federal jurisdiction, form #05.018

7/23/2019 Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.018

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Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm 1 jd 517Njpyrcght ^jviricgmty Ilunatcjm aml Lidimsi Fcmcstry,http?//silf.jrgDjrf 29.218, Uiv. 12->2-521< IXHCEC\?ZZZZZZZZ

DILIUA@ OYUC^LCN\CJM

"Cm quistcjms jd pjwir...ìt mj fjri ei hiarl jd njmdclimni cm fam, eut ecml hcf ljwm drjf fcsnhcid ey thi nhacms jd thi

Njmstctutcjm [aml thi wa`` jd siparatcjm eitwiim nhurnh, whcnh cs yju, aml stati, whj ari pagamsV."[\hjfas Oiddirsjm? Kimtunky Uisjùtcjms, 1738V

"Whimivir thi Gimira` Gjvirmfimt assufis umliìgatil pjwirs, cts ants ari umauthjrctatcvi, vjcl, aml jd mj djrni."

[\hjfas Oiddirsjm? Kimtunky Uisjùtcjms, 1738V

"Ct [csV cmnjmscstimt wcth thi prcmncpìs jd ncvc` `ceirty, aml njmtrary tj thi matura` rcghts jd thi jthir fifeirs jd thi

sjncity, that amy ejly jd fim thiricm [CMN@YLCMG oulgisV shju`l havi authjrcty tj imàrgi thicr jwm pjwirs... wcthjut

ristracmt."

[\hjfas Oiddirsjm? Tcrgcmca A``jwamni Ec``, 1778V

Sju/Mihifcah

Wa`` jd îparatcjmeitwiim Nhurnh/^tatiaml Njmstctutcjm

Mihifcah 5?11-52

Uieuc`lcmg/Lidimlcmg jd Wa``(Mihifcah >-


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LILCNA\CJM

"C [GjlV erjught yju up drjf Igypt [sàviryV aml erjught yju tj thi àml jd whcnh C swjri tj yjur dathirs; aml C sacl, 'C wc`` mivir

eriak Fy njvimamt wcth yju. Amlyju sha`` faki mj njvimamt[njmtrant jr dramnhcsi jr agriifimtjd AMS kcmlV wcth thi cmhaectamts

jd thcs [njrrupt pagamV àml; yju sha`` tiar ljwm thicr[fam/gjvirmfimt wjrshcppcmg sjnca`cstV a`tars.'Eut yju havi mjt jeiyil Fi.Why havi yju ljmi thcs:

"\hiridjri C a`sj sacl, 'C wc`` mjt lrcvi thif jut eidjri yju; eut thiy wc`` einjfi as thjrms[tirrjrcsts aml pirsinutjrsV cm yjur scli

aml thicr gjls wc`` ei a smari [sàviry!V tj yju.'"

^j ct was, whim thi Amgi` jd thi @JUL spjki thisi wjrls tj a`` thi nhc`lrim jd Csrai`, that thi pijpì `cdtil up thicr vjcnis aml wipt.

[Oulgis 5?1-?>5->>,Eceì, MKOTV

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\himthjsi jd Csrai`cti `cmiagisiparatil thifsi`vis drjf a`` djricgmirs[Washcmgtjm, L.N. aml gjvirmfimts gimira``y ari ìgcsàtcvi`yeut mjt njmstctutcjma``y djricgmirscm riàtcjm tj Nhrcstcams wcth mjncvc` ljfcncì jm dilira` tirrctjryV; aml thiy stjjl aml njmdissil

thicr scms aml thi cmcquctcis jd thicr dathirs. Aml thiy stjjl up cm thicr pàni aml rial drjf thiEjjk jd thi @aw jd thi @JULthicr Gjldjr

jmidjurth jd thi lay; aml djr amjthir djurth thiy njmdissil aml wjrshcpil thi @JULthicr Gjl.[Mihifcah 3?5->, Eceì, MKOTV

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Nursis jd Lcsjeilcimni [tj Gjls@awsV

\hia`cim [Washcmgtjm, L.N. cs ìgcsàtcvi`y a`cimcm riàtcjm tj statis jd thi YmcjmVwhj cs afjmg yju sha`` rcsi hcghir aml hcghiraejvi yju, aml yju sha`` njfi ljwm `jwir aml `jwir [fa`cncjus listruntcjm jd IQYA@ RUJ\IN\CJM aml IQYA@ \UIA\FIM\ey

aeuscmg DUAMNHCÎ^V. Hi sha`` ìml tj yju [Dilira` Uisirvi njumtirdictcmg dramnhcsiV, eut yju sha`` mjt ìml tj hcf; hi sha`` ei thi

hial, aml yju sha`` ei thi tac`.

Fjrijvira`` thisi nursis sha`` njfi upjm yju aml pursui aml jvirtaki yju, umtc` yju ari listrjyil, einausi yju lcl mjt jeiy thivjcni jd thi @JULyjur Gjl, tjkiip Hcs njffamlfimts aml Hcs statutiswhcnh Hi njffamlil yju. Aml thiy sha`` ei upjm yju djr a

scgm aml a wjmlir, aml jm yjur lisnimlamts djrivir.

Einausiyju lcl mjt sirvi [JM@SV thi @JULyjur Gjl wcth ojy aml gàlmiss jd hiart, djr thi aeumlamni jd ivirythcmg, thiridjri yjusha`` sirvi yjur [njvitjus thcivcmg àwyirV imifcis, whjf thi @JULwc`` siml agacmst yju, cm humgir, cm thcrst, cm makilmiss, aml cm miil

jd ivirythcmg; aml Hi wc`` put a yjki jd crjm [dramnhcsi njlisVjm yjur mink umtc` Hi has listrjyil yju. \hi @JULwc`` ercmg a matcjm

agacmst yju drjf adar [thi Lcstrcnt jd NUCFCMA@^V, drjf thi iml jd thi iarth, as swcdt as thi iagì d`cis [thi Afircnam IagìV, a matcjm

whjsi àmguagi [@IGA@IÎV yju wc`` mjt umlirstaml, a matcjm jd dcirni [njirncvi aml dasncstV njumtimamni, whcnh ljis mjt rispint thi

i`lir`y [assasscmatis thif ey limycmg thif hia`thnari thrjugh euriaunratcn liàys jm am Jeafanari wactcmg `cstV mjr shjw davjr tj thi

yjumg [listrjycmg thicr aec`cty tj ìarm cm thi pue`cn DJJ@ systifV. Aml thiy sha`` iat thi cmnriasi jd yjur `cvistjnk aml thi prjluni jd

yjur àml [wcth tralijr euscmissdramnhcsi taxisV, umtc` yju [aml a`` yjur prjpirtyV ari listrjyil [jr ^\J@IM/NJMDC^NA\ILV;thiy sha`` mjt ìavi yju gracm jr miw wcmi jr jc`, jr thi cmnriasi jd yjur nattì jr thi jddsprcmg jd yjur d`jnks, umtc` thiy havi listrjyil

yju.

[Liut. 58?-91, Eceì, MKOTV
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/SocialismCivilReligion.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/SocialismCivilReligion.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/SocialismCivilReligion.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/DeFactoGov.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/DeFactoGov.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/DeFactoGov.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Commandments.htmhttp://sedm.org/Commandments.htmhttp://sedm.org/Commandments.htmhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2023:32-33&version=50http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2023:32-33&version=50http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2023:32-33&version=50http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/EqualProtection.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/EqualProtection.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/EqualProtection.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/MoneyScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/MoneyScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/MoneyScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/LegalDecPropFraud.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/LegalDecPropFraud.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdfhttp://famguardian.org/Publications/GreatIRSHoax/GreatIRSHoax.htmhttp://famguardian.org/Publications/GreatIRSHoax/GreatIRSHoax.htmhttp://famguardian.org/Publications/GreatIRSHoax/GreatIRSHoax.htmhttp://famguardian.org/Publications/GreatIRSHoax/GreatIRSHoax.htmhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/LegalDecPropFraud.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/MoneyScam.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/EqualProtection.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdfhttp://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2023:32-33&version=50http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Commandments.htmhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/DeFactoGov.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/SocialismCivilReligion.pdfhttp://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdfhttp://sedm.org/


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Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm > jd 517Njpyrcght ^jviricgmty Ilunatcjm aml Lidimsi Fcmcstry,http?//silf.jrgDjrf 29.218, Uiv. 12->2-521< IXHCEC\?ZZZZZZZZ

\AE@I JD NJM\IM\^

\AE@I JD NJM\IM\^ ....................................................................................................................... >

@C^\ JD \AE@I^ .................................................................................................................................. 19.> Jvirvciw jd hjw jur systif jd gjvirmfimt einafi njrruptil? Ljwmis v. Eclwi`` ....................................... >59.39.9 Hjw ^njumlri`s Njrruptil Jur Uipue`cnam Djrf jd Gjvirmfimt .................................................................... >.1 Ctifczil `cst jd nhjcni jd àw ruìs ..................................................................................................................... 4>>.5 ûffary jd nhjcni jd àw ruìs ......................................................................................................................... 48>.> Hjw nhjcni jd àw ruìs ari c`ìga``y ncrnufvimtil ey njrruptil gjvirmfimt jddcnca`s tj ^\IA@ drjf Sju .. 48


