnuk ¼ ½

1- iyVu dk fonw"kd fdls ekuk tkrk Fkk\

2- ^^d;ker vkbZ gS vkSj yiVu lkgc dh onhZ igudj vkbZ gSA** ;g dFku fdlus] fdlls vkSj

D;ksa dgk\

3- lwcsnkjuh ds pfj= dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

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(11)

4- ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh dh i`"BHkwfe esa fdl ;q) dk okrkoj.k fpf=r gS\

1- ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh ds 'kh"kZd ij fVIi.kh dhft,A

2- ^fcuk Qsjs ?kksM+k fcxM+rk gS vkSj fcuk yM+s flikgh* dFku dh ;qfDr;qDr foospuk dhft,A

3- lwcsnkjuh us LoIu esa ygukflag ls D;k dgk\vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A

4- ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh dh ewy laosnuk D;k gS\

1- ;fn vki ygukflag ds LFkku ij gksrs rks ;q) Hkwfe esa D;k djrs\rdZ lfgr mÙkj nhft,A

2- ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh ds uk;d ygukflag dk pfj= fp=.k dhft,A

k k k k

y?kwÙkjkRed iz'u &

fuca/kkRed iz'u&

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(12)

vkRedFkk va'k

lR; ds iz;ksx- eksgunkl djepUn xka/kh

ys[kd-ifjp;

ikB-ifjp;

^lH;* iks'kkd esa

eksgunkl djepUn xka/kh dk tUe 2 vDVwcj] 1869 dks xqtjkr ¼dkfB;kokM+½ ds iksjcUnj uked

LFkku ij gqvkA xka/kh Hkkjrh; LorU=rk vkUnksyu ds izeq[k usrk FksA mUgksaus lR;kxzg ¼lfou; voKk½ ds

ek/;e ls fczVkfu;k gqdwer ds vR;kpkjksa ds izfrdkj esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA muds lR;kxzg dh uhao

vfgalk fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr FkhA vkt iwjk lalkj mUgsa ^egkRek xka/kh* ds uke ls tkurk gSA usrkth

lqHkk"kpUnz cksl us 6 tqykbZ] 1944 dks jaxwu jsfM;ks ls xka/kh ds uke tkjh izlkj.k esa mUgsa ^jk"Vªfirk*

dgdj lEcksf/kr djrs gq, vktkn fgUn QkSt ds fy, mudk vk'khokZn vkSj 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ ek¡xh FkhA ns'k

esa izfro"kZ mudk tUefnol xka/kh t;Urh* vkSj fo'o esa vUrjjk"Vªh; vfgalk fnol* ds :i esa euk;k

tkrk gSA budk fu/ku 30 tuojh] 1948 dks gqvkA

bl iqLrd esa egkRek xka/kh }kjk fyf[kr lR; ds iz;ksx vFkok vkRedFkk* ds dk'khukFk f=osnh

}kjk vuwfnr dqN va'kksa dk ladyu gSA ikB dk lH; iks'kkd esa* va'k tgk¡ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Nn~e vkd"kZ.kksa

ls ijs jgdj fo|kFkhZ cuus dh lykg nsrk gS] ogha cyoku ls fHkM+Ur* esa vU;k; ls MVdj eqdkcyk djus

dh fgEer c¡/krh gSA vkfRed f'k{kk* gesa la;e vkSj vkRe fuekZ.k ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA 'kkafr fudsru*

va'k esa xk¡/kh th us Hkkjrh; thou ewY;ksa ls vksr izksr laLdkj] lg;ksx o lejlrk ls lk{kkRdkj djk;k gS

rks [kknh dk tUe* esa LokoyEcu ,oa Lons'kh dh egÙkk mtkxj dh gSA bl izdkj xka/kh th dh vkRedFkk

gesa lkfŸod ,oa lkFkZd thou thus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA

k k k k

vUukgkj ij esjh J)k fnu ij fnu c<+rh x;hA lkWYV dh iqLrd us vkgkj ds fo"k; esa

vf/kd iqLrdsa i<+us dh esjh ftKklk dks rhoz cuk fn;kA ftruh iqLrdsa eq>s feyha] eSaus [kjhn yha vkSj i<+

MkyhaA muesa gkoMZ fofy;El dh vkgkj uhfr* uked iqLrd esa vyx vyx ;qxksa ds Kkfu;ksa] vorkjksa

vkSj iSxEcjksa ds vkgkj dk vkSj vkgkj fo"k;d muds fopkjksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ikbFkksxksjl] bZlk

elhg bR;kfn dks mlus dsoy vUukgkjh fl) djus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA MkWDVj felst ,suk fdaXlQMZ

dh mÙke vkgkj dh jhfr* uked iqLrd Hkh vkd"kZd FkhA lkFk gh] MkW- ,fyUlu ds vkjksX; fo"k;d ys[kksa

us Hkh blesa vPNh enn dhA os nok ds cnys dsoy vkgkj ds gsj Qsj ls gh jksxh dks uhjksx djus dh

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i)fr dk leFkZu djrs FksA MkW- ,sfyUlu Lo;a vUukgkjh Fks vkSj chekjksa dks dsoy vUukgkj dh gh lykg

nsrs FksA bu lc iqLrdksa ds v/;;u dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd esjs thou esa vkgkj fo"k;d iz;ksxksa us egÙo

dk LFkku izkIr dj fy;kA vkjaHk esa bu iz;ksxksa esa vkjksX; dh n`f"V eq[; FkhA ckn esa /kkfeZd n`f"V loksZifj

cuhA

bl chp esjs mu fe= dks rks esjh fpUrk cuh gh jghA mUgksaus izseo'k ;g ekuk fd vxj eSa ekal

ugha [kkÅ¡xk] rks detksj gks tkÅ¡xkA ;gh ugha] cfYd eSa csodwQ cuk jgw¡xk( D;ksafd vaxzstksa ds lekt esa

?kqyfey gh u ldw¡xkA os tkurs Fks fd eSa vUukgkj fo"k;d iqLrdsa i<+rk jgrk gw¡A mUgsa Mj yxk fd bu

iqLrdksa ds i<+us ls eSa Hkzfer fpÙk cu tkÅ¡xk] iz;ksxksa esa esjk thou O;FkZ pyk tk;sxk] eq>s tks djuk gS

mls Hkwy tkÅ¡xk vkSj iksFkh iafMr* cu cSBw¡xkA bl fopkj ls mUgksaus eq>s lq/kkjus dk ,d vkf[kjh iz;Ru

fd;kA mUgksaus eq>s ukVd fn[kkus ds fy, U;ksrkA ogk¡ tkus ls igys eq>s muds lkFk gkWcuZ Hkkstux`g esa

Hkkstu djuk FkkA esjh n`f"V esa ;g x`g ,d egy FkkA foDVksfj;k gksVy NksM+us ds ckn ,sls x`g esa tkus dk

esjk ;g igyk vuqHko FkkA foDVksfj;k gksVy dk vuqHko rks fudEek Fkk( D;ksafd ekuuk gksxk fd ogk¡ eSa

csgks'kh dh gkyr esa FkkA lSadM+ksa ds chp ge nks fe= ,d est ds lkeus cSBsA fe= us igyh IysV* eaxkbZA

og lwi* dh FkhA eSa ijs'kku gqvkA fe= ls D;k iwNrk\eSaus rks ijkslus okys dks vius ikl cqyk;kA

fe= le> x;sA fp<+dj eq>ls iwNk %

^^D;k gS\**

eSaus /khjs ls ladkspiwoZd dgk %

^^eSa tkuuk pkgrk gw¡ fd blesa ekal gS ;k ugha\**

^^,sls x`g esa ;g taxyhiu ugha py ldrkA vxj rqEgsa vc Hkh ;gh fdp fdp djuh gks] rks rqe

ckgj tkdj fdlh NksVs ls Hkkstux`g esa [kk yks vkSj ckgj gh esjh jkg ns[kksA**

eSa bl izLrko ls [kq'k gksdj mBk vkSj nwljs Hkkstuky; dh [kkst esa fudykA ikl gh ,d vUukgkj

okyk Hkkstux`g FkkA ij og rks cUn gks pqdk FkkA eq>s le> u iM+k fd vc D;k djuk pkfg,A eSa Hkw[kk

jgkA ge ukVd ns[kus x;sA fe= us mDr ?kVuk ds ckjs esa ,d Hkh 'kCn eq¡g ls u fudkykA esjs ikl rks

dgus dks Fkk gh D;k\

ysfdu ;g gekjs chp dk vfUre fe= ;q) FkkA u gekjk lEcU/k VwVk] u mlesa dVqrk vkbZA muds

lkjs iz;Ruksa ds ewy esa jgs gq, izse dks eSa igpku ldk FkkA bl dkj.k fopkj vkSj vkpkj dh fHkUurk ds

jgrs gq, Hkh muds izfr esjk vknj c<+ x;kA

ij eSaus lkspk fd eq>s mudk Mj nwj djuk pkfg,A eSaus fu'p; fd;k fd eSa taxyh ugha jgw¡xkA

lH; ds y{k.k xzg.k d:axk vkSj nwljs izdkj ls lekt esa lejl gksus ;ksX; cudj vUukgkj dh viuh

fofp=rk dks fNik yw¡xkA

eSaus lH;rk* lh[kus ds fy, viuh lkeF;Z ls ijs dk vkSj fNNyk jkLrk idM+kA

foyk;rh gksus ij Hkh cEcbZ ds dVs flys diM+s vPNs vaxzst lekt esa 'kksHkk u nsaxs] bl fopkj

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ls eSaus ^vkehZ vkSj usoh* LVksj esa diM+s flyok;sA mUuhl f'kfyax dh ¼ml tekus ds fygkt ls rks ;g

dher cgqr gh dgh tk;sxh½ fpeuh* Vksih flj ij iguhA brus ls larks"k u gqvk rks ckW.M LVªhV esa]

tgk¡ 'kkSdhu yksxksa ds diM+s flyrs Fks] nl ikS.M ij cÙkh j[kdj 'kke dh iks'kkd flyokbZA Hkksys vkSj

ckn'kkgh fnyokys cM+s Hkkb;ksa ls nksuksa tscksa esa yVdkus yk;d lksus dh ,d cf<+;k psu e¡xok;h vkSj og

fey Hkh x;hA ca/kh ca/kkbZ VkbZ iguuk f'k"Vkpkj esa 'kqekj u Fkk] blfy, VkbZ ck¡/kus dh dyk gLrxr

dhA ns'k esa vkbZuk gtker ds fnu gh ns[kus dks feyrk Fkk] ij ;gk¡ rks cM+s vkbZus ds lkeus [kM+s jgdj

Bhd ls VkbZ ck¡/kus esa vkSj ckyksa esa iV~Vh Mkydj lh/kh ek¡x fudkyus esa jkst yxHkx nl feuV rks

cjckn gksrs gh FksA cky eqyk;e ugha Fks] blfy, mUgsa vPNh rjg eqM+s gq, j[kus ds fy, cz'k ¼>kMw gh

lef>;s!½ ds lkFk jkst yM+kbZ pyrh FkhA vkSj] Vksih igurs rFkk fudkyrs le; gkFk rks ekuks ek¡x dks

lgstus ds fy, flj ij igq¡p gh tkrk Fkk vkSj chp chp esa] lekt esa cSBs cSBs] ek¡x ij gkFk fQjkdj

ckyksa dks O;ofLFkr j[kus dh ,d vkSj lH; fØ;k cjkcj pyrh gh jgrh FkhA

ij bruh VheVke gh dkQh u FkhA vdsyh lH; iks'kkd ls lH; FkksM+s gh cuk tk ldrk Fkk\eSaus

lH;rk ds nwljs dbZ ckgjh xq.k Hkh tku fy;s Fks vkSj eSa mUgsa lh[kuk pkgrk FkkA lH; iq#"k dks ukpuk

tkuuk pkfg,A mls Ýsap vPNh rjg tku ysuh pkfg,( D;ksafd Ýsap baxyS.M ds iM+kslh Ýkal dh Hkk"kk Fkh

vkSj lkjs ;wjksi dh jk"VªHkk"kk Hkh FkhA vkSj eq>s ;wjksi esa ?kweus dh bPNk FkhA blds vykok] lH; iq#"k dks

yPNsnkj Hkk"k.k djuk Hkh vkuk pkfg,A eSaus u`R; lh[kus dk fu'p; fd;kA ,d d{kk esa Hkjrh gqvkA ,d

l= ds djhc rhu ikS.M tek fd,A dksbZ rhu g¶rksa esa djhc Ng lcd lh[ks gksaxsA iSj Bhd ls rkyc)

iM+rs u FksA fi;kuks ctrk Fkk] ij og D;k dg jgk gS] dqN le> esa u vkrk FkkA ,d] nks] rhu* pyrk]

ij mlds chp dk vUrj rks og cktk gh crkrk Fkk] tks esjs fy, vxE; FkkA rks vc D;k fd;k tk,\vc

rks ckckth dh fcYyh okyk fdLlk gqvkA pwgksa dks Hkxkus ds fy, fcYyh] fcYyh ds fy, xk;] ;ksa ckckth

dk ifjokj c<+k( mlh rjg esjs yksHk dk ifjokj Hkh c<+kA ok;ksfyu ctkuk lh[k ywa] rks lqj vkSj rky dk

[k;ky gks tk,A rhu ikS.M ok;fyu [kjhnus esa x¡ok;s vkSj dqN mldh f'k{kk ds fy, Hkh fn,! Hkk"k.k

djuk lh[kus ds fy, ,d rhljs f'k{kd dk ?kj [kkstkA mUgsa Hkh ,d fxUuh rks HksaV dh ghA csy dh

^LVS.MMZ ,yksD;q'kfuLV* iqLrd [kjhnhA fiV dk ,d Hkk"k.k 'kq: fd;kA

bu csy lkgc us esjs dku esa ?kaVh ¼csy½ ctk;hA eSa tkxkA

eq>s dkSu baXyS.M esa thou fcrkuk gS\yPNsnkj Hkk"k.k djuk lh[kdj eSa D;k d:axk\ ukp

ukpdj eSa lH; dSls cuwaxk\ok;fyu rks ns'k esa Hkh lh[kk tk ldrk gSA eSa rks fo|kFkhZ gw¡A eq>s fo|k /ku

c<+kuk pkfg,A eq>s vius is'ks ls lEcU/k j[kus okyh rS;kjh djuh pkfg,A eSa vius lnkpkj ls lH;

le>k tkš rks Bhd gS] ugha rks eq>s ;g yksHk NksM+uk pkfg,A

bu fopkjksa dh /kqu esa eSaus mi;qZDr vk'k; ds mn~xkjksa okyk i= Hkk"k.k f'k{kd dks Hkst fn;kA muls

eSaus nks ;k rhu gh ikB i<+s FksA u`R; f'kf{kdk dks Hkh ,slk gh i= fy[kkA ok;fyu f'kf{kdk ds ?kj ok;fyu

ysdj igq¡pkA mUgsa ftl nke esa Hkh og fcds] csp Mkyus dh btktr ns nhA muds lkFk dqN fe=rk dk

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lk lEcU/k gks x;k FkkA bl dkj.k eSaus muls vius eksg dh ppkZ dhA ukp vkfn ds tatky esa ls fudy

tkus dh esjh ckr mUgksaus ilUn dhA

lH; cuus dh esjh ;g lud yxHkx rhu eghus pyh gksxhA iks'kkd dh VheVke rks cjlksa pyh

ij vc eSa fo|kFkhZ cukA

vc ,f'k;kbZ vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vksj ykSVsaA

,f'k;kbZ vf/kdkfj;ksa dk cM+s ls cM+k Fkkuk tksgkfuLcxZ esa FkkA eSa ;g ns[k jgk Fkk fd ml Fkkus esa

fgUnqLrkuh] phuh vkfn dk j{k.k ugha] cfYd Hk{k.k gksrk FkkA esjs ikl jkst f'kdk;rsa vkrha] ^^gdnkj

nkf[ky ugha gks ldrs vkSj fcuk gd okys lkS lkS ikSaM nsdj pys vk jgs gSaA bldk bykt vki ugha djsaxs

rks vkSj dkSu djsxk\** esjh Hkh ;gh Hkkouk FkhA ;fn ;g lM+ka/k nwj u gks] rks esjk VªkUloky esa cluk O;FkZ

ekuk tk,xkA

eSa çek.k tqVkus yxkA tc esjs ikl çek.kksa dk vPNk lk laxzg gks x;k] rks eSa iqfyl dfe'uj ds

ikl igq¡pkA eq>s yxk fd mlesa n;k vkSj U;k; dh o`fÙk gSA esjh ckr dks fcYdqy vulquh djus ds cnys

mlus eq>s /khjt ls lquk vkSj çek.k mifLFkr djus dk dgkA xokgksa ds c;ku mlus Lo;a gh fy,A mls

fo'okl gks x;k ij ftl rjg eSa tkurk Fkk] mlh rjg og Hkh tkurk Fkk fd nf{k.k vÝhdk esa xksjs iapksa

}kjk xksjs vijkf/k;ksa dks n.M fnykuk dfBu gSA mlus dgk] ^fQj Hkh ge ç;Ru rks djsaA ,sls vijk/kh

twjh }kjk NksM+ fn, tk,axs] bl Mj ls mUgsa u idM+okuk Hkh mfpr ugha gS] blfy, eSa rks mUgsa

idM+okÅ¡xkA vkidks eSa bruk fo'okl fnykrk gw¡ fd viuh esgur esa eSa dksbZ dlj ugha j[kw¡xkA**

eq>s rks fo'okl Fkk ghA nwljs vf/kdkfj;ksa ij Hkh lUnsg rks Fkk] ij muds fo#) esjs ikl detksj

çek.k FkkA nks ds ckjs eas dksbZ lUnsg ugha FkkA vr,o nks ds uke okjaV fudysA

esjk vkuk tkuk fNik jg gh ugha ldrk FkkA dbZ yksx ns[krs Fks fd eSa çk;% çfrfnu iqfyl

dfe'uj ds ;gk¡ tkrk gw¡A bu nks vf/kdkfj;ksa ds NksVs cM+s tklwl rks Fks ghA os esjs n¶rj ij fuxjkuh

j[krs Fks vkSj esjs vkus tkus dh [kcjsa mu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks igq¡pkrs FksA ;gk¡ eq>s ;g dguk pkfg, fd mä

vf/kdkfj;kas dk vR;kpkj bruk T;knk Fkk fd mUgsa T;knk tklwl ugha feyrs FksA ;fn fgUnqLrkfu;ksa vkSj

phfu;ksa dh eq>s enn u gksrh] rks ;s vf/kdkjh idM+s gh u tkrsA

bu nks esa ls ,d vf/kdkjh HkkxkA iqfyl dfe'uj us ckgj dk okjaV fudkydj mls okil

idM+ok;kA eqdnek pykA çek.k Hkh etcwr Fks vkSj ,d ds rks Hkkxus dk çek.k twjh ds ikl igq¡p pqdk

Fkk] fQj Hkh nksuksa NwV x;s!

eq>s cM+h fujk'kk gqbZA iqfyl dfe'uj dks Hkh nq%[k gqvkA odkyr ls eq>s v#fp gks x;hA cqf) dk

mi;ksx vijk/k dks fNikus esa gksrk ns[kdj eq>s cqf) gh vfç; yxus yxhA

nksuksa vf/kdkfj;ksa dk vijk/k bruk çfl) gks x;k Fkk fd muds NwV tkus ij Hkh ljdkj mUgsa j[k

cyoku ls fHkM+Ur

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ugha ldhA nksuksa cj[kkLr gks x;s vkSj ,f'k;kbZ foHkkx dqN lkQ gqvkA vc fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dks /khjt c¡/kk

vkSj mudh fgEer Hkh c<+hA

blls esjh çfr"Bk c<+ x;hA esjs /ka/ks esa Hkh o`f) gqbZA fgUnqLrkuh lekt ds tks lSadM+ksa ikSaM gj

eghus fj'or esa tkrs Fks] muesa cgqr dqN cpr gqbZA ;g rks ugha dgk tk ldrk fd iwjh jde cphA

csbZeku rks vc Hkh fj'or [kkrs Fks ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gSa fd tks çkekf.kd Fks] os viuh çkekf.kdrk

dh j{kk dj ldrs FksA

eSa dg ldrk gw¡ fd bu vf/kdkfj;ksa ds brus v/ke gksus ij Hkh muds fo#) O;fäxr :i ls esjs

eu esa dqN Hkh u FkkA esjs bl LoHkko dks os tkurs Fks vkSj tc mudh daxky gkyr esa eq>s enn djus dk

ekSdk feyk] rks eSaus mudh enn Hkh dh FkhA ;fn esjk fojks/k u gks rks mUgsa tksgkfuLcxZ dh

