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Federal Department of the Environment,Transport, Energy and Communications DETEC
Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
Micropollutants: the Swiss strategy
Adriano Joss (Eawag), Michael Schärer (FOEN), Christian Abegglen (VSA)
Water Division
Overview
Do micropollutants represent a problem?
Options for removing micropollutants
Costs and energy
Swiss legislation
Current focus and outlook
Slide 2
Background:
Conclusion from preceeding projects1. Project „Fishnet“: Declining fish yields in Switzerland2. National research program 50 „endocrine disruptors“
• Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are main (point) sources for pollution for several surface waters
• Micropollutants: insufficient dilution of treated wastewater• Installation of additional treatment steps needs to be
evaluated
Project „Strategy Micropoll“ of the FOEN (2006 – 2011)
• Focus on micropollutants originating from wastewater• Overview on micropollutants in Swiss surface waters• Proposition of a method to evaluate water quality• Evaluation of measures (additional treatment steps)
Slide 3
4
>1 ng EE2/L: lack of male fish and fertility loss (fathead minnow)
0
20
40
80
100
Control Solvent(control)
0.32 0.96
60
EE2 [ng/L]
Egg
ferti
lity
(hat
chin
g) [
%]
(Joanne Parrott, NWRI, Burlington, CDN)
**
Contraceptiv EE2: environmental concentrations(1 ng/L) reduce egg fertility
5
E = Ephemoptera
T = Trichoptera
P = Plecoptera
Principal component analysis- Effluent content in surface water- Concentration of 11 micropollutants
(fragrances, flame retardants, …)
Div
ersi
ty o
f spe
cies
as Σ(
EPT
taxa
)S
umof
EP
T sp
ecie
s
Species diversityreduced by WWTP discharges
Stalter et al., 2013
6
Project EcoImpact: methods to quantify impactof micropollutants in surface waters
F. Burdon, M. Reyes, C. Stamm
Downstream sampling
Upstreamsampling
Selected sites:• No WWTP upstream• Low dilution: >20% wastewater downstream
River ecology upstream vs. downstream WWTP inlet:• SPEAR: downstream community less sensitive to chemical• Saprobic index: correlation with agricultural land use (nitrate)• Invertebrates: no clear correlation
7
SPEAR = SPEcies At RiskMethod to quantify sensitive species in a community
F. Burdon, M. Reyes, C. Stamm
Dilution in receiving water
Cha
nge
in S
PE
AR
-inde
x
Project EcoImpact: methods to quantify impactof micropollutants in surface waters
Micropollutants: a regional problem in Switzerland
Slide 8
…where population density is high
Due to increased wastewater load in (surface) waters
Population density
Slide 9
Overview
Do micropollutants represent a problem?
Options for removing micropollutants
Costs and energy
Swiss legislation
Current focus and outlook
Slide 10
Ozonation
To biology
Ozone generatorOffgas treatment
ReactorSandfilter
Oxygen tank Evaporator
2nd clarifier
12
Activ. sludge(2 floors)
Ozone reactor
O2 tank,evaporator
In since beginning of 2014
Powdered activated carbon treatment
Contactor Sedimentation PolishingPAC TSS = 1–10 g/l TSS = 5–30 mg/l
TSS < 5 mg/l
PACContactor Separation
TSS < 5 mg/lTSS = 1–10 g/l
PACContactor
TSS = 15–50 mg/lSand filter
TSS < 5 mg/l
PAC
Biologic treatment
Polishing
TSS < 5 mg/l
2nd clarifier TSS = 5–30 mg/lTSS = 2 - 10 g/l
from 2nd clarifier
from 2nd clarifier
from 2nd clarifier
Raw wastewater
WWTP Bachwis, Herisau
• Influent: municipal + textile industry• Industrial compounds with low reactivity towards ozone
• PAC unit with settler prior to sand filter• Set into operation: May 2015
PAC treatment
Evaluation of technical measures on existing WWTPs: PAC and Ozonation
0 20 40 60 80 100
Iopromid
Atrazin
Mecoprop
Atenolol
Benzotriazol
Bezafibrat
Methylbenzotriazol
Metoprolol
Sulfamethoxazol
Clarithromycin
Carbamazepin
Sulfapyridin
Trimethoprim
Diclofenac
Elimination (%)
1157791 ± 24617 ± 47396 ± 63
Ozonkonentraton in g Ozon/kg DOCOzone concentration
in gO3/kgDOC
Elimination [%]
Over 80 % elimination of broad range in average Measures for broad range of organic trace
compounds Some compounds eliminated below detection limit
Reduction of ecotoxic effects Strongly reduced estrogenic activity Better development of fish embryo Up to 26 bioassays in large scale experiments
Economically feasible and reasonable in specific cases
Manageable for WWTP-personnel
Slide 15
Source control and other technologiesSource control measures have highest priority:- Registration and regulation of products- Green chemistry- Behavior of consumers – information of public- Use and disposal of substances
But:- “Long-term options”- Thousands of substances can hardly be regulated- Replacement of some problematic substances is
very difficult (e.g. pharmaceuticals) or impossible (natural estrogens).
