ferdinand sibarani, palembang, 04 june 2015 · pdf fileferdinand sibarani, palembang, 04 th...

Palembang Seminar 2015Ferdinand Sibarani, Palembang, 04th June 2015

Power Quality

© ABB GroupJune 18, 2015 | Slide 2

1. Power quality problems

2. ABB’s low voltage (LV) solution

• PCS100 AVC (Active Voltage Conditioner)

• PCS100 RPC (Reactive Power Conditioner)

• PCS100 UPS-I (Industrial Uninterruptible Power Supply)

3. ABB’s medium / high voltage (MV / HV) solution

• PCS100 MV UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

• PCS6000 STATCOM (Static VAR Compensator)

Content


Voltage stability,why is it so important?


Voltage ProblemsVoltage dip (British) / sag (American)

§ Definition: momentary drops in voltages of between10 and 90 percent of systemnominal voltages and generally last from one half cycle to several seconds;

§ Causes: large load changes, motor starting, capacitor bank switching, shortcircuit faults (e.g. lightning, animals shorting lines, vehicle accidents), etc.;

§ Effect: electrical and electronic equipment to trip or malfunction;

Voltage Dip / Sag


§ Definition: the increase in the RMS voltage level to 110% - 180% of nominal, atthe power frequency for durations of half (½) cycle to one (1) minute --- (IEEE1159);

§ Causes: abrupt reduction of load (V = L di/dt), single line to ground fault;

§ Effect: damage to electronics and other sensitive equipment.

Voltage Swell

Voltage ProblemsVoltage swell / surge


§ Definition: the magnitudes of phase or line voltages are different in a three-phasesystem;

§ Causes: equipment malfunction, uneven single-phase load distribution among thethree phases;

§ Effect: damage to motor & other inductive devices due to excessive heat, andintermittent shutdown of motor controllers and inverters;

Voltage ProblemsVoltage unbalance


§ Definition: voltage drop at particular repeat rates generated over the sourceimpedance of the grid by the changing load current of an equipment or facility;

§ Causes: switching operations of industrial processes and electrical appliancesconnected to the supply system;

§ Effects: range from minor irritation to a health risk, particularly for those who areprone to epilepsy. Also affect sensitive electronic equipment such as televisionreceivers or industrial processes relying on constant electrical power;

§ Examples: a steel mill uses large electric motors or arc furnaces on a distributionnetwork, or frequent starting of an elevator motor in an office building, or if a ruralresidence has a large water pump starting regularly on a long feeder system.

Voltage ProblemsVoltage flicker


§ Definition: the angle between the expected and actual secondary current;

§ Causes: magnetizing current;

§ Effect: power measurement error;

Voltage ProblemsPhase angle errors


Sensitive loads


What is the solution?


§ On Load Tap Changer (OLTC)

§ Motor based voltage stabilizer

Traditional Solutions Available

• lack speed of response;• have limited correction potential;• usually do not offer imbalance

and phase correction.


Modern Solution Available

§ Voltage conditioner • extremely fast & accurate;• power electronic based;

Features:• no energy storage required;• correction of under and over voltage, even

with regenerative loads• rugged overload capability;• fault log and voltage event data logging;• Ethernet connectivity;• modular construction;• simple user controls.

Benefits:• small dimensions (footprint);• high reliability;• high efficiency;• low cost of ownership;• commonality of spares;• low maintenance.


ABB’s Low Voltage SolutionPCS100 AVC (Active Voltage Conditioner)

§ solution to protect loads from:

§ voltage sag / dip;

§ voltage swell;

§ voltage unbalance;

§ Flicker;

§ size: 200 kVA – 2,400 kVA (up to 10 MVA ascustomized solution)

§ operating efficiency exceeding 98%;

§ no energy storage;

§ by-pass mechanism;

§ correction capabilities:

§ PCS100 AVC 40%.


§ AVC draws the additional power required to make up the correction voltagefrom the utility supply;

ABB’s Low Voltage SolutionPCS100 AVC (Active Voltage Conditioner)


Utility

No Protection Against PQ Events

Home


Utility Sag

Bypass

Rectifier and Inverter

InjectionTransformer

Home

PCS100 AVC Sag / Dip Protection


Utility Swell

Bypass

Rectifier and Inverter

InjectionTransformer

Home

PCS100 AVC Swell Protection


§ System description

§ 24/7 operation coal terminal with heavyequipment;

§ Main power from diesel generators;

§ Application: load protection againstcontinuous and frequent voltage dipsdue to heavy equipments operations

Solution• 1 (one) unit of PCS100 AVC – 600 kVA

• Operation date: 28 April 2014;