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Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm < jd 517Njpyrcght ^jviricgmty Ilunatcjm aml Lidimsi Fcmcstry,http?//silf.jrgDjrf 29.218, Uiv. 12->2-521< IXHCEC\?ZZZZZZZZ

8.7 Hjw tj avjcl dramnhcsis aml pue`cn rcghts ........................................................................................................ 179

3 Hjw tj ti`` whim thi gjvirmfimt cs ixniilcmg cts ourcslcntcjm lurcmg `ctcgatcjm .................. 174

12 ^tratigy djr Iddintcvi`y Nha`ìmgcmg Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm ...................................................... 17312.1 ûffary jd apprjanh ....................................................................................................................................... 18212.5 ^pincdcn dants tj ei istae`cshil jm thi rinjrl jd thi prjniilcmg ...................................................................... 18>

11 Fims Uia? Rrinilimni jd @aws as a ^jurni jd Authjrctatcvi Ei`cid ..................................... 184

15 Hjw thi Gjvirmfimt Fa`cncjus`y Njmnia`s aml Avjcls thi Njmtimt jd thcs Rafphìt ...... 132

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Uieuttil Argufimts jd Y.^. Attjrmiys agacmst thi Njmnùscjms jd thcs Rafphìt .............. 135

1

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Cmtirrjgatjrcis ................................................................................................................................................... 52>18.5 Alfcsscjms ....................................................................................................................................................... 511

@C^\ JD \AE@I^

\aeì 1? ^pincdcn cmstamnis jd djrni, draul, aml njmd`cnt jd cmtirist that njrruptil jur pj`ctcna` systif ............................... 9>\aeì 5? Njfparcsjm jd jur "Li ouri" v. "Li dantj" gjvirmfimt ......................................................................................... 41\aeì >? "Matcjma`" v. "Dilira`"............................................................................................................................................ 71\aeì


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Artcnì 1, întcjm 8, Nàusis 1 aml > .................................................................................................................................... 75Artcnì 1, întcjm 3, Nàusi 8 ............................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................ 44Artcnì < ................................................................................................................................................................................ 44Artcnì ............................................................................................................................................... 4, 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 4>

Artcnì 3, 8, 9Artcnì CCC, întcjm 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 49, 144, 147Artcnì CT ................................................................................................................................... >8, 9Ec`` jd Ucghts ........................................................................................................................................................ 8>, 18>, 137Njmst. Art. 1, înt. 5, Nàusi > ....................................................................................................................................... 9>, 9, 94, 1>8, 182, 529Linàratcjm jd Cmlipimlimni, 1774 ...................................................................................................................................... 74Dcdth Afimlfimt \akcmgs Nàusi .............................................................................................................................. 529, 527Dcdth aml Djurtiimth Afimlfimts ..................................................................................................................................... 511Djurtiimth Afimlfimt .................................................................................................................... 3>, 38, 33, 115, 133, 515Mcmth aml \imth Afimlfimt ............................................................................................................................................. 139Jrcgcma` \hcrtiimth Afimlfimt ........................................................................................................................ 159, 154, 158^cxtiimth Afimlfimt ........................................................................................................................ >7, >8, 9>, 8\riaty jd Riani eitwiim thi Kcmg jd pacm aml thi Ymctil tatis ..................................................................................... 119Y.^. Njmst. afiml XCT, 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 3>Y.^. Njmst. afiml. XCCC, 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 3>Y.^. Njmst. art. C, 8 ............................................................................................................................................................ 3>Y.^. Njmst., Art. C, 8 ..................................................................................................................................................... 2Y.^. Njmstctutcjm Artcnì , Nàusi 5 ................................................................................................................ 139Y.^. Njmstctutcjm Artcnì CCC, întcjm 5 .............................................................................................................................. 139Y.^. Njmstctutcjm Artcnì CT, întcjm 5 .............................................................................................................................. 521Y.^. Njmstctutcjm Artcnì CT? ^tatis Uiàtcjms, întcjm < .................................................................................................. 155Ymctil ^tatis Njmstctutcjm, Artcnì , Nàusi 5 ................................................................................................. 178Ymctil ^tatis Njmstctutcjm, Artcnì CCC, întcjm 5 ............................................................................................................... 111

^tatutis

1 Y.^.N. 52< ............................................................................................................................. 128, 188, 134, 137, 51>, 5191 Y.^.N. Nhaptir 5 ............................................................................................................................................................. 1881 Y.^.N. Nhaptir > ............................................................................................................................................................. 18818 Y.^.N. 521 aml 528 ..................................................................................................................................................... 9318 Y.^.N. 1114(e)(>),(4) .................................................................................................................................................... 7718 Y.^.N. 1114(n) ............................................................................................................................................................... 7718 Y.^.N. 115, 878, 372, 1114, 1117 Aml 1521 ................................................................................................................. 77
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/


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18 Y.^.N. 192> ................................................................................................................................................................. 52718 Y.^.N. 1981 ............................................................................................................................................................. 9>, 4) ........................................................................................................................................................ 9, 1>3, 13 Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli, 9> ^tat. 1 ............................................................................................................................. 13713>3 Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli, 9> ^tat. 1, ^intcjm < ............................................................................................................ 13754 Y.^.N. 4321 tj 432> .................................................................................................................................................. 12454 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(11> .................................................................................................................................... 1, 15 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14454 Y.^.N. >54 Y.^.N. 4252(e) ............................................................................................................................................................ 529

54 Y.^.N. 42>1(a) ..................................................................................................................................................... 14>, 52954 Y.^.N. 4471(e) ................................................................................................................................ 73, 82, 124, 127, 17854 Y.^.N. 4471(e) aml 7> ............................................................................................................................................. 1754 Y.^.N. 432> ................................................................................................................................................. 127, 1>7, 17354 Y.^.N. 7> ..................................................................................................................................... 73, 82, 124, 127, 17854 Y.^.N. 7, 118, 1>854 Y.^.N. 7721 ................................................................................................................................................................. 51954 Y.^.N. 7721 (e)(1)(E) .................................................................................................................................................. 13354 Y.^.N. 7721(a) ............................................................................................................................................................. 13254 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(12) ...................................................................................................................................................... 13>54 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(15)(E) ................................................................................................................................................. 11854 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(154 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(14) ...................................................................................................................................................... 18954 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(54) ....................................................................... 57, 8>, 39, 34, 127, 115, 119, 15>, 1>>, 144, 523, 51254 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(>2) .......................................................................................................................... 48, 33, 112, 11954 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(>1) .............................................................................................................................................. 147, 14354 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(>3) ...................................................................................................................... 11>, 118, 1>


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54 Y.^.N. 7721(a)(3) aml (a)(12) ............................................................................47, 3>, 3, 127, 112, 117, 118, 52354 Y.^.N. 7721(e)(1)(A) .................................................................................................................................... 44, 173, 18554 Y.^.N. 7721(e)(1)(E) ..................................................................................................................................................... 3254 Y.^.N. 7721(e)(58 Y.^.N. 15(a)(>) .................................................................................................................................................... 7>5(i) ............................................................................................................................................................. 13958 Y.^.N. 1>115 ................................................................................................................................................... 4>115 ......................................................................................................................................................... 119, 133 ................................................................................................................................................. 172, 177, 183, 4


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9 Y.^.N. 5129 ............................................................................................................................................................. 48, 14, 1>7, 1>>1 ................................................................................................................................................................... 1239 Y.^.N. 995(a)(1) .................................................................................................................................................... 127, 1179 Y.^.N. 995a(a)(1>) ........................................................................................................................................ 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 188, 1359 Y.^.N. 99>(a) ......................................................................................................................................................... 117, 1739 Y.^.N. 99>(a)(1) ............................................................................................................................................................ 117

9 Y.^.N. 99>(a)(5) ............................................................................................................................................ 127, 128, 1179> ^tat. 1, întcjm < ............................................................................................................................................................ 1278 Y.^.N. 1121 (a) (51) ...................................................................................................................................................... 1338 Y.^.N. 1121(a)(>) ............................................................................................................................................................ 488 Y.^.N. 1 (Njfp. ^t. 4>31, 4>35) ....................................................................... 179Alfcmcstratcvi Rrjniluris Ant, 9 Y.^.N. 99> .................................................................................................................. 183Alfcmcstratcvi Rrjniluris Ant, 9 Y.^.N. 99>(a).............................................................................................................. 117Alfcmcstratcvi Rrjniluris Ant, 9 Y.^.N. 994(l) ............................................................................................................. 111Amtctirrjrcsf aml Iddintcvi Liath Rima`ty Ant jd 1334, Rue. @. 125, 751, 112 ^tat. 1518Njli jd Tcrgcmca, 58.1 ............................................................................................................................................ 1>9Linàratjry Oulgfimts Ant, 58 Y.^.N. 5521(a) ............................................................................................................... 121Dilira` Uigcstir Ant, , 99Dilira` Uisirvi Ant cm 131> ................................................................................................................................................ 8>Djricgm ^jviricgm Cffumctcis Ant (D.^.C.A.), 58 Y.^.N. Nhaptir 37 ................................................................................ 1>1Djricgm ^jviricgm Cffumctcis Ant, 58 Y.^.N. 1429 .......................................................................................................... 54Djricgm ^jviricgm Cffumctcis Ant, 58 Y.^.N. 1429(a)(5) ................................................................................................. 82Djricgm ^jviricgm Cffumctcis Ant, 58 Y.^.N. Nhaptir 37 .................................................................................. 81, 175, 18, 188, 132, 137, 521, 52Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli (C.U.N.) .......................................................................................................................................... 172Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli jd 13>3 .......................................................................................................................................... 519Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli jd 13>3, întcjm 3, 9> ^tat. 5 ........................................................................................................ 519Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli, ûetctì A ................................................ 48


