February 6, 2014

• Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the key places and features.

• Then, color the water blue.

Early Greece

1. Minoans and Mycenaean

a. Minoans of Crete

i. 2000 B.C.

1. Established colonies on islands in the Aegean Sea

2. Traded goods with these colonies

ii. Minoan Life

1. Buildings

a. Solidly constructed

b. Private rooms

c. Basic plumbing

d. Brightly colored artwork on the walls

2. Artwork

a. Has helped historians understand Minoan life

i. Ships tell us that they were tied to the sea

ii. Women appear to have major roles in society

iii. Also shows what they did for fun

3. Writing

a. They did have a writing system

b. Called Linear A

i. We do not know how to read it.

Linear A script of the Minoans (1700 – 1550 BC)100 symbols, each representing a syllable

iii. Decline1. Minoan society suddenly fell apart

2. One possible cause was a world-shaking disaster

3. Eventually would be conquered by Mycenae

b. The Mycenaean State

i. Located on mainland Greece

ii. Language was a form of Greek

iii. Society

1. Dominated by intense competition

2. Frequent warfare

3. Powerful kings

iv. Kings

1. Taxed trade and farming

2. Built great palaces and high walls

a. Example: the Lion’s Gate

v. Inspired great legends

1. Trojan War

a. Greeks fought a powerful city called Troy

b. Historians are not sure if the war happened

i. Have found remains of a city they believed to be Troy

ii. Evidence suggests that the city was destroyed in Battle

2. Greek City-States

a. Life in a polis

i. A Polis (city-state) became the basic political unit in Greece

ii. Each polis had their own law, customs and government

iii. A polis was built around a high area called an acropolis

1. Used as a fortress

2. Housed temples to the gods

3. Spaces for public ceremonies

iv. Below the acropolis was the agora (marketplace)

1. People did business, gossiped, and discussed politics

2. Shops, houses and more temples surrounded the agora

v. City wall surrounded the entire polis

b. Sparta

i. Located on the large peninsula of southern Greece

ii. Took control of the towns around them

1. Made captured people become helots (state slave)

2. Helots were forced to do manual labor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=514IEcgz1Q8

iii. Spartans spent their time training for war

1. Built up their army to keep the helots under control

iv. Military

2. Demanded toughness and strength from birth

3. Babies were examined for strength after birth

a. If found to be unhealthy was left out in the wilderness to die

3. Boys were taught by their mothers until the age of 7

4. At 7 boys went to a school to be trained for combat

a. Created by King Lycurgus

b. Goal was to prepare the boys for the hardships they would face as soldiers

5. At the end of their training, boys were sent into the wilderness without food or supplies and were expected to survive