E;qfuflikWfyVh esa ukSdjh fey ldrh FkhA mudk ,d fe= eq>s feyk vkSj eSaus mUgsa ukSdjh fnykus esa

enn djuk eatwj dj fy;k] mUgsa ukSdjh fey Hkh x;hA

esjs bl dk;Z dk ;g çHkko iM+k fd eSa ftu xksjksa ds lEidZ esa vk;k] os esjh rjQ ls fuHkZ; jgus

yxs vkSj ;|fi muds foHkkxksa ds fo#) eq>s yM+uk iM+rk Fkk] rh[ks 'kCn dgus iM+rs Fks] fQj Hkh os esjs

lkFk e/kqj laca/k j[krs FksA bl çdkj dk crkZo esjk ,d LoHkko gh Fkk] bls eSa ml le; Bhd ls tkurk

u FkkA ;g rks eSa ckn esa le>us yxk fd ,sls crkZo esa lR;kxzg dh tM+ ekStwn gSa vkSj ;g vfgalk dk

,d fo'ks"k vax gSA

euq"; vkSj mldk dke ;s nks fHkUu oLrq,¡ gSaA vPNs dke ds çfr vknj vkSj cqjs ds çfr frjLdkj

gksuk gh pkfg,A Hkys cqjs dke djus okyksa ds çfr lnk vknj vFkok n;k jguh pkfg,A ;g pht le>us

esa ljy gS] ij blds vuqlkj vkpj.k de ls de gksrk gSA blh dkj.k bl lalkj esa fo"k QSyrk jgrk

gSA

lR; ds 'kks/k ds ewy esa ,slh vfgalk gSaA eSa çfr{k.k ;g vuqHko djrk gw¡ fd tc rd ;g vfgalk

gkFk esa ugha vkrh] rc rd lR; fey gh ugha ldrkA O;oLFkk ;k i)fr ds fo#) >xM+uk 'kksHkk nsrk gS]

ij O;oLFkkid ds fo#) >xM+k djuk rks vius fo#) >xM+us ds leku gS] D;ksafd ge lc ,d gh dwaph

ls jps x;s gSa] ,d gh czãk dh larku gSaA O;oLFkkid esa vuUr 'kfä;k¡ fufgr gSaA O;oLFkkid dk

vuknj ;k frjLdkj djus ls mu 'kfä;ksa dk vuknj gksrk gS vkSj oSlk gksus ij O;oLFkkid dks vkSj

lalkj dks gkfu igq¡prh gSA

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds 'kjhj vkSj eu dks f'kf{kr djus dh vis{kk vkRek dks f'kf{kr djus esa eq>s cgqr

ifjJe djuk iM+kA vkRek ds fodkl ds fy, eSaus /keZxzaFkksa ij de vk/kkj j[kk FkkA eSa ekurk Fkk fd

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vius vius /keZ ds ewy rÙo tkuus pkfg,] vius vius /keZxzaFkksa dk lk/kkj.k Kku gksuk

pkfg,A blfy, eSaus ;Fkk'kfDr bl ckr dh O;oLFkk dh Fkh fd mUgsa ;g Kku fey lds( fdUrq mls eSa

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vkfRed f'k{kk

(17)

cqf) dh f'k{kk dk vax ekurk gw¡A vkRek dh f'k{kk ,d fcydqy fHkUu foHkkx gSA bls eSa VkWYLVkW; vkJe

ds ckydksa dks fl[kkus yxk mlds igys gh tku pqdk FkkA vkRek dk fodkl djus dk vFkZ gS pfj= dk

fuekZ.k djuk] bZ'oj dk Kku ikuk] vkReKku izkIr djukA bl Kku dks izkIr djus esa ckydksa dks cgqr

T;knk enn dh t:jr gksrh gS vkSj blds fcuk nwljk Kku O;FkZ gS] gkfudkjd Hkh gks ldrk gS] ,slk

esjk fo'okl FkkA

eSaus lquk gS fd yksxksa esa ;g Hkze QSyk gqvk gS fd vkReKku pkSFks vkJe esa izkIr gksrk gS( ysfdu tks

yksx bl vewY; oLrq dks pkSFks vkJe rd eqyroh j[krs gSa] os vkReKku izkIr ugha djrs] cfYd cq<+kik

vkSj n;ktud cpiu ikdj i`Foh ij Hkkj:i cudj thrs gSaA bl izdkj dk lkoZf=d vuqHko ik;k

tkrk gSA laHko gS fd lu~ 1911 12 esa bu fopkjksa dks bl Hkk"kk esa u j[krk] ij eq>s ;g vPNh rjg ;kn

gS fd ml le; esjs fopkj blh izdkj ds FksA

vkfRed f'k{kk fdl izdkj nh tk;\eSa ckydksa ls Hktu xokrk] mUgsa uhfr dh iqLrdsa i<+dj

lqukrk] fdUrq blls eq>s larks"k u gksrk FkkA tSls tSls eSa muds laidZ esa vkrk x;k] eSaus ;g vuqHko fd;k

fd ;g Kku iqLrdksa }kjk rks fn;k gh ugha tk ldrkA 'kjhj dh f'k{kk ftl izdkj 'kkjhfjd dljr }kjk

nh tkrh gS vkSj cqf) dh ckSf)d dljr }kjk] mlh izdkj vkRek dh f'k{kk vkfRed dljr }kjk gh nh

tk ldrh gSA vkRek dh dljr f'k{kd ds vkpj.k }kjk gh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA vr,o ;qod gkftj

gksa pkgs u gksa] f'k{kd dks lko/kku jguk pkfg,A yadk esa cSBk gqvk f'k{kd Hkh vius vkpj.k }kjk vius

f'k";ksa dh vkRek dks fgyk ldrk gSA eSa Lo;a >wB cksyw¡ vkSj vius f'k";ksa dks lPpk cukus dk iz;Ru d:¡]

rks og O;FkZ gh gksxkA Mjiksd f'k{kd f'k";ksa dks ohjrk ugha fl[kk ldrkA eSaus ns[kk fd eq>s vius ikl

jgus okys ;qodksa vkSj ;qofr;ksa ds lEeq[k inkFkZikB lk cudj jguk pkfg,A bl dkj.k esjs f'k"; esjs

f'k{kd cusaA eSa ;g le>k fd eq>s vius fy, ugha] cfYd muds fy, vPNk cuuk vkSj jguk pkfg,A

vr,o dgk tk ldrk gS fd VkWYLVkW; vkJe dk esjk vf/kdrj la;e bu ;qodksa vkSj ;qofr;ksa dh

cnkSyr FkkA

vkJe esa ,d ;qod cgqr Å/ke epkrk Fkk] >wB cksyrk Fkk] fdlh ls ncrk ugha Fkk vkSj nwljksa ds

lkFk yM+rk >xM+rk jgrk FkkA ,d fnu mlus cgqr gh Å/ke epk;kA eSa ?kcjk mBkA eSa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks

dHkh ltk u nsrk FkkA bl ckj eq>s cgqr Øks/k gks vk;kA eSa mlds ikl igq¡pkA le>kus ij og fdlh

izdkj le>rk gh u FkkA mlus eq>s /kks[kk nsus dk Hkh iz;Ru fd;kA eSaus vius ikl iM+k gqvk :y mBkdj

mldh ck¡g ij ns ekjkA ekjrs le; eSa dk¡i jgk FkkA bls mlus ns[k fy;k gksxkA esjh vksj ls ,slk vuqHko

fdlh fo|kFkhZ dks blls igys ugha gqvk FkkA fo|kFkhZ jks iM+kA mlus eq>ls ekQh ek¡xhA mls MaMk yxk

vkSj pksV igq¡ph] blls og jks;k u FkkA vxj og esjk eqdkcyk djuk pkgrk] rks eq>ls fucV ldus dh

'kfDr mlesa FkhA mldh mej dksbZ lrjg lky dh jgh gksxhA mldk 'kjhj lqxfBr FkkA ij esjs :y esa

mls esjs nq%[k dk n'kZu gks x;kA bl ?kVuk ds ckn mlus fQj dHkh esjk lkeuk ugha fd;kA ysfdu mls

:y ekjus dk iNrkok esjs fny esa vkt rd cuk gqvk gSA eq>s Hk; gS fd mls ekjdj eSaus viuh vkRek

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(18)

dk ugha] cfYd viuh i'kqrk dk gh n'kZu djk;k FkkA

ckydksa dks ekjihV dj i<+kus dk eSa ges'kk fojks/kh jgk gw¡A eq>s ,slh ,d gh ?kVuk ;kn gS fd tc

eSaus vius yM+dksa esa ls ,d dks ihVk FkkA :y ls ihVus esa eSaus mfpr dk;Z fd;k ;k ugha] bldk fu.kZ; eSa

vkt rd dj ugha ldk gw¡A bl n.M ds vkSfpR; ds fo"k; esa eq>s 'kadk gS] D;ksafd mlesa Øks/k Hkjk Fkk vkSj

n.M nsus dh Hkkouk FkhA ;fn mlesa dsoy esjs nq%[k dk gh izn'kZu gksrk] rks eSa ml n.M dks mfpr

le>rk ij mlesa fo|eku Hkkouk feJ FkhA bl ?kVuk ds ckn rks eSa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lq/kkjus dh vf/kd

vPNh jhfr lh[kkA ;fn bl dyk dk mi;ksx eSaus mDr volj ij fd;k gksrk] rks mldk dSlk ifj.kke

gksrk] ;g eSa dg ugha ldrkA og ;qod rks bl ?kVuk dks rqjUr Hkwy x;kA eSa ;g ugha dg ldrk fd

mlesa cgqr lq/kkj gks x;k] ij ml ?kVuk us eq>s bl ckr ds fy, vf/kd lkspus dks foo'k fd;k fd

fo|kFkhZ ds izfr f'k{kd dk D;k /keZ gSA mlds ckn ;qodksa }kjk ,sls gh nks"k gq,] ysfdu eSaus fQj dHkh

n.Muhfr dk mi;ksx ugha fd;kA bl izdkj vkfRed Kku nsus ds iz;Ru esa eSa Lo;a vkRek ds xq.k dks

vf/kd le>us yxkA

jktdksV ls eSa 'kkafr fudsru x;kA ogk¡ 'kkafr fudsru ds v/;kidksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa us eq> ij

viuk izse cjlk;kA Lokxr dh fof/k esa lknxh] dyk vkSj izse dk lqUnj feJ.k FkkA ogk¡ eSa dkdklkgc

dkysydj ls igys igy feykA

dkysydj dkdklkgc* D;ksa dgykrs Fks] ;g eSa ml le; ugha tkurk Fkk( ysfdu ckn esa ekywe

gqvk fd ds'kojko ns'kikaMs] tks foyk;r esa esjs ledkyhu Fks] vkSj ftuds lkFk foyk;r esa esjk vPNk

ifjp; gks x;k Fkk] cM+kSnk jkT; esa xaxukFk fo|ky;* pyk jgs gSaA mudh vusd Hkkoukvksa esa ls ,d ;g

Hkh Fkh fd fo|ky; esa ikfjokfjd Hkkouk gksuh pkfg,A bl fopkj ls ogk¡ lc v/;kidksa ds uke j[ks x;s

FksA muesa dkysydj dks dkdk* uke feykA QM+ds ekek* cusA gfjgj 'kekZ v..kk* dgyk;sA nwljksa ds

Hkh ;Fkk;ksX; uke j[ks x;sA dkdk ds lkFkh ds :i esa vkuUnkuUn ¼Lokeh½ vkSj ekek ds fe= ds ukrs

iVo/kZu ¼vkIik½ vkxs pydj bl dqVqEc esa lfEefyr gq,A bl dqVqEc ds mi;qZDr ik¡pksa lnL; ,d ds

ckn ,d esjs lkFkh cusA ns'kikaMs lkgc* ds uke ls iqdkjs tkus yxsA lkgc dk fo|ky; cUn gksus ij og

dqVqEc fc[kj x;k ij bu yksxksa us viuk vk/;kfRed lEcU/k u NksM+kA dkdklkgc fHkUu fHkUu vuqHko

izkIr djus esa yx x,A blh flyflys esa os bl le; 'kkafr fudsru esa jgrs FksA blh eaMy ds ,d vkSj

lnL; fparkef.k 'kkL=h Hkh ogk¡ jgrs FksA ;s nksuksa laLÑr fl[kkus esa fgLlk ysrs FksA

'kkafr fudsru esa esjs e.My dks vyx ls Bgjk;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ exuyky xka/kh ml eaMy dks

laHkky jgs Fks vkSj QhfuDl vkJe ds lc fu;eksa dk ikyu lw{erk ls djrs djkrs FksA eSaus ns[kk fd

mUgksaus vius izse] Kku vkSj m|ksx ds dkj.k 'kkafr fudsru esa viuh lqxU/k QSyk nh FkhA ,s.Mªt rks ;gk¡

Fks ghA fi;lZu FksA txnkuUnckcw] usikyckcw] larks"k ckcw] f{kfreksguckcw] uxsuckcw] 'kjnckcw vkSj

'kkafr fudsru

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dkyhckcw ds lkFk gekjk [kklk lEidZ jgkA

vius LoHkko ds vuqlkj eSa fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa esa ?kqyfey x;k] vkSj LoifjJe ds fo"k; esa

ppkZ djus yxkA eSaus ogk¡ ds f'k{kdksa ds lkeus ;g ckr j[kh fd oSrfud jlksb;ksa ds cnys f'k{kd vkSj

fo|kFkhZ viuh jlksbZ Lo;a cuk ysa rks vPNk gksA ,slk djus ls vkjksX; vkSj uhfr dh n`f"V ls jlksbZ?kj ij

f'k{kd lekt dk izHkqRo LFkkfir gksxk vkSj fo|kFkhZ Lokoyacu rFkk Lo;aikd dk inkFkZ ikB lh[ksaxsA

,d nks f'k{kdksa us flj fgyk;kA dqN yksxksa dks ;g iz;ksx cgqr vPNk yxkA ubZ pht] fQj ;g dSlh Hkh

D;ksa u gks] ckydksa dks rks vPNh yxrh gh gSA bl U;k; ls ;g pht Hkh mUgsa vPNh yxh vkSj iz;ksx 'kq#

gqvkA tc dfoJh ds lkeus ;g pht j[kh x;h] rks mUgksaus viuh ;g lEefr nh fd ;fn f'k{kd vuqdwy

gksa] rks Lo;a mUgsa ;g iz;ksx vo'; ilan gksxkA mUgksaus fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls dgk blesa LojkT; dh pkch ekStwn

gSA*

fi;lZu us iz;ksx dks lQy cukus esa vius vkidks [kik fn;kA mUgsa ;g cgqr vPNk yxkA ,d

e.Myh lkx dkVus okyksa dh cuh] nwljh vukt lkQ djus okyksa dhA jlksbZ ?kj ds vkl ikl 'kkL=h;

<ax ls lQkbZ j[kus ds dke esa uxsuckcw vkfn tqV x,A mu yksxksa dks dqnkyh ls dke djrs ns[kdj esjk

ân; ukp mBkA

ysfdu esgur ds bl dke dks lok lkS fo|kFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd Hkh ,dk,d ugha viuk ldrs FksA

vr,o jkst ppkZ,¡ pyrhaA dqN yksx Fkd tkrsA ijUrq fi;lZu D;ksa Fkdus yxs\os g¡lrs psgjs ls jlksbZ

?kj ds fdlh u fdlh dke esa tqVs gh jgrsA cM+s cM+s cjru ek¡tuk mUgha dk dke FkkA cjru ek¡tus

okyh VqdM+h dh Fkdku mrkjus ds fy, dqN fo|kFkhZ ogk¡ flrkj ctkrs FksA fo|kfFkZ;ksa us izR;sd dke dks

i;kZIr mRlkg ls viuk fy;k vkSj lewpk 'kkafr fudsru e/kqefD[k;ksa dh NÙks dh Hkk¡fr xw¡tus yxkA

bl izdkj ds Qsj Qkj tc ,d ckj 'kq: gks tkrs gSa] rks fQj os #d ugha ikrsA QhfuDl dk

jlksbZ?kj LokoyEch cu x;k Fkk] ;gh ugha] cfYd mlesa jlksbZ Hkh cgqr lknh curh FkhA elkyksa dk R;kx

fd;k x;k FkkA vr,o Hkkr] nky] lkx rFkk xsgw¡ ds inkFkZ Hkh Hkki ds }kjk idk fy, tkrs FksA caxkyh

[kqjkd esa lq/kkj djus ds fopkj ls ml izdkj dk ,d jlksbZ?kj 'kq: fd;k FkkA mlesa ,d nks v/;kid

vkSj dqN fo|kFkhZ lfEefyr gq, FksA ,sls gh iz;ksxksa esa ls loZlk/kkj.k jlksbZ?kj dks LokoyEch cukus dk

iz;ksx 'kq# fd;k tk ldk FkkA

ij vkf[kj dqN dkj.kksa ls ;g iz;ksx cUn gks x;kA esjk fo'okl ;g gS fd bl txn~ fo[;kr

laLFkk us FkksM+s le; ds fy, Hkh bl iz;ksx dks viukdj dqN [kks;k ugha] vkSj mlls izkIr vusd vuqHko

mlds fy, mi;ksxh fl) gq, FksA

esjk fopkj 'kkafrfudsru esa dqN le; jgus dk Fkk( fdUrq fo/kkrk eq>s tcjnLrh ?klhVdj ys

x;kA eSa eqf'dy ls ogk¡ ,d g¶rk jgk gksÅ¡xk fd brus esa iwuk ls xks[kys ds volku dk rkj feykA

'kkafr fudsru 'kksd esa Mwc x;kA lc esjs ikl laosnuk ds fy, vk;sA efUnj esa fo'ks"k lHkk dh x;hA ;g

xaHkhj n`'; viwoZ FkkA eSa mlh fnu iwuk ds fy, jokuk gqvkA iRuh vkSj exu yky xka/kh dks vius lkFk

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(20)

fy;k] ckdh lc 'kkafr fudsru esa jgsA

cnZoku rd ,s.Mªwt esjs lkFk vk;s FksA mUgksaus eq>ls iwNk] ^^D;k vkidks ,slk yxrk gS fd

fgUnqLrku esa vkids fy, lR;kxzg djus dk volj vk,xk\vkSj vxj ,slk gks] rks dc vk,xk] bldh

dksbZ dYiuk vkidks gS\**

eSaus tokc fn;k] ^bldk mÙkj nsuk dfBu gSA vHkh ,d o"kZ rd rks eq>s dqN djuk gh ugha gSA

xks[kys us eq>ls izfrKk djok;h gS fd eq>s ,d o"kZ rd ns'k esa Hkze.k djuk gS] fdlh lkoZtfud iz'u ij

viuk fopkj u rks cukuk gS] u izdV djuk gSA eSa bl izfrKk dk v{kj'k% ikyu d:axkA ckn esa Hkh eq>s

fdlh iz'u ij dqN dgus dh t:jr gksxh rHkh eSa dgw¡xkA blfy, eSa ugha le>rk fd ik¡p o"kZ rd

lR;kxzg djus dk dksbZ volj vk,xkA**

;gk¡ ;g dguk vizLrqr u gksxk fd fgUn LojkT;* esa eSaus tks fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSa] xks[kys mudk

etkd mM+krs Fks vkSj dgrs Fks] ^vki ,d o"kZ fgUnqLrku esa jgdj ns[ksaxs] rks vkids fopkj vius vki

fBdkus vk tk,¡xsA**

eq>s ;kn ugha iM+rk fd lu~ 1908 rd eSaus pj[kk ;k dj?kk dgha ns[kk gksA fQj Hkh eSaus fgUn

LojkT;* esa ;g ekuk Fkk fd pj[ks ds tfj;s fgUnqLrku dh daxkfy;r feV ldrh gS vkSj ;g rks lc ds

le> ldus tSlh ckr gS fd ftl jkLrs Hkq[kejh feVsxh] mlh jkLrs LojkT; feysxkA lu~ 1915 esa eSa

nf{k.k vÝhdk ls fgUnqLrku okil vk;k] rc Hkh eSaus pj[ks ds n'kZu ugha fd;s FksA vkJe ds [kqyrs gh

mlesa dj?kk 'kq: fd;k FkkA dj?kk 'kq: djus esa Hkh eq>s cM+h eqf'dy dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ge lc

vutku Fks] vr,o dj?ks ds fey tkus Hkj ls dj?kk py ugha ldrk FkkA vkJe esa ge lc dye pykus

okys ;k O;kikj djuk tkuus okys yksx bdV~Bk gq, Fks( ge esa dksbZ dkjhxj ugha FkkA blfy, dj?kk çkIr

djus ds ckn cquuk fl[kkus okys dh vko';drk iM+hA dkfB;kokM+ vkSj ikyuiqj ls dj?kk feyk vkSj