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Uivcsil ^tatutis, întcjm >> ........................................................................................................................................................ 155 ........................................................................................................................................................ 131\ctì 54, întcjm 7451 ........................................................................................................................................................ 131\ctì 54, întcjm 7721(a) .................................................................................................................................................... 132\ctì 27 .................................................................................................................................................................... 119Y.^. Njli ........................................................................................................................................................................... 184Y.^. Njlis .......................................................................................................................................................................... 187Tcrgcmca Ncvc` Njli? Farnh 15, 1813 ................................................................................................................................. 157Wrct jd Nirtcjrarc Ant jd 1359 .............................................................................................................................................. 82, 152 N.D.U. 2, 1>9, 14554 N.D.U. >21.7721-3, >21.7721-12, >21.4>21-1 ........................................................................................................... 13554 N.D.U. 421.121, >21.4>21, >21.4>>1 ......................................................................................................................... 13154 N.D.U. 1.1-1(n)......................................................................................................................................... 71, 3>, 121.4>21(5222-5223)....................................................................................................................................... 13154 N.D.U. >21.4>21-1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 13254 N.D.U. >21.4>>1-1 ............................................................................................................................................... 131, 13554 N.D.U. >21.7451 .......................................................................................................................................................... 13154 N.D.U. >21.7451-1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 1321.7721-9 ....................................................................................................................................... 129, 1>4, 1421.7721-3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 13254 N.D.U. >21.7721-3(5223) ............................................................................................................................................ 13154 N.D.U. >1.>54 N.D.U. >1.>1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 18854 N.D.U. Rart 421 .............................................................................................................................................................. 188>1 N.D.U. 1.>(a)(


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>1 N.D.U. 12>.>)(x) ................................................................................................................................................. 178>1 N.D.U. 525.5 ................................................................................................................................................................ 14>Njli jd Dilira` Uiguàtcjms (N.D.U.) ................................................................................................................................ 187Njli jd Dilira` Uiguàtcjms (NDU) ................................................................................................................................... 188Dilira` Uigcstir .......................................................................................................................................... 14>, 184, 183, 13>CU^ Uiguàtcjms .................................................................................................................................................................. 1>>

Uuìs

Dilira` Uuì jd Ncvc` Rrjniluri 15(h)(>) ........................................................................................................................... 177Dilira` Uuì jd Ncvc` Rrjniluri 17 .................................................................................................................................... 12, 12, 1> M.I.5l. 87, 199, 14>, 137, 51


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Erjwm v. Kiimi, 8 Rit. 115, 119 (18>59 ......................................................................................................... 37Eurgcm v. Djreis, 53> Ky. 51, >59 .............................................................................................. 114, 512Eurtjm v. Wc`fcmgtjm Rarkcmg Authjrcty, >49 Y.^. 719 (1341) ........................................................................................ 192

Naha v. Y.^., 195 Y.^. 511 (183, 152Naflim v. A`ìm, 5 Lutnh., >38 ......................................................................................................................................... 141Nartir v. Nartir Nja` Nj., 538 Y.^. 5>8 (13>4) ................................................................................................................. 1>8Nartir v. Nartir Nja` Nj., 538 Y.^. 5>8, 539, 94 ^.Nt. 899, 849 ....................................................................................... 1>8Nartir v. Nartir Nja` Nj., 538 Y.^. 5>8, 94 ^.Nt. 899 (13>4) ..................................................... 7>, 112 Jr. 3. >72 R.5l. 437Nhcnagj Rark Lcst. v. Kimrjy, Cmn., 78 C``.5l. 999, >7 C``.Lin. 531, >7 ............................................................... >7Ncty jd Ejirmi v. D`jriz, Arnhecshjp jd âm Amtjmcj, 951 Y.^. 927 (1337) ............................................................. 182, 134

Ncvc` îrvcni Njff'm v. @ittir Narrcirs, Y.^. 9) .................................................. 1>7, 199, 14>, 137, 513 (1877) .......................................................................................................................... 77Nìardci`l \rust Nj. v. Ymctil ^tatis, >18 Y.^. >4>, >43 (13) ................................................................................. 58, 18>Nìviàml Eil. jd Il. v. @aDìur (1373-435->3>, m. 12 ................................................................................................................ 512Nj`ìgi âvcmgs Eamk v. D`jrcla Rripacl Rjstsinjmlary Ilunatcjm Ixpimsi, 957 Y.^. 444 (1333) ................................... 58Njfigys v. Tassi, 1 Rit. 13>, 515, 7 @.Il. 128 ........................................................................................................ 197, 179Njmmcnk v. Fyirs, 8, 1) ..................................................................................... 1>7, 199, 14>, 137, 514 ^[email protected]. 3>3, 1> ûp.Nt.Uip.


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Injmjfy Rùfecmg & Hiatcmg v. Y.^., 2< Y.^. 4< (13>8) ................................................................................................... 49, 127, 139Ivams v. Gjri, 59> Y.^. 58

Ivirsjm v. El. jd Il., >>2 Y.^. 1, 19 (1382 at >8< (13 Y.^. 4, 91 ^.Nt. 987 (13>1) ...................................................... 114, 13l. 334, 88 Na`.Uptr. 473, 432 .................................................... 129Dctts v. FnGhii, 175 Y.^. 914, 9>> , ^[email protected]. 9>9, 9, 13 ûp.Nt.Uip. 543 ............................................................... 117Dìffcmg v. Mistjr, >4> Y.^. 42> (1342) ................................................................................................................... 57, 193D`cmt v. ^tjmi \rany Nj., 552 Y.^. 127 (1311) .................................................................................................................. 144

D`jra v. Y.^., >45 Y.^. 1>4 Y.^. 581 (13, 152Djx v. ^tamlarl Jc` Nj. jd M.O., 53< Y.^. 87, 39-34 (13>9) .............................................................................................. 512Djx v. ^tamlarl Jc` Nj. jd M.O., 53< Y.^. 87, 39-34 (13>9) (Narljzj, O.) ........................................................................... 38Dramk`cm Njumty v. Rue`cn Ytc`ctcis Njf., 127 Jhcj.^t. ............................................................................................................... 1, 151 M.S.^. 9>4 ................................................................... 135 Y.^. 57>, 577 -578 (1348) ............................................................... 128, 123, 1>7, 19


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Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm 1> jd 517Njpyrcght ^jviricgmty Ilunatcjm aml Lidimsi Fcmcstry,http?//silf.jrgDjrf 29.218, Uiv. 12->2-521< IXHCEC\?ZZZZZZZZ

Hcmls v. Ojhm Hamnjnk Fut. @cdi Cms. Nj., 199 Fi. > ............................................ 527Hjees v Fn@iam, 117 Y.^. 947, 53 @.Il. 35Hjipir v. \ax Njff'm, 58< Y.^. 524 (13>1) .................................................................................................................... 515Hjddfamm v. Kcmia`y, Fj., >83 ^.W.5l. 73, 8 (1355) ...................................................................................................................... 125

@jrl v. Iquctae`i @cdi Assur. ^jn., 13< M.S. 515, 81 M. I. Earm. & A`l. >9> ................................................................................................................................ 87Fagc`` v. Erjwmi, Dil.Nas. Mj. 8395, 14 Dil.Nas. 4Farkusjm v. Ejunhir, 179 Y.^. 181 ............................................................................................................................ >>Fartcm v. Humtir, 1 Whiat. >257 .................................................................................................................................... >>Fast, Djjs & Nj. v. Fdg. Nj., 177 Y.^.


