feasibility study of solar powered bicycle race mohd...
TRANSCRIPT
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SOLAR POWERED BICYCLE RACE
MOHD HAFIFI BIN SABRI
This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Hons.) (Power System)
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
OCTOBER, 2010
ii
“References of information from other sources are quoted accordingly; otherwise the
information presented in this report is solely work of the author.”
Signature : ____________________________
Author : MOHD HAFIFI BIN SABRI
Date : 29 OCTOBER 2010
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Throughout the completion of this project I have gained chances to learn new
skills and knowledge. I wish to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my
supervisor, Mr. Omar Bin Aliman for his continuous guidance, concern, encouragement
and advices which gave inspiration in accomplishing my final year project.
Special thanks to University Malaysia Pahang for supporting and providing
equipment and information sources that assisted my studies and projects.
My sincere appreciation to the lecturers of Faculty of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering who have put in effort to the lectures and always nurture and guide us with
precious advices. Thank you for sharing those experiences.
To all my lovely current and ex-roommates and friends who always willingly
assist and support me throughout my journey of education, you all deserve my
wholehearted appreciation. Many thanks.
Last but not least, my beloved family members who always stand by my side
concerning the ups and downs of my life. Home is where I find comfort. Endless love.
Mohd Hafifi Bin Sabri
v
ABSTRACT
There are many solar race in this era such as solar bicycle race, solar car race
and other. Because of solar race regulations system which have similarities in using
battery as storage power, the idea to customize the system solar race especially solar
bicycle race come to mind. This study purpose is to develop guideline for solar powered
bicycle race and prove the feasibility with simulation. So, this study is based on
choosing the suitable components and the relations between them. With the suitable
selection of the components in this study, guideline has been developed as the strategy to
win the race. This study will use fully solar powered as energy to move the bicycle. The
result of this study will produce a bicycle that can finish the race in below 19 second in
100 meter. This thesis can be use as a reference and guideline to other people or
organization to organize a solar bicycle race competition.
vi
ABSTRAK
Terdapat pelbagai perlumbaan solar pada era ini seperti perlumbaan basikal
solar, perlumbaan kereta solar dan lain-lain. Oleh kerana terdapat banyak peraturan
perlumbaan solar basikal yang hampir sama seperti penggunaan bateri sebagai tempat
menyimpan kuasa, satu idea untuk mengubah Kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan
satu garis panduan basikal lumba solar dan membuktikan garis panduan ini dengan
melakukan kaedah simulasi. Oleh itu, kajian ini adalah untuk memilih komponen-
komponen basikal lumba solar dan hubungan antara setiap komponen. Dengan
pemilihan komponen ini, strategi untuk memenangi perlumbaan di susun. Kajian ini
akan menggunakan seluruh kuasa daripada solar sebagai tenaga untuk menggerakkan
basikal. Hasil daripada kajian ini menunjukkan basikal in dapat menghabiskan jarak 100
meter dengan masa bawah 9 saat. Kajian ini boleh dijadikan sebagai rujukan dan garis
panduan kepada orang ramai dan organisasi yang hendak melakukan perlumbaan basikal
solar.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1: Introduction 1
1.2: Problem Statement 2
1.3: Photovoltaic Energy 3
1.4: Objectives 4
1.5: Scope of Project 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1: Introduction 6
2.2: Solar Powered Pump 8
2.2.1: Controller 9
2.3: Solar Powered Vehicles 9
2.3.1: Solar Car 10
2.3.2: Solar Bicycle and Motorcycle 11
2.3.3: Solar Ship 12
2.3.4: Solar Airplanes 12
2.3.5: Solar Boat 13
2.3.5.1: Charger 13
2.3.5.2: Battery 14
2.3.5.3: Motor 15
2.4: Solar Powered Racing Car 15
viii
2.4.1: Car Design 16
2.4.2: Electrical System 17
2.4.2.1: Motor Selection 19
2.4.3: Mechanical System 19
2.4.4: Solar Array 20
2.4.5: Aerodynamic 21
2.4.6: Mass 21
2.4.7: Rolling resistance 22
2.5: Solar Powered Bicycle Race 22
3 METHODOLOGY 23
3.1: Introduction 23
3.2: Competition Regulation 25
3.2.1 : Track 26
3.2.2 : Rider 27
3.2.3 : Solar Bicycle Specification 31