,d fl[kkus okyk vk;kA mlus viuk iwjk gquj ugha crk;k ij exuyky xka/kh 'kq# fd;s gq, dke dks

tYnh NksM+us okys u FksA muds gkFk esa dkjhxjh rks Fkh gh] blfy, mUgksaus cquus dh dyk iwjh rjg le>

yh vkSj fQj vkJe esa ,d ds ckn ,d u;s u;s cquus okys rS;kj gq,A

gesa rks vc vius diM+s rS;kj djds iguus Fks] blfy, vkJeokfl;ksa us fey ds diM+s iguuk

cUn fd;k vkSj ;g fu'p; fd;k fd os gkFk dj?ks ij ns'kh fey ds lwr dk cquk gqvk diM+k igusaxsA

,slk djus ls gesa cgqr dqN lh[kus dks feykA fgUnqLrku ds cqudjksa ds thou dh] mudh vkenuh dh]

lwr çkIr djus esa gksus okyh mudh dfBukbZ dh] bleas os fdl çdkj Bxs tkrs Fks vkSj vkf[kj fdl

çdkj fnu fnu dtZnkj gksrs tkrs Fks] bl lcdh tkudkjh gesa feyhA ge Lo;a viuk lc diM+k rqjUr

cqu ldsa] ,slh fLFkfr rks Fkh gh ughaA bl dkj.k ls ckgj ds cqudjksa ls gesa viuh vko';drk dk diM+k

cquokuk iM+rk FkkA ns'kh fey ds lwr dk gkFk ls cquk diM+k >V feyrk ugha FkkA cqudj lkjk vPNk

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[kknh dk tUe

(21)

diM+k foyk;rh lwr dk gh cqurs Fks] D;ksafd gekjh feysa eghu lwr dkrrh u FkhA vkt Hkh os eghu lwr

vis{kk—r de gh dkrrh gSa( cgqr eghu rks dkr gh ugha ldrhaA cM+s ç;Ru ds ckn dqN cqudj gkFk

yxs] ftUgksaus ns'kh lwr dk diM+k cqu nsus dh esgjckuh dhA bu cqudjksa dks vkJe dh rjQ ls ;g

xkjaVh nsuh iM+h Fkh fd ns'kh lwr dk cquk gqvk diM+k [kjhn fy;k tk,xkA bl çdkj fo'ks"k :i ls rS;kj

djk;k gqvk diM+k cquokdj geus iguk vkSj fe=ksa esa mldk çpkj fd;kA ;ksa ge dkrus okyh feyksa ds

voSrfud ,tsaV cusA feyksa ds lEidZ esa vkus ij mudh O;oLFkk dh vkSj mudh ykpkjh dh tkudkjh

gesa feyhA geus ns[kk fd feyksa dk /;s; [kqn dkrdj [kqn gh cquuk Fkk] os gkFk dj?kksa dh lgk;rk

LosPNk ls ugha] cfYd vfuPNk ls djrh FkhaA

;g lc ns[kdj ge gkFk ls dkrus ds fy, v/khj gks mBsA geus ns[kk fd tc rd gkFk ls dkrsaxs

ugha] rc rd gekjh ijk/khurk cuh jgsxhA feyksa ds ,tsaV cudj ge ns'klsok djrs gSa] ,slk gesa çrhr u

gqvkA

ysfdu u rks dgha pj[kk feyrk Fkk vkSj u dgha pj[ks dk pykus okyk feyrk FkkA dqdfM+;k¡

vkfn Hkjus ds pj[ks rks gekjs ikl Fks] ij mu ij dkrk tk ldrk gS bldk rks gesa [k;ky gh ugha FkkA

,d ckj dkfynkl odhy ,d cgu dks [kkstdj yk,A mUgksaus dgk fd ;g cgu lwr dkrdj

fn[kk,xhA mlds ikl ,d vkJeoklh dks Hkstk] tks u;s dke lh[k ysus esa cM+s gksf’k;kj Fks] ij gquj

muds gkFk u yxkA

fnu rks chrs tk jgs FksA eSa v/khj gks mBk FkkA vkJe esa vkus okys gj ,sls vkneh ls] tks bl fo"k;

esa dqN crk ldrk gks] eSa iwNrkN fd;k djrk FkkA ij dkrus dk btkjk rks L=h dk gh FkkA vr,o vksus

dksus esa iM+h gqbZ dkruk tkuus okyh L=h rks fdlh L=h dks gh fey ldrh FkhA

lu~ 1917 esa esjs xqtjkrh fe= eq>s HkM+kSap f'k{kk ifj"kn~ esa ?klhV ys x;s FksA ogk¡ egklkglh

fo/kok cgu xaxkckbZ eq>s feyhaA os i<+h fy[kh vf/kd ugha Fkha] ij muesa fgEer vkSj le>nkjh

lk/kkj.kr;k ftruh f'kf{kr cguksa esa gksrh gS] mlls vf/kd FkhA mUgksaus vius thou esa vLi`';rk dh

tM+ dkV Mkyh Fkh] os cs/kM+d nfyrksa ls feyrh vkSj mudh lsok djrh FkhaA muds ikl iSlk Fkk] ij

mudh viuh vko';drk,¡ cgqr de FkhaA mudk 'kjhj lqn`<+ Fkk vkSj pkgs tgk¡ vdsys tkus esa mUgsa tjk

Hkh f>>d ugha gksrh FkhA os ?kksM+s dh lokjh ds fy, Hkh rS;kj jgrh FkhaA bu cgu dk fo'ks"k ifjp;

xks/kjk dh ifj"kn~ esa çkIr gqvkA viuk nq%[k eSaus muds lkeus j[kk vkSj ne;arh ftl çdkj uy dh [kkst

esa HkVdrh Fkh] mlh çdkj pj[ks dh [kkst esa HkVdus dh çfrKk djds mUgksaus esjk cks> gydk dj fn;kA

k k k k

eqyroh & LFkfxr

vkjksX; & LokLF;

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'kCnkFkZ &

(22)

vkbZuk & niZ.k

mn~xkj & vius eu dh ckr

Å/ke & 'kjkjr

foyk;r & baXyS.M

volku & e`R;q

bt+kjk & Bsdk@ ,dkf/kdkj

1- ,f'k;kbZ vf/kdkfj;ksa dk lcls cM+k Fkkuk Fkk&

¼d½ twyw esa ¼[k½ phu esa

¼x½ tksgkfuLcxZ esa ¼?k½ usVky esa ¼ ½

2- 'kkfUrfudsru esa xka/kh th igyh ckj fduls feys\

¼d½ ds'kojk; ns'kik.Ms ls ¼[k½ txnkuUn ckcw ls

¼x½ exu yky xka/kh ls ¼?k½ dkdk dkysydj ls ¼ ½

1- ^vkgkj uhfr* iqLrd esa fduds fopkjksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS\

2- xka/kh th ds vuqlkj vkReKku izkfIr ds ckjs esa yksxksa us D;k Hkze QSyk j[kk gS\

3- ^fgUn LojkT;* ij xka/kh th ds fopkjksa dk et+kd mM+krs gq, xks[kys us D;k dgk\

4- 'kkfUrfudsru esa cjru ek¡tus okyh VqdM+h Fkdku mrkjus ds fy, D;k djrh Fkh\

1- csy lkgc us xka/kh th ds thou izokg dks fdl rjg izHkkfor fd;k\

2- n.M nsus ds vkSfpR; esa xka/kh th dks D;k 'kadk Fkh\

3- xks[kys us xka/kh th dks D;k izfrKk djokbZ\

4- ^QhfuDl dk jlksbZ?kj LokoyEch cu x;k FkkA* dSls\

1- xka/kh th us lH; cuus ds fy, tks iz;ksx fd,] mUgsa vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A

2- ladfyr vkRedFkka'k ds vk/kkj ij xka/kh th ds pfj= dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

3- ^[kknh dk tUe* ikBka'k dk lkj vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A

vH;kl iz'uoLrqfu"B iz'u &

vfry?kwÙkjkRed iz'u &

y?kwÙkjkRed iz'u &

fuca/kkRed iz'u&

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(23)

js[kkfp=

xkSjk- egknsoh oekZ

ys[kd-ifjp;

ikB-ifjp;

egknsoh oekZ ¼1907 bZ- 1987 bZ-½ fgUnh ds Nk;koknh dkO; vkUnksyu ds pkj izeq[k LraHkksa esa ls gSA

budh dfork esa osnuk vkSj d#.kk dh iz/kkurk gSA bUgsa ^vk/kqfud ;qx dh ehjk¡* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

egknsoh oekZ dh fparu o`fÙk lkfgR; vkSj lekt nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa izokfgr gqbZ gSA mudk O;fDrRo

ljyrk] mnkjrk] laosnu'khyrk] vkReh;rk ,oa lkfŸodrk ls vksrizksr gSA mUgksaus fgUnh laLej.k vkSj

js[kkfp= fo/kk dks vizfre Å¡pkbZ nhA egknsoh oekZ dk x| Hkko ,oa Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls vuqie gSA mudh

izeq[k jpuk,¡ bl izdkj gSa &

dfork&laxzg & ^uhgkj*] ^jf’e*] ^uhjtk*] ^lka/;xhr*] ^nhif’k[kk*] ^;kek*

vkfnA

laLej.k ,oa js[kkfp= & vrhr ds pyfp=*] Le`fr dh js[kk,¡] iFk ds lkFkh*]

esjk ifjokj*A

fuca/k&laxzg & ’k`a[kyk dh dfM+;k¡] lkfgR;dkj dh vkLFkk ,oa vU; fuca/kA

^xkSjk* js[kkfp= esa xk; ds varjax o cká lkSan;Z ds lkFk ekuoh; laosnuk dk js[kkadu gSA blesa

xk; dk ?kj esa vkxeu] Lokxr] ysf[kdk ds eeRo] jkspd okrkoj.k ,oa xk; ds izse dks dykRed <ax ls

izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA xkSjk xk; ds LoHkko ,oa fØ;kdykiksa ds vadu esa ysf[kdk us fp=kRed Hkk"kk] fcEc

iz/kku 'kSyh vkSj izrhdkRed f’kYi dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA vafre okD; vkg] esjk xksikyd ns’k*! laiw.kZ

js[kkfp= dk og ekfeZd dFku gS] ftlesa ysf[kdk dh eerk meM+ iM+rh gS rks ekuoh; laosnuk Hkh rM+i

mBrh gSA

k k k k

xkSjk esjh cfgu ds ?kj iyh gqbZ xk; dh o;%lfU/k rd igq¡ph gqbZ cfN;k FkhA mls brus Lusg vkSj

nqykj ls ikyk x;k Fkk fd og vU; xksoRlkvksa ls dqN fof'k"V gks xbZ FkhA

cfgu us ,d fnu dgk] rqe brus i'kq i{kh ikyk djrh gks ,d xk; D;ksa ugha iky ysrh] ftldk

dqN mi;ksx gksA okLro esa esjh NksVh cfgu ';kek viuh ykSfdd cqf) esa eq>ls cgqr cM+h gSa vkSj cpiu

ls mudh deZfu"Bk rFkk O;ogkj dq'kyrk dh cgqr iz'kalk gksrh jgh gS] fo'ks"kr% esjh rqyuk esaA

;fn os vkRefo'okl ds lkFk dqN dgrh gSa rks mudk fopkj laØked jksx ds leku lquus okys

dks rRdky izHkkfor djrk gSA vk'p;Z ugha] ;fn ml fnu muds mi;ksfxrkokn lEcU/kh Hkk"k.k us eq>s

bruk vf/kd izHkkfor fd;k fd rRdky ml lq>ko dk dk;kZUo;u vko';d gks x;kA

oSls [kk| dh fdlh Hkh leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, i'kq i{kh ikyuk eq>s dHkh ugha #pkA cdjh]

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dqDdqV] eNyh vkfn ikyus ds ewy mn~ns'; dk /;ku vkrs gh esjk eu fonzksg djus yxrk gSA

ij ml fnu eSaus /;kuiwoZd xkSjk dks ns[kkA iq"V yphys iSj] Hkjs iqV~Bs] fpduh Hkjh gqbZ ihB] yEch

lqMkSy xnZu] fudyrs gq, NksVs NksVs lhax] Hkhrj dh ykfyek dh >yd nsrs gq, dey dh nks v/k[kqyh

ia[kqfM+;ksa tSls dku] yEch vkSj vfUre Nksj ij dkys l?ku pkej dk Lej.k fnykus okyh iw¡N] lc dqN

lk¡ps esa <yk gqvk lk FkkA xk; dks ekuks bVsfy;u ekcZy ls rjk'k dj ml ij vksi nh xbZ gksA

LoLFk i'kq ds jkseksa dh lQsnh esa ,d fo'ks"k ped gksrh gSA xkSjk dh mTToyrk ns[kdj ,slk yxk

ekuks mlds jkseksa ij vHkzd dk pw.kZ ey fn;k x;k gks] ftlds dkj.k ft/kj vkyksd iM+rk Fkk] m/kj

fo'ks"k ped mRiUu gks tkrh FkhA

xkSjk dks ns[krs gh esjh ikyus ds lEcU/k esa nqfo/kk fu'p; esa cny xbZA

xk; tc esjs caxys ij igq¡ph] rc esjs ifjfprksa vkSj ifjpkjdksa esa J)k dk Tokj lk meM+ vk;kA

mls yky lQsn xqykcksa dh ekyk igukbZ xbZ] ds'kj jksyh dk cM+k lk Vhdk yxk;k x;k] ?kh dk pkSeq[kk

fn;k tykdj vkjrh mrkjh xbZ vkSj mls ngh isM+k f[kyk;k x;kA mldk ukedj.k gqvk xkSjkafxuh ;k

xkSjkA irk ugha] bl iwtk vpZuk dk ml ij D;k izHkko iM+k] ijUrq og cgqr izlUu tku iM+hA mldh

cM+h pedhyh vkSj dkyh vk¡[kksa esa tc vkjrh ds fn;s dh ykS izfrQfyr gksdj f>yfeykus yxh] rc dbZ

fn;ksa dk Hkze gksus yxkA tku iM+k] tSls jkr esa dkyh fn[kus okyh ygj ij fdlh us dbZ fn;s izokfgr

dj fn;s gksaA

xkSjk okLro esa cgqr fiz;n'kZu Fkh] fo'ks"kr% mldh dkyh fcYykSjh vk¡[kksa dk rjy lkSUn;Z rks

n`f"V dks ck¡/kdj fLFkj dj nsrk FkkA pkSM+s] mTToy ekFks vkSj yEcs rFkk lk¡ps esa <ys gq, ls eq[k ij vk¡[ksa

cQZ esa uhps ty ds dq.Mksa ds leku yxrh FkhaA muesa ,d vuks[kk fo'okl dk Hkko jgrk FkkA xk; ds

us=ksa esa fgju ds us=ksa tSlk pfdr foLe; u gksdj ,d vkReh; fo'okl gh jgrk gSA ml i'kq dks euq";

ls ;kruk gh ugha] fueZe e`R;q rd izkIr gksrh gS] ijUrq mldh vk¡[kksa ds fo'okl dk LFkku u foLe; ys

ikrk gS] u vkradA

egkRek xk¡/kh us xk; d#.kk dh dfork gS*] D;ksa dgk] ;g mldh vk¡[ksa ns[kdj gh le> esa vk

ldrk gSA

xkSjk dh vyl eUFkj xfr ls rqyuk djus ;ksX; de oLrq,¡ gSaA rhoz xfr esa lkSUn;Z gS( ijUrq og

eUFkj xfr ds lkSUn;Z dks ugha ikrkA ck.k dh rhoz xfr {k.k Hkj ds fy, n`f"V esa pdkpkSa/k mRiUu dj

ldrh gS] ijUrq eUn lehj ls Qwy dk vius o`Ur ij gkSys gkSys fgyuk n`f"V dk mRlo gSA

dqN gh fnuksa esa ;g lcls bruh fgyfey xbZ fd vU; i'kq i{kh mldh y?kqrk vkSj mldh

fo'kkyrk dk vUrj Hkwy x,A dqÙks fcYyh mlds isV ds uhps vkSj iSjksa ds chp esa [ksyus yxsA i{kh mldh

ihB vkSj ekFks ij cSBdj mlds dku rFkk vk¡[ksa [kqtykus yxsA og Hkh fLFkj [kM+h jgdj vkSj vk¡[ksa

ew¡ndj ekuks muds lEidZ lq[k dh vuqHkwfr esa [kks tkrh FkhA

ge lcdks og vkokt ls gh ugha] iSj dh vkgV ls Hkh igpkuus yxhA le; dk bruk

vf/kd cks/k mls gks x;k Fkk fd eksVj ds QkVd esa izos'k djrs gh og ck¡ ck¡ dh /ofu ls gesa iqdkjus

yxrhA pk;] uk'rk rFkk Hkkstu ds le; ls Hkh og bruh ifjfpr Fkh fd FkksM+h nsj dqN ikus dh izrh{kk

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(25)

djus ds mijkUr jaHkk jaHkkdj ?kj flj ij mBk ysrh FkhA

mldk gels lkgp;Ztfur yxko ekuoh; Lusg ds leku gh fudVrk pkgrk FkkA fudV tkus

ij og lgykus ds fy, xnZu c<+k nsrh] gkFk Qsjus ij viuk eq[k vk'oLr Hkko ls dU/ks ij j[kdj vk¡[ksa

ew¡n ysrhA tc mlls nwj tkus yxrs] rc xnZu ?kqek ?kqek dj ns[krh jgrhA vko';drk ds fy, rks

mlds ikl ,d gh /ofu Fkh] ijUrq mYykl] nq%[k] mnklhurk] vkdqyrk vkfn dh vusd Nk;k Nfo;k¡

mldh cM+h vkSj dkyh vk¡[kksa esa rSjk djrh FkhaA

,d o"kZ ds mijkUr xkSjk ,d iq"V lqUnj oRl dh ekrk cuhA oRl vius yky jax ds dkj.k xs:

dk iqrys tSlk tku iM+rk FkkA mlds ekFks ij iku ds vkdkj dk 'osr fryd vkSj pkjksa iSjksa esa [kqjksa ds

Åij lQsn oy; ,sls yxrs Fks] ekuks xs: dh cuh oRlewfrZ dks pk¡nh ds vkHkw"k.kksa ls vyaÑr dj fn;k

x;k gksA cNM+s dk uke j[kk x;k ykyef.k] ijUrq mls lc ykyw ds lEcks/ku ls iqdkjus yxsA ekrk iq=

nksuksa fudV jgus ij fgejkf'k vkSj tyrs vaxkjs dk Lej.k djkrs FksA vc gekjs ?kj esa ekuks nqX/k

egksRlo vkjEHk gqvkA xkSjk izkr% lk;a ckjg lsj ds yxHkx nw/k nsrh Fkh] vr% ykyef.k ds fy, dbZ lsj

NksM+ nsus ij Hkh bruk vf/kd 'ks"k jgrk Fkk fd vkl ikl ds cky xksiky ls ysdj dqÙks fcYyh rd lc

ij ekuks nw/kks ugkvks* dk vk'khokZn Qfyr gksus yxkA dqÙks fcfYy;ksa us rks ,d vn~Hkqr n`'; mifLFkr

dj fn;k FkkA nqX/knksgu ds le; os lc xkSjk ds lkeus ,d iafDr esa cSB tkrs vkSj egknso muds vkxs

muds [kkus ds fy, fuf'pr crZu j[k nsrkA fdlh fo'ks"k vk;kstu ij vkefU=r vfrfFk;ksa ds leku os

ije f'k"Vrk dk ifjp; nsrs gq, izrh{kk djrs jgrsA fQj uki uki dj lcds ik=ksa esa nw/k Mky fn;k

tkrk( ftls ihus ds mijkUr os ,d ckj fQj vius vius Loj esa ÑrKrk Kkiu lk djrs gq, xkSjk ds

pkjksa vksj mNyus dwnus yxrsA tc rd os lc pys u tkrs] xkSjk izlUu n`f"V ls mUgsa ns[krh jgrhA

ftl fnu muds vkus esa foyEc gksrk] og jEHkk jEHkkdj ekuks mUgsa iqdkjus yxrhA

ij vc nqX/knksgu dh leL;k dksbZ lek/kku pkgrh FkhA ukSdjksa esa ukxfjd rks nqguk tkurs gh

ugha Fks vkSj tks xk¡o ls vk;s Fks] os vuH;kl ds dkj.k ;g dk;Z bruk Hkwy pqds Fks fd ?k.Vksa yxk nsrs FksA

xkSjk ds nw/k nsus ds iwoZ tks Xokyk gekjs ;gk¡ nw/k nsrk Fkk] tc mlus bl dk;Z ds fy, viuh fu;qfä ds

fo"k; esa vkxzg fd;k] rc geus viuh leL;k dk lek/kku ik fy;kA

nks rhu ekl ds mijkUr xkSjk us nkuk pkjk [kkuk cgqr de dj fn;k vkSj og mÙkjksÙkj nqcZy

vkSj f'kfFky jgus yxh A fpfUrr gksdj eSaus i'kq fpfdRldksa dks cqykdj fn[kk;kA os dbZ fnuksa rd

vusd çdkj ds fujh{k.k] ,Dljs vkfn }kjk jksx dk funku [kkstrs jgsA vUr esa mUgksaus fu.kZ; fn;k fd

xk; dks lqbZ f[kyk nh xbZ gS] tks mlds jä lapkj ds lkFk ân; rd igq¡p xbZ gSA vc lqbZ xk; ds ân;

ds ikj gks tk;sxh] rc jä lapkj #dus ls mldh e`R;q fuf'pr gSA

eq>s d"V vkSj vk'p;Z nksuksa dh vuqHkwfr gqbZA lqbZ f[kykus dk D;k rkRi;Z gks ldrk gS\nkuk pkjk

rks ge Lo;a ns[kHkky dj nsrs gSaA ijUrq lEHko gS] mlh esa lqbZ pyh xbZ gksxh] ij MkDVj ds mÙkj ls Kkr

gqvk fd nkus pkjs ds lkFk xbZ lqbZ xk; ds eq[k esa gh fNndj jg tkrh gS A xqM+ dh cM+h Myh ds Hkhrj

j[kh lqbZ gh xys ds uhps mrj tkrh gS vkSj vUrr% jä lapkj esa feydj ân; esa igq¡p ldrh gSA

vUr esa ,d ,slk fueZe lR; mn~?kkfVr gqvk] ftldh dYiuk Hkh esjs fy, lEHko ugha FkhA çk;%

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dqN Xokys ,sls ?kjksa esa] tgk¡ muls vf/kd nw/k fy;k tkrk gS] xk; dk vkuk lg ugha ikrsA volj feyrs

gh os xqM+ esa yisVdj lqbZ mls f[kykdj mldh vle; e`R;q fuf'pr dj nsrs gSaA xk; ds ej tkus ij

mu ?kjksa esa os iqu% nw/k nsus yxrs gSaA lqbZ dh ckr Kkr gksrs gh Xokyk ,d çdkj ls vUr/kkZu gks x;k]

vr% lUnsg dk fo'okl esa cny tkuk LokHkkfod FkkA oSls mldh mifLFkfr esa Hkh fdlh dkuwuh

dk;Zokgh ds fy, vko';d çek.k tqVkuk vlEHko FkkA

rc xkSjk dk e`R;q ls la?k"kZ vkjEHk gqvk] ftldh Le`fr ek= ls vkt Hkh eu flgj mBrk gSA

M‚DVjksa us dgk] xk; dks lso dk jl fiyk;k tkos] rks lqbZ ij dSfY'k;e te tkus vkSj mlds u pqHkus

dh lEHkkouk gSA vr% fuR; dbZ dbZ lsj lsoksa dk jl fudkyk tkrk vkSj uyh ls xkSjk dks fiyk;k

tkrkA 'kfä ds fy, b tsD'ku ij b tsD'ku fn;s tkrsA i'kqvksa ds fy, b tsD'ku ds fy, lwts ds

leku cgqr yEch eksVh flfjat rFkk cM+h cksry Hkj nok dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% og b tsD'ku Hkh

vius vki esa 'kY;fØ;k* tSlk ;kruke; gks tkrk FkkA ij xkSjk vR;Ur 'kkfUr ls ckgj vkSj Hkhrj] nksuksa

vksj dh pqHku vkSj ihM+k lgrh FkhA dsoy dHkh dHkh mldh lqUnj ij mnkl vk¡[kksa ds dksuksa esa ikuh dh

nks cw¡nsa >ydus yxrh FkhA

vc og mB ugha ikrh] ijUrq esjs ikl igq¡prs gh mldh vk¡[kksa esa çlUurk dh Nk;k lh rSjus

yxrh FkhA ikl tkdj cSBus ij og esjs dU/ks ij viuk eq[k j[k nsrh Fkh vkSj viuh [kqjnjh thHk ls esjh

xnZu pkVus yxrh FkhA

ykyef.k cspkjs dks rks ek¡ dh O;kf/k vkSj vklUu e`R;q dk cks/k ugha FkkA mls nwljh xk; dk nw/k

fiyk;k tkrk Fkk] tks mls #prk ugha FkkA og rks viuh ek¡ dk nw/k ihuk vkSj mlls [ksyuk pkgrk Fkk]

vr% volj feyrs gh og xkSjk ds ikl igq¡pdj ;k viuk flj ekj ekj dj mls mBkuk pkgrk Fkk ;k

[ksyus ds fy, mlds pkjksa vksj mNy dwndj ifjØek gh nsrk jgrkA eSaus cgqr ls tho tUrq iky j[ks

gSa] vr% muesa ls dqN le; vle; fonk nsuh gh iM+rh gS( ijUrq ,slh eeZO;Fkk dk eq>s Lej.k ugha gSA

bruh â"V iq"V] lqUnj] nw/k lh mTToy i;fLouh xk; vius brus lqUnj papy oRl dks NksM+dj

fdlh Hkh {k.k] futhZo vkSj fu'ps"V gks tk,xh] ;g lkspdj Hkh vk¡lw vk tkrs FksA

y[kuÅ] dkuiqj vkfn uxjksa ls Hkh i'kq fo'ks"kKksa dks cqyk;k] LFkkuh; i'kq fpfdRld rks fnu esa

nks rhu ckj vkrs jgs( ijUrq fdlh us ,slk mipkj ugha crk;k] ftlls vk'kk dh dksbZ fdj.k feyrhA

fu#ik; e`R;q dh çrh{kk dk eeZ ogh tkurk gS] ftls fdlh vlk/; vkSj ej.kklUu jksxh ds ikl cSBuk

iM+k gksA tc xkSjk dh lqUnj pedhyh vk¡[ks] fu"çHk gks pyha vkSj lso dk jl Hkh d.B esa #dus yxk] rc

eSaus vUr dk vuqeku yxk fy;kA vc esjh ,d gh bPNk Fkh fd eSa mlds vUr le; mifLFkr jg ldw¡A

fnu esa gh ugha jkr esa Hkh dbZ dbZ ckj mBdj eSa mls ns[kus tkrh jghA

vUr esa ,d fnu czãeqgwrZ esa pkj cts tc eSa xkSjk dks ns[kus xbZ] rc tSls gh mlus viuk eq[k

lnk ds leku esjs dU/ks ij j[kk] oSls gh og ,dne iRFkj tSlk Hkkjh gks x;k vkSj esjh ck¡g ij ls

ljddj /kjrh ij vk x;kA dnkfpr~ lqbZ us ân; dks cs/kdj cUn dj fn;kA

-------xkSjkafxuh dks ys tkrs le; ekuks d#.kk dk leqæ meM+ vk;k] ijUrq ykyef.k bls Hkh [ksy

le> mNyrk dwnrk jgkA ;fn nh?kZ fu%'okl dk 'kCnksa esa vuqokn gks lds] rks mldh çfr/ofu dgsxh

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(27)

^vkg] esjk xksikyd ns'k*!

k k k k

o;% laf/k & fd'kksjkoLFkk xkSoRl & xk; dk cNM+k

laØked & Nwr ds dkj.k QSyus okyk dqDdqV & eqxkZ

pkej & p¡oj vksi & ped

vkyksd & izdk'k ifjpkjd & lsod

izfrQfyr & izfrfcafcr fiz;n'kZu & laqnj

vyl & vkyL;] 'kSfFkY; eaFkj & /khek

lehj & gok gkSys gkSys & /khjs&/khjs

lkgp;Z & lax] lkFk oy; & eaMy] dad.k

fgejkf'k & cQZ dk <sj vuH;kl & vH;kl jfgr

'kY; fØ;k & phjQkM+ dj bykt djuk ;kruke; & ihM+kdkjh

ifjØek & pkjksa vksj ?kweuk i;fLouh & nw/k nsus okyh

fu#ik; & mik; jfgr czkã eqgwrZ & izHkkr

izfr/ofu & xw¡t

1 ^xk; d#.kk dh dfork gS* mDr dFku gS

¼v½ Lokeh foosdkuUn dk ¼c½ egkRek xka/kh dk

¼l½ egknsoh oekZ dk ¼n½ cukZM 'kk dk

2 xkSjk dh e`R;q gqbZ &

¼v½ yEch chekjh ls ¼c½ tgjhyh ?kkl [kkus ls

¼l½ lqbZ f[kykus ls ¼n½ mez iwjh gksus ls

1 xkSjk ds iq= dk D;k uke j[kk x;k\

2 LoLFk i'kq ds jkseksa dh D;k fo'ks"krk gksrh gS\

3 ysf[kdk us fdl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, Xokys dks fu;qDr fd;k\

4 ^ftldh Le`fr ek= ls vkt Hkh eu flgj mBrk gSA* ysf[kdk dh og osnuke;h Le`fr D;k Fkh\

1 xk; dk egknsoh ds ?kj ij fdl rjg Lokxr fd;k x;k\ vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A

'kCnkFkZ &

vH;kl iz'u oLrqfu"B iz'u -

vfry?kwÙkjkRed iz'u -

y?kwÙkjkRed iz'u -

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2 ^xkSjk okLro esa cgqr fiz;n'kZu FkhA* dFku ds vk/kkj ij xkSjk ds ckg~; lkSan;Z dh fo'ks"krk,¡a

fyf[k,A

3 ^vc gekjs ?kj esa nqX/k egksRlo izkjaHk gqvkA* dFku esa of.kZr nqX/k egksRlo* ds volj dk fp=.k

dhft,A

4 xkSjk dks e`R;q ls cpkus ds fy, ysf[kdk us D;k D;k iz;Ru fd,\la{ksi esa fyf[k,A

5 ^xk; d#.kk dh dfork gSA* mDr dFku ds vkyksd esa xkSjk* js[kkfp= dh ewy laosnuk Li"V

dhft,A

1- ^xkSjk* js[kkfp= dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A 2- ^vkg] esjk xksikyd ns'k*! iafDr esa fufgr osnuk dk fp=.k vius 'kCnksa esa dhft,A

k k k k

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fuca/kkRed iz'u &

(28)

(29)

miU;kl va’k

ekul dk gal- ve`r yky ukxj

ys[kd-ifjp;

ikB-ifjp;

ve`r yky ukxj ¼1916 bZ- 1990 bZ-½ us yxHkx vk/kh 'krkCnh rd vius lfØ; ys[ku ls

lkfgR; txr~ dks xkSjokfUor fd;kA mudk O;fDrRo cgqvk;keh FkkA vkius fgUnh x| dh yxHkx

leLr fo/kkvksa esa ys[kuh pykbZA izeq[k jpuk,¡ bl izdkj gSa

miU;kl cw¡n vkSj leqnz*] lqgkx ds uwiqj*] ve`r vkSj fo"k*] ,dnk uSfe"kkj.;s*] ekul dk gal*]

^ukP;kS cgqr xksiky*] [katu u;u* vkfnA

dgkuh laxzg okfVdk*] vo'ks"k*] ,Ve ce*] ihiy dh ijh*] ,d fny gtkj vQ+lkus* vkfnA

vU; pSrU; egkizHkq ¼thouh½] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr ¼fuca/k½] pdYyl ¼O;aX;½] gekjs ;qx

fuekZrk] lr[kaMh gosyh dk ekfyd ¼cky lkfgR;½ vkfnA

^ekul dk gal* xksLokeh rqylhnkl ds thou ij vk/kkfjr miU;kl gSA ladfyr va'k esa

rqylhnkl dk vUr}ZU}] rRdkyhu lekt dh eu%fLFkfr rFkk jRukoyh dh R;kxe;h izfrewfrZ dk

fnXn'kZu gksrk gSA bl va'k esa rqylhnkl jkeHkfDr ds f'k[kj iq#"k ds :i esa izfr"Bkfir gSaA muds ân;

esa jRukoyh ds izfr Lusg ds lkFk mlds ifjR;kx dk i'pkŸkki Hkh gSA yksd dY;k.k ds fy, os oSjkX;e;

thou dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA muds ekxZ esa jRukoyh ck/kd ugha curh] cfYd rifLouh Hkkjrh; ukjh ds

leku mudk lkFk nsrh gSA og izcq) vkSj rdZ'khyk gSA lEikfnr va'k esa rqylh jRukoyh dk laokn

eeZLi'khZ gSA

k k k k

xksLokeh th yksykdZ dq.M ds eB esa Hkxoku JhÑ".k dh vkjrh djrs gq, Ñ".k HkfDr dk ,d in

xk jgs gSaA eB ds vkaxu esa lEHkzkar HkDrksa dh HkhM+ gSA lHkh muds Hktu ij eqX/k gSaA vkjrh ds ckn

n'kZukfFkZ;ksa dks xksLokeh th Ñ".k HkfDr dk egÙo crykrs gSaA lHkh vorkjksa ds izfr J)k izdV djrs gSaA

^tkdh jgh Hkkouk tSlh] izHkq ewjfr ns[kh fru rSlh* okyh viuh pkSikbZ dk Hkko vius izopu esa fu:fir

djrs gSaA f'ko ds xq.kxku djrs gSaA yksxksa dks le>krs gSa ^tSls pqVdh esa Mksj l/kh gksus ij irax dks]

vkdk'k esa pkgs dgha Hkh fopjs] dksbZ ck/kk ugha igq¡prhA oSls gh vius b"V ls l/kdj Hkko dh Mksj esa c¡/kh

gqbZ eu irax dks lkjs vkdk'k esa mM+kvks] lc nsoksa ds izfr viuh J)k vfiZr djks rks rqEgkjk b"V Hkh

loZO;kih vkSj loZlkeF;Zoku~ ds :i esa vius vkidks izdV djsxkA**

HkDr x,] ,dkUr gqvkA viuk izopu vki gh [kkus yxk] gs jke th] eSaus lc dqN fd;k vkSj dj

jgk gw¡A osn] iqjk.k] 'kkL= vkSj lUrksa dh ok.kh esa vkidks ikus ds fy, tks tks lk/ku cryk, x, gSa og

lc eSa cM+h yyd ds lkFk djrk gw¡] fQj Hkh vki eq>s izR;{k n'kZu D;ksa ugha nsrs\ esjs /;ku esa tSls

dHkh dHkh guqeku th izdV gks tkrs gSa oSls vki D;ksa ugha vkrs\ eSa izhfr rks c<+krk pyrk gw¡ ij izrhfr

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(30)

D;ksa ugha gksrh\* xksLokeh rqylhnkl vius vki esa mnkl FksA vius nq%[ke; thou ds lkjs {k.k larki

ds >jus esa n`';k/kkj cudj rsth ls mrjrs x, vkSj muds lkeus lUrki dks vf/kd xgjk dj fn;kA

,d f'k"; iwNus vk;k fd vkt Hkxoku ds Hkksx ds fy, Hkkstu esa dkSu dkSu ls O;atu cusaA bl

iz'u us xksLokeh th dks vf/kd f[kUu cuk fn;kA dgk ^tks Hkxoku dks #prk gks ogh cuokvksA**

f'k"; cksyk ^xksyksdoklh xksLokeh th cM+s dq'ky ikd'kkL=h Hkh FksA os Lo;a vius gkFk ls ukuk

izdkj ds O;atu Hkxoku ds fy, rS;kj djrs FksA**

^^mUgksaus fu'p; gh viuh Lokn 'kfDr izHkq dh Lokn 'kfDr cuk yh gksxhA esjh Lokn :fi.kh xÅ

vHkh HkM+drh gSA tkvks] tks #ps lks cukvksA**

f'k"; fu'p; gh dqN f[kUu eu gksdj pyk x;kA nkyku esa efUnj dh pkS[kV dk Vsdk yxkdj

os jk/kk eqjyh/kj dh ewfrZ;k¡ fugkjus yxs] gs Ñ".k :i jke th] esjk eu vHkh l/kk Hkh ugha Fkk fd vkius

eq>s bl oSHko dh HkV~Vh esa Mkydj vkSj vf/kd rikuk vkjEHk dj fn;k gSA gs gfj] eq> nhu nqcZy dh

bruh dfBu ijh{kk vki D;ksa ys jgs gSa! ,d vksj rks nqfu;k eq>s egkeqfu vkSj nwljh vksj diVh dqpkyh

dgrh gSA ds'ko] ;g nksuksa ijLij fojks/kh fo'ks"krk,¡ rks eq>esa dnkfi ugha gks ldrhA fQj Hkh yxrk gS

fd eSa vfr v/ke izk.kh gw¡ rHkh vki eq>s viuh izrhfr ugha nsrsA eq>s ,d ckj Hkjkslk fnyk nks jke thA

,d ckj ;g d{k rqEgkjs vk'oklu Hkjs Loj ls xwat mBs] rqe dg nks fd rqylh rw esjk gS] rks cl] fQj

eq>s dqN ugha pkfg,A eq>s dsoy vkidk Hkjkslk] vkidk lkfUu/; pkfg,A* bl izrh{kk esa fd Hkxoku

vc vo'; cksysaxs] Hkksys Hkkoqd xksLokeh th ;qxy ewfrZ dh vksj VdVdh yxkdj fHk[kkjh tSlh nhu eqnzk

esa ns[kus yxsA

^^foØeiqj ls jktk Hkxr i/kkjs gSaA**

uke lqurs gh rqylhnkl dk mnkl Hkko frjksfgr gks x;kA izlUu vkSj mRlkfgr gksdj cksys

^^dgk¡ gSa jktk\** dgdj os efUnj okys nkyku ls ckgj vk, vkSj vkaxu ikj djrs gq, QkVd dh vksj

rsth ls c<+ pysA nsgyh dh pkS[kV ij iSj j[krs gh mRlkg fBBd x;kA jktk rks lkeus Fks gh] jRukoyh

Hkh FkhA mudk riksiwr eq[k igys ls vf/kd fnO; yx jgk FkkA jRukoyh us ,d ckj ifr dh vk¡[kksa ls

vk¡[ksa feykbZA jktk Hkxr nk<+h&ds'k foghu rqylhnkl ds u;s :i dks pfdr n`f"V ls ns[krs gq, gkFk

QSykdj vkxs c<+s ^vjs] HkS;k] rqe rks ,dne cny x,A** ijUrq rqylhnkl dk mRlkg vc BaMk iM+

pqdk FkkA vkSipkfjd vkfyaxu djds rqjUr vius vkidks eqDr dj fy;k( fdafpr~ :[ks Loj esa iwNk&

^^bUgsa D;ksa yk,\**

jRukoyh rc rd rsth ls vkxs c<+dj muds iSjksa esa fxj pqdh FkhA rqylhnkl us vius iSjksa ij

jRukoyh dh maxfy;ksa dk Li'kZ vuqHko fd;kA ml Li'kZ esa bruh r`fIr Fkh fd iy Hkj ds fy, eu ls

jke fclj x,A jks"k Bgj u ik;kA e`nqy Loj esa jktk ls dgk ^^Hkhrj pyks] foJke djks] fQj ckrsa

gksaxhA ¼f'k"; dh vksj ns[kdj½ izHkqnÙk!**

^^vkKk ljdkjA**

^^viuh ekrk th dks Åij ds d{k esa igq¡pk nksA Hkxr th ds jgus dh O;oLFkk esjh cxy okyh

dksBjh esa djksA ekrk th ;fn xaxk Luku ds fy, tkuk pkgsa rks fdlh dks muds lkFk Hkst nksA**

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(31)

jRukoyh th ds psgjs ij ifr ds bu 'kCnksa us lUrks"k dh vkHkk iznku dj nhA

ugk /kksdj jRukoyh eB esa ykSV vkbZA jktk Hkxr xaxk th ls gh vius ,d dk'kh fLFkr ukrsnkj

fgjnS vfgj ls feyus ds fy, pys x,A

eB ds lkjs f'k";ksa vkSj lsodksa dks rc rd ekywe gks pqdk Fkk fd xksLokeh th dh iRuh vkbZ gSaA

lHkh muds izfr viuk vknj izdV dj jgs FksA ,d ckj rqylhnkl us fdlh Hk`R; ls ekrk th* ds lEcU/k

esa iwNk rks irk pyk fd os jlksbZ?kj esa jlksb;s dks lgk;rk ns jgh gSaA rqylhnkl ds eu ij lUrks"k ds

