february 4, 2003lynn cominsky - cosmology a3501 professor lynn cominsky department of physics and...
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February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350
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Professor Lynn Cominsky
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO
(707) 664-2655
Best way to reach me: [email protected]
Astronomy 350Cosmology
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Astronomy 350/Cosmology
Book: No text is required for this course Course Organization: Beyond Einstein: from the Big Bang to
Black Holes Outer Space (Macroworld): from the Earth
through the Solar System, to the stars, galaxies and clusters of galaxies & background radiation
Inner Space (Microworld): What’s the Matter in the Universe? Broken Symmetries and Grand Unification
Hyperspace and Strings
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Astronomy 350/Cosmology
Five Questions for each topicWhat do we know?How do we know it?What is its origin, evolution and
how does it affect the Universe?What are the next questions?What are the plans to find out?
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Astronomy 350/Grades
15% - attendance as evidenced by activities or answers to questions (1% per week)
20% - long, research style paper. Topic due 4/22/03, paper due 5/20/03
15% for in-class small group presentation15% x 2 for “book reports” on your choice of
books from class list, due 3/4/03 and 4/4/0320% for short answer final exam, 5/27/03
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Astronomy 350/Books
General Cosmology Overview: The Whole Shebang by Timothy Ferris The First Three Minutes by Steven
Weinberg A Short History of the Universe by Joseph
Silk The Shadows of Creation by Michael
Riordan and David Schramm
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Astronomy 350/BooksSpecific Topics:
Black Holes and Time Warps by Kip Thorne Black Holes and the Universe by Igor Novikov Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony by Marcia
Bartusiak (Gravitational Waves) Wrinkles in Time by George Smoot (Cosmic
Microwave Background) Unveiling the Edge of Time by John Gribbin
(Black Holes, White Holes and Wormholes) Flash! By Govert Schilling (Gamma-ray Bursts)
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Astronomy 350/BooksHigher Dimensions:
Hyperspace by Michio Kaku Flatland by Edwin Abbott AND
Sphereland by Dionys Burger Flatland by Edwin Abbott AND
Flatterland by Ian Stewart Surfing through Hyperspace by Clifford
Pickover The Elegant Universe by Brian Greene
(String Theory)
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Astronomy 350/BooksModern Cosmological Theories
Before the Beginning by Martin Rees The Inflationary Universe by Alan Guth Strange Matters by Tom Siegfried A Hole in the Universe by KC Cole Accelerating Universe by Mario Livio Runaway Universe by Donald Goldsmith How the Universe Got Its Spots by Janna
Levin The Extravagant Universe by Robert P.
Kirshner
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Book Report Grading
Present a succinct, yet thorough overview of the book that encompasses the key elements of the book’s content. The goal here is to convince me that you have read the entire book.
Book report must be well written, and free of grammatical and spelling errors.
Book report must not contain any plagiarized material – use quotes and refer to page numbers!! If I detect any plagiarism, you will receive zero points for the report.
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Book Report Grading
Book reports are expected to be approximately 5 pages. Your grade will be lowered if your report is either too short or too long. Use 12 point type, double spaced, and standard margins from Word or other program.
Make sure to put your name on the report.
No fancy covers please.
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Book Report Grading
Address one of the following topics in greater detail: Summarize the theoretical reasons why
the author believes in extra dimensions Summarize what it would be like to live
in a world with different dimensionality Summarize the author’s view of an
inflationary period in the early Universe Summarize the author’s view on the
possible existence of other universes Summarize the author’s view on
symmetry
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Book Report Grading
Address one of the following topics in greater detail (continued): Summarize the evidence presented by the author
in favor of the Big Bang theory Summarize the evidence presented by the author
in favor of the existence of black holes Summarize an important observation presented
by the author that was not made at visible wavelengths.
Summarize the evidence presented by the author in favor of dark energy and/or dark matter
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Other information of interest
Class web page: http://glast.sonoma.edu/~lynnc/courses/a350/
My group web page: http://epo.sonoma.edu My office hours: 1 – 3 PM Tuesday in D329A Office phone: 664-2655 For fastest response – send me e-mail:[email protected] other office – NASA EPO building
(old Tech High School)
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Beyond Einstein: from the Big Bang to Black Holes
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Beyond Einstein
Essential cosmological questions - Einstein’s theories predict the answersHow did the Universe begin? (The
Universe is expanding from a Big Bang)Does time have a beginning and an end?
(Space and Time both stop at the edge of a black hole)
Does space have edges?(Dark Energy could be pulling our Universe apart)
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Beyond Einstein
We will explore what is known about these cosmological questions – and see what it takes to go “Beyond Einstein” to find outWhat powered the Big Bang?What happens to space, time and energy
at the edge of a black hole?What is the mysterious dark energy pulling
the Universe apart?
