february 28, 2015 - acp · 1:15‐1:40 arthrocentesis and steroid injections of the knee and...

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Joint Injection Workshop ACP Scientific Meeting February 28, 2015 Andrea M. Barker, MPAS, PAC Michael J. Battistone, MD

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Page 1: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Joint Injection WorkshopACP Scientific Meeting

February 28, 2015

Andrea M. Barker, MPAS, PA‐CMichael J. Battistone, MD

Page 2: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Workshop Schedule1:00‐1:15 A Practical Approach to the Shoulder Exam

1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder

1:40‐1:45 Transition

1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I*Shoulder ExamsKnee Injections

2:05‐2:25 Hands‐on Session II*Shoulder ExamsKnee Injections

* Joint Injection simulators are available during this time

Page 3: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee
Page 4: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Examination Performed Technique Adequate

FROM BEHIND 1 Observation Adequate exposure Observe as they disrobe for

degree of discomfort General Symmetry, scars, skin lesions,

erythema, edema, atrophy Scapular winging Patient raises arms bilaterally

Wall press 2 Palpation Bilateral Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Biceps tendon Lateral shoulder Inferior to acromion FACING PATIENT

3 4

Range of Motion Motor Function of Rotator Cuff

Bilateral

Supr

aspin

atus ROM: Active forward elevation in scapular plane

Painful arc (>90’) Drop arm test

Scapular plane Neutral rotation (thumbs to ceiling)

Motor: Empty Can Test

Scapular plane Full pronation (thumbs to floor) Resisted forward elevation

Infra

spina

tus ROM: Active external rotation Elbows at side

Motor: Active external rotation against resistance

Elbows at side Start with hands near midline

Unilateral

Subs

capu

laris

Motor: Belly Press Test

Hand on abdomen Elbow anterior to midline Examiner pulls at forearm Watch for elbow to drop

ROM: Active internal rotation along spine Observe patient from behind Motor: Lift Off Test

Hand at lumbar spine Actively lifts off back against resistance

Tere

s Mino

r

ROM: Active external rotation with 90’ shoulder abduction and 90’ elbow flexion

90' shoulder abduction 90' elbow flexion Thumb points posterior

Motor: Hornblower’s Test External rotation as above against

resistance Note: check passive range of motion if active is limited.

This will identify mechanical block of motion versus shoulder weakness

Page 5: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Anatomy

Page 6: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee
Page 7: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee
Page 8: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee
Page 9: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

5 Components of Shoulder Exam1. Observation2. Palpation3. Range of Motion4. Motor Function of the Rotator Cuff5. Provocative Testing

ADEQUATE EXPOSURE!!!

Page 10: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

1. Observation• Symmetry• Skin lesions/scars• Erythema• Scapular winging• Atrophy

Page 11: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

2. Palpation• Bilateral palpation from behind patient

SC joint AC joint Biceps tendon 

(long head) Subacromial space 

(lateral and posterolateral)

Note locations of tenderness to help guide examination

Page 12: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee
Page 13: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

4. Motor Function of Rotator Cuff• Monitor each maneuver for pain as well as strength

• Pain but normal strength: tendonitis or partial‐thickness tear

• Pain with weakness: concern for full‐thickness tear• Compare strength with unaffected side

• Start with active ROM and perform passive ROM if active is limited

Page 14: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Supraspinatus

ROM: Active forward elevation in scapular plane• Bilateral• Elbows extended• Thumbs to ceiling

• Painful Arc (pain >900 ABD)• Drop Arm Test

Abduction Forward elevation

Page 15: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Supraspinatus

Motor: Empty Can Test• Bilateral• Internal rotation (thumbs 

toward floor)• Elbows extended• Downward pressure by 

examiner• 90˚ or lower 

Abduction Forward elevation

Page 16: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Infraspinatus ROM: External rotation 

• Bilateral• Elbows at side, 90 degrees of flexion

• Examine for symmetry

Page 17: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Infraspinatus

Motor: external rotation test– Bilateral– Elbows at side, 90 degrees of flexion

– Hands near midline– Examiner resists ER

External rotation

Page 18: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Subscapularis

Motor: Belly Press Test• Unilateral• Elbow anterior to midline• Examiner attempts pull arm off abdomen at the wrist