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Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm 1< jd 517Njpyrcght ^jviricgmty Ilunatcjm aml Lidimsi Fcmcstry,http?//silf.jrgDjrf 29.218, Uiv. 12->2-521< IXHCEC\?ZZZZZZZZ

Fiisi v. Kiimi,


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Uusscam ^jnca`cst Diliratil ^jvcit Uipue`cn v. Ncerarcj, 5>9 M.S. 599, 1>3 M.I. 593, 542 ............................................ 1, 137, 5177, 54 A. 4>9 ......................................................... >7âm Dramncsnj Arts & Athìtcns, Cmn. v. Ymctil ^tatis J`yfpcn Njffcttii, Y.^. 955, 9l. 737, 825 (3th Ncr. 5225, 143^nhwarzimiggir, >7< D.>l. at 825 ...................................................................................................................................... 143

înjml Uusscam Cms. Nj. v. Fc`ìr, N.N.A.M.S., 537 D. 88 (1397) ...................................................................................................................... 183^hi`ìy v. Kraifir, >>< Y.^. 1 (13>< Y.^. 1, 55 (13>, 1>7^cmkcmg Duml Nasis, 33 Y.^. 722 (1878) ........................................................................................................................... 148^kcmmir v. Jkàhjfa ix ri`. Wc``cafsjm, >14 Y.^. 9>9, 94, 51 @.Il. >3< (1875) ................................................................................ 115^fcth v. ^fcth, 524 Ra.ûpir. >12, 51> A.5l. 3< ........................................................................................................ 37 ............................................................................. >7^tati ix ri`. Hireirt v. Whcfs, 48 Jhcj App. >3, 58 M.I.5l. 934, 933, 55 J.J. 112 ............................................... 134, 51>^tati ix ri`. Huttjm v. Eatjm Ujugi, 517 @a. 897, , 1>7^tati v. Nartir, 57 M.O.@. 8, 4>3, 84 [email protected]. 57 ........................................................................................................... 12 Y.^. 31< (5222) .................................................................................................................. 523, 512^tiwarl Fanhcmi Nj. v. Lavcs, >21 Y.^. 97) ........................................................................................................ 1>8^tjnkwi`` v. Ymctil ^tatis, 1> Wa``. 9>1, 99 (1392) ...................................................................................................................... 153\aèjt v. Oamsjm, > Y.^. 1>> (1739) ................................................................................................................................... 193\appam v. Firnhamts' Matcjma` Eamk, 13 Wa``. Y.^. 44, 12 Whiat. 44, 4 @.Il. 548 (1859) ........................................................................................... 141\hi Eitsy, > (Y.^.) La`` 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 87\cmsìy v. Amlirsjm, 171 Y.^. 121, 129, ^[email protected]. 31, 34, 18 ûp.Nt.Uip. 829 ............................................................. 117\jt v. Ymctil ^tatis, >13 Y.^. ,


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\u`sa Rrjdisscjma` Nj`ìntcjm îrvcnis, Cmn. v. Rjpi, 38, 5 Y.^. 997, 151 ^.Nt. 1785, (5221) .......................................................................................................... >8Y.^. v. @ii, 124 Y.^. 134 (1885) ....................................................................................................................................... 144

Y.^. v. @jpiz, 91< Y.^. 9>8 Y.^. 517 at 555. ............................................................................................................................. 7>, 152Y.^. v. Ymcjm Ran. U. Nj., 38 Y.^. 943 (1878) .................................................................................................................. 17 (1385) ..................................................................................................................................... 188Y.^. v. Wc``caf F. Eutìr, 537 Y.^. 1 (13>4) ...................................................................................................................... 49Ymcjm Uidrcgiratjr \ramsct Njfpamy v. Kimtunky, 133 Y.^. 13< (1329) ............................................................................ 81Ymctil ^tatis ix ri`. Amgarcna v Eayarl, 157 Y.^. 591, >5 @.Il. 193, 8 ^.Nt. 1194, < A.D.\.U. 5Ymctil ^tatis ix ri`. Lumàp v. Eànk, 158 Y.^. 5 @.Il. >9< ....................................................... 197, 179Ymctil ^tatis Uac`rjal Uitcrifimt Ejarl v. Drctz, 1 (9th Ncr. 1381) ............................................................................................. 125Ymctil ^tatis v. Ejwirs, 442 D.5l. at 9>2->1 .................................................................................................................... 12>Ymctil ^tatis v. Ejyàm (NA1 Fass), 838 D.5l. 5>2, 53 Dil.Uuìs.Ivcl.îrv. 155> ........................................................ 141 ^.Nt. 199 .................................................................................................. 1257 (1885) ................................................................................................... 85, 8>, 88Ymctil ^tatis v. Guist, >8> Y.^. 757, >7 @.Il. 14< ............................................................................ 179Ymctil ^tatis v. Harrcs, 124 Y.^. 453, 1 ^.Nt. 421, 57 @.Il. 532 (188>) .................................................................... 33 (188>) ..................................................................................................... 182, 134Ymctil ^tatis v. Hj`zir (NA7 C``), 814 D.5l. >2< ............................................................................................................... 14Ymctil ^tatis v. Ojmis, 9, 11>8 (5l Ncr. 137>) ............................................................................................. 125

Ymctil ^tatis v. Ojmis, 8 ........................................................................................................................... 125Ymctil ^tatis v. @augh`cm (Mj. 522), 5< (1354) .................................................... 58, 18>Ymctil ^tatis v. Jssir (NA> Ra) 84< D.5l. 1294 ............................................................................................................... 14Ymctil ^tatis v. Wjmg Kcf Ark, 143 Y.^. 44 D.>l. 31< (N.A.5, 1338) ........................................................................................................... 3>, 33 -9) , 1>7Wa`` v. Rarrjt ^c`vir & Njppir Nj., 5


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Wiiks v. Ymctil ^tatis, 5>5 Y.^. >8> (1315> Y.^. 9 @.Il. 929, 923, 11 ûp.Nt.Uip. 7>8 .................................................................................................... 114Sahjj! Cmn. v. @a. @cgui Njmtri @i Uancsfi It @'Amtcsifctcsfi, > D.>l. 1133 (3th Ncr. 21/15/5224) ........ 1>5, 143, 173Sasi``c v. Gjdd, N.N.A., 15 D.5l. >34, , 94 [email protected]. 15>3 ...................................................................................... 1>>, 1>7Scnk Wj v. Hjpkcms, 118 Y.^. >94 (1884) ........................................................................................................................ 1Scnk Wj v. Hjpkcms, 118 Y.^. >94, >43 (1884) ................................................................................................................ 153Scnk Wj v. Hjpkcms, 118 Y.^. >94, >43, 4 ^.ûp.Nt. 124 ............................................................................................ 89

"Wc``caf Hjwarl \adt". Matcjma` Rark îrvcni. 522) ........................................................................................ 1> (522>) ..................................................................................................... 17113 Njrpus Ourcs înumluf, Njrpjratcjms, 884 (522>) ..................................................................................................... 1715 E. & N.


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Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, Uivcsil Djurth Ilctcjm, 1348, p. 7Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, cxth Ilctcjm, p. 1134 ................................................................................................................. 12Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, cxth Ilctcjm, p. 1549 ................................................................................................................... 2Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, ^cxth Ilctcjm, p. 1Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, cxth Ilctcjm, p. 542 ................................................................................................................... 158Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, cxth Ilctcjm, p. 543 ..................................................................................................................... 82Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, cxth Ilctcjm, p. 574 ..................................................................................................................... 44Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, cxth Ilctcjm, p. 581 ............................................................................................................. 55 ..................................................................................................................... 54Eànks @aw Lcntcjmary, cxth Ilctcjm, p. ........................................................................... 74, 122, 185Njmd`cnts cm a Mutshi``, Lavcl L. îcgi`, Wist Rue`cshcmg, 1331


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Dilira` Njurts aml CU^ Jwm Cmtirma` Uivimui Famua` ây thi CU^ cs MJ\ UI^RJM CE@I djr Cts Antcjms jr cts Wjrlsjr djr Dj``jwcmg cts Jwm Wrcttim Rrjniluris, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp ......................................................... 187, 183

Dilira` Imdjrnifimt Authjrcty wcthcm ^tatis jd thi Ymcjm, Djrf #29.2>5 ............................................................... 148, 52>Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm Ragi, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp .................................................................................................... 52>Dilira` Mjmrisclimt Mjmstatutjry Nàcf djr Uiturm jd Dumls Ymàwdu``y Racl tj thi Gjvirmfimt-@jmg, Djrf #19.22111>Dilira` Rìalcmg/Fjtcjm/Ritctcjm Attanhfimt, @ctcgatcjm \jj` #21.225 ........................................................... 122, 181, 185Dilira` Uisirvi ............................................................................................................................................................ >7, 1>3Dàwil \ax Argufimts tj Avjcl, Djrf #28.222Gjvirmfimt Climtcty \hidt, Djrf #29.22 ................................................................................ 42, întcjm 11.> ................................................................ 12, întcjm 54 ................................................................... 125, Nhaptir 4? Hcstjry jd Gjvirmfimt Cmnjfi \ax Draul, Uankitiircmg, aml Ixtjrtcjm cm thi

YÂ .................................................................................................................................................................................. >1Griat CU^ Hjax, Djrf #11.>25, întcjm >.17.1 ................................................................................................................. 177Griat CU^ Hjax, Djrf #11.>25, întcjm 25, întcjm 4.> ........................................................................................................................ 25, întcjm 4.7.1 ..................................................................................................................... >8Griat CU^ Hjax, Djrf #11.>25, întcjms 9.4.12 aml 9.4.15 .............................................................................................. 124

H.U. Uip. Mj. 1417-5 ........................................................................................................ 135Cmtirma` Uivimui Famua` (C.U.F.) ............................................................................................................................. 121, 188Cmtirma` Uivimui Famua` (C.U.F.)