3.3 : Bicycle 31
3.4 : Power Calculation 32
3.4.1 : Wind Resistance 33
3.4.2 : Rolling Resistance 35
3.5 : Cycling 30 meter 37
3.6 : Solar Panel 38
3.6.1 : Monocrystalline 38
3.6.1.1 : Efficiency 38
3.6.1.2 : Space Saving 39
3.6.1.3 : Specification 40
3.6.2 : PV Performance 40
3.6.3 : Solar Panel Selection 41
3.7 : Motor 43
3.7.1 : DC Motor 43
ix
3.7.1.1 DC Brushless Motor 44
3.7.2 : Motor Torque Calculation 45
3.7 : Controller 46
4 RESULT 47
4.1 : Introduction 47
4.2 : Bicycle 50
4.3 : Rider 51
4.4 : Wind Resistance 54
4.5 : Rolling Resistance 55
4.6 : Power versus Speed 57
4.7 : Cycling Speed 59
4.8 : Solar Panel 60
4.9 : Motor 62
4.9.1 : Simulation of Motor 69
4.10: Guideline for solar powered bicycle race 72
4.10.1 : Track Condition 73
4.10.2 : Bicycle Solar Race Component 73
4.10.3 : Rider 74
4.10.4 : Strategy 74
5 CONCLUSION 75
5.1 : Conclusion 75
5.2 : Recommendations 76
5.3 : Costing 76
REFERENCES 77
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Average speed of winner from year 1987 until 2009 17
3.1 Survey result for male UMP student 27
3.2 Survey result for female UMP student 28
3.3 Survey result for public people 29
3.4 Survey result for SMK Ayer Puteh Student ` 30
3.5 Drag coefficient 34
3.6 Air density 35
3.7 Rolling coefficient 36
3.8 Time taken to cycling complete 30 meter 37
3.9 Solar panel at various size 42
4.1 Results by bicycle specification 50
4.2 Energy of rider 51
4.3 Results by velocity versus wind resistance 54
4.4 Results by weight versus force 56
4.5 Results by total weight 58
4.6 Results by power required on solar bicycle at
certain speed 58
4.7 Result by solar panel specification 60
4.8 Result by motor specification 62
4.9 Result by torque required at certain speed 64
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 Logo solar BikeRayce USA 25
3.2 Track 26
3.3 Solar panel 39
3.4 DC motor 44
3.5 Controller 46
4.1 Herculas bicycle from Raleigh company 50
4.2 Graph of weight versus power 52
4.3 Graph of wind forces versus velocity 55
4.4 Graph of forces versus weight 57
4.5 Graph of power versus speed 59
4.6 Graph of distance versus torque 65
4.7 Graph of speed at certain torque 65
4.8 Graph of distance versus speed (motor assist) 67
4.9 Graph of speed assist motor and without assist motor 68
4.10 Graph of distance versus time 69
4.11 Graph of power required for motor at certain speed 70
4.12 Graph of efficiency and speed of motor 71
4.13 Graph of power loss of the motor 72
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Survey form 79
B Simulation (Excel Software) 81
C Datasheet 99
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SPBR Solar Powered Bicycle Race
AC Alternate Current
CHS Convection Heat Storage
DC Direct Current
LED Light Emitting Diode
ICS Integrated Collector Storage
PV Photovoltaic
USA United States of America
SMK Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
A solar powered bicycle is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy
obtained from solar panels the on vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun's
energy directly into electrical energy.
Solar bicycle racing refers to competitive races bicycle which are powered by
solar energy obtained from solar panels on the bicycle. Solar bicycle race almost
same like normal solar bicycle but the difference between solar bicycle race and
normal solar bicycle is performance and composite or type every component. Such as
the type of solar panel, motor drive and bicycle metal.
The main component of solar powered bicycle race is a bicycle. Size of the
bicycle is very important to make sure the solar bicycle is not carrying extra weight.
This is because that weight can reduce the speed of the solar bicycle.
2
The other main component in solar powered bicycle race is motor. Motor is
needed to give a kinetic energy to move the bicycle. Suitable motor is very important to
give a high performance and maximum condition of solar powered bicycle race. The
solar panel located at the back of the bicycle. This is for make sure aerodynamic of the
bicycle is efficient and the value of the wind resistance is small.
Solar bicycle races advantage is to promote the development of alternative
energy technology such as solar cells. Such challenges are often entered by universities
to develop their students' engineering and technological skills, but many business
corporations have entered competitions in the past. A small number of high school teams
participate in solar car races designed exclusively for high school students.