Internal rotation

Page 19: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Subscapularis

ROM: Internal rotation along spine• Unilateral• Repeat on unaffected side for comparison

Internal rotation

Page 20: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Subscapularis

Motor: Lift‐off Test• Unilateral• Dorsum of hand 

against lumbar spine• Patient attempts to lift 

hand off back against resistance

• Resistance applied at wrist

Internal rotation

Page 21: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Teres Minor

ROM: External rotation in abduction• Unilateral• 90 degrees shoulder abduction• 90 degrees elbow flexion• Thumb toward ceiling• Patient attempts ER 

“hitchhiking” 

External rotation

Page 22: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Teres Minor

Motor: Hornblower’s Test• Unilateral• 90 degrees shoulder 

abduction• 90 degrees elbow flexion• End position of ROM test• Examiner resists ER

External rotation

Page 23: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

5 Provocative Testing Impingement Testing Hawkin’s Test Shoulder 90' abduction

Scapular plane 90' elbow flexion Internal rotation + horizontal adduction

Neer’s Test Elbow extended Full pronation Maximal passive forward elevation of shoulder with scapular stabilization

Biceps Testing Speed’s Test 60' forward elevation

Hand in supination 20-30' elbow flexion Apply downward pressure to forearm

Yergeson’s Test Elbow at side, 90' flexion Palm in supination Resisted supination

AC Joint Testing

Cross-arm Test Active horizontal adduction

Page 24: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Subacromial Impingement• Area between humeral head 

and acromion• Narrowed space

– Bony changes• Acromion type• AC spurs• Cuff arthropathy

– Soft tissue swelling• Bursa• Rotator cuff

Page 25: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Subacromial Impingement Testing• Hawkin’s Test

– Passive– 90˚ abduction, 90˚ elbow 

flexion– Scapular plane– Maximal internal rotation 

• Neer’s Test– Passive – Elbow extended– Pronation– Sagittal plane– “Near to the ear”

Page 26: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Biceps Tendinopathy Testing• Speed’s Test

– 60˚ forward elevation– 20‐30˚ elbow flexion– Downward pressure at forearm 

• Yergason’s Test– Elbow at side, 90˚ flexion– Palm in supination– Examiner attempts to pronate

Page 27: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Acromioclavicular Joint Testing

• Cross‐arm Test– 90˚ forward elevation– Maximal horizontal adduction

Pain must be localized to AC joint for test to be positive

Page 28: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Neurologic Testing• Spurling’s Test

– Slight neck extension– Rotation toward affected shoulder

– Axial loadNeurologic Testing Motor Shoulder abduction, forearm supination (C5) Elbow flexion, wrist extension (C6) Elbow extension/wrist flexion/finger extension (C7) Finger flexion/thumb abduction (C8) Reflexes Biceps (C5, C6) Brachioradialis (C6) Triceps (C7, C8) Sensation Deltoid (C5) Radial aspect of arm/hand, thumb (C6) 3rd digit (C7) Ulnar aspect of arm/hand and 5th digit (C8)

Page 29: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Arthrocentesis and Corticosteroid Injections of the 

Knee and Shoulder

Page 30: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Am I Ready? • Do I have a good indication? • Do the risks outweigh the benefits? • What size needle and syringe will I use? • What medications do I want to use? • Will I anesthetize the skin? • Which approach is most reliable and least painful?• What will be considered a successful outcome? • What can I tell the patient to expect during & after? 

Page 31: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Overview• Contraindications/risks to corticosteroid (CS) injections• Preparation prior to procedure• Intra‐articular (IA) knee injection

– Indications– Approach– Patient positioning + procedure

• Subacromial (SA) injection of the shoulder– Indications– Approach– Patient positioning + procedure

Page 32: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Contraindications/Cautions• Prosthetic joint• Recent surgical procedure involving the joint• Joint surgery anticipated in the next 3 months• Overlying cellulitis• Supratherapeutic anticoagulation• Medication allergies• Suboptimal response to prior injection• If concern for septic arthritis, contact orthopedics or rheumatology

