feasibility report of small hydroelectric power plant

Feasibility Report of Small Hydroelectric Power Plant

Semester Project

Sulaman Muhammad

FA08-EPE-124

Submitted to: Engr. Naseer Khan

Department of Electrical Engineering

COMSATS Institute of Information & Technology

Pakistan

October 07, 2011

Feasibility report of Small Hydroelectric power plant

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Abstract

The aim of this project is to make the feasibility report of small

hydroelectric power generating station in small village of district

Malakand, KPK, Pakistan. Required data (available head, flow of water,

density etc.) was collected during site visit, through which appropriate

turbine and capacity of was plant was calculated.


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Table of Contents

1. Energy crises in Pakistan---------------------------------------------- 08

1.1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------ 09

1.2. Causes of energy crises --------------------------------------- 10

1.3. Consequences of energy crises ------------------------------- 10

1.4. Installed capacity----------------------------------------------- 11

1.5. Power vision in Pakistan--------------------------------------- 13

1.6. Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------- 13

2. How electricity can be produced from small power plant---------- 15

2.1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------ 16

2.2. How do hydropower system works --------------------------- 16

2.3. Benefits of hydro system --------------------------------------- 17

2.4. Is hydro system sustainable for homes ----------------------- 17

2.5. Cost & saving ---------------------------------------------------- 17

2.6. Hydro turbines --------------------------------------------------- 18

3. Site Information ---------------------------------------------------------- 23

3.1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------- 24

3.2. Site information-------------------------------------------------- 24

3.3. Access to site ----------------------------------------------------- 25

3.4. Geology ------------------------------------------------------------ 26

3.5. Hydrology--------------------------------------------------------- 26

3.6. Preliminary Layout ---------------------------------------------- 26

4. Power Potential----------------------------------------------------------- 27

4.1. Estimation of data ----------------------------------------------- 28

4.2. Calculations------------------------------------------------------ 29

4.3. Power output at different periods of time-------------------- 30

5. References ----------------------------------------------------------------- 32


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CHAPTER

1

Energy Crises & Pakistan

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Causes of energy crises

1.3 Consequences of energy crises

1.4 Installed capacity

1.5 Power Vision in Pakistan

1.6 Conclusion


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1.1. Introduction:

An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an

economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural

resources. The crisis often has effects on the rest of the economy, with many recessions being

caused by an energy crisis in some form. In particular, the production costs of electricity rise,

which raises manufacturing costs. For the consumer, the price of gasoline (petrol) and diesel for

cars and other vehicles rises, leading to reduced consumer confidence and spending, higher

transportation costs and general price rising.

Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last few years. The problem

becomes more severe during summers. However, this winter was no different. During the peak

crisis there was a power outage of 3-4 hours every day. Those without generators and UPS faced

tremendous problems. The prices of both continued to increase due to a sharp increase in their

demand. Almost two years ago the then WAPDA chairman who happens to be a caretaker

minister admitted that WAPDA cannot meet the current demand for electricity. It’s surprising

that such a senior and experienced person took so long to find this out. On top of that the

government which talked about Pakistan’s supposedly booming economy failed to understand

the gravity of the situation. General Musharraf (R) after becoming Chief Executive used to talk

about building dams especially Kalabagh Dam. This was one of the many promises he failed to

keep. Even after that very few power plants have been set up to meet the demand for electricity.

During the second government of Benazir some independent power plants were set up. Had they

not been setup then we would have had a much bigger crisis with life almost coming to a

standstill. I come from the software industry which has been badly hit by the present power

crisis. On an average the generator at my office is on for three hours. Our work is not much

affected but overall the company’s operating expenses have increased.

The policy makers of Pakistan have so far failed to understand one thing. They do talk about

making dams and setting up nuclear power plants but why do they not understand the importance

and benefits of alternate energy sources such as solar, windmill energy etc. They are cheap and

quick methods for producing electricity. Pakistan is a very blessed country because solar energy

is available in most cities all year round similarly wind energy is readily available in the coastal

areas. These energy sources if tapped can be of great help in reducing the current demand supply

gap.

Pakistan is facing power shortage, natural crisis and oil crisis. In a report it is claimed that

Pakistan has faced 1000 to 2000 MW shortage of power. And it will likely face 3000MW next

year. Pakistan is facing 80 million tons of oil shortageaccording to its need. And is lacking

behind the needs of natural gas at about 27 million ton of energy in current year and this ratio

will raise in upcoming years.