1.2 Problem Statement
Solar race competition is very famous in big country like a USA[1]. One of the
famous solar race is solar bicycle race. Their organizer very excited to make solar
bicycle race competition until this race competition is make every single year. Their
people very interest to participate in this race. This is because they are interested doing
research in renewable energy like a solar powered vehicle. Effect of this situation, many
guideline and strategy for solar vehicles like a solar powered bicycle race is develop. But
It’s difference from Malaysia, solar bicycle race competition is not famous in Malaysia
because don’t have any organizer interest to doing this competition. If have the
organizer interest organize the solar bicycle race competition, Malaysia people just join
the race for fun. They want be a champion but they not interest to doing the research in
order to be a champion in solar bicycle race. So, Malaysia doesn’t have any solar bicycle
guideline.
3
1.3 Photovoltaic Energy
The term "photovoltaic" has two parts: photo, a Greek word meaning light, and
voltaic, a reference to electrical energy innovator Alessandro Volta. In 1839,
French physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect, the production
of a volt by use of a semiconductor[2]. This discovery prompted further experimentation
with light sources and semiconductors, which led to the invention of solar cells that
produce photovoltaic energy.
Photovoltaic’s (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by
converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that
exhibit the photovoltaic effect. These semiconducting cells are usually made
of silicon and do not contain any corrosive materials or moving parts. As long as the
solar cells are exposed to light, they will produce photovoltaic energy with a minimum
of maintenance. This energy is also environmentally clean, quiet, and safe.
The resulting output of photovoltaic energy is dependent upon the size of the
array. The size may vary, depending on the amount of available sunlight and the amount
of power needed. Even though the power output of a photovoltaic energy system
depends on the overall amount of light exposure, it will still generate energy on cloudy
or overcast days. To store this energy for later transmission, a variety of storage systems
are available to consumers. Most reliable storage systems use a combination of
rechargeable batteries and energy-storing capacitors, some of which can be designed
for AC or DC power.
The amount of power available on cloudy days and at night in a photovoltaic
energy system depends on the energy output of the photovoltaic modules and the battery
4
arrangement. Adding additional modules and batteries will increase the available power,
but will also increase the cost of the system. For best results, a thorough analysis of
needs vs. cost must be conducted in order to create a system design that will balance cost
and need with convenience of use. Systems that are well-designed offer the opportunity
for expansion or reduction as energy needs increase or decrease.
1.4 Objectives
1. To develop guideline for the solar powered bicycle race.
2. To prove the feasibility of solar powered bicycle race.
1.5 Scopes of Project
This study will focus on the design a workable of solar powered bicycle by
means of photovoltaic energy. However battery as energy to energize solar powered
bicycle race movement is out of the study. Scope on this study is focus on efficiency of
this solar powered bicycle race . The limitation of this study is focus on one group of
rider of solar powered bicycle race. Since the result of study is not know either feasible
or not this solar powered bicycle race take part in race, therefore no hardware will be
built as model of solar powered bicycle race. On the other hand, this study are use
combination of the calculation technique and specification to develop guideline of solar
5
powered bicycle race. Excel software will use for simulate to prove the guideline of
solar powered bicycle race. For this study, track distance 100 meter will use.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by
humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies.
Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such
as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the
available renewable energy on earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar
energy is used.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaic.
Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar
applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable
water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking,
and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. To harvest the solar
energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.
7
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active
solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active
solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to
harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insulation) at
the upper atmosphere[3]. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is
absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's
surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in
the near-ultraviolet.[4]
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this
raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises,
causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude,
where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the
Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation
amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such
as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones[5]. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land
masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of
14 °C[6]. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy,
which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived[7].
8
2.2 Solar Powered Pump
These solar applications made economic sense because the location was too
remote to run a long power line. A solar-powered water system is one of the easiest solar
power systems to install, since not need a battery or battery charging equipment. When
the sun is shining, the system is pumping, when the sun is not shining, the system is off.
By adding a storage tank and increasing the size of the pumping system, excess
pumped water can be stored, which can continue to supply water during the night or
when it’s cloudy and the pump is off.
Low voltage DC pumps designed to operate on solar power are not designed like
220-volt AC water pumps. A DC water pump is designed to pump using the absolute
minimum of electrical power. Unfortunately, this also usually means a very low flow
rate, so having a storage tank or open trough is essential.
Although the flow rate can be less than one gallon per minute (GPM) for the
smaller pump sizes, this small flow will be fairly constant throughout the solar day (9
AM to 3 PM for most locations). This low flow rate can still provide over 350 gallons of
water per day from all but the deepest well applications.
A solar module can be mounted almost anywhere. Most farm and ranch
applications should have the modules and pump controller mounted on a raised pole to
stay above snow drifts and potential damage from animals.