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Course OutlineIntro and ReviewOuter Space:
Solar System FormationStar Formation and EvolutionBlack Holes and SpacetimeThe Expanding UniverseSupernovae and Gamma-ray BurstsGalaxies and Galaxy EvolutionDark Matter
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Course OutlineOuter Space (continued)
Clusters of Galaxies and Large Scale Structure
Background Radiation Inflation and Dark Energy
Inner SpaceWhat’s the Matter in the Universe?Broken Symmetries and Grand
UnificationHyperspace and Strings
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Early View of the Universe
What are your ideas
about the Universe?
Take the Cosmic Survey
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Cosmic Survey
Do this activity in small groups You are given pictures of different
astronomical objectsPut them in order of sizePut them in order of distancePut them in order of age
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Powers of Ten
Scientific Notation10n means 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 … [n times]10-n means 1/(10 x 10 x 10 ….) [n times]
10n > 1 it is a 1 followed by n zeroes (102 = 100)
10-n < 1 it is decimal point, (n-1) zeroes, then 1 (10-2 = 0.01)
There are 1010 – 1011 stars in our galaxy, and a similar number of galaxies in the Universe
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Sizes and Magnitudes
There are 1010 – 1011 stars in our galaxy, and a similar number of galaxies in the Universe
Each star weighs ~1030 kg and contains more than 1057 atoms
The radius of a typical star is ~108 mEach atom weighs ~10-27 kg and has a
radius of about 10-10 m1 light year is 9.5 x 1015 m
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Powers of Ten Video
Produced by Charles and Ray EamesDescribes the journey into Outer Space
and then into Inner SpaceEach step is a factor of ten in distance
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c = 3 x 108 m/s
The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit- nothing can move faster
Let There Be Light!
= wavelength
= frequency
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Seeing the Light
VLA MAP SIRTF EUVE Chandra G:LAST
HST/Keck
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What emits EM radiation?
• Everything does! • Often called thermal or
blackbody radiation• the hotter the object, the
shorter the wavelength of the peak
• the hotter the object, the more intense the radiation
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What’s a good blackbody?
• You• Stars • The Universe!
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• Cool objects (0 to a few 10s Kelvin)• Electrons spiraling around magnetic fields• Collisionally deaccelerated or accelerated electrons
• Cold molecular clouds• Planets• pulsars• Radio galaxies• Intergalactic matter
Radio
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• a bit warmer objects (10s to 100K)• microwave generator
• warm molecular clouds• Planets• water masers• Galaxies• The Universe!
Microwave
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• warm objects (100 to about 2000 K)
• Nebulae• Planets• “Normal” stars• Enshrouded protostars• Galaxies
Infrared
Video from SIRTF
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• hot objects (2000 to about 10000 Kelvin)• the Sun of course!
• Nebulae• Planets• “Normal” stars, sun-like and hotter• Galaxies
Visible
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• hotter objects (10,000 to about 100,000 Kelvin)
• Nebulae• Planets with magnetic fields (aurorae)• O-F stars• Pulsars• Galaxies
Ultraviolet
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• very hot objects (100,000 to a few 106 Kelvin)• electrons in magnetic fields• electrons scattering off photons
• Planets• O star winds• solar corona• White dwarfs• Pulsars• Black holes• Galaxy clusters• Dark matter, indirectly
X-rays
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• Extremely energetic objects• Radioactive decay (Co56, Ti44)• Fusion• Cosmic ray/gas interaction• matter/antimatter annihilation
• supernovae • Diffuse Galactic emission• Active galaxies•(some) Pulsars• black holes• Gamma Ray Bursts
Gamma Rays
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• Extremely energetic objects• Radioactive decay (Co56, Ti44)• Fusion• Cosmic ray/gas interaction• matter/antimatter annihilation
• supernovae • Diffuse Galactic emission• Active galaxies•(some) Pulsars• black holes• Gamma Ray Bursts
Gamma Rays
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GEMS: Invisible Light Sources
and Detectors
Different stations have different types of light sources and detectors
All stations have same set of materials Try each of the 5 stations For each material: Predict whether or not it will
block the light, then test your prediction Write your predictions and results down on the
worksheets that are provided Hand in worksheets before leaving class
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Looking back through space and time
Constellation-X
JWST, FIRST
MAP, Planck
LISA, GLAST
Big Bang inflation
first stars, galaxies,
and black holes
clusters and groups of galaxies
microwavebackground
matter/radiationdecouplingEarly Universe Gap
First Stars Gap
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Ultimate Time Machine
Doing astronomical observations is like travelling back in time
If an galaxy is 1 million light years away, then the light that you are seeing left that galaxy 1 million years ago, and you are seeing what it looked like long ago
Do the Time Machine Activity
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Web Resources
Astronomy picture of the Day http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html
Electromagnetic Spectrum http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov
Beyond Einstein program http://universe.gsfc.nasa.gov
Imagine the Universe http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov