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Isolation of Piperine from Black Pepper
Introduction
Extraction of natural products is important to medicine and the pharmaceutical
industry, because large proportion of natural products in drug discovery was based on the
diverse structures and carbon skeletons of natural products. For the future, extractions of
natural products are significant sources for new drugs and are good lead compounds
suitable for further modification during drug development.3For this experiment, we will
isolate piperine from black pepper.
Black pepper is well known for its applications ranging from flavoring, and its
multiple medicinal uses, particularly in gastrointestinal disorders, such as constipation,
diarrhea, and indigestion.4
In addition, pepper has been recognized to have antibacterial,
antihistaminic, digestive enzyme stimulatory, immune enhancing, and chemopreventive
effects as well.4The quality of pepper is contributed by two components: Piperine that
contributes the spiciness and volatile oil that is responsible for the aroma and flavor.
Piperine was first isolated by Oersted in 1819 as a yellow crystalline substance and
discovered that Piperine the major alkaloids for the spicy component present in pepper.
There are five minor alkaloids possessing pungency in pepper extracts, which are
piperettine, piperanine, piperylin A, piperolein B and pipercine.2They all have similar
chemical functional groups but different molecular weights, and different structures.
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Figure 1 Chemical structures of five analogues of
piperinePiperine (C17H19O3N; m.p 128-130) is a
weak base, and when it is hydrolyzed with
HNO3 or any other aqueous alkali, it yields a
volatile base piperidine (C5H11N). Piperine is
highly sensitive to light, thus the reaction
should be carried out accordingly.2Piperine has
also been discovered as possessing anti-
asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-
hypertensive, antitumor, antibacterial, and even
analgesic activities.4In addition, piperine
exhibits a chemo-protective effect, where it shows a protective effect against radiation in
radiotherapy. Moreover, piperine is also used as a bioavailability enhancer in many drug
formulations, thus the high demand for pure piperine leads to more efficient way to
extract pure piperine from black pepper.3
For this experiment piperine is isolated from the black pepper by refluxing with
ethanol and KOH. However there is more than one way to extract piperine from black
pepper. For example, by using the chemical properties of piperine, piperine can be
isolated from black pepper. One of the properties is that piperine is soluble in
dichloromethane and in cold ethanol. Thus, instead of refluxing with ehthanol, black
pepper can be refluxed with CH2Cl2 and with saxhelt (C2H5OH 95%). With extraction
involving refluxing, 2 principal alkaloid amide products, piperine and piperanine can be
obtained. Recrystallization from ethanol produces pure piperine solube in cold ethanol (pf
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128C) and pure piperanine solube in hot ethanol (pf 135C).5
In addition, it is also
known that combining butyl benzene sulfonate as hydrotrope with a surfactant in aqueous
solutions isolates piperine from black pepper. This method is proven to increase the
percentage extraction of piperine when mixed with sodim dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as
compared to the hydrotrope alone.3
For this lab, piperine will be isolated by refluxing in ethanol and KOH. And the
obtained piperine will be purified via recrystallization. Typical recoveries are between
2.5% to 10%. The purity of the extracted piperine will be analyzed by taking a melting
point of the purified product, and obtaining data from IR, 60MHz 1H NME, 400MHz
NMR, and MS.
Experiment
Piperine. Grinded black pepper (12.5g, ) and placed in 100 mL round bottom
flask to reflux it with Ethanol (50mL, ) for 90 minutes. The resulting solution was filtered
out via Buchner porcelain funnel. The liquid was concentrated with stream of nitrogen
and a warm water bath. The resulting residue was dissolved in 10% by weight KOH in
ethanol (12.5mL, ). The solution was cooled in an ice bath, and distilled water was added
drop-wise (20mL, ). The produced precipitate was collected via vacuum filtration. For the
recrystallization, collected solute was dissolved in 3:2 Acetone: Hexane solution (5mL).
The crystalized product was collected via vacuum filtration (0.069g, 0.552%). mp 130-
131C;1H NMR (60MHz, CDCl3) (ppm) 1.620 (s, 6H), 3.8 (s, 4H), 5.972 (s, 2H),
6.542-6.986 (m, 6H), 7.267 (m, 1H);1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) (ppm) 1.2527-1.6868,
2.1723, 3.5259-3.6377, 5.9762, 6.4240-6.4605, 6.6934-6.7882, 6.8782-6.8983, 6.9023-
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6.9844, 7.2698-7.3999; IR (ATR) max(cm-1
) 3008.67, 2938.56, 2855.48, 1631.21,
1610.63, 1580.62, 1489.05, 1436.73, 1247.75, 1131.01, 1111.08; MS 285 (MW), 201,
173, 143, 115, 84, 77, 55, 41, 28.