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CU^ Djrf 8>22, Nurrimny \ramsantcjm Uipjrt ................................................................................................................... 11>CU^ Djrf W-5 .................................................................................................................................................................... 189CU^ Djrf W-< ............................................................................................................................ 129, 127, 115, 14>, 174, 189CU^ Djrf W-8EIM ............................................................................................................................................................ 11>CU^ Djrfs 12>

Kcmg Gijrgi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 158@iga` Authjrctcis Whcnh Rrjvi thi Cmnjfi \ax cs Tjùmtary djr Mjmtaxpayirs, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp............ 177@iga` Liniptcjm, Rrjpagamla, aml Draul, Djrf #29.21< ..................................... >8, 47, 43, 8>, 38, 143, 178, 133, 525, 512@iga` Liniptcjm, Rrjpagamla, aml Draul, Djrf #29.211@iga` Liniptcjm, Rrjpagamla, aml Draul, Djrf #29.215@iga` Mjtcni jd Nhamgi cm Ljfcncì/Nctczimshcp Uinjrls aml Lcvjrni drjf thi Ymctil ^tatis, Djrf #12.221 ............... 185@cerary jd Njmgriss (1783-1879) ....................................................................................................................................... 188Fark \wacm .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8>Ficgs's Grjwth jd thi Njmstctutcjm, 581Mjm-Uisclimt Mjm-Rirsjm Rjsctcjm, Djrf #29.252 ........................................................................................................... 11>Jddcnirs jd thi Ymctil ^tatis Wcthcm thi Fiamcmg jd thi Appjcmtfimts Nàusi, Y.^. Attjrmiy Fifjramluf

Jpcmcjm ........................................................................................................................................................................... 528Jrcgcms aml Authjrcty jd thi Cmtirma` Uivimui îrvcni, Djrf #29.229 ............................................................... >7, 153Jur gjvirmfimt has einjfi cljàtry aml a da`si ri`cgcjm, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp .................................................. 52>Rj`ctcna` Ourcslcntcjm, Djrf #29.22< ............................................................................................ 48, 121, 1, 147, 143, 52>Rrinilimni jd @aw, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp .............................................................................................................. 184Rrisclimt Oafis Fjmrji ..................................................................................................................................................... 157Rrisclimt Wc``caf Hjwarl \adt.................................................................................................................................... 8Uiprisimtatcvi Farpì ........................................................................................................................................................ 157Uiqucrifimt djr Njmsimt, Djrf #29.22> ................................................................................................................... 171, 173Uiqucrifimt djr Lui Rrjniss jd @aw, Djrf #29.2, 1, 174, 173


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Uistatifimt, înjml, Njmtrants > ...................................................................................................................................... 54Uuìs jd Rrisufptcjm aml ^tatutjry Cmtirpritatcjm, @ctcgatcjm \jj` #21.224 .................................................... 122, 181, 185^. N. 5 Harr. Njml. @j. Uip. 424, 423 ............................................................................................................................... 18înritary jd thi \riasury ................................................................................................................................................... 118întcjm 138> @ctcgatcjm, @ctcgatcjm \jj` #28.228 .............................................................................................................. 139ÎLF Ourcslcntcjms Lataeasi Jm`cmi, @ctcgatcjm \jj` #23.22< .......................................................................................... 54ÎLF Ourcslcntcjms Lataeasi, @ctcgatcjm \jj` #23.22> .............................................................................................. 54, 13^cìmni as a Wiapjm aml a Lidimsi cm @iga` Lcsnjviry, Djrf #29.251 ........................................................................... 148^jnca` înurcty Alfcmcstratcjm........................................................................................................................................... 145^jnca` înurcty Rrjgraf Jpiratcjms Famua` ^ystif (RJF^), întcjm U^ 25427 ............................................................................................ 5...........................................................................................


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\hjfas Oiddirsjm tj Oafis Falcsjm, 1784. FI 4?3 ............................................................................................................ >3\hjfas Oiddirsjm tj Oafis Falcsjm, 1731. FI 8?592 ........................................................................................................ 48 ........................................................................................................ 3\hjfas Oiddirsjm tj Ojhm E`acr, 1787. FI 4?57>, Rapirs 15?58 .........................................................................................


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Wi Ari \hi Nhurnh, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp .............................................................................................................. 74What Happimil tj Oustcni:, Djrf #24.215 ...................................................................................... >2, , 118, 1>4, 177, 133, 52>, 517Why Ljfcncì aml Einjfcmg a \axpayir Uiqucri Sjur Njmsimt, Djrf #29.225, întcjm 1>.3 ..................................... 31Why Ct cs C`ìga` djr Fi tj Uiquist jr Ysi a \axpayir Climtcdcnatcjm Mufeir, Djrf #27 .............................. 191, 184, 139Why thi Dilira` Njurts Namt Rrjpir`yAllriss \hisi Quistcjms, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp .................................... 125Why Sju ari a matcjma`, stati matcjma`, aml Njmstctutcjma` eut mjt ^tatutjry Nctczim, Djrf #29.224... 43, 33, 11>, 1>9,

173, 185, 525Why yju ari mjt a nctczim umlir thi Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp .......................................... 11>Why yju ari mjt a risclimt umlir thi Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp........................................ 11>Why Sju Arimt I`cgceì djr jnca` inurcty, Djrf #24.221 ...................................................................................... >7, 521Why Sju ^hju`lmt Ncti Dilira` ^tatutis djr Rrjtintcmg Sjur Ucghts, Dafc`y Guarlcam Di``jwshcp .............................. 147Why Sjur Gjvirmfimt cs Icthir a \hcid jr Sju ari a Rue`cn Jddcnir djr Cmnjfi \ax Rurpjsis, Djrf #29.228. 128, 123,

149Wckcpilca, \jpcn? Wc``caf Hjwarl \adt ............................................................................................................................ 89Wrjmg Rarty Mjtcni, Djrf #27.129 ........................................................................................................................... 17>, 174Sjur Ucghts as a Mjmtaxpayir, Djrf #28.228 ................................................................................................................ 11-17 ................................................................................................................................................................... 1951 âf. 1-8 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 74Ixjlus 5>?>5->> .................................................................................................................................................................... 5Ixjlus 5>?8 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12?19 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 198Ixjlus >


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Csacah 95?> .......................................................................................................................................................................... 142Oirifcah 5?54-58 .................................................................................................................................................................. 4>Oje 1>?12 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 197Oje. >3 ........................................................................................................................................................................... ?8-15 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 198Fatthiw 5>?1>->4 .............................................................................................................................................................. 1> ...................................................................................................................................................................... 194Rrjv. 1


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1 Cmtrjluntcjm1

\hiri cs funh njmtrjvirsy cm thi njurts aml cm stati aml dilira` agimncis jvir thi ourcslcntcjm jd thi dilira` gjvirmfimt tj5imdjrni dramnhcsis upjm thjsi ljfcncìl wcthcm statis jd thi Ymcjm, whcnh ari djricgm eut mjt a`cim cm rispint tj dilira`>ourcslcntcjm. \hcs cmnùlis imdjrnifimt authjrcty djr a`` thi dj``jwcmg dramnhcsis?. Rrjdisscjma` `cnimsis.7thisi da`si prisufptcjms ey prjvclcmg authjrctcis ljnufimtcmg thi jrcgcms jd dilira` ourcslcntcjm.1

1.>. Cm pirsjmaf? Ourcslcntcjm jvir thi pirsjm. \hcs ourcslcntcjm cs njmdirril icthir ey?5.1.îrvcni jd prjniss upjm thi pirsjmAML.591.>.5.Am appiaramnicm am antcjm dj``jwcmg thi sirvcni jd prjniss jr a ljfcncì jr risclimni cm thi djruf at thi54

tcfi jd thi ivimt njmtistil.575. Ncvc` aml nrcfcma` ourcslcntcjm attanhis tj thi tirrctjry umlir thi ixnùscvi ourcslcntcjm jd thi sjviricgm tj whjf ct58

ei`jmgs. \hcs cmnùlis?535.1. Ants njffcttil jm thi tirrctjry.>25.5. Uia` aml nhatti` prjpirty sctuatil wcthcm thi tirrctjry.>15.>. Hufam eicmgs aml pirsjmsljfcncìl jm thi tirrctjry.>5

>. A sjviricgm fay mjt rianh jutscli cts physcna` tirrctjry tj imdjrni cts ncvc` jr nrcfcma` àws wcthjut njfcty, whcnh cs a>>damny wjrl djr thi njmsimt jd thjsi ct cs imdjrncmg agacmst. \hcs cs na`ìl ixtratirrctjrca ourcslcntcjmey thi njurts.>9

Iviry ^tati jr matcjm pjssissis am ixnùscvi sjviricgmty aml ourcslcntcjm wcthcm hir jwm tirrctjry, aml hir>4