Hkko us Nkuk pkgk ij Nk u ldk( ysfdu fdlh izdkj dk vlUrks"k Hkh eu esa u tkxkA os Hkkxor ck¡prs

jgsA

Hkkstu ds le; jlksbZ esa o"kksZa iwoZ fuR; feyus okyk Lokn vkt fQj feykA lUrks"k gqvkA jktk ls

mUgksaus xk¡o tokj esa lcdh [kSj [kcj iwNhA vius jkek;.k jpus dh ckr] v;ks/;k] fefFkyk vkSj

lhrke<+h vkfn ;k=kvksa dh ppkZ Hkh muls dh] ij jRukoyh ds lEcU/k esa ,d 'kCn Hkh u iwNkA

nwljs fnu VksMj vk,A rqylhnkl us muls jktk Hkxr dk ifjp; djk;k vkSj iRuh ds vkus dh

lwpuk Hkh nhA rqylhnkl cksys ^xaxkjke dks bl ckr dh lwpuk ns nsukA ge pkgsaxs fd jRuknsoh gekjs

cky fe= dh /keZiRuh ds izfr viuk vknj izdV djus tk,¡A**

VksMj mYyflr Loj esa cksys ^gk¡] gk¡] ogk¡ tk,¡xh vkSj esjs ;gk¡ Hkh i/kkjsaxhA ftl fnu xBtksM+s

ls egkRek th dh twBu fxjus dk lkSHkkX; esjs ?kj dks feysxk] ml fnu esjk tUe lkFkZd gks tk,xkA**

nks pkj fnu chr x,A bl chp esa rqylh vkSj jRuk dk vkeuk lkeuk ,d ckj Hkh u gqvkA rqylh

pkgrs Fks fd mUgsa fgjrs&fQjrs jRukoyh dh lwjr ns[kus dk ekSdk fey tk; ij jRukoyh us

lrdZrkiwoZd vius vkidks mudh n`f"V ls cpk;kA gk¡] Hkkstu ds le; mUgsa] viuh Fkkyh esa gj O;atu esa

jRukoyh ds gkFk dk Li'kZ ekywe iM+rk FkkA os Fkkyh ds lkeus cSBdj ckj ckj jRukoyh dh Nfo ds lkFk

vius eu esa c¡/k tkrs FksA

if.Mr xaxkjke ds ;gk¡ lwpuk igq¡ph rks jRukoyh dks fyok tkus ds fy, rqjUr muds ;gk¡ ls

ikydh vk xbZA jRukoyh izg~ykn ?kkV xbZ rks Hkkstu dk og Lokn Hkh pyk x;kA jkr ds le; os vkSj

jktk cSBs gq, /keZ ppkZ dj jgs FksA jlksb;k nks fxyklksa esa nw/k ysdj vk;kA rqylhnkl cksys ^vjs HkkbZ]

xkslkbZa D;k cuk gw¡ fd vkBksa igj rj eky pkHkrs&pkHkrs nq%[kh gks x;k gw¡A** ,d ?kwaV fi;k] eykbZ pkHkrs

gq, eq¡g cuk;k] fQj eqLdjk,] dgk ^ okg js jke th] dgk¡ rks ,d og fnu Fkk fd dVksjh Hkj NkN ikus

ds fy, eSa yykrk Fkk vkSj dgk¡ vc bl lksa/ks nw/k dh eykbZ dks [kkrs Hkh [kqul yxrh gSA**

jktk cksys ^dkgs [kqulkrs gks Hkb;k! rqEgkjh ftH;k ls Hkxoku th Lokn ysrs gSaA xkslkba;ksa esa gesa

;gh ckr rks vPNh yxrh gS fd xkslkbZ yksx nqfu;k dk gj Hkksx jkth gksdj xzg.k djrs gSa ij vius Lokn

vkSj lq[k dks os Hkxoku dk eku dj gh pyrs gSaA**

xksLokeh th egkjkt pqi jgs] nw/k ihrs jgsA ckr esa mUgsa jktk ds eu dk gYdk lk ladsr fey x;k

FkkA mUgksaus rqjUr gh jktk Hkxr dh euks/kkjk dk eqgkuk cUn djus dk fu'p; fd;k] dgk ^gS rks ;g

Å¡ph ckr] ij [kjk xksLokeh gh bl ikuh ij fcuk iSj fHkxks, py ldrk gSA iw.kZ xksLokehRo ikus ds fy,

eSa vHkh rd jke th dh M~;ks<+h dk fHk[kkjh gw¡A**

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(32)

jktk] rqylh dk iSarjk le> x,A mUgksaus Hkh vius i{k dks n`<+rk ls izLrqr djus dh Bkuh] dgus

yxs ^nks rilh tc fey tkrs gSa rc nksuksa dks ,d nwljs ls vkxs c<+us dk gkSalyk feyrk gSA rqEgkjh

riL;k rks Hkb;k lkjk tx ns[k jgk gS ij ge rks HkkSth dk ri ns[k ns[kdj gh vius eu dks fBdkus ij

yk ik, gSaA bl dfydky esa ,slk dfBu tksx lk/kus okyh tksfxu eSaus ugha ns[khA**

rqylh pqi jgs] jRukoyh dh dfBu lk/kuk ds izfr vius fe= ds ;g mn~xkj lqudj mUgsa Hkyk

yxk] mUgsa oSlk gh lUrks"k gqvk tSlk fd vius lEcU/k esa lqudj gksrkA vkSj ;g lUrks"k ftl rsth ls

vius pje fcUnq ij igq¡pk mlls gh eu dk ijnk QM+QM+kdj iyV Hkh x;kA mUgksaus vius vkidks dl

fy;kA dqN {k.kksa ds fy, Hkwyk gqvk jkeuke fQj ls ?kV esa xqatkuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA jktk dg jgs Fks

^^xk¡o esa rqEgkjh #fp dh jlksbZ cukrh jgha vkSj fdlh Hkw[ks daxys dks f[kykrh FkhA vki fcuk pqiM+h] fcuk

lkx Hkkth ls nks jksVh [kkdj vius fnu fcrkrh gSaA jkst rqEgkjh /kksrh /kksuk] rqEgkjh iwtk dh lkexzh

yxkuk] rqEgkjs cSBds esa >kM+w yxkuk] rqEgkjh ,d ,d pht dks lgst laHkkydj j[kuk] dgk¡ rd dgsa

HkS;k] HkkSth tSlh riflu geus ns[kh ughaA rqe ?kj ls fudy x, ij mUgksaus viuh HkfDr ls rqEgsa vHkh

rd ?kj esa gh ck¡/k j[kk gSA**

eu dk jke 'kCn jktk dh ckrksa ls mits lUrks"k ls chp chp esa fQj fcljus yxkA ;gk¡ vkus ij

jRukoyh dh ns[kh gqbZ ,d >yd muds eu ds n`';&iV ij ckj ckj vkus yxhA ijnk nj ijnk eu esa

;g bPNk Hkh gksus yxh fd ,d ckj mUgsa fQj ns[ksa] ckrsa djsaA eu dh bl xqnxqnkgV ls jke 'kCn fQj

izcy gqvkA os nw/k dk fxykl j[kdj dqYyk djus ds cgkus mB iM+sA ,d eu dg jgk Fkk] psr ! vkSj

nwljk jRukoyh dh euksNfo fugkjus esa gh vVdk gqvk FkkA dqYyk djds nksuksa tusa tc fQj

viuh&viuh pkSfd;ksa ij cSBs rks jktk us dgk ^lhrk th ds fcuk jke th dHkh lq[kh ugha jg ik,A

rqels vf/kd Hkyk vkSj dkSu le> ldrk gSA rqeus rks lkjh jkek;u jp Mkyh gSA tc jkou mUgsa gj ys

x;k rks Hkh] vkSj tc mUgksaus mUgsa /kksch dh fuUnk ds dkj.k ckYehfd equh ds vkJe esa Hkst fn;k rc Hkh]

jke th lq[kh u jg ik;sA ck;k¡ vax tc dV tk; rc nk;k¡ Hkyk dSls lq[k ik ldrk gS\**

rqylhnkl dks ;g ckrsa dgha ij vPNh yx jgh Fkha vkSj dgha os bl vksj ls mpVus dk iz;Ru Hkh

dj jgs FksA Fkkyh dk cSaxu dHkh b/kj yq<+drk vkSj dHkh m/kjA rqylh us ysVdj pknj rkurs gq, jktk

dh okX/kkjk dks vkxs c<+us ls jksdus ds fy, dgk ^vPNk] vc ge foJke djsaxsA** ysV x,A pn~nj rku

yhA djoV cny yh] jke jke Hkh tiuk vkjEHk dj fn;k] ij jRukoyh muds eu ls u gVhA bPNk gksus

yxh fd jRukoyh muds ikl vk,] muls viuk nq%[k lq[k dgsA eSa jke ds fy, rM+irk gw¡ og esjs fy,A

jke th dnkfpr~ eq>s blhfy, n'kZu ugha ns jgs gSa fd eSa jRukoyh ls fuBqjkbZ cjr jgk gw¡A j[k yw¡ vius

ikl! mls lUrks"k feysxk rks dnkfpr~ jke th Hkh esjs izfr n;kyq gks tk,¡xsA* rqylh dk eu dHkh

Ågkiksg esa jgrk vkSj dHkh >Vds ds lkFk ml eksg ls vius dks mckjdj jke 'kCn esa yhu gksus dk iz;Ru

djrkA mUgsa jkr esa vPNh uhan u vkbZA losjs if.Mr xaxkjke ds ;gk¡ ls U;ksrk vk;k] mUgksaus dgyk fn;k

fd os ugha vk,¡xsA VksMj vk, rks mUgksaus Hkh viuk izLrko nksgjk;k] dgk ^egkRek th vki nksuksa gh ,d

fnu esjh dqfV;k ij vo'; i/kkjsaxsA**

rqylhnkl dks yxk fd jke mudh ijh{kk ysus ds fy, gh ;g izLrko VksMj ds eq[k ls dg jgs gSaA

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(33)

os cksys ^fojDr vc fQj ls jkx ds cU/kuksa esa ugha c¡/k ldrkA**

^^vki mUgsa vc ;gha jgus nsa egkRek th----**

ckr iwjh Hkh u gks ikbZ Fkh fd xksLokeh th us mls >Vds ls dkV fn;k vkSj mÙksftr Loj esa cksys

^^D;k rqe pkgrs gks fd eSa vius vFkok viuh iRuh ds lq[k ds fy, lekt dh vkLFkk dks v/kj gh esa

yVdk nw¡\;g vlaHko gS VksMjA**

^^{kek djsa egkRek th] fdUrq blls yksxksa dh vkLFkk D;ksa fc[kjsxh\oYyHk xksLokeh dh ?kj

x`gLFkh muds lkFk jgrh Fkh] fQj Hkh mUgksaus eks{k ykHk fd;kA**

rqylh us ehBh f>M+dh nsrs gq, dgk ^rqe le>rs D;ksa ugha gks VksMj] vkt dk le; oYyHkkpk;Z

th ds fnuksa tSlk ugha gSA dchjnkl th okyk le; Hkh chr x;kA ;g ?kksj dfydky gSA uSfrdrk dk

bruk gzkl gks x;k gS fd mls ;fn ,d Lrj rd mBk, u j[kk tk,xk rks fQj lkjk lalkj vuSfrdrk dh

yisV esa vk, fcuk dnkfi u jg ldsxkA**

VksMj pqi gks x,A jktk Hkxr us bl ckj rqylh jRukoyh dk esy djkus ds fy, iwjk "kM~;U= jpk

FkkA mUgksaus iafMr xaxkjke] VksMj] ;gk¡ rd fd dSykl dfo dks Hkh] vius i{k esa dj fy;k FkkA xaxkjke

vk, mUgksaus dgkA dSykl vk, mUgksaus dgkA eB esa jgus okys f'k";ksa us Hkh dgk ^ekrk th ije fonq"kh

gSa] muds ;gk¡ jgus ls gekjs v/;;u esa cM+h lgk;rk feysxhA**

rqylh lqurs] Åij ls fojks/k Hkh djrs ijUrq mudk eu dgrk fd jRukoyh dks ikl j[kdj ;fn

viuk /;ku lk/kks rks vf/kd lqxe jgsxkA dke fodkj dHkh u dHkh eq>s lrk rks tkrk gh gSA mlls dgha

vPNk gS fd esjk ;g fodkj /keZ lEer gksdj gh 'kkUr jgsA* eu dk gkyk Mksyk mUgsa rjg rjg ls efFkr

djus yxkA

,d fnu ukFkw tc muds cky cukus vk;k rks mlh le; eB ds }kj ij jRukoyh th dh ikydh

Hkh vk yxhA jRukoyh th ikydh ls mrjdj Åij pyh xbZaA ukFkw] xkslkbZa th dh lsok esa igq¡pkA muds

pj.kksa esa <ksdk nsdj mlus viuh fdLor ls mLrjk vkSj iRFkj fudkydj mLrjs dks iSukuk 'kq: fd;kA

,d Hk`R; us vkdj xkslkbZa th dks iafMr xaxkjke ds ?kj ls ekrk th ds ykSV vkus dk lekpkj fn;kA

rqylhnkl ds psgjs ij lUrks"k dh vkHkk pedhA cksys ^^ljou] muls cjkcj iwNrkN djrs jgukA

mudh lsok esa dksbZ deh u vk,A**

Hk`R; ljou ds vPNk egkjkt th*] dgdj tkrs gh ikuh dh dVksjh ysdj xksLokeh th ds ikl

vkrs gq, ukFkw cksyk ^ekrk th vk xbZa ljdkj] ;g cM+k lqHk Hk;kA**

rqylhnkl pqi jgsA mUgsa Hkh ml le; lq[k dk vuqHko gks jgk FkkA xkslkbZa th dh BksM+h dks ikuh

ls rj djds ehatrs gq, ukFkw us fQj viuk jkx vykik ^;s nqfu;k okys cM+s vthc gksrs gSa egkjktA

dytqx esa lcdk eu dkyk gks x;k gSA**

rqylh vk¡[ksa ehaps ekSu cSBs lq[kkuqHko djrs jgsA ukFkw us ckr dks fQj vkxs c<+k;k ^tc ls ekrk

th dklh vkbZ gSa rc ls jkst yksx ckx gels iwNrs gSa fd uRFkw] ekrk th vc D;k ;gha jgsaxh\vc ge D;k

dgsa ljdkj th\vjs ekrk th ;gk¡ jgsa pkgsa u jgsa] Hkyk rqEgkjs cki dk D;k tkrk gS\ cM+h gosyh ds

xkslkbZa egkjkt Hkh rks fxjgLr gSaA ij ugha] mudks dksbZ dqN u dgsxkA vkids fy, yksx jksd Vksd

djrs gSaA dgrs gSa] pkj fnu dh pk¡nuh fQj v¡/ksjk ik[k gSA vc ;s Hkh riL;k NksM+dj Hkksx fcykl esa---**

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(34)

rqylhnkl ds eu esa lUrks"k vkSj lq[k dk egy ckyw dh nhokj lk <g iM+kA os mÙksftr gks x,]

cksys ^bl izlax dks vc ;gha ij lekIr dj nks uRFkwA**

l;kuk ukFkw xksLokeh th dk #[k ns[kdj lgedj pqipki vius dke esa yx x;kA rqylhnkl

ds euksyksd esa v¡/kM+ mBus yxsA dHkh vius Åij] dHkh nqfu;k ij vkSj dHkh jRukoyh rFkk jktk ij

Øks/k vkrk fd os mudh 'kkafr Hkax djus ds fy, ;gk¡ D;ksa vk,A

gtker curh jgh] flj vkSj xkyksa ij mLrjk pyrk jgk] ckj ckj ikuh ehatk tkrk jgk ij

rqylhnkl dk eu bu lc ckgjh fØ;kvksa ls vfyIr gksdj viuh d#.kk ls vki gh foxfyr gksus yxkA

eu tc viuh fodyrk dks lg u ik;k rks viuh vknr ds vuqlkj jke th ds pj.kksa esa 'kkafr ikus ds

fy, nkSM+ iM+k gs nhucU/kq lq[kflU/kq Ñikdj] dk#.khd j?kqjkbZ ! lqfu, ukFk] esjk eu f=fo/k rki ls

ty jgk gSA og ckSjk x;k gSA dHkh ;ksxkH;kl djrk gS rks dHkh og 'kB Hkksx foykl esa Q¡l tkrk gSA

og dHkh dBksj vkSj dHkh n;koku~ cu tkrk gSA dHkh nhu] dHkh ew[kZ daxky vkSj dHkh ?ke.Mh jktk cu

tkrk gSA og dHkh ik[k.Mh curk gS vkSj dHkh KkuhA gs nso] esjs eu dks ;g lalkj fofo/k izdkj ls lrk

jgk gSA dHkh /ku dk ykyp lrkrk gS] dHkh 'k=qHk; lrkrk gS] vkSj dHkh txr dks ukjhe; ns[kus yxrk

gSA eSa vius eu ls cM+k gh nq%[kh gw¡ j?kqukFkA la;e ti] ri] fu;e] /keZ] ozr vkfn lkjh vkS"kf/k;k¡ djds

gkj pqdk( fdUrq og esjs dkcw esa ugha vk jgk gSA Ñik djds mls uhjksxh cukb,A vius pj.kksa dh vVy

HkfDr nsdj mls 'kkar dhft,] ukFkA eSa vc cgqr cgqr ri pqdk gw¡A* cUn vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw Vidus yxsA

ukFkw us tks ;g ns[kk rks viuk mLrjk jksd fn;kA mlds mLrjs vkSj gkFk dk Li'kZ gVrs gh

rqylhnkl ckgjh gks'k esa vk x,A Hkjh gqbZ vk¡[ksa [kksydj ,d ckj ns[kk] fQj ikl j[ks gq, vaxksNs ls

vk¡[ksa iksaNdj cksys ^rqe viuk dke djks uRFkw] esjk eu rks jke ckoyk gS] dHkh g¡lrk gS dHkh jksrk gSA**

ukFkw tc viuk dke djds tkus yxk rks rqylhnkl cksys ^vc tks dksbZ rq>ls iwNs rks dg nsuk

fd ekrkth vius eksgo'k pkj fnu ds fy, vkbZ gSa] 'kh?kz gh pyh tk,¡xhA**

^^dkgs egkjkt] jgSa ukA nks gh fnuksa esa eB ds lkjs yksx mudh cM+kbZ djus yxsA xkslkbZa yksx rks

f?kjLrklzeh gksrs gh gSaA**

^^eSa nwljs xkslkb;ksa dh rjg vuhfr dh pky ij dnkfi ugha py ldrkA eSaus x`gLFkkJe dk

R;kx fd;k lks fd;kA** muds psgjs ij gB Hkjh vgark ned mBhA FkksM+h nsj ds ckn gh mUgksaus ukSdj dks

cqykdj jRukoyh th dks dgyk;k fd os 'kh?kz jktkiqj ykSV tk,¡A

jRukoyh us mlh nkl ds }kjk dgyk;k fd os muls feyuk pkgrh gSaA

,d ckj rqylh dk th gqvk fd euk dj nsa fQj dgrs dgrs Fke x, vkSj dgk ^Hkst nksA dksBjh

dk inkZ fxjk nks vkSj muds cSBus ds fy, ckgj vklu Hkh fcNk nksA**

jRukoyh vkbZa( vius vkSj ifrnso ds chp esa V¡xs gq, insZ dks ns[kk] flj >qdk [kM+h gks xbZa( iy Hkj

ckn gYds ls [k[kkjk] /khes Loj esa dgk ^tS fl;kjkeA**

^^t; fl;kjkeA ckgj vklu fcNk gksxk] fcjktksA**------

^^iafMr xaxkjke th ds ?kj ij eSaus vkids }kjk jfpr jkepfjrekul dk ikjk;.k fd;k FkkA

eSaus mls okYehfd th dh Ñfr ls Js"B HkfDr iznk;d xzUFk ik;kA**

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(35)

rqylh dks lqudj larks"k gqvkA cksys ^^vkfndfo ds ije ikou xzUFk ls mldh rqyuk u djks]

nsohA oSls ;g tkudj eSa lUrq"V gqvk fd rqeus ;g xzUFk i<+ fy;kA**

^^jkepfjrekul dh ,d izfr---A**

^^'kh?kz gh rqEgkjs ikl igq¡p tk,xhA VksMj izfrfyfi;k¡ djkus dh O;oLFkk dj jgs gSaA**----

jRukoyh dh vk¡[ksa cjl iM+hA dqN nsj #ddj rqylh xkslkbZa us iwNk& ^xbZa\**

#nu dafir Loj esa jRuk cksyh ^tk jgh gw¡A**

^^jks jgh gks jRuk\**

^^larks"k ds vk¡lw gSaA**

^^vc u cgkvks] nsoh] ugha rks esjs eu dk /kS;Z vkSj larks"k c¡V tk;xkA lsod dk /keZ dfBu gksrk

gSA** dgdj xkslkbZa th us ,d xgjh BaMh lk¡l <hy nhA

^^tkrh gw¡A ,d fHk{kk vkSj ek¡x yw¡\**

^^ek¡xksA**

^^esjh e`R;q ls igys ,d ckj eq>s viuk Jheq[k fn[kykus dh Ñik djsaA**

^^opu nsrk gw¡] vkÅ¡xkA**

k k k k

laHkzkUr & lH; O;fDr izrhfr & Kku

ikd’kkL=h & [kkuk cukus esa izoh.k lkfUu/; & fudVrk

ykyrk & yypkrk eqgkuk & eq[k

dfydky & dfy;qx frjksfgr & foyqIr

e`nqy & dksey Ågkiksg & vleatl

fdLor & ukbZ dh isVh Hk`R; & ukSdj

fxjgLr & x`gLFk vgark & vgadkj

1- ^fojDr vc fQj ls jkx ds ca/kuksa esa ugha ca/k ldrkA* & ;g dFku gS&

¼d½ jRukoyh dk ¼[k½ rqylhnkl dk

¼x½ jktk Hkxr dk ¼?k½ VksMjey dk ¼ ½

2- ^vc bl tUe esa gekjk rqEgkjk lkFk ugha gks ldrk* rqylhnkl ds bl dFku esa O;aftr