6. At 20, boys became hoplites (foot soldiers)

7. Had to serve 10 years in the military, then they could leave and take their place as citizens

v. Women

1. Trained in gymnastics for physical fitness

2. Believed they had to be fit to have strong children

3. Had the right to own property

vi. Politics

1. Sparta had 2 kings who served as military commanders

2. Council of Elders

a. Made the decisions

b. Considered an honor to be on this council

3. Gods and Heroes

a. Olympic gods

i. Greeks believed in hundreds of gods and goddesses

ii. Deities governed one aspect of nature of life

iii. Believed 12 gods were particularly influential in their lives

1. These 12 gods lived together on Mt. Olympus

a. Zeus- King of the gods; god of the Sky

b. Hera- Queen of the gods; goddess of marriage and women

c. Poseidon- god of the seas and earthquakes

d. Hades-god of the underworld

e. Demeter- goddess of agriculture

f. Hestia- goddess of the hearth and family

g. Athena- goddess of wisdomh. Apollo- god of prophecy,

healing, poetry, music and the sun

i. Artemis-goddess of hunting and the moon j. Ares-god of war

k. Aphrodite- goddess of love l. Hephaestus- god of metal work

iv. Did not consider the gods to be perfect

1. Greek myths indicate this belief

2. Each polis claimed one god or goddess as its special protector

v. Believed some places to be sacred

1. Example: Delphi

vi. Olympic Games

2. Held every 4 years

b. Myths about Heroes

i. Purpose of the myths

1. Used to teach Greeks where they came from and what sort of people they should be

a. Herculesi. Son of Zeus

ii. Had godlike strength

iii. Renown across Greece

b. Theseus

1. Athenian prince who killed the Minotaur of Crete

2. Famous only in his home city

ii. What they did

1. Killed monsters

2. Made discoveries

3. Founded cities

4. Talked with god almost on equal terms

iii. Hubris

1. According to Greek myths heroes could only rise so far

2. Hubris (great pride) brought many heroes to tragic ends

3. Deaths served as a lesson to not overstretch one’s abilities

Minoans and Mycenaeans

• Use your notes, textbooks, and technology to complete the Minoans vs. Mycenaeans graphic organizer.– Use pages 127 – 129 (including maps)

The Odyssey

• Read The Odyssey on page 133 of your text.• Then, answer questions 1 and 2 and choose

one to complete:– draw a picture of the Trojan War– Write a one-page (minimum) news broadcast about

the Trojan War

Homework

Define the following key terms on your notecards:

• Polis (p. 129)• Acropolis (p. 129)• Agora (p. 129)• Helots (p. 130)• Hoplites (p. 130)

• Hubris (p. 132)• Democracy (p. 135)• Tyrant (p. 135)• Direct Democracy (p.

136)• Phalanx (p. 136)• Pericles (p. 139)

February 7, 2014

• Analyze the map on page 126. With your partner, create a list of Greece's geographic advantages and disadvantages. Then, answer questions 1 and 2.

War and Democracy in Greece

1. Athenian Democracy

a. Development

i. Birth place for democracy was Athens

1. A form of government run by the people

ii. Significant Leaders

1. Draco

a. Thought the only way to end unrest was through harsh punishment

b. He reformed city laws to accomplish this idea

c. Harshness of the laws only made things worse

2. Solon

a. Overturned Draco’s laws and reformed them

b. Outlawed slavery

c. Encouraged trade to help reduce poverty

d. Allowed all men in Athens to take part in the assembly that governed the city and serve on juries that heard trials

e. Only the wealthy could run and hold office

f. First real steps toward democracy

3. Peisistratus

a. Was a tyrant

i. A strong man who seizes power by force and claims to rule for the good of the people

b. Was popular with the people

c. Pushed aristocrats out of office

d. Increased trade to make Athens richer

4. Cleisthenes

a. Reforms set the stage for Athenian Democracy

b. Divided Athens into 10 tribes

i. These tribes would be the basis on for their elections

b. Nature of Athenian Democracy

i. Only free male Athenians over the age of 20, who completed military training could vote

1. Expected to take part in 4 areas

a. Vote in all elections

b. Serve in office if elected

c. Serve on juries

d. Serve in the military during war

ii. Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies

1. Assembly

a. Included all people eligible to take part in the government

b. Made all the laws and important decisions for Athens

c. Direct Democracy

i. A type of system in which all people voted directly on the issue

2. Council of 500

a. Main role was to write laws that could be voted on in the assembly

3. Courts

b. A complex system that heard trials and sentenced criminals

c. Had as many as 6000 members, chosen from the Assembly

iii. Elected Officials

1. Generals

a. Would lead the city in war

2. Archon

a. Chief of state in Athens

b. Was the head of the Assembly and Council of 500

c. Served one year terms but could be re-elected

d. Could be removed from office or punished if he failed to serve the people well