Page 33: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Do Risks Outweigh Benefits? • Significant Risks and Complications

– Infection1– Post‐injection flare– Bleeding– Increase in blood glucose– Lack of response/no improvement2

• Things to Consider– Tendon rupture– Skin atrophy/hypopigmentation – Suppression of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis

Page 34: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Pre‐Procedure Checklist

1. Informed consent

2. Documentation plan 

3. Supplies prepared

Page 35: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Supplies

KEY: Be consistent with needle gauge and syringe sizeThis produces consistent resistance during injections; increased resistance 

suggests injection of medications into soft tissue/tendon

Page 36: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

21 Gauge 1.5 Inch Needle + 10cc Syringe

– Recommended for SA and IA injections– Fast delivery, can still feel resistance– Can be used for aspiration

18 gauge needle + 20‐30cc syringe Aspiration of large effusion or hemarthrosis

Page 37: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Medications

Use single‐dose vials when possible3,4

Page 38: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Anesthetics: Lidocaine + Bupivacaine• Mix in syringe with CS

– Dilution and dispersion of steroid• Decrease risk post‐injection flare, local atrophy 

• Fast‐onset with lidocaine (1‐2cc total)– Facilitates diagnosis 

• Long duration with bupivacaine (1‐2cc total)– Bridges gap with onset of CS

Page 39: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Should I Anesthetize the Skin? • Local anesthetic not necessary or recommended

– More painful– Limits feedback on accuracy of needle placement

• Ethyl chloride spray not recommended 

• KEY: Get needle through skin quickly and deliberately 

Page 40: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Which Corticosteroid Should be Used? • No large RCTs comparing various preparations

• American College of Rheumatology Survey5

– Triamcinolone  acetonide (Kenalog) in the West– Methylprednisolone (Depo‐Medrol) in the East

• Both agents comparable for SA shoulder injection6

• Both may have less chance of post‐injection flare

Page 41: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Body Area Specific LocationCorticosteroid Dosing Recommendation

(Methylprednisolone equivalent)

Shoulder Subacromial 40mg

Glenohumeral joint 40‐80mg

Acromioclavicular joint 20mg

Knee  Intra‐articular 40‐80mg

Pre‐patellar bursa 20‐40mg

Pes anserine bursa 20mg

Hip Greater trochanteric bursa/area 20‐40mg

General rule for methylprednisolone equivalent: ‐ 120mg in 1 day‐ 160mg in 4 weeks

Page 42: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Process of Drawing up Medication

• Open 10cc syringe and attach 18 gauge needle

• Open medication vials and wipe tops with 

chlorhexidine

• Draw medication into syringe; start with multi‐dose 

• Cap 18 gauge needle but don’t remove from syringe

• Open gauze and bandage, set near patient 

Page 43: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Ready For Procedure…Pre‐procedure checklistiMed ConsentOut of OR Time Out NoteSupplies prepared and near patient

Marking injection siteSterile prep

“No‐touch” technique

Page 44: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Marking the Site• Retractable pen

Page 45: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Sterile Prep

• Chlorhexidine over iodine7

• Must be mechanical scrub• 2 swabs, 30 seconds each• Silver dollar area

Page 46: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

“No‐Touch”Technique

• Use final prep to confirm location &hand placement

• Non‐sterile gloves• Indentation remains

Page 47: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Intra‐articular Knee InjectionIndicationsApproach

Patient PositioningProcedure Checklist

Page 48: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Do I Have a Good Indication for a Knee Aspiration and/or Injection? 

• OA– ACR conditionally recommends8– AAOS inconclusive9

• Degenerative meniscus tear• Known inflammatory disease with exacerbation• Question of inflammatory disease – needing  confirmation of crystals

• Avoid in younger patients/those with normal cartilage

Page 49: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Approach to Knee Injection 

Flexed Knee• Anteromedial joint line• Anterolateral joint line

Extended Knee• Lateral midpatellar• Superolateral patellar

Page 50: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Accuracy Review10‐12

Flexed Knee

• Anterolateral joint line– 67‐71%

• Anteromedial joint line– 72‐75%

Extended Knee

• Lateral midpatellar– 85‐93%

• Superolateral patellar– 87‐91%

• Improved accuracy • Effusion present• Provider experience

• Recommend when starting out to pick one technique and use the same approach every time