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1.2. Causes of Energy Crises:

Growing Energy Demand over the years there is greater need of energy because of:

• Increase in population,

• Enhancement in lifestyle

• Industrial and agricultural growth

• Greater transportation needs

Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy:

Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive

planning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet futuristic demands.

Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now

against demand of 20000 MW, we are having around 11500 MW.

Imbalanced energy mix:

Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance

on non-renewable resources of gas (43.7 %) and oil (29 % – majority of which is imported).

Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil

prices are likely to increase manifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan. A rational energy mix

planning ought to be developed giving greater dependency to renewable (hydal power),

indigenous (coal) and alternative energy resources (wind and solar energy).

1.3. Consequences of Energy Crises I). Economic Factors: Energy is pivotal for running all other resources and crisis of energy

directly influences all other sectors of the economy. The economic progress is hampered by

decline in agricultural productivity as well as by halting in operations of industries. One

important factor of lower GDP and inflation of commodity prices in recent years is attributed to

shortfalls in energy supply.

ii). Agriculture Sector: Agricultural productivity of Pakistan is decreasing due to provision of

energy for running tube wells, agricultural machinery and production of fertilizers and pesticides.

Thus higher energy means higher agricultural productivity.

iii). Industrial Sector: Nearly all Industrial units are run with the energy and breakage in energy

supply is having dire consequences on industrial growth. As a result of decline in energy supply,

industrial units are not only being opened, but also the existing industrial units are gradually

closing.


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iv). Unemployment: By closure of industrial units and less agricultural productivity, new

employment opportunities ceased to exist and already employed manpower is shredded by the

employers to increase their profit ratios. Thus energy crisis contributes towards unemployment.

v). Social Issues: This factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy (cooking,

heating and water provision). Load shedding cause unrest and frustration amongst the people and

results in agitation against the government.

vi). Poverty: Declination in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment

and shackling industrial growth result in increasing poverty. Currently, around forty percent of

our population is living beyond poverty line and this ratio is increasing day by day. Ample

control of energy crisis will surely yield in curbing the menace of poverty.

1.4. Installed Capacity:

Electricity – total installed capacity: 19,505 MW (2010) Electricity Source 2010

fossil fuel – 12,580 MW – 65% of total

hydro – 6,463 MW – 33% of total

nuclear – 462 MW – 2% of total

Supply & Demand of Electricity in Pakistan

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Existing Generation 15903 15903 15903 15903 15903 15903 15903 15903

Proposal 430 4235 7226 10115 10556 13307 13520 14607

Total Existing 16484 20138 23129 26018 26459 29210 29413 30510

Expected Generation 13146 16110 18503 20814 21167 23168 23538 24408

Demand (peak) 16484 17868 19352 20874 22460 24126 2591 28029

Surplus generation -3338 -1758 -849 -60 -1293 -758 -2381 -3621

Private power and infrastructure board. Government of Pakistan

Fig: shows the detailed supply and demand of power in Pakistan

The current shortfall is 7500 Megawatts, the table above is an old estimate made in 2008.


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Fig: shows the difference between supply and demand of electricity in Pakistan

In Pakistan the main source of power generation is water because this is the cheapest source of

generation of electricity. About 46% of the electricity in Pakistan is been generated by hydro

power plants. The main hydroelectric power plants are Tarbaila power plant and Ghazi Bharota

power plant. The capacity of Tarbaila power plant is about 3500 MW and the capacity of Ghazi

Bharota power plant is 1450 MW. There are many other small hydro power plants which are

generating power and many are under construction but they are of small scale i.e. less than 500

MW.


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Fig: shows the generation of power from different sources in Pakistan

1.5. Power Vision in Pakistan:

WATER and power are no more synonymous. However, WAPDA makes us believe that water

and power are inseparable and that the present energy crisis in the country is because we have

failed to build large dams. Due to this reason WAPDA and the other proponents of big dams use

this argument in favor of building Kalabagh and other such large dams.

We need to look at the larger picture and think out of the box. Pakistan produces about 19,500

MW of electric power; WAPDA provides about 11,363 MW, or 58 per cent of this. The

remaining power is supplied by the KESC, nuclear and IPPs. There is currently load shedding of

up to 700 MW a day because of shortage and poor transmission capabilities. Electricity demand

is expected to grow by eight per cent a year during the period 2005 — 2015, requiring an annual

installation capacity of about 2000 MW for the next 10 years.