c. Golden Age of Athens

i. Increased influence

1. Delian League

a. Alliance with the city-states of Greece

b. Controlled by Athens

i. Controlled the league’s ships and money

c. League will in essence become an Athenian Empire

ii. Rebuilding Athens

1. Used money from the Delian League’s treasury to rebuild the city after the Persian War

2. Built temples on the acropolis

a. Grandest was the Parthenon

3. Built new roads, expanded the port and constructed high walls around the city

iii. Age of Pericles

1. Pericles

a. Elected as one of Athens generals

b. Also a politician

c. Introduced paid public offices and juries

d. Encouraged introduction of democracy into other parts of Greece

e. Commissioned the building of the Parthenon

2. War in Greecea. The Persian Wars

i. Cause of Conflict

1. Ionian Rebellion

a. A Greek city-state conquered by Persian and rebelled against them

b. Asked fellow Greeks to help them gain independence

c. Persians put rebellion down; wanted to punish those who helped

ii. 1st Persian Invasion

1. Persians set out for Greece with tens of thousands of soldiers

2. Landed at Marathon and fought the Athenians there

3. Athenians used a phalanx system to fight the Persians with

a. It is a tight rectangular formation in which the soldiers held long spears out ahead of the wall of shields

b. Forced Persians to retreat

4. Legend of Marathon

a. Messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to tell the news…got there…gave it and then died. He ran about 26 miles.

iii. Preparations for 2nd Invasion

1. Darius planned a 2nd attempt but died before he could execute it

2. Xerxes continued with the planning

3. Set out with hundreds of thousands of troops

4. Athens seeks help from other city-states; Sparta answers

a. Athens would command the army

b. Sparta would command the navy

iv. 2nd Persian invasion1. Thermopylae

a. Spartans gathered at the mountain pass of Thermopylae to slow the Persians march on Athens

b. Held them off for several days

c. Persians found a way to surround the Spartans

d. Spartan sacrifice allowed time for the Greek defense

2. Salamisa. Persians headed south

to Athens

b. Used their fleet to deliver supplies

c. Athenian commander lured the Persian fleet into the Strait of Salamisi. Strait was narrow and did not allow for the much

larger Persian fleet to maneuver well

ii. Greek warships cut down the Persian fleet

d. This battle changed the nature of the war

3. Plataeaa. The Greek army led by

the full might of Sparta crushed the Persians

b. After the defeat Persians gave up on the invasion and agreed to a peace settlement

b. The Peloponnesian War

i. The Peloponnesian League

1. Headed by Sparta

2. Fear the Athenian fleet would cut off their supplies

3. Both sides will declare war on the other

ii. War in Greece

1. Lasted for years

2. First part of the war no one gains ground

a. Agreed to a truce

3. War starts again when Athens attacked one of Sparta’s allies

4. Sparta takes to both land and sea and defeat the Athenians

5. Athens is forced to surrender

6. Sparta tried to control all of Greece but was unable to do so

7. Sparta will be conquered by Thebesa. Even they cannot control all of Greece

b. Leaves a power vacuum in Greece

Choose one…

• Write a dialogue in which at least two leaders discuss Athenian government.– One page minimum

• Create a comic strip depicting a conversation involving at least one Athenian leader.

• Imagine you are an Athenian leader. Write a one-page journal entry (including a visual component) discussing your ideas and experiences.

** You may use technology to do additional research **

The Battle of Thermopylae

.

Athens and Persia

Conflict Begins

A 4th century rendering of Emperor Darius

The Battle of Marathon• Persians and Athenians

clashed at Marathon • Persians were unexpectedly

defeated• Darius’ son Xerxes planned

another attack in 480 BCE

The Battle of Thermopylae

• Persians vs. small group of Spartans• Spartans held off Persians for 7 days• Persians won battle• Meanwhile, Athens prepared for

Persian invasion• Ultimately Greeks won

How many Persians were at the Battle of Thermopylae?

Central Historical Question

Final ClaimAfter reading all four documents, how many Persians do you think there were at the Battle of Thermopylae? Make sure to use historical evidence to support your argument. What other types of evidence might you consult to further investigate this question?

Answer in no less than 2 paragraphs. Due Monady.