Page 51: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee
Page 52: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Sagittal Knee`

Page 53: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Axial Knee

Page 54: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Recommendations• 1st choice

Superolateral patellar or lateral midpatellar– Improved accuracy– Potentially less painful 

• AlternateAnterolateral or anteromedial joint line– When body habitus limits landmarks in extension– Severe PF OA with large lateral patellar osteophytes

Page 55: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Patient Positioning

• Supine• Bridge from pelvis to ankle • Maximal tolerated hyperextension*• Point toes and patella to ceiling• Keep quadriceps relaxed (may require additional person to stabilize the foot)

• Elevate patient to place entry site at eye level

Page 56: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

Procedure 1. Identify the upper 1/3 of patella2. Displace and tilt lateral edge of patella3. Find entry point: soft indentation just 

posterior to lateral patellar edge 4. Needle entry: 

1. Perpendicular to femur2. Parallel to ground 

Page 57: February 28, 2015 - ACP · 1:15‐1:40 Arthrocentesis and Steroid Injections of the Knee and Shoulder 1:40‐1:45 Transition 1:45‐2:05 Hands‐on Session I* Shoulder Exams Knee

1. Identify the upper 1/3 of patella

2. Displace patella lateral and tilt lateral edge up3. ID entry point: soft indentation just posterior to lateral patellar edge 4. Needle entry: Perpendicular to femur + parallel to ground

Procedure

5. Insert needle quickly through skin, then slowly advance through synovium(0.5 to 1 in) 

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Knee Injection Summary:Superolateral or lateral midpatellar approach

Positioning

• Maximal hyperextension• Toes to ceiling• Relax quads • Eye level

Procedure

• Upper 1/3 of patella• Displace and tilt • Perpendicular to femur• Parallel to ground

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Subacromial Shoulder Injection

IndicationsApproach

Patient PositioningProcedure Checklist

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Do I Have a Good Indication for Subacromial Injection of the Shoulder? • Impingement Syndrome/SA bursitis• Rotator cuff tendinitis/partial‐thickness tear

– Failed conservative management

• Inoperable full‐thickness rotator cuff tear• Rotator cuff arthropathy

– Get both SA and GH areas

• Not indicated for primary GH OA– No connection unless full‐thickness tear

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Subacromial Injections

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Approach

Posterior Lateral

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Patient Positioning• Patient seated• Arm hanging at side, relaxed• Provider stands behind patient• Injection site at eye level

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Procedure1. Identify anterior and 

posterior acromion2. Note angle of acromion3. Find entry point: 

– 1 cm inferior and medial to posterior corner

4. Needle entry:– Parallel to acromion angle– Saggital plane

5. Insert needle 1‐1.5 in.– Tip under mid to anterior 

acromion

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Troubleshooting• Always aspirate before injecting

• If resistance encountered:– First, rotate needle 180 degrees– Next, withdraw few millimeters– Finally, withdraw a few more millimeters and redirect slope of needle by 5‐10 degrees

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Documentation Requirements• See handout

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Synovial Fluid Analysis• Purple‐top tube

– Cell count and differential– Crystal analysis

• Original syringe with cap– Gram stain and culture

• Label each tube– Patient name– SSN– Date/time collected– Location (“Right knee”)– Order number

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Summary Recommendations• 21 gauge 1.5 inch needle with 10cc syringe• Medications (can be used for both procedures): 

– 1cc = 40mg methylprednisolone or equivalent– 2cc 0.1% lidocaine– 2cc 0.5% bupivicaine

• Do not anesthetize the skin• Prep skin with chlorhexidine• Use the “no‐touch” technique • Position patient with entry site at eye level• Use same approach for each procedure

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1. Geirsson AJ, Statkevicius S, Víkingsson A. Septic arthritis in Iceland 1990‐2002: increasing incidence due to iatrogenic infections. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:638. 

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10. Hermans J, Bierma‐Zeinstra SM, Bos PK, Verhaar JA, Reijman M. The most accurate approach for intra‐articular needle placement in the knee joint: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011;41:106–115.

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