Other technologies are/have been looked at:- GAC, BAC, biological degradation, ferrate, …
Slide 16
Overview
Do micropollutants represent a problem?
Options for removing micropollutants
Costs and energy
Swiss legislation
Current focus and outlook
Slide 17
Energy consumption and costsElectricity
Per WWTP 10 – 30 % increase National increase: 0.1 % of national electricity consumption
<0.1 % of nationale consumption on primary energy
Costs
Per WWTP 5 – 35 % increase National increase: 12 % of annual costs of wastewater treatment
6 % of annual costs of wastewater disposal
Report available on www.bafu.admin.ch/micropoll
Slide 18
Energy consumption
Today Ozone (5 mg/L) PAC (12 mg/L)WWTP
Flow kWh/m3 0.36 0.06 0.02PE kWh/PE/y 38 8 2
Primary energyFlow kWh/m3 1 0.27 0.37PE kWh/PE/y 105 33 50
Total energy consumption in Switzerland: Wastewater treatment 480 GWh/a 0.8%Total electric power 57’670 GWh/a 100%
Slide 19
Costs (local, full charge)
Untersee Furt Au Zürich
Size PE 6100 37700 66000 600000
Average CHFlow Fr./m3 1.05 0.80 0.55 0.55
PE Fr./PE/y 118 87 61 61
Ozone (5 mg/L)Flow Fr./m3 0.18 0.09 0.08 0.04
PE Fr./PE/y 34 12 11 5
PAC(10 mg/L)Flow Fr./m3 0.30 0.18 0.15 0.09
PE Fr./PE/y 58 23 19 12
SandfilterFlow Fr./m3 0.16 0.13 0.07 0.05
PE Fr./PE/y 30 16 10 6
Slide 20
Overview
Do micropollutants represent a problem?