Hkko gS&

¼d½ osnuk ¼[k½ i'pkŸkki

¼x½ oSjkX; ¼?k½ frjLdkj ¼ ½

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vH;kl iz'uoLrqfu"B iz'u -

(36)

vfry?kwÙkjkRed iz'u -

y?kwÙkjkRed iz'u -

fuca/kkRed iz'u -

1- jktk Hkxr vius lkFk fdldks ysdj vk,\

2- ^bl dfydky esa ,slk dfBu tksx lk/kus okyh tksfxu eSaus ugha ns[khA* iafDr esa *tksfxu* 'kCn

fdlds fy, iz;qDr gqvk gS\

3- jRukoyh us rqylhnkl ls fdl jpuk dh izfr ek¡xh\

4- fonkbZ ds le; fHk{kk ds :i esa jRukoyh us D;k fourh dh\

1- *^ds'ko] ;g nksuksa ijLij fojks/kh fo'ks"krk,¡] os eq>esa dnkfi ugha gks ldrhA** rqylhnkl ds

bl dFku esa O;Dr ihM+k dk mYys[k dhft,A

2- jktk Hkxr dk rqylhnkl ls feyus dk D;k mn~ns'; Fkk\ os dgk¡ rd lQy jgs\

3- ^^jketh dnkfpr~ eq>s blhfy, n'kZu ugha ns jgs gSa fd eSa jRukoyh ls fuBqjkbZ cjr jgk gw¡A**

iafDr esa fufgr rqylhnkl ds vUr}ZU} dks Li"V dhft,A

4- rqylhnkl us jRukoyh dks dk'kh esa jgus dh vuqefr D;ksa ugha nh\

1- ^lsod dk /keZ dfBu gksrk gSA* dFku ds vk/kkj ij rqylhnkl ds O;fDrRo o rRdkyhu

lkekftd ifjn`'; dk fp=.k dhft,A

2- ^jRukoyh dk pfj= vkn'kZ Hkkjrh; ukjh dk izfrfcEc gSA** & ikB esa vk, ?kVukØe ds

vk/kkj ij Li"V dhft,A

k k k k

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(37)

;k=ko`Ÿk

dqN ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dk Hkze.k - lsB xksfoUnnkl

ys[kd-ifjp;

ikB-ifjp;

lsB xksfoUnnkl ¼1896 bZ 1974 bZ-½ Hkkjr ds LorU=rk lsukuh rFkk fgUnh ds lkfgR;dkj FksA

mUgsa f'k{kk o lkfgR; ds {ks= esa lu~ 1961 esa ^in~eHkw"k.k* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA os fgUnh lkfgR;

lEesyu ds lHkkifr Hkh jgsA mUgksaus jktHkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh dk çcy leFkZu fd;kA os Hkkjrh;

laL—fr ds vuU; lk/kd] dyk eeZK] vkn'kZ jktuhfrK] çfl) ukV~;dkj ,oa ,dkadhdkj FksA mudh

çfl) jpuk,¡ bl çdkj gSa&

ukVd ^çdk'k*] drZO;* ,oa uojl*A

,dkadh lIrjf'e*] ,dkn'kh*] iapHkwr* rFkk prq"iFk*

miU;kl paikorh*] —".kyrk*] lkseyrk* vkfnA

çLrqr ;k=ko`Ùk esa fpÙkkSMx<+ dh ohj Hkwfe] eks{kçnkf;uh vofUrdk ¼mTtSu½ uxjh ds lkFk

vtUrk] ,yksjk o ,yhQs.Vk xqQkvksa dh ;k=k dk o.kZu gSA blesa ogk¡ ds viwoZ lkSan;Z] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr

dh fnO;rk vkSj çkphu ,sfrgkfld egÙo dks vR;Ur jkspd <ax ls mHkkjk x;k gSA laiw.kZ ;k=k o`rkUr esa

jkspdrk] çokge;rk o rF;ijdrk n'kZuh; gSA Hkkjrh; lkaL—frd o ,sfrgkfld /kjksgj ds çfr ys[kd

dk viuRo çsj.kkLin gSA

k k k k

----- fpÙkkSM+x<+ LVs'ku ds lehi ge ,d NksVh lh /keZ'kkyk esa Bgjs vkSj Hkkstu bR;kfn ls fuo`Ùk

gks dksbZ ,d cts fnu dks gh rk¡xksa ij x<+ dh vksj jokuk gq,A ml le; ogk¡ eksVjsa bR;kfn ugha feyrh

FkhaA

fpÙkkSMx<+ dks tkrs tkrs esjk ân; Hkkoukvksa ds m}sx ls mYyflr gks mBkA V‚M dk jktLFkku

bfrgkl eSaus gky gh esa i<+k Fkk vkSj i<+s Fks fgUnh esa nks miU;klA ,d dk uke Fkk ^jktiwr thou la/;k**

ftlesa gYnh?kkVh ds jksekapdkjh j.k dk o.kZu Fkk vkSj nwljk ^ohj t;ey**A ;gha egkjk.kk lk¡xk vkSj

egkjk.kk çrki] ohj t;ey vkSj mUgha ds l–'k vxf.kr ljnkjksa rFkk lSfudksa us dsoy thrrs gq, ugha

ij gkjrs gq, laxzkeksa dks Hkh ,slh cgknqjh ls yM+k Fkk tSls laxzke lalkj ds fdlh ns'k esa dHkh Hkh yM+s] D;k

lqus rd ugha x,A dslfj;k ckuk igu igu dj ;gha ohjksa us vkRelEeku dh j{kk ds fy, çk.kksa dks rqPN

eku g¡lrs g¡lrs viuk cfynku nsdj ohj ds lkFk gh gqrkRek in dks çkIr fd;k FkkA lk/oh ohj ekrkvksa]

ohj Hkfxfu;ksa] ohj ifRu;ksa] ohj iqf=;ksa dh la[;k nks] pkj] nl] lkS] nks lkS] pkj lkS u gksdj gtkjksa Fkha

gtkjksaA ;gha Hkkek'kkg ds l–'k R;kxh oS'; Hkh gq, Fks tks esokM+ ds egkohj Fks] lkFk gh egku~ gqrkRek

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(38)

lw;Zoa'kh fllksfn;k {kf=; uj ukfj;ksa us tgk¡ lalkj ds bfrgkl dh vHkwriwoZ rFkk vf}rh; 'kkS;Z vkSj

tkSgj dh vej xkFkk,¡ x<+ha Fkha ogha vkt ge tk jgs FksA

fpÙkkSM+x<+ ,d igkM+h ij gSA tSls tSls rk¡xk bl igkM+h ij p<+rk tkrk Fkk] esjh vkrqjrk ogk¡

dh oLrqvksa dks ns[kus ds fy, c<+ tkrh FkhA vkf[kj ge fpÙkkSM+x<+ esa igq¡psA x<+ dh nhokjsa vkSj muds

cqtZ [kafMr gks x;s gSaA djhc djhc lkjh bekjrsa tehankstA mu [k.Mgjksa ds chp [kM+s gSa nks LrEHk

^^dhfrZ LrEHk** vkSj ^fot; LrEHk**A dhfrZ LrEHk iqjkuk vkSj ttZj gS ijUrq fot; LrEHk mlds ckn dk

lkFk gh ohjrk ds bfrgkl dk lPpk çrhd gSA bl lkr [k.Mksa okys fot; LrEHk dks ns[kdj eq>s Hkkjh

g"kZ gqvkA dyk vkSj lkSUn;Z dh –f"V ls Hkh ;g fot; LrEHk viwoZ gS] fQj mlh egku~ ohjrk dk

bfrgkl bl fot; LrEHk ds lkFk gSA ;|fi bl x<+ esa ns[kus ;ksX; cgqr de jg x;k gS rFkkfi eq>s rks

bldk ,d ,d iRFkj] bldh /kwfy dk ,d ,d d.k] fHkUu fHkUu çdkj ls fHkUu fHkUu /ofu;ksa esa fHkUu

fHkUu jkxksa }kjk ohj xkFkk,¡ xkrs tku iM+sA bu iRFkjksa ij eq>s ml dky dh i<+h vkSj lquh gqbZ ,d ,d

?kVuk u`R; djrh lh tku iM+hA ;|fi ogk¡ dh ns[kus yk;d phtksa dks ge yksx FkksM+h gh nsj esa ns[k

pqds] ijUrq eSa rks la/;k iwoZ ml LFky dks NksM+ gh u ldkA b/kj ls m/kj vkSj m/kj ls b/kj u tkus

fdrus ckj vkokjk lk] Hkwyk lk] ?kwerk fQjrk jgkA ,d ,d txg dks u tkus fdruh ckj ns[kkA esjh

,slh n'kk vc rd dh ;k=k esa dHkh u gqbZ Fkh vkSj u blds ckn gh gqbZA esjs lkfFk;ksa dks esjh eqæk vkSj

n'kk ij dqN vk'p;Z Hkh gqvk] dqN yksx g¡ls Hkh] dqN us dqN etkd Hkh mM+k;k] ijUrq eSa rks vius vki esa

ugha FkkA tc v¡/ksjk gksus yxk rc lkfFk;ksa us tksj nsdj ogk¡ ls pyus dks dgkA pyus ds iwoZ bl LFkku

dh /kwfy ysdj ckj ckj eSaus vius eLrd ij yxk;h vkSj ftl çdkj cM+s cM+s mRloksa ij eSa efUnj esa

Hkxoku~ dks lk"Vkax naMor ç.kke djrk Fkk] mlh çdkj ç.kke eSaus ml ifo=re fot; LrEHk dks

fd;kA ç.kke ds mijkUr eSaus gkFk tksM+ eu gh eu çkFkZuk dh fd ftu ohjksa dh viw.kZ —fr;ksa dk ;g

fot; LrEHk çrhd gS] mudh —fr;ksa esa tks 'kkS;Z] tks R;kx] tks d"V lfg".kqrk Fkh eq>s Hkh mldk

ijek.kq va'k cjkcj rks çkIr gksA thou esa vusd tksf[keksa ds voljksa ij eq>s ;g fot; LrEHk ;kn vk;k

gS vkSj bl Lej.k us eq>s uo lkgl vkSj uohu LQwfrZ çnku dh gSA

fpÙkkSM+x<+ NksM+us ds igys geus og LFkku Hkh ns[kk tgk¡ ohj t;ey dks xksyh yxh Fkh vkSj

mUgksaus ohjxfr çkIr dh FkhA bl LFky ds n'kZu ls ân; vkSj vf/kd xn~xn~ gks x;kA

jkf= dks jokuk gksus ds igys gekjk Hkkstu LVs'ku ds fudV cuk Fkk dqN o`{kksa dh >qjeqV esa

vkSj ;g Fkk esjk fç; Hkkstu nky ckVh pwjek] ij yk[k ç;Ru djus ij Hkh vkt ;s dkSj esjs xys u

mrjrs FksA

fpÙkkSM+ ls ge mTtSu vk;s] lIr eks{knkf;dk iqfj;ksa esa ,d iqjh vofUrdkA ,sfrgkfld –f"V ls

Hkh Hkkjro"kZ ds xkSjoiw.kZ le;ksa dh ;g ,d jkt/kkuh Fkh] ijUrq egkdkys'oj ds ,d uohu efUnj ds

flok ;gk¡ gesa f{kçk ds vfrfjä foØekfnR; ;k Hkkst ds dky dh dksbZ oLrq u feyhA gekjh bl ;k=k

dk mís'; rhFkkZVu u gksdj ,sfrgkfld oLrqvksa dk fujh{k.k FkkA ge viuk vlckc LVs'ku ij gh NksM+

x;s FksA

vr% f{kçk ds ty dk vkpeu vkSj egkdkys'oj ds n'kZu dj geus dqN ?k.Vksa esa tyxkao ds

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fy, mTtSu NksM+ fn;kA

tyxkao ge vk;s Fks vtUrk vkSj ,yksjk xqQk,¡ ns[kusA gekjs ;gk¡ Bgjus dh O;oLFkk ekgs'ojh

lekt ds ,d lq/kkjd dk;ZdrkZ Jh :ipUn th ykBh us dh FkhA mUgksaus gekjs vtUrk vkSj ,yksjk tkus

ds fy, fdjk;s dh ,d ykjh eksVj dk Hkh çca/k fd;k FkkA

tyxkao ls ykjh ij ge lh/ks vtUrk x,A vtUrk dh xqQk,¡ lqUnj vkSj gjs Hkjs ikoZR; çns'k esa

gSaA bu xqQkvksa dh la[;k 29 gSA buesa 4 ^pSR;** ds <ax dh vkSj 'ks"k ^fogkj** <ax dh gSaA ;s xqQk,¡ ,d

lkFk ugha cuk;h x;haA ;|fi buds cuus dk fuf'pr le; Kkr ugha] ijUrq iqjkrŸosÙkkvksa ds er ls

bZlk ds lkS o"kZ iwoZ ls lkr lkS o"kZ ckn rd ;s curh jgha] dksbZ dHkh vkSj dksbZ dHkhA xqQk,¡ budh

vnHkqr fp=dkjh ds dkj.k lkjs lalkj esa çfl) gks x;h gaSA

;s xqQk,¡ ,d v/kZxksykdkj igkM+h ds e/; Hkkx dh pêkuksa dks dkV dj cuk;h x;h gSaA dSlh

vnHkqr ckr gS fd ,d gh f'kyk[kaM dks dkVdj mlds vUnj dejs vkSj muesa ewfrZ;k¡ cuk;h x;h gSaA

dejksa dh nhokjksa ij iyLrj p<+kdj rFkk lQsnh djds ml ij lqUnj fp= cuk;s x;s gSaA iyLrj

bruk etcwr vkSj lqUnj gS fd dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa ds i'pkr~ vkt Hkh ge mls T;ksa dk R;ksa ikrs gSaA

cksf/klŸo in~e ikf.k vFkkZr~ dey iq"i fy, gq, Hkxoku cq) dk fp=] cq) ds egkfHkfu"Øe.k dk

fp= gSA flj ij eqdqV /kkj.k fd, gq, fl)kFkZ [kM+s gSaA ck;sa gkFk esa ,d lwr dk /kkxk c¡/kk gS vkSj nkfgus

gkFk esa dey iq"i gSA 'kjhj ij eksVk ;Kksiohr vkSj xys esa ef.kekyk gSA iryh yEch Hkoksa ds uhps

v/k[kqys fo'kky us=ksa ls vfgalk] 'kkfUr rFkk oSjkX; Vidrk gSA mudh eq[kk—fr xEHkhj vkSj nsohT;ksfr

ls vkyksfdr gSA dSlk euksgj :i] dSls <ys gq, ls lkjs vax çR;ax vkSj vo;oA dSlh fp=dkjhA ?k.Vksa

fp= dh vksj ns[krs jfg,] vk¡[ksa vkSj eu r`Ir u gksaxsA dgk tkrk gS blls lqUnj vkdkj vkt rd

nqfu;k esa fpf=r ugha gqvkA bl fp= ds fo"k; esa nsoh fuosfnrk fy[krh gSa ^;g fp= lEHkor% Hkxoku~

cq) dk lcls cM+k dYiukRed çn'kZu gSA ,slh vf}rh; dYiuk dk iqu% lkdkj gks lduk vlEHko lk

gh gSA**

xqQk dk ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ fp= ,d jktdh; tqywl dk gS] ftlesa cgqr ls vkneh lt/ktdj

tkrs fn[kk;s x, gSaA fdlh ds gkFk esa Nkrk gS rks fdlh ds gkFk esa ctkus dk Ük`axh cktk gSA tqywl esa

L=h iq#"k nksuksa lfEefyr gSaA fp= vyadkj&ç/kku gSA fL=;ksa ds gkFkksa esa lqUnj dad.k gSa rFkk os xys esa

gkj igus gSaA dku ls yxs lqUnj d.kkZoral Hkh yVd jgs gSaA fL=;ksa dh dej yphyh vkSj iryh gSA

muds mHkjs gq, o{k%LFky dqN lw{e oL=ksa ls Li"V –f"Vxkspj gksrs gSaA mudh xnZusa frjNh vkSj eqæk,¡

dVk{kiw.kZ gSaA duf[k;ksa ls ns[krh gqbZ ;kSou en vkSj vuqjkx fyIlk ls ifjiw.kZ os thou rkigkjh

yfrdkvksa lh tku iM+rh gSaA

vtUrk dh fp=dyk esa LokHkkfodrk gS] thou gS] lknxh gS] lkE; gS] vkSfpR; gS vkSj lkSUn;Z

Hkkouk gSA dq#fp dk vFkok ohHkRlrk dk ys'kek= muesa ugha gSA lcls cM+h ckr rks ;g gS fd vtUrk ds

fp=ksa esa vafdr O;fä;ksa esa pkgs og /kuk<~; gS] Hkwifr gS vFkok fu/kZu x`gLFk gS] pkgs iq#"k gS vFkok

fL=;k¡ gSa] mu lc esa thou ds çfr vkuUn Hkkouk gS] muds ân; esa thou ds çfr ,d lq[ke;h fyIlk

gS] ftls lHkh dykeeZKksa us Lohdkj fd;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vtUrk ds fp= lalkj Hkj esa vf}rh;

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gSaA muesa Hkkjrh; thou dh] mlds fojkx vuqjkx dh] mldh vk'kkvksa fujk'kkvksa dh] mldh {kerkvksa

O;Fkkvksa dh >yd rks gS gh muesa Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk pje vkn'kZ Hkh ifjyf{kr gqvk gSA vkuUn Hkkouk

gh Hkkjrh; thou dk lk/; vkSj lk/ku jgh gSA

vtUrk dh 29 xqQkvksa esa ls nks vxE; gSa ckdh lHkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA

buds fo"k; esa ,d cM+h dfBukbZ gS dky fu.kZ; dhA le; le; ij fofo/k jktkvksa dh

lja{kdrk esa bUgsa cuk;k x;k gksxk] ,slk vuqeku gS] D;ksafd dqN fp= vR;Ur çkphu vkSj dqN vokZphu

tku iM+rs gSaA vtUrk dk ,d fp= dky fu.kZ; esa dqN lgk;d gSA ;g fp= gS Qkjl ns'k ds jktnwr

dk tks Qkjl ds jktk dh vksj ls dksbZ HksaV çLrqr djrk fn[kk;k x;k gSA eksVs rkSj ij ;g dgk tk

ldrk gS fd xqIrdky ls ysdj pkyqD; oa'k ds 'kklu dky rd bu xqQkvksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gksxkA

vtUrk ls ge eksVj ykjh esa gh nkSyrkckn x, vkSj nkSyrkckn ls ,yksjkA

,yksjk dh xqQk,¡ Hkh f'kyk[kaM esa dkVdj cuk;h x;h gSaA f'kyk[kaM gh D;ksa dguk pkfg, ,d

NksVs eksVs iBkj dks dkV bu xqQkvksa dks cuk;k x;k gSA vuqeku dhft, ;s xqQk,¡ lok ehy rd pyh

x;h gSa] ftuds cukus esa u ekywe fdruk ifjJe gqvk gksxk vkSj u ekywe fdruk le; yxk gksxkA

bl xqQk Ük`a[kyk ds rhu eq[; vax gS % ckS) xqQk,¡] fgUnw xqQk,¡ vkSj tSu xqQk,¡A ckS) xqQkvksa

dh la[;k ckjg gS vkSj vuqeku gS fd ogh lcls igys dh cuh gSaA mudh [kqnkbZ pkSFkh ls vkBoha 'krkCnh

ds chp gqbZA fgUnw xqQkvksa dh la[;k l=g gSA ;s chpksa chp cuh gqbZ gSa vkSj vuqeku gS fd budh [kqnkbZ

lkroha vkSj vkBoha 'krkCnh esa gqbZA vfUre xqQk,¡] ftudh la[;k pkj gS] tSu xqQk,¡ gSa] ftudh [kqnkbZ

fgUnw xqQkvksa ds ckn gh gqbZ gksxhA

çkjfEHkd ckS) xqQk,¡ fcYdqy lknh gSA ij nloha xqQk] tks fo'odekZ xqQk ds uke ls çfl) gS]

mYys[kuh; gSA ckjgoha xqQk] tks rhu ry xqQk ds uke ls çfl) gS] ,d freaftyh xqQk gSA ;gk¡ ij tks

ewfrZ;k¡ vafdr gSa os vkdkj] /kkfeZd Hkkouk dh vfHkO;fä vkSj ltkoV dh –f"V ls vuqie cuh gSaA

fo'odekZ xqQk dk Hkhrjh Hkkx l¡djk gksrk x;k gS vkSj vUr esa 27 QqV yEck vkSj lk<+s iUæg

