Feeding Pigs without Antibiotics 无抗养猪 Kyle Coble, Ph.D. Senior Manager of Production Strategies Swine Nutritionist New Fashion Pork Jackson, MN, USA Leman China Swine Conference李曼中国养猪大会 Nanjing, China October 2016

Presentation Outline提纲

1) Introduction to NFP System新时尚养猪体系介绍

2) Historical Use of Antibiotics过去抗生素使用情况

3) Management Strategies管理策略

4) Biosecurity生物安全

5) Nutritional Therapies营养疗法

6) Questions问题

New Fashion Pork System 新时常养猪体系

• Home office in Jackson, MN办公室位于明尼苏达州的Jackson市 • 60,000 sows from Wyoming to Indiana管理从怀俄明州到印第安

纳州的60,000头母猪 • YTD 1.2 M pigs marketed年上市120万商品猪

• 50% Integrated & 50% Non-integrated sales一半整合销售,一半非整合销售

• Owner member of Triumph Foods 是Triumph食品公司所有者成员

• Farrow-to-finish production system断奶到育肥生产体系 • Wean >25,000 pigs per week每周断奶>25,000头 • Start most pigs in weaned-to-finish barns大部分猪开始饲养在断

奶-育肥一体舍 • No feed-grade antibiotics since Jan 2016. 2016年1月以来没有

饲料级抗生素。

Industry Approach to Profitability盈利方法

• The swine industry does an excellent job of managing cost (current):(当前)养猪业确实是控制成本的极好工作: 1. Feed Cost (60%) 饲料成本(60%) 2. Weaned Pig Cost (25%) 断奶仔猪成本(25%) 3. Facility Cost (9%) 设备设施成本(9%) 4. Animal Health (4%) 动物健康保健(4%) 5. Trucking (1%) 运输成本(1%) 6. Genetics (1%)基因成本(1%)

• With feed cost accounting for 60%, feed efficiency becomes extremely important随着饲料成本占60%,饲料效率变得极其重要。

Largest Opportunity to further improve F/G进一步改善料肉比的重大机会 (1=important, 重要， 10=least important 最不重要)

Topic主题 Average Ranking平均得分

Health健康 2.2 Genetics基因 3.7 Feed Processing饲料处理（工艺） 4.3 Dietary energy日粮能量 4.6 Digestive tract microbiology/health消化道微生物/健康 5.5

Environment 环境 5.5 Amino acids氨基酸 6.2 Feed additives (other than antibiotics)饲料添加剂(非抗生素） 6.9

Antibiotics抗生素 7.7 Alternative feed ingredients可选择的饲料成份 8.1

Flohr et al., 2013

Effect of Acute Swine Influenza on Growth Performance 急性猪流感对生长育肥猪生产性能的影响

1.20

-0.14

1.45

-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6

ADG,

kg

ADG平均日增重

Before During After

2.90

9.23

2.39

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

FG

Feed Efficiency饲料效率

Before During After

Coble et al., 2013

发病之前 发病期间 病后

平均日增重

饲料：增重

发病之前 发病期间 病后

Historical Perspective on Antibiotic Use使用抗生素的历史

• Common practice to utilize antibiotics in nursery and finishing diets:实践中通常在保育和育肥日粮中使用 • One-site product (Farrow-to-Finish)单点生产（分娩到育肥） • Outdoor product 室外生产 • Insufficient cleaning/biosecurity清洗不彻底/生物安全 • High bacterial bug loads 大量细菌的缺点 • Predictable improvement in feed efficiency预测饲料转化率改善

• Now, we have many production practices that help combat those issues:现在我们有很多生产实践帮助应对上述问题： • Multi-site product 多点式生产 • Emphasis on biosecurity 强调生物安全 • Vaccination protocols 免疫程序 • Individual treatments 个体治疗 • Advanced cleaning equipment and processes 先进的清洁设备