• Installation supervision &commissioning performed by ABBIndonesia’s local engineer;

Customer:Developer &operator of oneof Indonesia coalterminal

ABB’s Low Voltage SolutionPCS100 AVC – past project


§ System description

§ For 2015 Pacific Games in PortMoresby – Papua New Guinea;

§ Application: voltage regulation &voltage dip correction;

Solution• 2 (two) units of PCS100 AVC – 520

kVA

• Operation date: 16 June 2015;

• Installation supervision &commissioning performed by ABBIndonesia’s local engineer;

Customer:O’Donnell GriffinAustralia

ABB’s Low Voltage SolutionPCS100 AVC – upcoming project

PCS100 RPCReactive Power Conditioner

Ferdinand Sibarani, Discrete Motion & Automation - Power Conversion


Reactive LoadsDefinition: a load that cause phase shift between current and voltage;

Cause: inductive or capacitive loads

Effect: reactive power

capacitive load ----> negative reactive power ----> voltage “lags” current by 90°;inductive load ----> positive reactive power ----> voltage “leads” current by 90°


Non Linear Loads & Harmonics

Definition: any load whose impedance changes with the applied voltage;

Effect: harmonics;

Examples: variable frequency drives (VFD), rectifiers, arc furnace, induction heatingequipment, and any other loads that applies non linear elements (diodes, transistor,etc.);

Fixed speedinduction motor(linear load)

Personalcomputer (nonlinear load)

VFD with 6pulse rectifier(non linearload)

VFD with 12pulse rectifier(non linearload)


Non Linear Loads & Harmonics

Harmonics:• distortion of the electrical sine

wave;• at multiples of the fundamental

frequency;• measured as total harmonic

distortion (THD) measured in %;• used to calculate the Distortion

Power Factor.


Reactive Loads & Reactive Power

Definition: a load that cause phase shift between current and voltage;capacitive load ----> negative reactive power ----> voltage “lags” current by 90°;inductive load ----> positive reactive power ----> voltage “leads” current by 90°

Examples: inductive or capacitive loads (e.g.: motors, ballast, heater, chiller, etc.);

Effect: reactive power consumption;


Reactive Loads & Reactive Power

Reactive power ----> used to calculate Displacement Power Factor

(Assuming THDv<10%)

© ABB Group | November 14, 2012 | Slide 27

True Power Factor= Displacement PF * Distortion PF

§ S (kVA)

§ j

§ P (kW)

§Q

(kVA

r)

True Power Factor


How to improve True Power Factor?

Traditional Solutions

© ABB Group | October 23rd, 2012 | Slide

Capacitor Bank ----> only fix displacement power factor (reactive power);

Harmonic filter ----> only fix distortion power factor (harmonics);

Modern Solution


Features:• IGBT technology;• dynamic power factor correction, harmonics and

inrush generated sags;• small footprint;• modular designà high reliability;• ratings: 100 kVAR to 2000 kVAR (380 Vac to

480 Vac.

Benefits:• save money on utility reactive power charges;• true power factor correction (displacement &

distortion);• reduced transformer heating and reduced

system losses;• improved supply with less voltage variation;• higher loadings are possible

Reactive Power Conditioner


Reactive Power ConditionerPCS100 RPC – operation principle


§ PCS100 RPC = current source;

§ By injecting reactive current at the fundamental frequency, either leading or laggingpower factor problems can be corrected;

Reactive Power ConditionerPCS100 RPC – reactive power correction

ProcessMotorStarter

Motor

Utility

Reactive power

Real power

ProcessMotorStarter

Motor

Utility

PCS100RPC

Rea

ctive

pow

er

Real power Real power

Reactive power


§ PCS100 RPC = current source;

§ By injecting harmonic current equal but opposite to the load harmonic currentsallows harmonics to be corrected;

Load Current

Non linear load(e.g.: AC or DC Drive)

RPC

SinusoidalCurrent

Reactive Power ConditionerPCS100 RPC – harmonic cancellation


Reactive Power ConditionerPCS100 RPC – imbalance current correction

§ PCS100 RPC = current source

§ Injecting negative sequence current can balance loads across all phases.


Reactive Power ConditionerPCS100 RPC – voltage control

• For special case where load related voltage problems are experienced (i.e.dynamic loads or high impedance utility power supplies);

• the voltage is controlled by injecting or absorbing reactive power;• In this mode the power factor will not be controlled.