9
2.2.1 Controller
Each residential-size solar module will produce a fairly constant 17-volts output
at almost any level of sunlight. However, the current output (amps) will be directly
proportional to sun intensity. The pump will have a minimum current draw when stalled
and no pumping is taking place. As the voltage is increased, pump rotation and water
pumping is increased as long as enough current is available. During less than ideal solar
periods, the current output of the solar module(s) can be below the amp draw required
for the pump to begin pumping. A solar pump controller will convert any excess voltage
of the solar array to more output current.
The resulting lower voltage will not provide the normal flow output from the
slower turning pump, but it will allow reduced flow during those hours the pump will
normally be “stalled.” In addition to matching the voltage and current load of the pump
with the charging current and voltage output of the solar module, a solar-pump
controller also includes wiring terminals for normally open (n.o.) and normally closed
(n.c.) switch contacts. This makes it easy to add a high and low level float switch to the
storage tank, or a low-limit float switch for the well or pond providing the water source.
2.3 Solar powered vehicles
A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by solar electricity. This is
obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the top or window) of the vehicle
or using a solar jacket in electric bicycles. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun's
energy directly into electrical energy.
10
Solar vehicles are not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at
present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often
sponsored by government agencies. However indirectly solar-charged vehicles are
widespread and solar boats are available commercially.
2.3.1 Solar Car
Solar cars combine technology typically used in
the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of a
solar vehicle is severely limited by the amount of energy input into the car. Most solar
cars have been built for the purpose of solar car races. Exceptions include solar-powered
cars and utility vehicles.
Solar cars are often fitted with gauges as seen in conventional cars. In order to
keep the car running smoothly, the driver must keep an eye on these gauges to spot
possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry, which
allows the driver's team to monitor the car's energy consumption, solar energy capture
and other parameters and free the driver to concentrate on driving.
Solar cars depend on PV cells to convert sunlight into electricity. In fact, 51% of
sunlight actually enters the Earth's atmosphere[8]. Unlike solar thermal energy which
converts solar energy to heat for either household purposes, industrial purposes or to be
converted to electricity, PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity[9]. When
sunlight (photons) strike PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating
an electrical current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and
11
alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Silicon is the most common material used and
has an efficiency rate of 15-20%. Of late, several consulting companies, such as Phoenix
Snider Power, have started offering technical and financial services to institutes and
teams developing solar cars worldwide.
2.3.2 Solar Bicycle and Motorcycle
A solar bicycle or tricycle has the advantage of very low weight and can use the
riders foot power to supplement the power generated by the solar panel roof. In this way,
a comparatively simple and inexpensive vehicle can be driven without the use of any
fossil fuels[10].
Solar photovoltaic’s helped power India's first Quadricycle developed since 1996
in Gujarat state's SURAT city[11]. The first solar "cars" were actually tricycles or
quadricycles built with bicycle technology. These were called solarmobiles at the first
solar race, the Tour de Sol in Switzerland in 1985 with 72 participants, half using
exclusively solar power and half solar-human-powered hybrids. A few true solar
bicycles were built, either with a large solar roof, a small rear panel, or a trailer with a
solar panel. Later more practical solar bicycles were built with foldable panels to be set
up only during parking. Even later the panels were left at home, feeding into the electric
mains, and the bicycles charged from the mains. Today highly developed electric
bicycles are available and these use so little power that it costs little to buy the
equivalent amount of solar electricity. The "solar" has evolved from actual hardware to
an indirect accounting system. The same system also works for electric motorcycles,
which were also first developed for the Tour de Sol. This is rapidly becoming an era of
solar production[12].
12
2.3.3 Solar Ships
Solar powered boats have mainly been limited to rivers and canals, but in 2007
an experimental 14m catamaran, the Sun21 sailed the Atlantic from Seville to Miami,
and from there to New York[13].
Japan's biggest shipping line Nippon Yusen KK and Nippon Oil Corporation said
solar panels capable of generating 40 kilowatts of electricity would be placed on top of a
60,213 ton car carrier ship to be used by Toyota Motor Corporation[12][13][14].
Tûranor Planet Solar is the biggest solar ship[14]. It is planned to be the first ship using
only solar power to circumnavigate the globe.
2.3.4 Solar Airplanes
A solar-powered aircraft in Switzerland completed a 26-hour test flight starting
at 7 a.m. on 8 July 2010 which ended at 9 a.m. the next day. The plane was flown to a
height of nearly 28,000 feet (8,500 meters) by Andre Borschberg. During the evening,
the plane slowly descended to an altitude of 4,500 feet (1,500 meters), where it remained
for the rest of the night using battery power. An hour before dawn, the plane still had six
hours of flying time left in its solar-fueled batteries[16].