The worldwide electricity production, as per the World Bank, is as follows: coal: 40 per cent; gas

19 per cent; nuclear 16 per cent; hydro 16 per cent; oil seven per cent. Pakistan’s power

production is gas 48 per cent; hydro 33 per cent; oil 16 per cent; nuclear two per cent, and coal

0.2 per cent. There has been a global trend to shift away from oil because of its rising price

expected to reach $100 a barrel by the end of this year depending on the international

geopolitical situation. Despite the lowest cost of hydroelectric power, there have been

environmental, ecological and geopolitical concerns over the building of large dams.

The supply of natural gas in Pakistan has been depleting over the years, and the country is now

looking at the option of importing gas from Qatar and Central Asia. This leaves the possibility of

exploring nuclear, coal and other alternative energy. Nuclear energy and coal form the lowest

source of power production in Pakistan. On the other hand, the world average for nuclear energy

is 16 per cent and for coal 40%.

Pakistan has potential of hydro resources to generate 41000 to 45000 MW; however, only 6555

MW is currently being generated by this important renewable resource. Four large hydropower

dams namely Kalabagh 3600 MW, Bhasha 4500 MW, Bunji 5400 MW and Dasu 3800 MW can

be constructed to generate hydroelectricity. Similarly, many small to medium hydro plants can

be installed on rivers and canals etc.

1.6. Conclusion:

Pakistan needs to aggressively pursue ways to increase its power-generating capacity. The best

options available today are nuclear and coal, followed by wind and solar. Hydroelectricity can

only be pursued after all environmental, ecological and geopolitical issues are settled with a

consensus among all four provinces. Pakistan needs to set up at least a dozen nuclear power


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plants, large coal fired plants, wind farms and solar plants in the next 10 years to generate about

20,000 MW of electricity. We need to invest at least a billion dollars a year in developing the

infrastructure and establishing power plants using nuclear, coal, wind and solar technology. We

need to cut back on non-development expenditures by at least one billion dollars a year to invest

in energy needs. Industrialization around the world has taken place because of the abundance of

reliable and cheap electrical power (infrastructure, human resource and government incentives

follow). Reliable and cheap availability of electric power in Pakistan will lead to large-scale

investment in industry, creation of jobs, elimination of unemployment and poverty, greater

manufacturing and exports, trade surplus and the reduction of deficits. It will lead to a

prosperous Pakistan.


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CHAPTER

2

How electricity can be produced from

mini power plant

2.1 Introduction

2.2 How do hydropower system work

2.3 Benefits of hydro system

2.4 Is hydro system sustainable for home

2.5 Cost & saving

2.6 Hydro turbines


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2.1 Introduction:

Hydroelectricity systems generate electricity from running water - usually a small stream. Small

or "micro" hydroelectricity systems can produce enough electricity for lighting and electrical

appliances in an average home. Hydroelectricity systems are also called hydro power systems or

just hydro systems.

2.2 How do hydropower system works:

Hydro power systems use running water to turn a small turbine which generates electricity. The

faster the water flows and the more water there is, the more electricity can be generated.

The amount of electricity a system actually generates depends on how efficiently it converts the

power of the moving water into electrical power.

Fig: shows working of small hydroelectric plant


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2.3 Benefits of hydro system:

Cut your carbon footprint: hydroelectricity is green, renewable energy and doesn't

release any harmful carbon dioxide or other pollutants.

Cut your electricity bills: hydroelectricity is free, so once you've paid for the initial

installation you'll reduce or even eliminate your electricity bills.

A lower cost option: installing a hydro system can be expensive, but in many cases it's

less than the cost of getting a connection to the National Grid.

Cheap heating and hot water: a hydro system may generate more electricity than you

need for lighting your home and powering your electrical appliances - so you can use the

excess to heat your home and your hot water too.

2.4 Is hydro system sustainable for home?

To tell if a hydro system is right for you, there are a few key questions to consider:

Is there a river or steam close to your home? You'll need access to a fairly fast flowing

water course, and the right to build around it

Does the water flow vary significantly during the year? If so, the hydro system may not

be able to supply you with all the electricity you need during dry months. If you're not

connected to the electricity grid, you'll need a backup power system.