Options for removing micropollutants
Costs and energy
Swiss legislation
Current focus and outlook
Slide 21
Legislation: scope
» Load reduction for downstream water use (e.g. Rhein)
» Protect sensitive waters (ecotoxicology)
» Protect drinking water resources (precaution)
» Source control: Regulation of specific compounds (e.g. pesticides)
» WWTPs: upgrading at specific sites WWTPs > 80’000 persons (load reduction) WWTPs > 24’000 persons discharging into lakes (drinking water protection) WWTPs > 8’000 persons with >10% dilution in receiving water (protection of
the environment) exceptions
Legislation: scope
» Load reduction for downstream water use (e.g. Rhein)
» Protect sensitive waters (ecotoxicology)
» Protect drinking water resources (precaution)
» Source control: Regulation of specific compounds (e.g. pesticides)
» WWTPs: upgrading at specific sites WWTPs > 80’000 persons (load reduction) WWTPs > 24’000 persons discharging into lakes (drinking water protection) WWTPs > 8’000 persons with >10% dilution in receiving water (protection of
the environment) exceptions
Ca. 100 WWTPs (out of 650)
Total investment: ca. 1.2 billion CHF
Yearly costs: ca. 130 million CHF
Implementation 2016 til 2040
Legislation timeline:Waters protection act and ordinance
2010 2011 2012 2013
DraftOrdinance
Hearing in parliament
Parliament: financingaccording to polluter-pays
Motionaccepted
Draft Act
Act consultation
Act consultation in
parliament
80% acceptance oftargeted upgrading ofWWTPs
Act accepted
2009 2014
Fed. Assembly: Act
Act andordinance into
force
2015Ab 2006
Financing solutionaccepted
ImplementationConcept by FOEN
Strategy Micropoll:Situation analysis,
pilot testing
Scope of the treatment» Treated wastewater contains ≤20% of the micropollutants of the
influent wastewater (final effluent vs. primary clarifiedwastewater)
» Removal monitored with 6 out of 12 indicator compounds
» Provisionally: Amisulprid, Carbamazepin, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Diclofenac, Hydrochlorothiazid, Metoprolol, Venlafaxin, Benzotriazol, Candesartan, Irbesartan, Mecoprop
» 24h or 48h composite samples
» Frequency of sampling: 8 to 24 per year (depends on WWTP size)
Financing» 75% of the investment payed by national budget
» Municipalities pay 9 CHF/person/year into a fonds
» Municipalities with upgraded WWTPs are exempted
» Only direct costs for upgrading for micropollutant removal covered(nutrient removal not covered)
» Financing starts in 2016 and ends in 2040
» 25% of the investment + operation costs covered by themunicipalities
Grafik: http://www.naturzentren.ch/
WWTP Herisau34’000 PEPAC treatment (+Sed. +SF)In constructionIn operation May 2015
ARA Wetzikon37’000 PEPAC dosing into ativ.sludge (full scale trial)finished
WWTP BioggioPAC with flotationand cloth filtrationPilotongoing
WWTP Aviron, Vevey55’000 PEFerrat experimentPilot scalefinished
WWTP Vidy Lausanne220’000 PEPilot experimentsO3 + SF (100 l/s)PAC + UF (10-15 l/s)finished
VispPAC with flotationPilotongoing
WWTP Schönau-ChamPAC dosing into activ. SludPilotOngoing
WWTP ProRhenoPiloting O3 and PACongoing
WWTP Ergolz40’000 PEAktifiltPAC dosing on filter; GAC filtrationongoing
WWTP Bülach-Furt44’500 PEGAC testing(2 of 6 sandfilter)ongoing
WWTP Kloten/OpfikonPAC dosing on filterfinished
ARA Regensdorf25’000 PEO3 full scale testingfinished
WWTP Neugut105’000 PEOzonation, in operationsince beginning of 2014Piloting post-treatment
WWTP ThunerseePAC treatment (+Sed. +SF)In planning
WWTP Werdhölzli600’000 PEOzonation in planning
WWTP FrenkePAC + Sed. + SFIn planning
WWTP Birs150’000 PEAquapurePAC dosing andseparation withUF (pilot)finished
WWTP Schönau-ChamActiflo Carb (Microsand)Compact PAC unitfinished
EawagPAC pilotGAC pilotfinishedBiological removalongoing
WWTP Altenrhein90’000 PEOzonation in planningGAC tests planned
LeLocle / Les BrenetsPAC dosing in membranebioreactorFull scale trialsongoing
Overview
Do micropollutants represent a problem?Regionally: yesProblem strongly correlate to wastewater dilution
Options for removing micropollutantsOzonationPowdered activated carbon
Costs and energyTotal costs: <20€/person/year< WW treatment cost increase
Swiss legislation2016: new Waters Protection OrdinanceUntil 2040: 120 to 130 WWTPs (of 650; 50% of wastewater)
equipped for removal of micropollutants Current focus and outlook
Multiple ongoing projects
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Thank you