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Filter Inverter

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(Power rating: 1.5 MVAr)

Filter Avaliable power0 kVAr / 0 %

MTTR manyhours

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1875 KVA / 94%15 Mins(Fault in one modulestops only affectedmodule pair)

Inverter

Avaliable power0 kVAr / 0 %(fault with onemodule stops thewhole system)

MTTR 30min

Avaliable power1390 kVAr / 92.9%

MTTR 30min orcontinue operationuntil scheduledmaintinance

Reactive Power ConditionerPCS100 RPC – module redundancy


Reactive Power ConditionerPCS100 RPC – comparison to other solution

PCS100 RPC compensates both harmonics & reactive power requirements:ü lower energy consumption, increased efficiency;ü lower operating temperatures, increasing lifetime;ü higher loadings are possible;

NoCompensation

VAR only(capacitor bank)

Harmonics only(active filter) PCS100 RPC

Displacement PF 0.85 0.99 0.85 1.005th harmonic current 30% 30% 0% 0%7th harmonic current 12% 12% 0% 0%11th harmonic current 5% 5% 0% 5%13th harmonic current 2% 2% 0% 2%THDi 33% 33% 0% 5%Distortion PF 0.950 0.950 1.000 0.999Total PF 0.808 0.941 0.850 0.999Load Voltage 389 V 397 V 389 V 400 VTransformer Loading 93% 80% 88% 75%

PCS6000 STATCOMStatic Var Compensator



ABB’s Medium / High Voltage SolutionPCS6000 STATCOM (Static Var Compensator)


PCS6000 STATCOM 1 x 10 MVAR

PCS6000 STATCOM 2 x 32 MVA

ABB’s Medium / High Voltage SolutionPCS6000 STATCOM (Static Var Compensator)


PCS100 UPS-IIndustrial UPS (LV)

DMPC LV Power Converter Products

2UCD120000E028 rev A


•short term power outages;

•surges,

•very deep sags

Power Outages Problems


• solution to protect loads from• short term power outages;• surges,• very deep sags

• size à from 200 kVA up to 5 MVA;

• autonomy time à from a few seconds up to severalminutes;

• The PCS100 UPS-I is an industrial single conversionUPS. It is inactive unless the voltage swells or sagsoutside a user set window.

ABB’s Low Voltage SolutionPCS100 UPS-I (Industrial Uninterruptible Power Supply)


Utility Voltage PCS100 UPS-I Voltage Output Voltage

3 phaseUtility Supply

3 phaseLoad Output

DistributionTransformer

Input CircuitBreaker

Fail-Safe Bypass

UtilityDisconnect

Inverter

Energy Storage

Batteries or Ultracapacitors

CircuitBreaker

DC CircuitBreaker



PCS100 UPS-I, Industrial UPSNo short term outage protection

UtilityDisturbance


PCS100 UPS-I, Industrial UPSOutage protection – Utility voltage within limits

UtilityDisturbance

Fail-Safe Bypass

UtilityDisconnect

Inverter

Energy Storage


CouplingTransformer

AvailableAutonomy


PCS100 UPS-I, Industrial UPSOutage protection – Utility disturbance occurs

UtilityDisturbance

Fail-Safe Bypass

UtilityDisconnect

Inverter

Energy Storage


CouplingTransformer

AvailableAutonomy


PCS100 UPS-I, Industrial UPSOutage protection – Utility voltage return

UtilityDisturbance

Fail-Safe Bypass

UtilityDisconnect

Inverter

Energy Storage


CouplingTransformer

AvailableAutonomy

PCS100 MV UPSIndustrial UPS (MV)



§ Traditionally various UPS and powerconditioning devices installed on lowvoltage level

§ For this method there are manychallenges:

§ Floor space

§ Maintenance

§ Energy efficiency

§ Availability

§ Supervision

ABB’s Medium / High Voltage SolutionPCS100 MV UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)


6.6 kV, 6 MVA PCS100 Medium Voltage UPS

ABB’s Medium / High Voltage SolutionPCS100 MV UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

Power quality problem fromoutside (grid)

Solution:

PCS100 AVC

PCS100 UPS-I

PCS100 MV UPS

Power quality problem frominside (loads)

Solution:

PCS100 RPC

PCS6000 STATCOM


ABB’s Total Power Quality Solution


ABB’s Engineering & Technical Support

ABB services span the entire product ownership life cycle:

ü Pre-purchase engineering;

ü Installation and commissioning;

ü Technical support;

ü Training;

ü Preventive and corrective maintenance and maintenance spare parts kits

ü Retrofit and refurbishment;

ü Globally available, supported by regional service hubs and operating inmore than 100 countries

ü Spare part availability and stocking- On-site repairs

ü 24 x 365 local support line

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