àws addint aml ecml a`` prjpirty aml pirsjms risclcmg wcthcm ct. Ct fay riguàti thi fammir aml ncrnufstamnis>7

umlir whcnh prjpirty cs hi`l, aml thi njmlctcjm, napancty, aml stati jd a`` pirsjms thiricm, aml a`sj thi rifily>8

aml fjlis jd alfcmcstircmg oustcni.Aml ct cs iqua``y trui that mj ^tati jr matcjm nam addint jr ecml prjpirty>3

jut jd cts tirrctjry, jr pirsjms mjt risclcmg [ljfcncìlV wcthcm ct. Mj ^tati thiridjri nam imant àws tj jpirati


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"Oulgi ^tjry, cm hcs triatcsi jm thi Njmd`cnts jd @aws, àys ljwm, as thi eascs upjm whcnh a`` riasjmcmgs jm thi1

àw jd njfcty fust minissarc`y rist, thi dj``jwcmg faxcfs? Dcrst 'that iviry matcjm pjssissis am ixnùscvi5

sjviricgmty aml ourcslcntcjm wcthcm cts jwm tirrctjry'; sinjml`y, 'that mj stati jr matcjm nam ey cts àws lcrint`y>

addint jr ecml prjpirty jut jd cts jwm tirrctjry, jr ecml pirsjms mjt risclimt thiricm, whithir thiy ari matura` Jhcj.^t. 14, 74 M.I. 31, 11 @.U.A., M.^., 1215 (1329)V3

Liet aml njmtrant [dramnhcsi agriifimt, cm thcs nasiV ari jd mj partcnuàr pàni.1ourcslcntcjm. Djr cmstamni, riprisimtcmg a dilira` njrpjratcjm as a pue`cn jddcnir jd sacl njrpjratcjm, ivim thjugh5. Imgagcmg cm njffirni wcthcm thi ncvc` ìgcsàtcvi ourcslcntcjm jd a spincdcn gjvirmfimt aml thiriey wacvcmg57sjviricgm cffumcty umlir?58

9.>.1.\hi Djricgm ^jviricgm Cffumctcis Ant, 58 Y.^.N. 1429.539.>.5.\hi Fcmcfuf Njmtants Ljntrcmi, whcnh cfpìfimts thi Djurtiimth Afimlfimt. îi Cmtirmatcjma` ^hji>2

Nj. v. Washcmgtjm, >54 Y.^. >12 (1319.>.>.\hi @jmgarf ^tatutis jd thi stati ourcslcntcjm whiri yju ari physcna``y sctuatil at thi tcfi. Djr a `cst jd>5

sunh stati statutis, sii?>>9.>.>.1.ÎLF Ourcslcntcjms Lataeasi, @ctcgatcjm \jj` #23.22>>99.>.>.5.ÎLF Ourcslcntcjms Lataeasi Jm`cmi, @ctcgatcjm \jj` #23.224

http?//silf.jrg/@ctcgatcjm/@ctCmlix.htf>74. \hi fjst privaìmt fiams tj ixirncsi ixtratirrctjrca` ourcslcntcjm ey fjst gjvirmfimts cs thrjugh gjvirmfimt>8

dramnhcsis sunh as ^jnca` înurcty, farrcagi `cnimsis, aml lrcvirs `cnimsis. \hi app`cnatcjm tj partcncpati cm thi>3prjgraf njmstctutis njmtrantua` njmsimt tj aecli ey thi tirfs jd thi dramnhcsi agriifimt.


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ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ1

As a ruì, dramnhcsis sprcmg drjf njmtrants eitwiim thi sjviricgm pjwir aml prcvati nctczims, fali upjm5

vaùaeì njmscliratcjms, djr purpjsis jd cmlcvclua` alvamtagi as wi`` as pue`cn eimidct, 1 aml thus a dramnhcsi>

partakis jd a ljueì maturi aml nharantir. ^j dar as ct addints jr njmnirms thi pue`cn, ct cs pue`cnc ourcs aml cs1

wcth thi Cmlcam trceis, fay, wcthjut ljuet, prjvcli djrgramtcmgnjastcmg `cnimsis, `cnimsis tj pc`jts, `cnimsis tj>5

trali wcth thi Cmlcams, aml amy jthir `cnimsisminissary jr prjpir djr thi ixirncsi jd that griat aml ixtimscvi>>pjwir; aml thi safi jesirvatcjm cs app`cnaeì tj iviry jthir pjwir jd Njmgriss, tj thi ixirncsi jd whcnh thi>9

Eut viry lcddirimt njmscliratcjms app`y tj thi cmtirma` njffirni jr ljfistcn trali jd thi ^tatis. Jvir thcs>4

njffirni aml trali Njmgriss has mj pjwir jd riguàtcjm mjr amy lcrint njmtrj`. \hcs pjwir ei`jmgs>7

ixnùscvi`y tj thi ^tatis. Mj cmtirdirimni ey Njmgriss wcth thi euscmiss jd nctczims tramsantil wcthcm a ^tati>8

cs warramtil ey thi Njmstctutcjm, ixnipt sunh as cs strcnt`y cmnclimta` tj thi ixirncsi jd pjwirs nìar`y gramtil>3

tj thi ìgcsàturi. \hi pjwir tj authjrczi a euscmiss wcthcm a ^tati cs pàcm`y ripugmamt tj thi ixnùscvi


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3.>. A`` dramnhcsis ari njmtrants aml njmstctuti prjpirty jd thi Y.^. gjvirmfimt. Amjthir way jd saycmg thi aejvi cs1that Njmgriss nammjt istae`csh pue`cn jddcnis wcthcm a stati aml nammjt havi dramnhcsis as prjpirty wcthcm amy5Ymctil ^tatis Oulcnca` Lcstrcnt that imnjfpassis am aria umlir thi ixnùscvi ourcslcntcjm jd a stati jd thi Ymcjm.>

3.1

njmtrantua` njffctfimts cm "riguàtjry" nasis ivim whiri ct scfp`y sjught tj avjcl njmtrants ct hal njfi tj>5

rigrit, thim thi Gjvirmfimt's sjviricgm njmtrantcmg pjwir wju`l ei jd viry `cttì usi cm thcs erjal sphiri jd>>pue`cn antcvcty. Wi riointil a vcrtua``y climtcna` argufimt cm Rirry v. Ymctil ^tatis, 53< Y.^. >>2 (13>9), cm>9

nju`l mjt ei app`cil tj thi Gjvirmfimt's jwm je`cgatcjms, mjtcmg that "thi rcght tj faki ecmlcmg je`cgatcjms>4

cs a njfpitimni attanhcmg tj sjviricgmty." Cl. at >9>.>7

îi a`sj Nìardci`l \rust Nj. v. Ymctil ^tatis, >18 Y.^. >4>, >43 (13) ("b \hi Ymctil ^tatis ljis euscmiss jm>8

euscmiss tirfs'") (qujtcmg Ymctil ^tatis v. Matcjma` Ixnhamgi Eamk jd Ea`tcfjri, 572 Y.^. 957, 9>< (1354));>3

Rirry v. Ymctil ^tatis, supra at >95 (13>9) ("Whim thi Ymctil ^tatis, wcth njmstctutcjma` authjrcty, fakis


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11. \hi Linàratcjm jd Cmlipimlimni says that jur Njmstctutcjma` rcghts ari uma`cimaeì cm riàtcjm tj thi gjvirmfimt,1whcnh fiams that thiy nammjt àwdu``y ei sj`l, eargacmil away thrjugh amy prjniss, cmnùlcmg a dramnhcsi. \hi gja`5jd dramnhcsis cs tj gcvi away rcghts cm ixnhamgi djr prcvcìgis.>

Wihj`l thisi truths tj ei si`d-ivclimt, thata`` fim ari nriatil iqua`, that thiy ari imljwil ey thicr NriatjrV11

Njmsiquimt`y, dramnhcsis fay mjt àwdu `y ei jddiril tj thjsi ljfcncìl jm àml prjtintil ey thi Njmstctutcjm. \hi15jm`y pàni mjt prjtintil ey thi Njmstctutcjm cs dilira` tirrctjry. \hiridjri, dramnhcsis fay mjt àwdu``y ei jddiril tj1>thjsi ljfcncìl wcthcm statis jd thi Ymcjm, whcnh ari àml prjtintil ey thi Njmstctutcjm, aml fay jm`y ei jddiril tj1

imojy thi rcght jd trca` ey oury, jd eac`, aml jd thi prcvcìgi jd thi wrct jd haeias njrpus, as wi`` as jthir5515.>.Jpiratcmg as a li dantj gjvirmfimt that cs antua``y a prcvati, djr prjdct njrpjratcjm.>>

li dantj? Cm dant, cm liil, antua``y. \hcs phrasi cs usil tj nharantirczi am jddcnir, a gjvirmfimt, a past antcjm>9

jddcni, a pjsctcjm jr status ixcstcmg umlir a nàcf jr nj`jr jd rcght sunh as a li dantj njrpjratcjm. Cm thcs>4

simsi ct cs thi njmtrary jd li ouri, whcnh fiams rcghtdu`, ìgctcfati, oust, jr njmstctutcjma`. \hus, am jddcnir,>7

kcmg, jr gjvirmfimt li dantj cs jmi whj cs cm antua` pjssisscjm jd thi jddcni jr suprifi pjwir, eut ey>8

usurpatcjm, jr wcthjut àwdu` tctì; whcì am jddcnir, kcmg, jr gjvirmjr li ouri cs jmi whj has oust nàcf aml>3

rcghtdu` tctì tj thi jddcni jr pjwir, eut has mivir hal pìmary pjssisscjm jd ct, jr cs mjt cm antua` pjssisscjm. ^.Nt. 399, 97 @.Il. 1542. A wcdi li dantj cs jmi whjsi farrcagi cs