QqV pkSM+k jg x;k gSA ogk¡ ij vklhu X;kjg QqV dh Å¡ph Hkxoku~ cq) dh fo'kky ewfrZ gSA

rhu ry xqQk euq"; ds lrr~ ç;Ru vkSj /kS;Z dk mR—"V uewuk gSA fdrus ifjJe vkSj fdruh

yxu ls ik"kk.k [kaM dkVdj ;g freaftyh dyk —fr [kM+h dh x;h gksxhA vdsys vFkZ O;; ls lEHkor%

;g dk;Z lEiUu gksuk dfBu FkkA eq>s blds ihNs euq"; dh drZO; fu"Bk vkSj vkLFkk dh >yd fn[kk;h

nh] ftlds fcuk esjs fopkj esa dksbZ egku~ dk;Z iwjk djuk lEHko ughaA

bl xqQk esa tks cq) dh ewfrZ gS mlds fo"k; esa ,d jkspd ckr crkuk t:jh gSA LFkkuh; fuoklh

mls jke ekudj iwtrs gSaA bl ewfrZ dh ukd vkSj vksaB vkfn ugha gS ij LFkkuh; fuoklh ,d VwVrs gh

iyLrj dh nwljh ukd p<+k nsrs gSa A Hkfä dk eq>s ;g vuks[kk :i tku iM+k vkSj cqf)oknh Hkys gh rdZ

dh 'kj.k ysa] fdUrq eq>s os LoYicqf) okys( fdUrq J)kyq LFkkuh; tu gh Hkxoku~ ds vf/kd fudV tku

iM+s tks fdlh Hkh :i esa loZ'kfäeku dks gh iwtrs gSaA

fgUnw xqQkvksa esa 16oha xqQk ftls dSyk'k vFkok jaxegy xqQk dgrs gSa f'ko dh xqQk gS] fdUrq

blesa fo".kq dk vkSj vU; ikSjkf.kd foHkwfr;ksa ds fp= vafdr gSaA blesa /ot LrEHk vkSj gkFkh dh ewfrZ Hkh

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(41)

n'kZuh; gSA Hkkjr esa ik"kk.k [k.M esa cuh gqbZ bruh fo'kky xqQk nwljh ugha gSA ;g xqQk 276 QqV yEch

154 QqV pkSM+h vkSj 107 QqV Å¡ph gSA blls xqQk ds Hkhedk; vkdkj dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

f'kyk[k.M esa dkVdj cuk;k x;k fgUnqvksa dk bruk fo'kky efUnj Hkkjr esa nwljk ugha gSA bDdhloha

xqQk tks jkes'oj xqQk dgykrh gS vkSj 29oha xqQk tks lhrk xqQk dgykrh gS] dyk vkSj iPphdkjh dh

–f"V ls egÙoiw.kZ ,oe~ mYys[kuh; gSA

,yksjk ls fQj ge nkSyrkckn ykSVs vkSj nkSyrkckn ls iqu% vtUrk vkdj ,d ckj fQj in~e

ikf.k Hkxoku~ cq) ds fp= ds n'kZu dj tyxkao ykSV vk;sA tyxkao esa gesa ,d fnu vkSj Bgjuk iM+k

D;ksafd Jh :ipan th ykBh us gekjs lEeku esa ,d ikVhZ j[kh FkhA

tyxkao ls ge cEcbZ igq¡psA gekjk mís'; cEcbZ ns[kuk u Fkk] cEcbZ rks eSa dbZ ckj gks gh vk;k

FkkA ;gk¡ ge vk;s Fks ,yhQs.Vk xqQk,¡ ns[kusA

,yhQs.Vk xqQkvksa ds fo"k; esa gkFkh dh ,d ewfrZ dk ftØ gksrk gS] ftldk viuk bfrgkl gSA

lu~ 1814 esa bl gkFkh dk flj VwV dj fxj x;k vkSj ckn esa mldk 'ks"k vax Hkh dbZ Hkkxksa esa dV x;kA

lu~ 1864 esa bl ewfrZ ds [kf.Mr vaxksa dks foDVksfj;k ckx cEcbZ ys tk;k x;k] tgk¡ bldks iqu% tksM+k

x;kA dgk tkrk gS fd bl gkFkh ds vaxszth i;kZ; ,yhQs.V ds uke ij gh iqrZxkfy;ksa us bu xqQkvksa dks

,yhQs.Vk xqQkvksa dh laKk nhA

;s xqQk,¡ ,ikyks cUnj ls dksbZ lkr ehy if'peksÙkj esa ,d }hi ij fLFkr gSa] ftls LFkkuh;

fuoklh vkSj eYykg ?kjiqjh dgrs gSaA bldk ?ksjk dqy feykdj lk<+s pkj ehy ls vf/kd ughaA blesa nks

igkfM+;k¡ gS] ftuds chp ,d euksje ?kkVh gSA }hi ds fuokfl;ksa dh la[;k cgqr de gSA

vkdkj dh –f"V ls ;g }hi pkgs NksVk gks] ij bldk bfrgkl cM+k jkspd jgk gSA ekS;Z] pkyqD;

vkSj jk"VªdwV jktkvksa dk bl ij vkf/kiR; FkkA lu~ 1534 esa bl ij iqrZxkfy;ksa us vf/kdkj fd;kA lu~

1774 esa v¡xzstksa us bls vius 'kklu esa fy;k vkSj lu~ 1775 esa ckn'kkg ,MoMZ lIre dks] tks ml le;

fçal v‚Q osYl Fks] bl }hi ij nkor nh x;h FkhA

fdUrq bl }hi dh egÙkk dk vk/kkj bldk bfrgkl u gksdj ogk¡ dh r{k.kdyk vkSj ogk¡ dh

vn~Hkqr xqQk,¡ gSaA bu xqQkvksa dk fuf'pr :i ls dky fu.kZ; djuk rks vlEHko lk gS] ij gk¡] bruk

vo'; Kkr gS fd lkroha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z esa ;s fo|eku FkhaA

,yhQs.Vk dh xqQk,¡ eq[;r% 'kSo gSa vkSj buesa lcls çfl) f'ko dk efUnj gS tks ,d xqQk esa

[kksnk x;k gSA ;gk¡ Hkxoku~ f'ko dks ltZugkj] ikyugkj vkSj çy;adj rhuksa :iksa esa vafdr fd;k x;k

gSA f'ko ds rkaMo u`R; dk ,d eueksgd –'; gS vkSj ,d f'kyk ij f'ko dks HkkoeXu Hkh vafdr fd;k

x;k gSA f'ko dks uVjkt ds :i esa vafdr djus okys ,d –'; esa muds ml ltZudkjh u`R; dh vfHkuo

Nfo gS] ftls czkã.k dyk esa bruk mPp LFkku çkIr gSA f'ko ikoZrh fookg] xaxkorj.k] v/kZukjh'oj

f'ko] ekuorh ikoZrh vkfn ds vusd Nfo&–'; geus euks;ksxiwoZd ns[ksA bu çfrekvksa esa lcls çfl)

f'ko dh çfrek gSA

,yhQs.Vk ls ge cEcbZ ykSVsA cEcbZ ls gekjk fopkj chtkiqj tkdj xksy xqEct ns[kus dk vkSj

FkkA mldh cM+h ç'kalk lquh Fkh] ijUrq tcyiqj ds dqN ,sls rkj vkSj i= feys fd bl nkSjs dks vc eq>s

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lekIr dj tcyiqj ykSVuk iM+kA blds ckn xksy xqEct ns[kus dk eq>s vc rd lkSHkkX; çkIr u gks

ldk] ;|fi eSa lkjs lalkj ds vf/kdka'k Hkkx esa pDdj yxk vk;k gw¡A ,d dgkor gS ^vuh pwds chlk lkS**

ogh bl ekeys esa gqvkA

k k k k

m}sx & vkdqyrk l–'k & leku

vf}rh; & ftlds leku nwljk u gks rqPN & ghu

cqtZ & xqEcn ;Kksiohr & tusÅ

tehankst & fou"V iqjh & uxjh

fyIlk & bPNk vkyksfdr & çdkf'kr

egkfHkfu"Øe.k & x`gR;kx r{k.kdyk & ewfrZdyk

vlckc & lkeku ifjyf{kr & fn[kkbZ nsuk

d.kkZoral & dku ds vkHkw"k.k vo;o & vax

r`Ir & lUrq"V vokZphu & uohu

ik"kk.k & iRFkj

1- fuEukafdr esa ls dkSu lk 'kgj f{kçk unh ds rV ij clk gqvk gS\

¼d½ cukjl ¼[k½ tcyiqj

¼x½ mTtSu ¼?k½ fpÙkkSM+x<+ ¼ ½

2- ,yhQs.Vk dh xqQkvksa ds e/; esa fdldh ewfrZ dk ftØ gksrk gS\

¼d½ gkFkh dh ¼[k½ Hkxoku fo".kq dh

¼x½ in~e ikf.k cq) dh ¼?k½ ekrk nqxkZ dh ¼ ½

1- egkdkys'oj eafnj dgk¡ fLFkr gS\

2- fot; LraHk fdldk çrhd gS\

3- vtark dh xqQkvksa dh la[;k crkb,A

4- cq) ds egkfHkfu"Øe.k dk fp= dgk¡ vafdr fd;k x;k gS\

1- ys[kd us fpÙkkSM+x<+ dh /kwfy dks ckj ckj eLrd ls D;ksa yxk;k\

'kCnkFkZ -

vH;kl ç'uoLrqfu"B ç'u -

vfr y?kwÙkjkRed ç'u -

y?kwÙkjkRed ç'u -

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2- ,yhQs.Vk dh xqQkvksa esa f'ko dks fdl fdl :i esa vafdr fd;k x;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A

3- vtark dh xqQkvksa esa jktdh; tqywl^ ds fp= dh çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

4- ^cksf/klŸo in~eikf.k^ fp= ds ckjs esa nsoh fuosfnrk ds fopkj fyf[k,A

1- vtark dh fp=dyk esa Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk vkn'kZ fdl rjg çdV gksrk gS\ o.kZu dhft,A

2- vtark] ,yksjk o ,yhQs.Vk dh xqQkvksa ds lkSan;Z dk o.kZu vius 'kCnksa esa dhft,A

3- fpÙkkSM+x<+ ds nqxZ dk o.kZu ys[kd us fdl çdkj fd;k gS\ fyf[k,A

k k k k

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(43)

(44)

thou-pfjr

jktLFkku ds xkSjo - ladfyr

ikB-ifjp;çLrqr v/;k; esa jktLFkku ds egku~ thou pfjrksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; fn;k x;k gS] ftUgksaus vius

O;fäRo ,oa d`frRo ls lekt dks ubZ fn'kk nhA nsoukjk;.k th] ckck jkenso] lar tEHks'oj] iwT; xksfoUn

xq#] egkjktk lwjtey ds thou pfjr lnk ls çsj.kk lzksr jgs gSa] bUgsa tu ekul esa vikj J)k çkIr gSA

lkekftd lejlrk dh LFkkiuk] jk"Vªh; Lok/khurk] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lkekftd lq/kkj ds {ks= esa

bUgksaus viuk thou lefiZr fd;kA vr% buds }kjk fn, x, lans'k gekjs fy, vuqdj.kh; gSaA

k k k k

jktLFkku j.kck¡dqjksa dh /kjrh gSA ,d ls c<+dj ,d lkglh vkSj rstLoh ;ks)kvksa us bl

/kjrh ij tUe fy;k gSA j.kHkwfe esa ftuds jkSæ :i dks ns[kdj 'k=qvksa esa Hk; O;kIr gks tkrk Fkk] ,sls

,d nks ugha vusd ijkØfe;ksa dks bl ohj çlwrk Hkwfe us viuh xksn esa ikyk gSA rHkh rks bl Hkwfe ds fy,

dgk tkrk gS %&

dsljh uga uhits vBS] uga ghjk fuitarA

flj dfV;k [kx lkaHk.kk] b.k /kjrh mitarAA

bl /kjrh ij u rks dslj iSnk gksrh gS] vkSj u ghjksa dh [kkusa gSaA ;gk¡ rks ,sls ohj tUers gSa] tks flj

dV tkus ij Hkh yM+rs gSaA bl /kjrh us tq¡>kjksa ds leku gh R;kxh riLoh vkSj Hkä Hkh mRiUu fd, gSaA

gekjs ns'k esa mPp Lrj ds ;ksxh vkSj j.kHkwfe esa ohjxfr ikus okys ;ks)k nksuksa dks gh eks{k dk vf/kdkjh

ekuk x;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl ohj çlwrk Hkwfe us ,sls Js"B iq#"kksa dks tUe fn;k tks 'kL= o 'kkL=

nksuksa esa fu".kkr FksA ,d vksj ryokj ds /kuh Fks rks nwljh vksj igq¡ps gq, fl) Hkh FksA viuh flf);ksa vkSj

'kwjrk dk mi;ksx ftUgksaus vU;k; dk çfrdkj djus] yksd tkxj.k esa rFkk lekt esa lerk fuekZ.k djus

esa fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i 'krkfCn;ksa ds ckn vkt Hkh yksx muds uke dk Lej.k djrs gSa] mudh lekf/k;ksa

ij esys yxrs gSa vkSj mu esyksa esa nwj nwj ls tkr: iSny pydj Hkh yk[kksa dh la[;k esa ogk¡ igq¡prs gSa

rFkk vius d"Vksa dks nwj djus dh eukSrh ek¡xrs gSaA

,sls lHkh tkr:vksa dh lsok esa Hk.Mkjksa dk vk;kstu dj lkekU;tu Hkh iyd ik¡oM+s fcNk;s rS;kj

jgrk gS] muds Fkds ek¡ns] ygw yqgku iSjksa dks xeZ ikuh ls /kksuk] mudh ekfy'k djuk] muds fy, xjek

xje pk; vYikgkj o Hkkstu dh fu%'kqYd O;oLFkk djus esa cM+s /kfud vkSj lkekU;tu vius dks /kU;

ekurs gSaA lekt cka/koksa ds d"Vksa dks nwj djus esa viuk lkSHkkX; le>uk] ;g gekjk vgksHkkX; gS fd ;s

gesa lsok dk volj ns jgs gSa] ,slh Js"B ekufldrk ls lsok dk;Z esa jr lsok: dks tc yxrk gS fd ;s

gesa lsok dk volj fn;s fcuk gh vkxs c<uk pkgrs gSa rks mudks jksdus dk vkxzg ns[krs gh curk gS] dksbZ

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gkFk tksM+dj fourh dj jgk gS] dksbZ lM+d ij ysVdj ;g dgrs Hkh lqukbZ nsrk gS fd vki dks tkuk gS

rks gesa jkSandj gh tk ldrs gSa] vU;Fkk gesa lsok dk ykHk rks nsuk gh iM+sxkA ,sls vfoLej.kh; –'; gj

o"kZ bu nwj nwj ls iSny py dj vkus okys tkr:vksa dks muds ekxZ esa LFkku LFkku ij fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA

;g lc mu Js"B iq#"kksa ds R;kx o riL;k dk gh Qy gS] tks vkt Hkh –f"Vxkspj gks jgk gSA ge ,sls gh

ujiqaxoksa ds dr`ZRo ls viuk thou çdk'ke; cuk,] lekt esa lejlrk dk lapkj djsa vkSj yksd lsok esa

yxdj viuk thou /kU; dj ysaA

nsoukjk;.k th cxM+kor dqy ds Fks vkSj cxM+kor ukxoa'kh; xqtZj FksA blfy, lkjk xqtZj

lekt nsoukjk;.k th dks Jh fo".kq dk vorkj ekurk gSA vkius jkT; ØkfUr dj vius le; ds

vR;kpkjh 'kklu dk vUr fd;k FkkA vkids tUe le; ds lEcU/k esa dkQh erHksn gS] fQj Hkh yksd

ekU;rkvksa] çek.kksa rFkk rRdkyhu jkT; oa'kksa ls lkeatL; fcBkus ij vkidk tUe ;qxkCn 4142 ¼fo-la-

1097½ dh ek?k 'kqDy lIreh ¼Hkkuq lIreh½ dks gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA pkSgku jkt us cxM+korksa dks xksBk*

dh tkxhj nh Fkh] ;g tkxhj orZeku HkhyokM+k ftys ds vklhUn ls vtesj ftys ds elwnk rd dk [kkjh

unh ds vkl&ikl dk {ks= ekuk tkrk gSA

jk.kk nqtZulky ds vR;kpkjksa ls ckyd nsoukjk;.k dks cpkus gsrq ekrk lks<+h [kVkuh bUgsa vius

ihgj nsokl ys vkbZA vc nsokl esa gh budk ykyu ikyu gksus yxkA cpiu esa gh ?kqM+lokjh vkSj 'kL=

lapkyu lh[kk vkSj lkFk gh lkFk f'kçk ds fdukjs ¼mTtSu½ fl) oV esa og lk/kuk Hkh djus yxkA fl)

oV ds ;ksX; xq#vksa us mUgsa vk;qosZn ds lkFk ra= fo|k Hkh fl[kk;hA ns[krs gh ns[krs nsoukjk;.k ,d

dq'ky ;ks)k ds lkFk lkFk vk;qosZn vkSj ra= 'kkL= ds Hkh if.Mr gks x,A vc mUgsa vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj

dks lekIr dj /keZ dh LFkkiuk dk viuk thou y{; le> esa vk x;k FkkA

cxM+korksa dk vuU; fe= NksVw HkkV blh fnu dh çrh{kk dj jgk Fkk] og bUgsa xksBk* ys pyus gsrq

nsokl vk x;kA NksVwHkkV] ekrk lks<+h rFkk dqN vaxj{kdksa ds lkFk ;s nsokl ls py iM+sA /kkj esa fLFkr

egkdkyh dh vkjk/kuk ds le; jktk t;flag dh chekj iq=h ihiyns dks vius vk;qosZn ds Kku ls

Hkyk paxk dj fn;k] ogha ihiyns ls mudk fookg gks x;kA vius vk;qosZn Kku rFkk flf);ksa ls yksxksa ds

d"Vksa dks nwj djus yxs] ftlls mudk ;'k pkjksa vksj QSyus yxkA vc nsoukjk;.k yksxksa ds d"V gjus

okys lk{kkr~ Hkxoku~ gh cu x,A uhuyns dh dq:irk nwj djuk] lkjax lsB dks iquthZfor djuk] lw[kh

unh esa ikuh fudkyuk vkfn buds peRdkj ekus tkrs gSaA

buds xksBk igq¡prs gh lHkh buls vk feysA xksBk esa veu pSu dk;e dj turk dks <k<+l

c¡/kk;k] fdUrq muds iwjs jkT; vkSj iM+kSl ds jkT; esa jk.kk ds vR;kpkj mlh rjg py jgs FksA muds

dq'kklu dks lekIr djus ds fy, nqtZulky ds lkfFk;ksa dks ,d ,d dj ijkLr fd;k vkSj jkT; ØkfUr

dj lq'kklu LFkkfir fd;kA nwljh budh egÙoiw.kZ nsu ;g Hkh gS fd bUgksaus vkS"kf/k ds :i esa xkscj vkSj

uhe dk egÙo Li"V fd;k] rqylh dh Hkk¡fr uhe o xkscj dks çfrfnu ds O;ogkj esa ykus dk lQy

ç;kl vkius fd;kA blh dkj.k vkt Hkh budh iwtk uhe dh ifÙk;ksa ls gksrh gSA

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nsoukjk;.k th

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ckck jkenso

lUr tEHks'oj

jktLFkku ds if'peh {ks= dk ,d uxj iksdj.k tks vkt ijek.kq foLQksV LFky ds :i esa lalkj

ds ekufp= ij mHkjk gS] blh uxj ds lehi vkt ls yxHkx 653 o"kZ iwoZ foØeh laor~ 1409 esa Hkkæin

'kqDy f}rh;k dks :.khpk ds r¡ojoa'kh; Bkdqj vtey th o ekrk eS.kkns ds ?kj jkenso vorfjr gq,A