Discussion
Piperine was isolated from the black pepper by refluxing the black pepper with
ethanol (95%), and dissolving the residue in 10% by weight KOH in ethanol. Isolated
crude product was purified by recrystallization. The crude product was dissolved in
approximately 5 mL of hot 3:2 ratio of acetone and hexane solution. To speed up the
recrystallization process, drops of cold distilled water were added as well. As a result the
recrystallized product yielded 0.552% of the starting material; the typical recoveries are
between 2.5% to 10% of the starting material. Most of the products could have been lost
during the recrystallization and while collecting the product from the solution to the
filter; not giving enough time for the solutes to crystallize will lead to loss of product as
well. One other loss of product may have occurred while forming a precipitate by adding
cold distilled water into the mixture of concentrated reflux solution and 10% KOH. If not
enough cold water was added, then the amount of product will be less than the theoretical
yield, or the expected amount. Moreover, loss of product may also have occurred while
transferring the precipitate into Hirsch funnel for vacuum filtration. To determine the
structure and the purity of the synthesized product, melting point, IR, NMR, and MS data
were analyzed.
To determine the purity of the isolated product, melting point of the product can
be compared with the melting point of the pure substance. The melting point of the pure
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piperine is 131-135C.6The collected melting point was 130-131C, which is close to
the pure substance, just a little less than expected. This result highly suggests that the
isolated piperine has an identical melting point property with the pure compound. To
further investigate the purity of the compound, IR data was collected.
IR has been used to analyze the functional groups of the isolated product and also
to check the purity of the isolated product. From the data, the peak at 3008.67cm-1
indicates the presence of hydrogen from benzene ring, the peak at 2938.56 cm-1
suggests
the presence of alkene (R2-C=C-R-H), and peak at 2855.48 cm-1
may suggest the
presence of C-H group. Furthermore, the peak at 1631.21 cm-1
indicates the presence of
carbonyl group attached to the tertiary amine group (O=C-N-R2). The peak at
1580.62cm-1
indicates the presence of benzene group, peak at 1489.05 cm-1
suggests the
presence of H2-C-R2 scissor bend group, and the peak at 1436.73 cm-1
indicates the
presence ofCH2- group. In addition, the strongest peak at 1247.75 strongly suggests the
presence of C-O vinyl group, and the peaks at 1131.01 cm-1
and 1111.08 cm-1
indicates
the presence of C-O bonding group. Surprisingly, the presence of alkene group with trans
isomerism (RHC=CHR) at approximately 1675 cm-1
is missing in the IR data. It is
unclear why it is missing a peak at that region when it should be there. Nonetheless, it is
difficult to determine whether or not the isolated product is piperine, since the rest of the
alkaloids that are in black pepper (piperanine, and piperettine) also share the common
functional groups of the piperine. Thus, to further analyze the structure of the isolated
product, the product was analyzed under two types of NMR instrument, 60MHz and
400MHz.
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To further analyze the structure of the isolated product of piperine, two different
NMR data have been collected: 1H 60MHz NMR, and 1H 400MHz NMR. Since three
different alkaloids that are found in black pepper consist different numbers of carbons
and hydrogens, NMR will help determine the isolated productsstructure among the three
different alkaloids (piperine, piperanie, and piperettine). According to the 1H 60MHz
NMR data, the isolated product has a peak at 1.620 ppm with approximately six
hydrognes, which could represent the hydrogens attached on the five-carbon ring
structure with nitrogen on it. A peak at 3.8 ppm with four hydrognes could suggest the
remaining four hydrognes on the five-carbon ring structure with nitrogen on it. The
chemical shift is higher than the previous six hydrognes due to the nitrogen atom nearby.
A singlet peak at 5.972 ppm with approximately two hydrognes indicates the hydrogens
from the carbon nearby two C-O groups. The chemical shift value is higher than expected,
since two oxygens are affecting the electron density of the carbon. The remaining seven
hydrogens are clustered around peaks at 6.542-7.267 ppm, these hydrogens could be from
the benzene ring and from the two trans isomerism alkene groups. Generally with higher
resolution, like using 400MHz NMR, the clustered peaks can be magnified and
chemically distinct hydrogens can be distinguished. By looking at the structure of the
piperine, there are total eleven chemically distinct hydrogens, and total 19 hydrogens.
For a better resolution of the NMR data, 1H 400MHz NMR data was collected.