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Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm >2 jd 517Njpyrcght ^jviricgmty Ilunatcjm aml Lidimsi Fcmcstry,http?//silf.jrgDjrf 29.218, Uiv. 12->2-521< IXHCEC\?ZZZZZZZZ

njurts jd prcvcìgi avacàeì jm`y tj dramnhcsiis na`ìl taxpayirs, fjtjrcsts, spjusis, statutjry Y.^.1nctczims,gjvirmfimt ifp`jyiis,itn. îi thi dj``jwcmg djr prjjd?5

What Happimil tj Oustcni:, Djrf #24.215http?//silf.jrg/Djrfs/DjrfCmlix.htf

1>.5.Lj yju havi tj ei a statutjry rathir tham njmstctutcjma` nctczimjr a risclimttj partcncpati cm thi prjgraf: Cd>thi amswir cs yis, thim ct cs a li dantj gjvirmfimt dumntcjm..>.Ari djrfs aml prjniluris avacàeì that rinjgmczi thi rcght tj tirfcmati partcncpatcjm cm thi dramnhcsi aml lj9eamks aml dcmamnca` cmstctutcjms rinjgmczi thi rcght mjt tj partcncpati djr a``: Cd thi amswir cs mj tj icthir, thim ct4cs a li dantj gjvirmfimt dumntcjm liscgmil tj listrjy rathir tham prjtint prcvati rcghts aml umàwdu``y aml7umnjmstctutcjma``y njmvirt A@@ rcghts tj pue`cn rcghts.8

1>.21.4123-1(g)52

(g) ^pinca` ruìs djr taxpayir climtcdycmg mufeirs cssuil tj djricgm pirsjms51

(1) Gimira` ruì55

(c) ^jnca` sinurcty mufeir.5>

A sjnca` sinurcty mufeir cs gimira``y climtcdcil cm thi rinjrls aml lataeasi jd thi Cmtirma` Uivimui îrvcni5"gjvirmfimt ey njfpant"?1 (Y.^.) La`` 4V13

Hiri cs thi ìga` lidcmctcjm jd njfpanttj prjvi jur pjcmt that thi Njmstctutcjm aml a`` dilira` àw wrcttim cm durthiramni52jd ct ari cmliil a njfpant?51

Njfpant, m. Am agriifimt jr njmtrant eitwiim pirsjms, matcjms, jr statis. Njffjm`y app`cil tj wjrkcmg55

agriifimts eitwiim aml afjmg statis njmnirmcmg fattirs jd futua` njmnirm. A njmtrant eitwiim partcis,5>

whcnh nriatis je`cgatcjms aml rcghts napaeì jd eicmg imdjrnil aml njmtifpàtil as sunh eitwiim thi partcis,52

thim, ari oust thi apparatus that thi sjviricgm Rijpì usi djr gjvirmcmg thifsi`vis thrjugh thi jpiratcjm jd pjsctcvi àw.>1As thi lidcmctcjm aejvi shjws, thi apparatus aml fanhcmiry jd gjvirmfimt cs scfp`y thi rullirthat stiirs thi shcp, eut>5thi "Naptacm" jd thi shcp cs thi Rijpì ejth cmlcvclua``y aml nj`ìntcvi`y. Cm a trui Uipue`cnam Djrf jd Gjvirmfimt, thi>>UIA@ gjvirmfimt cs thi pijpì cmlcvclua``y aml nj`ìntcvi`y, aml mjt thicr "pue`cn sirvamts". \hat cs thi trui fiamcmg jd>9Allriss.>4

Jur li ouri Njmstctutcjma` Uipue`cn startil jut as a pirdint`y eaàmnil aml oust systif cmliil. Eut sjfiwhiri a`jmg thi>7way, ct was li`ceirati`y njrruptil ey ivc` fim djr pirsjma` gacm. Oust `cki Nacm (cm thi Eceì) listrjyil thi tramquc`cty aml>8piani jd am cly``cn wjr`l aml lcvclil thi dafc`y jd Alaf ey dcrst cmtrjluncmg furlir cmtj thi wjr`l, griily pj`ctcncams whj>3wamtil tj `cmi thicr pjnkits njrruptil jur wjmlirdu` systif aml erjught ivc` cmtj jur gjvirmfimt. Hjw lcl ct happim:


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Dilira` Ourcslcntcjm 2-521< IXHCEC\?ZZZZZZZZ

>. \hi hcirarnhy jd sjviricgmty eitwiim a`` thi sjviricgmtcis easil jm thicr siquimni jd nriatcjm.1

\j fiit thi aejvi jeointcvis, wi wc`` start jdd wcth thi lcagraf djuml cm Griat CU^ Hjax, Djrf #11.>25, întcjm 9.1.1 aml25,9întcjm 3. \hi8facm aml jm`y purpjsi jd gjvirmfimt cs tj `jvi aml prjtint aml sirvi cts cmhaectamts aml nctczims, whj nj`ìntcvi`y ari3"micghejrs". What risu`ts cs a snhifatcn lcagraf jd thi cmctca` pj`ctcna` systif that thi djumlirs gavi us aesimt a``12njrruptcjm. \hcs cs na`ìl thi Liouri Y.^. Gjvirmfimt. Ct cs thi jm`y àwdu` gjvirmfimt wi havi aml cts jrgamczatcjm cs11lidcmil ey jur Njmstctutcjm. Ctsjrgamczatcjm cs a`sj lidcmil ey thi Eceì, whcnh wi a`sj na`` "Matura` @aw" thrjughjut15thcs ljnufimt.1>

Dcguri 9.1-1? Matura` Jrlir Lcagraf jd Uipue`cnam Djrf jd Gjvirmfimt1


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sjviricgm aejvi. \hat ant jd nriatcjm narrcis wcth ct am cfp`cil liìgatcjm jd authjrcty tj lj spincdcn tasks aml istae`cshis a1dcluncary riàtcjmshcp eitwiim thi Nriatjr, aml hcs suejrlcmati nriatcjm. \hi aejvi systif as shjwm dumntcjms prjpir`y5aml du``y aml prjvclis thi eist lidimsi djr jur `ceirtcis jm`ywhim thiri cs njfpìtisiparatcjm eitwiim ianh sjviricgmty,>whcnh cs tj say that a`` antcjmspirdjrfil aml a`` nhjcnisfali ey amy jmi sjviricgm?. Cmvj`vidu``y cmdjrfilnjmsimt fali wcth adu`` awarimissey a`` partcis tj thi agriifimt jd a`` rcghts whcnh ari eicmg8surrimliril tj prjnuri amy cfputil eimidcts.3

Wcth thi aejvi cm fcml, wi wc`` mjw all a`` jd thi njrruptcmg cmdùimnis annjfp`cshil tj jur systif jd gjvirmfimt jvir12-521< IXHCEC\?ZZZZZZZZ

GJL

Njmstctutcjm

Ixinutcvi

Eramnh

@igcsàtcvi

Eramnh

Oulcnca`

Eramnh

YMCJM ^\A\I^ ("statis")

Njmstctutcjm

Ixinutcvi

Eramnh

@igcsàtcvi

Eramnh

Oulcnca`

Eramnh

DILIUA@ GJTIUMFIM\

Dilira`

Njrpjratcjms

Dilira`

"^tatis"/

tirrctjrcis

IìntcjmsGraml

Oury

\hi Rijpì

(as cmlcvclua`s)

Rrcvati

snhjj`s

\rca`

Oury

"Y.^.

nctczims"/

cljàtirs

\HI NHYUNH

Dafc`cis

GJL'^

@AW/ECE@I

"WI \HI RIJR@I"

Rastjr

^hiip/

d`jnk

Lianjms/

@ialirs

îparatcjm jd?