'kS'kokoLFkk esa gh ekjokM+h dgkor iwr jk ix ikG.ks nh[ks* dks pfjrkFkZ djrs gq, mQurs nw/k dks uhps

j[k ek¡ eS.kkns dks peRdkj fn[kk;kA dqN cM+s gksrs gh xq# ckydukFk ls f'k{kk ysuk çkjEHk fd;kA

bfrgkl] /keZ] n'kZu ds lkFk lkFk vL= 'kL=ksa dh f'k{kk çkIr dhA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gh iksdj.k ds ikl ds

dLcs lkFkyesj* esa HkSjo rkaf=d dks ekj dj lEiw.kZ {ks= dks mlds vkrad ls eqä djok;kA

vc jkenso us ifjfLFkfr dks igpku dj yksd dY;k.k esa gh viuk thou [kikus dk ladYi

fy;kA jktiwr tkfr ds gksus ij Hkh mUgksaus nfyrksa ls lEidZ c<+k;k rFkk tEek tkxj.k* vkUnksyu ds

ek/;e ls mUgsa tkxzr dj vPNkb;ksa dh vksj ço`Ùk fd;kA tEek tkxj.k dk ;g iquhr dk;Z es?koky

tkfr ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk Fkk] 'ks"k lekt mudh ok.kh dk Jo.k fd;k djrk FkkA lekt ds fiNM+s

cU/kqvksa ds çfr jkenso th dk vUr%dj.k d#.kk o ijksidkj ls vksr çksr FkkA mUgksaus es?koky tkfr dh

dU;k Mkyh ckbZ dks viuh /keZcgu cuk;k rFkk fiNM+h cLrh esa gStk QSy tkus ij viuh iRuh dks vdsyh

NksM+dj mudh lsok fpfdRlk gsrq nkSM+ iM+sA

jkenso th Lo;a fl) ;ksxh o oS|dh; fpfdRlk esa ikjaxr Fks] bl dkj.k fodykaxrk tSlh

chekfj;ksa esa mUgksaus yksxksa dh pkeRdkfjd lgk;rk dhA dq"B jksx] gStk vkfn esa mudh fpfdRlk jkeck.k

Fkh] blh dkj.k os ihfM+rksa dks jksxeqä dj peRdkj fn[kk ldsA muds peRdkj ijpksa* ds :i esa fo[;kr

gSaA y[kh cutkjs dh feJh dks ued cukuk] ik¡p ihjksa ds dVksjs eDdk ls iy Hkj esa ykdj muds lkeus

j[kuk] usryns dh iaxqrk dks nwj djuk] lkjfFk;s dks rFkk viuh cgu lqxuk ds iq= dks thfor djuk

muds çeq[k ijps gSaA

esjs thou dk mís'; iwjk gks x;k gS] ,slk eku mUgksaus viuh yhyk ek= 33 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gh lesV

yhA Hkknok lqnh n'keh fo-la- 1442 ds fnu mUgksaus lekf/k ys yhA vkt mlh lekf/k ij çfro"kZ ,d

fo'kky esyk yxrk gS] ftlesa çfrfnu yk[kksa tkr: n'kZukFkZ vkrs gSa] vkSj muds xhr xkrs gSa

^^?k.kh ?k.kh [kEek gks] vteky th js yky usA**

ç—fr çnÙk lekt thou gekjs ns'k dh ewy vkRek gSA blh vkRek ds rŸokUos"kh vkSj l'kä

mn~?kks"kd Fks lUr tEHks'oj thA Jh —".k tUek"Veh dks tUes lUr tEHks'oj tkEHkksth ds uke ls Hkh

Hkäksa esa çfl) gSaA budk tUe ukxkSj ftys ds ihiklj xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA ckY;dky ls gh os fpUru'khy

ço`fÙk ds FksA 34 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ekrk firk dk nsgkUr gks tkus ds i'pkr~ vkius lkjh lEifÙk nku dj nh

vkSj lkekftd mRFkku esa yx x;sA mUgsa yksx tkEHkksth dgk djrs FksA

vki chdkusj ftys dh uks[kk rglhy ds lejkFky /kksjk* vk, vkSj viuk eqdke* cuk;kA blh

LFkku ij mUgsa fnO; Kku Hkh çkIr gqvk rFkk bZLoh 1485 dh dkfrZd v"Veh dks mUgksaus çFke mins'k

fn;kA lekt esa /keZ LFkkiuk o ç—fr ls lgthou ds mís'; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mUgksaus thou gsrq

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(47)

29 fu;e cuk;s] bUgsa ekuus okys fc'uksbZ ¼chl+ukS vFkkZr~ fc'uksbZ½ dgyk;sA ;s lHkh fu;e lnkpkj] thou

dh fu;ferrk rFkk ç—fr laj{k.k ij gh vk/kkfjr gSaA vkius dêjrk ij Hkh fujUrj çgkj fd;s] nq"Vksa dk

fuxzg vius peRdkjh O;fäRo ls fd;kA vkius lqYrku fldUnj yksnh dks Hkh xks gR;k u djus ds fy,

jkth dj fy;k FkkA

lekt dks lUr tEHks'oj th ds usr`Ro ls ,d ubZ lathouh feyhA dbZ fo/kehZ Hkh muls çHkkfor

gksdj muds f'k"; cusA ljy o lq[kh thou ds bu fu;eksa ds dkj.k yksx cM+h la[;k esa muds vuq;k;h

cusA vius fojkV~ O;fäRo ds dkj.k os lgt gh yksdeu ds nso cu x;sA chdkusj ftys ds ykylj xk¡o

esa lekf/k ysdj mUgksaus viuh thouyhyk iw.kZ dhA

tEHks'oj th rks pys x;s( fdUrq muds vuq;kf;;ksa us muds crk;s ekxZ dk vuqlj.k viuk

cfynku nsdj fd;kA ç—fr dh j{kk gsrq fn;k x;k og cfynku vR;Ur çsjd ,oa vf}rh; gSA tks/kiqj

ftys dk ,d xk¡o [kstM+yh vkt Hkh bl cfynku dk lk{kh gSA ckr lu~ 1730 dh gSA tks/kiqj egkjktk

us vius lSfudksa dks jkT;dk;Z gsrq o`{k dkV dj ykus dks dgkA lSfudksa us [kstM+yh* xk¡o dks mi;qä

le>k] D;ksafd bl xk¡o ds çR;sd [ksr esa cgqrk;r esa [kstM+h ¼'keh½ ds o`{k FksA jktk ds lSfud bl xk¡o esa

vk /kedsA xk¡o dh gh ,d ekrk bejrk nsoh dks tc bldk irk yxk rks os nkSM+ dj [ksr esa igq¡ph vkSj

[kstM+h u dkVus gsrq le>kus yxhA brus esa xk¡o ds yksxksa dks Hkh irk yxk vkSj os Hkh ogk¡ vk x;sA jktk

ds lSfud rks lÙkk en esa pwj Fks gh euk djus ij Hkh isM+ dkVus yxs rks bejrk nsoh us mUgsa yydkjrs gq,

dgk fd gekjs thrs th rqe ;s o`{k ugha dkV ldrs vkSj xk¡o ds yksxksa dks çsj.kk nsrs gq, dgk ^lj lk¡Vs

:¡[k jgs rks Hkh lLrks tk.k** lHkh L=h iq#"k ,d ,d isM+ ds vkxs [kM+s gks x;sA ije ohjkaxuk bejrk nsoh

mudh rhuksa iqf=;k¡ vlh] jruh o Hkkxw ckbZ rFkk ifr jkeksth us viuk cfynku fn;kA fQj rks xk¡o okys

Hkh ihNs ugha jgs] ,d ds ckn ,d o`{k dh j{kkFkZ dVrs x;sA bl çdkj ml fnu yxHkx 363 yksxksa dk

cfynku ml [kstM+yh xzke esa gqvkA os lHkh cfynku djus okys tEHks'oj th ds gh vuq;k;h FksA vkt Hkh

mudh Le`fr esa çfro"kZ esyk Hkjrk gSA gtkjksa yksx vkrs gSa] mUgsa viuk J)k lqeu vfiZr djrs gSa rFkk

ç—fr o i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk ladYi ysrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fc'uksb;ksa ds xk¡o esa o`{k vkt Hkh ugha

dkVs tkrs] fgj.k ugha ekjs tkrsA

jktLFkku ds /kqj nf{k.k esa] xqtjkr vkSj e/;çns'k dh lhek,¡ tgk¡ Li'kZ djrh gSa] ogk¡ ,d fnO;

cfynku dk lk{kh cudj [kM+k gS ^^ekux<+ dk fo'kky igkM+**A yxHkx ,d 'krkCnh iwoZ bl l?ku

oukapy esa ouoklh cU/kqvksa us ,d O;kid Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dk lapkyu fd;k FkkA ;g vfHk;ku bruk

çHkkoh Fkk fd vaxzst ljdkj ?kcjk mBhA ifj.kkeLo:i bls dqpyus ds fy, 17 uoEcj] 1913 bZ- dks

vk;ksftr jk"VªHkäksa ds fojkV~ lEesyu esa vaxzstksa us yk[kksa ou cU/kqvksa ij va/kk/kqU/k xksyhckjh djds 1500

ouokfl;ksa dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;kA tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM ls Hkh Hkh"k.k vkSj mlls Hkh igys

gqvk ;g cfynku vkt Hkh ouokfl;ksa ds xhrksa o dFkkvksa esa jpk clk gSA ekux<+ ds bl igkM+ ij vkt

Hkh p<+rs gSa rks jksekap gks tkrk gSA ,sls fojkV~ Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro djus okys egkiq#"k Fks

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iwT; xksfoUn xq#

(48)

iwT; xksfoUn xq#A

Mw¡xjiqj ftys ds ckfl;k¡* xk¡o esa 20 fnlEcj] 1858 bZ- dks ,d cutkjk ifjokj esa tUesa xksfoUn

dks cpiu esa laLdkj feys xk¡o ds f'ko efUnj ds iqtkjh lsA ifjokj dh ?kqeUrw thou'kSyh us nqfu;k

ns[kus dk volj fn;k vkSj fu.kkZ;d eksM+ vk;k] 1880 esa Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh ds lkFk rhu eghus rd

mn;iqj esa jgus lsA yk[kksa ouoklh cU/kq vf'k{kk] csdkjh] Hkw[k] vdky] chekfj;ksa] O;luksa rFkk

vU/kfo'oklksa ds lkFk lkFk lkearh vkSj vaxzsth ljdkj ds vR;kpkjksa dks lg jgs FksA ,sls ihfM+r lekt

dks lq/kkjus dk chM+k mBk;k xksfoUn usA ^lEilHkk* uked lkekftd laxBu dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh

çkjEHk gqvk xk¡o esa gou dqaMksa ¼/kw.kh½ dh LFkkiuk dk dk;ZA xksfoUn us LoPNrk] Hktu lRlax] cPpksa dh

f'k{kk] esgur djuk] pksjh u djuk] e| ek¡l lsou ugha djuk] vkilh fookn ugha djuk] csxkj ugha

djuk vkSj blh ds lkFk fons'kh dk cfg"dkj rFkk Lo/keZ esa –<+ jgus vkfn ds Hkko LFkkfir fd,A lekt

lq/kkj dh ckr xk¡o xk¡o esa pyh rks xksfoUn gks x;k vc xksfoUn xq#*A yk[kksa vuq;k;h cuus yxs] d.Bh

¼#æk{k½ /kkj.k djus yxs vkSj leosr Loj esa yk[kksa d.Bksa ls xq¡tk;eku gksus yxk] ;g xhr&HkwjksfV;k! uh

ekuw js uh ekuw------ ¼vaxzst! eSa rqEgsa dHkh Lohdkj ugha d:¡xkA½

lu~ 1903 ls çfro"kZ ekxZ'kh"kZ iwf.kZek ij* lEi lHkk dk okf"kZd lEesyu ekux<+ ds fo'kky igkM+

ij gksus yxk] blesa yk[kksa yksx tqVrs FksA LFkkuh; lkeUr tkxhjnkj rks igys ls gh ukjkt Fks] Åij ls

muds 'k=qvksa us Hkh dku Hkjus 'kq: fd, ftldk ifj.kke gqvk lu~ 1913 dk ekux<+ gR;kdkaMA duZy

^'kVy* ds ,d vkns'k ls Hkäksa ij xksfy;k¡ cjlkbZ tkus yxha] yxHkx vk/kk ?kaVk ;g ohHkRl rkaMo pyrk

jgk vkSj tc rd cUnwdsa Fkeha rc rd Hkkjr ekrk ds 1500 ls vf/kd iq= iqf=;k¡ vius çk.kksa dh vkgqfr;k¡

ns pqds FksA xq# ds ik¡o esa Hkh xksyh yxh FkhA mUgsa fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA

xksfoUn xq# dks vnkyr us Qk¡lh dh ltk lqukbZ] ckn esa mls dkyk ikuh esa vkSj fQj vkthou

dkjkokl esa cny fn;kA vgenkckn dh ls.Vªy tsy esa mUgsa j[kk x;kA fo'o;q) esa vaxzstksa dh fot; ds

QyLo:i Js"B vkpj.k ds vk/kkj ij bUgsa Hkh l'krZ eqä fd;k x;kA xq# vc 60 o"kZ ds gks pys FksA

xqtjkr esa iapegky esa dEcksbZ uked LFkku ij thou dk vfUre le; chrkA 30 vDVwcj] 1931 bZ- dks

;gha ls mUgksaus LoxZ çLFkku fd;kA vkt Hkh gj ekxZ'kh"kZ iwf.kZek ij gtkjksa yksx ml igkM+ ij vkrs gSa]

/kw.kh esa ukfj;y vfiZr djrs gSa vkSj ogk¡ dh ekVh dks eLrd ls yxkrs gSaA

gekjs ns'k ls ;ouksa dh lÙkk dks loZnk ds fy, lekIr djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys

çrkih egkjktk lwjtey dk tUe jko jktk cnuflag ds iq= ds :i esa Jh jkuh nsodh dh dks[k ls 13

Qjojh] lu~ 1707 bZ- ¼ek?k 'kqDy i{k n'keh laor~ 1763 foØeh½ esa vius ufugky dkej esa gqvk FkkA tUe

ls gh lwjtey dh rstfLork ls lHkh çHkkfor FksA ;qokoLFkk rd vkrs vkrs os lq–<+ 'kjhj ds lkglh ;ks)k

gks x,A blh ds lkFk dwVuhfr ds [ksy esa Hkh os fu".kkr gks x,A jktk cnuflag ds iq=ksa esa os lcls cM+s iq=

Fks] xq.kksa esa Hkh Js"B Fks] vr% ;qojkt mUgsa gh cuk;k x;kA

lu~ 1731 esa bUgksaus esokr ds nkoj tax dks /kwy pVk nhA uoEcj 1745 esa mUgksaus vyhx<+ ds

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egkjktk lwjtey

(49)

uokc vkSj eqxy ckn'kkg ls ;q) fd;kA nksuksa i{k lwjtey dh lgk;rk ik ysus dks mRlqd FksA lu~

1750 esa fnYyh ds ckn'kkg ds ehj c['kh lykor [kk¡ us lwjtey ij vkØe.k dj fn;kA ukjukSy ds

ikl jkr ds vU/ksjs esa lykor [kk¡ dh Nkouh ij flag >iêk ekjdj lwjtey us mls vkReleiZ.k ds

fy, etcwj dj fn;kA lfU/k esa tks 'krsaZ r; gqbZ os ;qojkt lwjtey dh jk"VªHkkouk dk ifjpk;d gSA

buesa nks 'krsaZ bl çdkj gSa&

1- eqxy lsuk ihiy ds o`{k ugha dkVsxh rFkk

2- efUnjksa dk vieku ugha fd;k tk;sxk] u gh fdlh nsoky; dks {kfr igq¡pkbZ tk;sxhA

jkt cnuflag ds fu/ku ds ckn 9 twu] 1756 bZ- dks lwjtey fof/kor~ Hkjriqj jkT; ds jktk

cusA blds 6 ekg ckn gh vgen'kkg vCnkyh Hkkjr esa ?kql vk;kA fnYyh ds ckn'kkg us fcuk yM+s gh

vkReleiZ.k dj fn;kA fnYyh Qrg dj vCnkyh us lwjtey dks nckus dk fopkj fd;kA egkjktk

lwjtey us vCnkyh dks le>kSrk okrkZvksa esa my>kus dh j.kuhfr viukbZA blh le; Hkjriqj ujs'k us

og ,sfrgkfld i= fy[kk ftlesa mUgksaus vCnkyh dk eukscy rksMus dh dksf'k'k dh rFkk mls pqukSrh Hkh

nhA i= i<us ds ckn mls Mhx] dqEgsj vkSj Hkjriqj ds lq–<+ fdyksa dh vksj c<us dh fgEer gh ugha gqbZA

bl çdkj rqdksaZ dks mUgha ds gfFk;kj ls ekr nsus okyk N=ifr f'kokth egkjkt ljh[kk ,d vkSj ohj

iq#"k Hkkjr dh /kjrh ij vorfjr gqvk FkkA fnYyh ls eqxyksa dks iwjh rjg gVk nsus dk ftEek tc

egkjktk lwjtey ij vk;k rks igys mUgksaus vkxjk ls eqxy lÙkk lekIr dj fdys ij vf/kdkj dj

fy;kA dqN gh le; esa mUgksaus nf{k.k esa pEcy rd ds {ks= ij fot; irkdk QgjkbZA iwoZ fn'kk esa

gfj;k.kk dk iwjk {ks= Hkh muds vf/kdkj esa vk pqdk FkkA vyhx<+] gkiqM+ rFkk x<+ eqäs'oj rd vius

çHkko dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA vkxjk esa eqxy vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds lHkh fu'kku gVkrs gq, egkjktk us

iwjs nqxZ dks nw/k o ;equk ty ls /kqyok;kA mlds ckn 'kkL=ksä fof/k ls gou dj vkxjk uxjh dks ;ouksa

ds nq"çHkko ls eqä fd;kA

is'kok ds vlkef;d fu/ku ds ckn vc Lo;a egkjktk lwjtey us fnYyh dks eqxyksa ls iwjh rjg

eqä djus dk fu'p; fd;kA mUgksaus rhu rjQ ls fnYyh dks ?ksj dj xksykckjh 'kq: dj nhA #gsys

Hkjriqj ds ohjksa dh ekj ls yxkrkj ihNs gVrs tk jgs FksA ,sls le; egkjktk fg.Mu unh ds ,d ukys

dks ikj djus vkxs c<+s rHkh ogk¡ fNis cSBs #gsys cUnwdfp;ksa us tcjnLr xksykckjh 'kq: dj nhA vpkud

gq, geys ls lSfud lEHkyrs rc rd egkjktk lwjtey ds çk.k?kkrd pksV yx pqdh FkhA jfookj 25

fnlEcj] 1763 bZ- ds fnu lk;adky yxHkx 5 cts egkjktk lwjtey dk fu/ku gks x;kA

k k k k

ijkØeh & ohj ohj çlwrk & ohjksa dks tUe nsus okyh

tkr: & ;k=h ujiqaxo & ujJs"B

loZnk & ges'kk fu".kkr & ikjaxr

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'kCnkFkZ -

(50)

vH;kl ç'uoLrqfu"B ç'u -

vfry?kwÙkjkRed ç'u -

y?kwÙkjkRed ç'u -

fuca/kkRed ç'u -

1- ^lEilHkk* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\

¼d½ egkjktk lwjtey us ¼[k½ lar tEHks'oj us

¼x½ iwT; xksfoUn xq# us ¼?k½ ckck jkenso us ¼ ½

2- ckck jkenso dh lekf/k ij esyk yxrk gS&

¼d½ Hkknok lqnh n'keh ¼[k½ Hkknok cqnh iapeh

¼x½ Hkknok cqnh n'keh ¼?k½ Hkknok lqnh iapeh ¼ ½

1- nsoukjk;.k dks fdldk vorkj ekuk tkrk gS\

2- ^lj lkaVs :¡[k jgs rks Hkh lLrk tk.k* iafä dk vFkZ crkb,A

3- lwjtey dgk¡ ds jktk Fks\

4- lar tEHks'oj dks fnO; Kku dgk¡ çkIr gqvk\

1- ^tEek tkxj.k* vkUnksyu ds mís'; dks Li"V dhft,A

2- tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM dh rqyuk jktLFkku dh fdl ?kVuk ls dh tkrh gS\ la{ksi esa ?kVuk

dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- lwjtey dh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls lacaf/kr fdUgha nks ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

4- ^[kstM+yh* xk¡o dh bejrk nsoh dk cfynku fdl dkj.k gqvk\ fyf[k,A

1- ekux<+ dk fo'kky igkM+ fdl fnO; cfynku dk lk{kh gS\ foLrkj ls fyf[k,A

2- lekt esa /keZ LFkkiuk o ç—fr ds lgthou ds mís'; ls lar taHks'oj ds ;ksxnku dk o.kZu

dhft,A

k k k k

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