federalism
DESCRIPTION
Overview for National Government ClassTRANSCRIPT
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Federalism
Democracy on the Lurch 1
Democracy on the Lurch 2
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Unitary• National
Government controls lower levels– Education,
police, land use, welfare and funding of local government activities
Confederal• States have
control over Central Government which is mostly administrative– European
Union (EU).
Federal• Shared
Authority by Constitution
• Concurrent Powers
• Central & Regional Governments Supreme in their sphere
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Green – FederalBlue - Unitarian
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Federalism• States of individual
jurisdiction (power)• Strong national
government for common issues– Allows the federal
government to spread responsibility
– Political authority spreads• Political subcultures
develop
– Allows citizens to be more involved
Federal Powers vs. State Powers
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Federalism
• States can block progress of the federal government
• State inequality• Tyranny of the
majority
Federalism, Freedom and the Constitution
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Constitutional American Federalism
• National Government Powers– 3 Types• National Power• State Power• Prohibited Power
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Constitutional American Federalism
• 17 Clauses – Article 1, Section 8– 3 Power Types• Enumerated (listed) powers• Elastic• Inherent
Waging War
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Police Power – Authority to legislate for the protection of the health, morals, safety and welfare of the people.
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Article IV–S1Gives full
faith and credit to every other state’s public acts, records, and judicial proceedings.
Article IV–S2Extend to
every other states’ citizens the privileges and immunities of its own citizens.
Article IV–S2Agree to
return persons who are fleeing from justice in another state back to their home state when requested to do so.
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Current Insurance & Finance
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Early Constitutional Battles
John Marshall’s View of Federalism
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
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Government expanded role by increasing spending for war effort. Income taxes were introduced to defray costs associated with war. Pension and widow benefits expanded the national government’s role in social enterprises. There was a freeze on civil liberties.
States’ Rights and the Resort to Civil War
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States Rights – Civil War
Expanded the role of national government
Abolished slavery through the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
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Division of Power
Dual Federalism (Layered Cake Federalism)—a model of federalism in which the states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres. The doctrine looks on national and state as co-equal sovereign powers. Neither the state government nor the national government should interfere in the other’s sphere.
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The Supreme Court
• The Court allowed the national government to intervene in state activities through grants and subsides.
• The Court barred the national government from regulating matters that the Court considered to be purely local issues
Supreme Courting
Supreme Court Obamacare
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The New Deal
The New Deal
At the time, the largest expansion of national government, with the passage of National Recovery Act of 1933 (NRA), that included legislation to provide codes for every industry to restrict competition and regulate labor disputes. http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-october-4-2011/indecision-2012---the-great-right-hope---the-manchur
ian-candi-dad
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The New Deal
The Supreme Court challenged Roosevelt’s authority, which promoted dual federalism.• The Court rejected the
NRA on the ground that it regulated intrastate, nor interstate, commerce.
• The Court struck down several key pieces of the “New Deal”.
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Division of Power
Cooperative Federalism (Marbled Cake Federalism)—Since 1937 a model of federalism in which the states and the national government cooperate in solving problems.
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Picket Fence Federalism
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Formula based grants use a formula based on variables such as the state’s needs, population, or willingness to match funds. Program grants requires states to apply for grants for specific programs.
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Federal Grants
$ For FY 2009, the national government gave $538 billion to the states$ Formula based$ Program based
– Categorical Grants−Due to the recent
Great Recession, states have had to rely on the national government for increased funding.−States continue to
turn to the national government for bailouts to ensure survival.
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Michigan - 2006US Dept of Ed - $36.5 Billion
Fed Says 1.1 Billion to MI
MI says Fed Gave 1.3 Billion Source: http://www.mackinac.org/8552
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Money ALWAYS has strings
Programs like NCLB take a “one size fits all” approach to traditional state and local responsibilities. The results are states must adjust its curriculum and placate to policymakers in order to receive funding. Programs that may be successful at the local and national level oftentimes are not successful at the national level because of lengthy requirements and the lack of funding to implement programs.
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The Rise in Fed Funds to States
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Federal Mandates
− Congress passes the costs associated with legislation to states and localities. Waivers allow states to experiment innovative approaches in the implementation of mandates
− Examples—environmental; voter registration; education of people with disabilities, transportation, healthcare, homeland security, election laws, etc.
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Politics of Federalism
US Slavery after the Civil War
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Politics of Federalism
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Politics of Federalism
Johnson's Great Society
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Politics of Federalism
• The “New Federalism”– Embraced by
Republican Presidents Nixon and Reagan− Conversion to block
grants for state spending flexibility
− Revenue sharing by federal, state and local governments
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Politics of Federalism
−Bill Clinton signed legislation that transferred significant control over welfare programs back to the states.
−George W. Bush increased federal control over education and educational funding.
−Devolution—the transfer of powers from a national or central government to a state or local government. New Federalism involved in conversion of categorical grants into block grants, thereby giving states more flexibility in spending.
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Federalism vs. Supreme Court
In the 1930s, the Court expanded the role of the national government through the broad interpretation of the commerce clause. In the 1990s, the Court has tended to give greater weight to states’ rights. The Court ruled that Congress’ Gun-Free School Zones Act in 1990 was unconstitutional; it attempted to regulate an area that had “nothing to do with commerce, or any sort of economic enterprise.”
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Federalism vs. Supreme Court
– The Court has given weight to states’ rights− United States v.
Lopez (1995)− Invalidated federal
provision requiring states to provide background checks of prospective handgun purchasers
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Federalism vs. Supreme Court• The Court Sends Mixed
Messages– The Court has backed
federal government’s position− States are not
protected against discrimination based on gender or disability.
− Federal government triumphs California’s medical marijuana legalization laws.
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Federalism vs. Supreme Court
The Court Sends Mixed Messages•Massachusetts v. EPA (2007)—MA, several states, cities, and environmental groups argued that the EPA refuted claims of the lack of authority to regulate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse-gases
•The Court ruled that the EPA could choose not to regulate auto emissions and other heat-trapping gases, but only if it could provide scientific basis for its refusal.
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Federalism vs. Supreme Court
The Court Sends Mixed Messages− In 2008, under the Bush
Administration, Massachusetts filed suit for the EPA avoiding the opinion.
− In 2009, the Obama Administration declared the pollutants endangers the public welfare.
− The EPA granted California and thirteen other states, and Washington, D.C. a waiver in June 2009 that allows them to impose tougher tailpipe emissions. The Bush Administration had previously denied the waiver request.