和工艺 • Working knowledge of feeds’ contribution to health 饲料方面的

研究工作对猪群健康的帮助。

Hays, V. W., and V. C. Speer, 1960

Item项目 Control对照组

Antibiotica

抗生素组 Improvement, %

改善% Gain (kg)增重 Clean Building清洁舍 8.1 10.4 28 Dirty Building 肮脏舍 4.8 7.5 55

Feed:Gain料肉比 Clean Building清洁舍 1.90 1.74 8 Dirty Building肮脏舍 2.89 2.05 29

a Spiramycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline 螺旋霉素，金霉素，土霉素

Cromwell et al., 1991

Item项目 Control对照组

Antibioticsa

抗生素组 Improvement, %

改善% ADG, g平均日增重, 克

247 306 24

ADFI, g平均日采食量，克

467 540 16

Feed:Gain 料肉比

1.92 1.77 8

a chlortetracycline, penicillin, sulfamethazine 金霉素，青霉素，磺胺二甲基嘧啶

Coble et al., 2016

Item项目 Control对照组

Antibiotic A抗生素组A

Antibiotic B抗生素组B

Antibiotic C抗生素组C

d 0 to 420-42天 ADG, g平均日增重，克 463 476 467 481 ADFI, g平均日采食量，克 576 590 585 608 Gain:Feed料肉比 0.803 0.807 0.798 0.791

$/kg gain每Kg增重成本 0.363 0.368 0.373 0.381 Removals, %淘汰率 0.29 0.86 0.86 0.57

a No statistical difference, P > 0.10. 无统计差异，P>0.01

Feed Efficiency Components饲料效率组成部分

Feed Efficiency饲料效率

High feed 高耗料disappearance

Low ADG Other factors

Genetics基因

Feed wastage饲料浪费

Temperature温度

Mortality死亡率

Feed delivery饲料运输

Amino acid deficiency氨基酸缺乏

Low Energy diets低能量日粮

Disease疾病

Genetics基因

Feed availability供料

Water availability供水

Diet deficiency采食不足

Temperature温度

Particle size颗粒大小

Diet form制料形式

Low ADG低平均日增重 Other factors其它因素

Feed Efficiency is a Ratio饲料效率是一个比值

• Feed per Unit of Gain每单位增重所需要的饲料 • Many ways to calculate and express:计算和表达

有许多种方法

• Need to evaluate effects on the numerator and denominator.需要评估分子和分母的影响。

Whole Herd:全群 Feed Consumed Live Weight Sold

Close out:平仓 Feed Consumed Live Weight Gain

Caloric:热量 Calories Carcass Weight

Pig Days: ADFI ADG

消耗的饲料 消耗的饲料 平均日采食量 卡路里 销售时活重 活体增重 平均日增重 胴体重

猪饲养天数

Effect of Dead Pig Feed Consumption on Feed Efficiency死猪采食量对饲料效率的影响

• Assumes all dead pigs died after consumption of the indicated amount of feed budget 假定所有的死猪是吃完饲料预算的指定量后死亡的

死亡猪饲料 死亡率

Association between Mortality and Feed Efficiency死亡率和饲料效率之间的关系

y = 4.2378x + 2.3999 R² = 0.49

2.45

2.50

2.55

2.60

2.65

2% 3% 4% 5% 6%

Feed

Effi

cien

cy

Mortality, %

2%

死亡率

$2.56/pig 饲料效率

Implementation of Multisite Production 多点式生产的实施

• Site 1 场地1 • Breeding/Gestation配种/妊娠 • Farrowing 分娩

• Site 2场地2

• Nursery保育

• Site 3场地3 • Finishing育肥

• Breaking the disease cycle by all-in, all-out 通过全进全出切断疾病的循环

Site 1场地1

Biosecurity at the Slat Level 当前水平下

的生物安全

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)人员保护设备设施 • Shoe covers, gloves, mask, etc.鞋套,手套,面罩等

• Power washing between all groups所有各组间清洗的力度 • Disinfect and dry time消毒和干燥时间

• Depoping entire sites to break cycle整个场地的清群切断疾病循环 • Not only by barn (room), but by entire sites不是仅一栋

(房间), 而是整个场 • Transportation and truck washes运输工具和卡车

的清洗 • Emphasizing importance of clean trucks during

marketing 强调上市期间卡车清洁的重要性 • Truck driver awareness卡车司机的生物安全意识

Nutritional Therapies营养疗法

• Global pressure has increased to reduce feed grade antibiotic use in livestock全球压力已促使减少饲料级抗生素在家畜中的使用

• Specifically amongst antibiotics that are of human importance特别是其中抗生素对人类的重要性 • Example = Chlortetracycline 比如＝金霉素