Nhurnh v. ^tati

3

1

1

4

9>5

1

11

7

1
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/


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\aeì 1? ^pincdcn cmstamnis jd djrni, draul, aml njmd`cnt jd cmtirist that njrruptil jur pj`ctcna` systif1

#

(jmlcagraf

aejvi)

Siar(s) Antcmg

^jviricgmty/agimt

@aw(s)

vcjàtil

Ixpàmatcjm

1 1848 ^tati ìgcsàturis^tati oulgisDilira` ìgcsàturi

Dilira` oulgis

18 Y.^.N. 5(lcrint taxis)

Njmst. Art. 1, înt.3, Nàusi , thi Njmgriss a`sj passil thi DiliraÙisirvi Ant cffilcati`y adtir thi cxtiimth Afimlfimt. Ey ljcmg thcs, thiysurrimliril thicr njmtrj` jvir thi fjmiy systif tj a njmsjrtcuf jd prcvati eamks.\hi ^cxtiimth Afimlfimt was passil dcrst cm Dieruary jd 131> einausi ct was thiìmlir-sinurcty djr thi Mjm-Dilira` Uisirvi that wju`l ei miilil tj nriati a nrilct`cmiaml nj`àtira`. \hi Dilira` Uisirvi Ant was passil cm Linifeir jd that safiyiar. At that pjcmt, thi Njmgriss hal am um`cfctil prcvati nrilct `cmi drjfnjffirnca` eamks aml a fiams tj prcmt as funh fjmiy as thiy wamtil cm jrlir tjduml sjnca`cst ixpamscjm jd thi gjvirmfimt. Eut rififeir that thi eceì says?

\hi rcnh ruìth jvir thi pjjr, aml thi

ejrrjwir [csV sirvamt tj thi ìmlir.

[Rrjv. 55?7V
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/Pro/Pro022.html#7http://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/Pro/Pro022.html#7http://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/Pro/Pro022.html#7http://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/Pro/Pro022.html#7http://sedm.org/


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#(jm

lcagraf

aejvi)

Siar(s) Antcmg^jviricgmty/

agimt

@aw(s)vcjàtil

Ixpàmatcjm

> 1311-13>3

Dilira` ìgcsàturi 58 Y.^.N. 15cm thi nasi jd JFa`ìyv. Wjjlrjugh, >23 Y.^. 577 (13>3) oust eidjri thi war

startil. \hi njurt ruìl that thi Ixinutcvi Eramnh nju`lmtumcàtira``y fjlcdy thitirfs jd thicr ifp`jyfimt njmtrants, sj thiy riwrjti thi tax njli tj gj arjuml ctsuesiquimt tj that ey jm`y taxcmg MIW dilira` oulgis aml ìavcmg thi ixcstcmg jmisa`jmi sj as mjt tj vcjàti thi Njmstctutcjma` prjhcectcjm agacmst riluncmg oulgissaàrcis. ^cmni that tcfi, dilira` oulgis havi eiim eihj`lim tj thi griil aml fa`cni

jd thi @igcsàtcvi eramnh einausi thiy ari umlir CU^ njmtrj`. \hcs jnnurril at a tcfiwhim wi hal a viry pjpuàr sjnca`cst Rrisclimt whj thriatimil thi ûprifi Njurt cdthiy lclmtgj a`jmg wcth hcs pàm tj ripàni napcta`csf wcth sjnca`csf, startcmg wcth^jnca` înurcty. Rrisclimt Ujjsivi`t trcil tj ritcri a`` thi Y.^. ûprifi Njurt

oustcnis aml thim ljueì thi sczi jd thi njurt aml pank thi njurt wcth a`` jd hcs jwmsjnca`cst nrjmcis cm a dafjus njup na`ìl \hiUjjsivi`t ûprifi Njurt RankcmgRàm.

< 13>3-Rrisimt

Dilira` ixinutcvieramnh

58 Y.^.N. 1)(djrnil àejr)

\hi Uivimui Ant jd 13>3 passil ey thi Y.^. Njmgriss cmstctutil a viry jpprisscvicmnjfi tax tj duml thi upnjfcmg Wjr`l War CC iddjrt. Ct was na`ìl thi Tcntjry\axaml ct was a vjùmtary wcthhj`lcmg iddjrt, eut adtir thi war aml adtir pijpì jm aàrgi snaì gjt usil tj simlcmg thicr fjmiy tj Washcmgtjm, L.N. iviry fjmththrjugh payrj`` wcthhj`lcmg, thi pj`ctcncams nìvir`y linclil mjt tj ti`` thif thi truththat ct was vjùmtary. \hi pj`ctcncams thim eigam riwrctcmg thi tax njli tj durthirnjmdusi aml linicvi pijpì aml hcli thi truth aejut thi vjùmtary maturi jd thicmnjfi tax. \hcs cmnùlil thi Cmtirma` Uivimui Njlis jd 139< aml 1384, whcnh wirifaojr uplatis jd thi CUN that durthir hcl thi truth drjf thi ìga` prjdisscjm amlallil sj funh njfpìxcty tj thi tax njli that mj jmi ivim umlirstamls thifamyfjri.
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/ChallJurisdiction/AuthoritiesArticle/AuthOnJurisdiction.htmhttp://famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/ChallJurisdiction/AuthoritiesArticle/AuthOnJurisdiction.htmhttp://famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/ChallJurisdiction/AuthoritiesArticle/AuthOnJurisdiction.htmhttp://famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/ChallJurisdiction/AuthoritiesArticle/AuthOnJurisdiction.htmhttp://famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/ChallJurisdiction/AuthoritiesArticle/AuthOnJurisdiction.htmhttp://famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/ChallJurisdiction/AuthoritiesArticle/AuthOnJurisdiction.htmhttp://sedm.org/


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#(jm

lcagraf

aejvi)

Siar(s) Antcmg^jviricgmty/

agimt

@aw(s)vcjàtil

Ixpàmatcjm

4 1392-Rrisimt

Dilira` ixinutcvieramnh

18 Y.^.N. 937(ixpimlcturis tjcmdùimni vjtcmg)

18 Y.^.N. 875(ixtjrtcjm)

18 Y.^.N. 882(rinicvcmg thi

prjniils jdixtjrtcjm)

18 Y.^.N. 1397(Imgagcmg cmfjmitarytramsantcjms cm

prjpirty lircvildrjf spincdcilumàwdu` antcvcty)

Dilira` gjvirmfimt usis cmnjfi tax rivimuis adtir Wjr`l War CC tj eigcm sjnca`cstsuesclcis, startcmg wcth @ymljm OjhmsjmsGriat^jncitypàm. Cmstial jd paycmgjdd thi war liet aml imlcmg thi cmnjfi tax `cki wi lcl adtir thi Ncvc` war cm 1875, thigjvirmfimt aljptil sjnca`csf aml ejrrjwil ctsi`d cmtj a liip hjì, dj``jwcmg thic`ùstrcjus ixafpì jd Dramk`cm Ujjsivi`tsMiwLia`prjgraf. \hcs sjnca`cstixpamscjm was danc`ctatil ey thi imantfimt jd thi Dilira` Uisirvi Ant jd 131>,whcnh gavi thi gjvirmfimt um`cfctil ejrrjwcmg pjwir. \hi cmnjfi tax, hjwivir,hal tj njmtcmui einausi ct was thi ìmlirsinurctydjr thi RUCTA\I DiliraÙisirvi eamkcmg trust that was nriatcmg a`` thcs liet aml daki fjmiy. \hi cmnjfi taxhal thi iddint jd fakcmg a`` Afircnams cmtj surity djr gjvirmfimt liets thiy mivirauthjrczil. \hi Ncvc` Ucghts fjvifimt jd thi 1342sanniìratil thi grjwth jd thisjnca`cst namnir tj nausi vjtirs tj aeusi thicr pjwir tj iìnt pj`ctcncams whj wju`lsuesclczi aml ixpaml thi wi`dari-stati njmnipt.

Lifjnrany has mivir eiim aml mivir nam ei sj liscraeì as

arcstjnrany jr fjmarnhy, eut whcì ct àsts, cs fjri e`jjly tham

icthir. Uififeir, lifjnrany mivir àsts `jmg. Ct sjjm wastis,

ixhausts, aml furlirs ctsi`d. \hiri mivir was a lifjnrany that

mivir lcl njffct sucncli." Ojhm Alafs, 1819.

7 13>3-Rrisimt

\rca` oury 18 Y.^.N. 5111(rjeeiry)

\rca` ourcis dc`ìl wcth pijpì rinicvcmg gjvirmfimt sjnca`cst hamljuts (fjmiy^\J@IM drjf harl-wjrkcmg Afircnams) vjti agacmst tax prjtistirs tj c`ìga``yimdjrni thi Cmtirma` Uivimui Njli, aml ispinca``y cm thi nasi jd thi wia`thy. \rca`

ey oury einjfis FJE UY@I aml a fiams tj fug aml rje thi prjlunirs jd sjncity.

\hi ourcsts ari a`sj umlir luriss ey thi oulgi, whj ljis mjt a``jw ivclimni tj eialfcttil that wju`l ei prioulcnca` tj gjvirmfimt (jr hcs ritcrifimt nhink) aml whjfakis nasis umpue`cshil whiri thi gjvirmfimt `jst jm cmnjfi tax cssuis. Einausithisi safi ourcsts wiri a`sj ilunatil cm pue`cn snhjj`s, thiy ari iasc`y ìal `cki shiiptj lj thi gjvirmfimtslcrty wjrk jd pùmlircmg thicr di``jw nctczims ey uphj`lcmg a

federal jurisdiction, form #05.018

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