Chuck of multeplet peaks at 1.2527-1.6868 ppm has total 6 hydrogens. This seems to be
representing the hydrogens attached on the para and meta side of the nitrogen carbon
ring. I believe these chunks of multiplet should be separated into two distinct integrations
of hydrogens, 4H and 2H. The peaks at 3.529-3.6377ppm with 4 hydrogens are
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representing the hydrogens attached on the ortho side of the nitrogen carbon ring. The
strongest peak at 5.9762ppm indicates the presence of two hydrogens on the carbon,
which is bonded to two oxygens. Because of these two oxygens, the -CH2 chemical shift
value was higher than the expected value. Next the huge chunk of multiplets at 6.5ppm-
7.4ppm in 60MHz NMR data is now broken down to five distinct multiplet peaks in
400MHz NMR. This huge chunk of multiplets ranging from 6.4240ppm to 7.3999ppm
can be divided into two categories: one with the benzene ring, and the other with the
alkene group. Since the normal NMR range for alkene group is from 4.5ppm to 6.5ppm,
any peaks within that range will be considered as the part of the alkene group. Anything
above 6.5ppm will be considered for the benzene ring group. I believe there are four
chemically distinct hydrogen groups in the alkene chain with four hydrognes. However,
the NMR data shows only two distinct hydrogen groups. Thus, I am guessing the
multiplet peaks at 6.6934ppm -6.7882ppm should be separated into three peaks with
integrated 1 hydrogen for each peaks. The rest of the peaks located above 6.5ppm,
corresponds to the hydrogens located on the benzene ring. Since the benzene ring of the
piperine consists three chemically distinct hydrogen groups, there should be three
different peaks, each with integration value of 1 hydrogen. In conclusion, there is a high
possibility that the isolated product is piperine, because the NMR structure seems to be
matching with the pure piperine structure with total 19 hydrogens.
Since black pepper consists three different types of alkaloids (piperine, piperanine,
and piperettine) and all of the alkaloids have different molecular mass, mass spectrum
will be the best way to analyze the isolated product. According to the data from the mass
spectrum, the isolated products molecular weight was 285 moles per gram. The highest
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peak (also known as the base peak) was 201m/z, which represents the fragment of the
piperine structure, which does not contain the O-C-O group. The next highest peak is
115m/z, which is 86m/z less than the base peak. With this result, I assume the fragmented
structure is the five-carbon ring containing nitrogen in it and the C=O group branching
out from the nitrogen. By analyzing each peaks and matching the fragmented structures
to it, as a result the data has constructed a piperine structure. This data result highly
suggests that the isolated product indeed is piperine.
From the IR, NMR, and the MS data, it is safe to conclude that the
isolated product is piperine. From the IR data no trace of impurity was
found, but it is difficult to determine whether or not the isolated product is piperine.
Since the rest of the alkaloids that are in black pepper (piperanine, and piperettine) also
share the common functional groups of the piperine, to further analyze the structure of
the isolated product, the product was analyzed under two types of NMR instrument,
60MHz and 400MHz. From the NMR, it was clear that there the isolated product is
piperine, because the NMR structure seems to be matching with the pure piperine
structure with total 19 hydrogens. Lastly, since black pepper consists three different types
of alkaloids (piperine, piperanine, and piperettine) and all of the alkaloids have different
molecular mass, mass spectrum will be the best way to analyze the isolated product.
According to the data from the mass spectrum, the isolated products molecular weight
was 285 moles per gram. By analyzing each peaks and matching the fragmented
structures to it, as a result the data has constructed a piperine structure. This data result
highly suggests that the isolated product indeed is piperine. Thus, it is safe to say that the
isolated product is piperine.
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Reference
1) McNamara, F., Randall, A., Gunthorpe, M.. Effects of piperine, the pungentcomponent of black pepper, at the human vaniloid receptor (TRPV1).Br J
Pharmacol. 2005March; 144()6: 781-790. doi:10.1038/sj.bip.0706040.
2) Ravindran, P.N., Kallupurackal, J.A.. Black Pepper Indian Institute of SpicesResearch, Kerala.
3) Padalkar, K.V., Gaikar, V.G.. Extraction of Piperine from Piper Nigrum (BlackPepper) by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactant and Surfactant+Hydrotrope
Mixtures Separation Science and Technoogy.43:11-12, 2008.
4) Mehmood, M.H., Gilani, A.H.. Pharmacological Basis for the Medicinal Use ofBlack Pepper and Piperine in Gastrointestinal DisordersJournal of Medicinal
Food. 13 (5) 2010, 1086-1096.
5) Dahmani, M., Et-Tauham, A., Al-Deyah, S.S., Hammouti, B., Bouyazor, A..Extraction of PiperineInternational Journal of Electro-Chemistry(5), 2010. pp.
1060-1069.
6) PiperineSigma-Aldrich.http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/P49007?lang=en®ion=
US