• What other therapies can we utilize? 我们可以利用其他什么疗法？ • Nutrient density营养浓度 • Diet Complexity日粮复杂性 • Minerals矿物质 • Direct Fed Microbials?直接饲喂微生物？

Effect of PCV2 vaccine and SID Lysine:ME ratio on ADG of 40 to 60 kg gilts PCV2疫苗和SID赖能比对40-60Kg后备母猪ADG的影响

0.69 0.73

0.78 0.74

0.81 0.87 0.86 0.84

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

2.24 2.61 2.99 3.36

Non-vaccinatedPCV2 vaccinated

SID lysine:ME ratio, 赖能比 g/Mcal

Vaccine × Lys,疫苗× Lys P = 0.33 Vaccine, 疫苗 P = 0.001 Lys quadratic Lys的二次方, P = 0.002

ADG

, kg

Shelton et al., 2012

未免疫

免疫

平均日增重

Effect of PCV2 vaccine and SID Lysine:ME ratio on ADFI of 40 to 60 kg gilts PCV2疫苗和SID赖能比对40-60Kg后备母猪ADFI的影响

SID lysine:ME ratio 赖能比, g/Mcal Shelton et al., 2012

1.63 1.64 1.61 1.59

1.84 1.84 1.79

1.75

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.24 2.61 2.99 3.36

Non-vaccinatedPCV2 Vaccinated

ADFI

, kg

Vaccine × Lys, 疫苗× Lys , LP = 0.88 Vaccine, 疫苗 ，P = 0.001 Lys linear, Lys 线性， P = 0.06

平均日采食量

未免疫

免疫

Effect of PCV2 vaccine and SID Lysine:ME ratio on FG of 40 to 60 kg gilts PCV2疫苗和SID赖能比对40-60Kg后备母猪FG的影响

SID lysine:ME ratio,赖能比，g/Mcal Shelton et al., 2012

2.36 2.25

2.07 2.13 2.28

2.11 2.06 2.09

1.501.701.902.102.302.502.702.90

2.24 2.61 2.99 3.36

Non-vaccinatedPCV2 vaccinated

F/G

Vaccine × Lys, P = 0.67 Vaccine, P = 0.10 Lys quadratic, P = 0.04

料肉比

未免疫

免疫

Influence of Immune Challenge and Diet Complexity on ADG 免疫应激与日粮复杂性对ADG的影响

368 331

281 286 286

241 272

250 218

125

175

225

275

325

375

425

Complex Medium Simple

Control Pair LPS

d 5 to 18 postweaning断奶后5-18天

对照自由采食组 配对限饲组(每天喂与LPS一样多的饲料) 注射脂多糖组

Immune Status and Complexity Main Effects P < 0.01 免疫状态和复杂性主要效应P <0.01 Dritz et al., 1996

复杂 中等 简单

Influence of Immune Challenge and Diet Complexity on Feed:Gain免疫应激与日粮复杂性对料肉比的影响

1.09 1.14

1.19

1.03 0.98

1.06 1.11 1.12

1.19

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

Complex Medium Simple

Control Pair LPS

d 5 to 18 postweaning 断奶后5-18天

Immune Status and Complexity Main Effects P < 0.01免疫状态和复杂性主要效应P <0.01

Dritz et al., 1996

复杂 中等 简单

对照自由采食组 配对限饲组(每天喂与LPS一样多的饲料)

注射脂多糖组

Decreased CP level in the Diet 在日粮中降低粗蛋白水平

• Lowers the need for soybean meal or other protein sources. 降低豆粕或其他蛋白源的需要。

• Decreases undigested nitrogen presented to large intestine which decreases diarrhea (Heo et al., 2012).减少向大肠输送未消化的氮，从而降低腹泻

• Decreases the ammonia concentration in the small intestine (Bikker et al., 2006).降低小肠中的氨浓度

• Decreases urea nitrogen and volatile fatty acids in the ileum (Nyachoti et al., 2006).降低回肠中尿素氮和挥发性脂肪酸 • Thought to be due to reduced protein fermentation by the bacteria

(De Lange et al., 2010).认为是由于减少由细菌引发的蛋白质发酵

Lower CP Diets reduce Ammonia Production in Gut低粗蛋白日粮减少肠道氨产量

050

100150200250300350400450

Non-infected E. coli Infected

Feca

l am

mon

ia N

, mg/

kg

High protein Low proteinInfection P= 0.012

Dietary protein P<0.01

Heo et al., 2009

高蛋白 低蛋白

粪便中氨氮

未感染 感染大肠杆菌

Lower CP Diets reduce Ammonia Production in Gut低粗蛋白日粮减少肠道氨产量

10

15

20

25

30

Non-infected E. coli Infected

Feca

l dry

mat

ter,

%

High protein Low protein Infection P = 0.006

Dietary protein P <0.01

Heo et al., 2009

高蛋白 低蛋白 感染

日粮蛋白

未感染 感染大肠杆菌

粪便干物质

Dietary Fiber and Environment on ADG 日粮纤维和环境对ADG的影响 d 0 to 14 0-14天

128 132 127

91

60

80

100

120

140

160

Clean Dirty

ADG

, g

ControlFiber对照组 纤维组

洁净 肮脏

Effect of added dietary fiber, (P < 0.10)添加纤维的效果

Control对照组 = 12% TDF 总日粮纤维 Fiber纤维组 = 17% TDF Montagne et al., 2012

平均日增重

1.91

2.21

1.84

2.36

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

Clean Dirty

F/G

ControlFiber

Dietary Fiber and Environment on FG 日粮纤维和环境对FG的影响 d 0 to 14 0-14天

Effect of added dietary fiber, (P < 0.10)添加纤维的效果

Montagne et al., 2012

对照组 纤维组

料肉比

Control对照组 = 12% TDF 总日粮纤维 Fiber纤维组 = 17% TDF

洁净 肮脏

Effect of Dietary Fiber on Diarrhea 日粮纤维对腹泻的影响

1.5 1.8

2.6

1.1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

160 g/kg CP 200 g/kg CP

Diar

rhea

inci

denc

e

50 g/kg NDF 72 g/kg NDF

Hemes et al., 2009

腹泻率

NDF=总日粮纤维

CP=粗蛋白

Effect of Zinc and Copper in Nursery Diets on ADG 保育料中锌、铜对ADG的影响

440

483 473

501

400

420

440

460

480

500

520

ADG

, g

d 0 to 42 0-42天

Control Cu Zn Zn, Cu

Zn, P < 0.03 Cu, P < 0.01

Shelton et al., 2011

平均日增重

对照组 加铜组 加锌组 加锌铜组

Effect of Zinc & Copper in Nursery Diets on GF保育料中锌、铜对GF的影响

0.65 0.65 0.66

0.67

0.58

0.60

0.62

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.70

Gai

n:Fe

ed

d 0 to 4 0-42天

Control Cu Zn Zn, Cu

Zn, P < 0.46 Cu, P < 0.68

Shelton et al., 2011

料肉比

对照组 加铜组 加锌组 加锌铜组

Direct Fed Microbials直接饲喂微生物

• Recent increase in industry prevalence最近在业内有所增加

E.g. lactobacillus。比如：乳酸菌 • Different strains of lactobacillus work on different

types of E. Coli and salmonella不同乳酸菌的菌株针对不同类型的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌

• Most research has not repeatable demonstrated effectiveness大多数研究不具有可重复的有效性试验

• Likely because your individual strain of bacteria needs to be identified before the proper direct fed microbial (DFM) can offer any benefit.可能是因为你的个体菌株需要事先被确认，然后相应的直接饲喂微生物才能提供益处。

Conclusion总结 • Biosecurity is the key to eliminating or reducing antibiotic

usage.生物安全是消除或减少抗生素使用量的关键 • Keep the pigs healthy!!! 保持猪只健康！！！

• Current production practices have limited the need for high amounts of feed grade antimicrobials.当前生产实践已经限制了巨量饲料级抗生素的需求。

• Resist the urge to alter the diet or add expensive feed additives.呼吁抵制抗生素，导致饲料日粮的改变或添加昂贵的饲料添加剂。

• In dirty environments, only add enough fiber to reduce diarrhea prevalence but not growth performance.在肮脏的环境，只有添加足够纤维才能降低腹泻率，但是不能提高生产成绩。

• Evidence is sparse for increasing nutrient requirements during an immune challenge in commercial production. 证据表明商品猪生产中受到免疫应激时，要提高相应的营养需求。

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