Do you want to sell excess energy? Hydro systems can be connected to the National Grid

if a suitable connection point is available. Any electricity you generate but don't use can

then be sold to electricity companies

2.5 Cost and saving:

Costs for installing a hydro system vary a lot, depending on the location and the amount of

electricity it can generate. A typical 5kW scheme suitable for an average home might cost

£20,000 - £25,000including installation.

Savings depend on the amount of hydroelectricity that is used in place of electricity bought from

another source. If the hydro system replaces electricity bought from the National Grid then

typical savings could be substantial. Hydro systems are also eligible to receive generation and

export payments through the Feed in Tariff. A 15kW system or smaller could get up to

19.9p/kWh generated.


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Maintenance costs vary but are usually low as hydro systems are very reliable. From 1st April

2010 you could be eligible to receive cash for each unit of electricity you generate using this

technology. Find out more about the Feed in Tariff.

Planning Tip The companion guide to Planning Policy Statement 22 on Renewable Energy

recommends that if you are intending to install a small hydro system for example, that you make

early contact with the developer, planning authorities, the Environment Agency and statutory

consulters, such as natural.

To help you with this process a tool the Planning Performance Agreement (PPA) has been

developed. The PPA is a framework agreed between a local planning authority and a planning

applicant for the management of complex development proposals within the planning process.

The benefit of the PPA is that it allows both the developer and the local planning authority to

agree a project plan and programmed, which ensures that the planning application is committed

to a firm timetable, and one which is unconstrained by a 13-week target. It will also make clear,

in advance, what will be required of each party.

2.6 Hydro turbines:

Introduction: Hydro turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from the flow of water.

Hydro power sector is a mature technology field. Every Hydro power plant is unique hydro

power plant. Comparing one hydro power plant to other is like comparing Orange with apple. To

harness water discharge of a river to the maximum, the selection of hydro turbine is very

important.

Once a hydro power project site’s discharge flow rate, and power requirements is determined, we

can use following graph to assist in determining which turbine suits the situation. It is important

to note that this is a logarithmic graph and thus the scale is not linear. You can find the power

output on a third axis at 45 degrees to the flow and head axis. Power generated from any hydro

turbine is a function of the amount of head and flow available.

Net Head (ft) X Flow (GPM) / 10 = Output Power

Theory of Operation: Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a

force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting

through a distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water

flow to the turbine

Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines.The precise

shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of water, and the type of

impeller selected

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generate-your-own-energy/Sell-your-own-energy/Feed-in-Tariff-scheme

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/planning/planningpolicyguidance/planningpolicystatements/planningpolicystatements/pps22/


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Types of hydropower turbines:

The timeline of different turbines are given below, which shows the invention and modification

of different turbines.

Power turbines have basically two main types that are Impulse turbine and Reaction turbine. The

further types of impulse turbine are: 1) water wheel 2) Pelton 3) Turgo 4) crossflow 5)

Archimedes screw turbine. And the further types of Reaction turbines are 1) Francis turbine 2)

Propeller turbine and 3) Kaplan turbine.

Power Turbines

Impulse Turbine

Pelton Turbine

Cross flow

Turgo Impulse

Reaction Turbine

Francis Turbine

Propeller Turbine

Kaplan Turbine


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Fig: show different types of hydroelectric turbines

A. Impulse Turbine The impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to

atmospheric pressure. The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. There is no suction

on the down side of the turbine, and the water flows out the bottom of the turbine housing after

hitting the runner. An impulse turbine is generally suitable for high head, low flow applications.

B. Reaction Turbine

Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine

and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they

must be fully submerged in the water flow.Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy

for reaction turbines.

Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low (<30m/98 ft) and medium

(30-300m/98–984 ft) head applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both fixed

and moving blades.

C. Pelton Hydro Turbine

A pelton wheel has one or more free jets discharging water into an aerated space and impinging

on the buckets of a runner. Draft tubes are not required for impulse turbine since the runner must

be located above the maximum tail water to permit operation at atmospheric pressure. A Turgo

Wheel is a variation on the Pelton and is made exclusively by Gilkes in England. The Turgo

runner is a cast wheel whose shape generally resembles a fan blade that is closed on the outer

edges.


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Fig: shows the design and working of pelton turbine

D. Small Hydro turbines

Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small community or

industrial plant. The definition of a small hydro project varies but a generating capacity of up to

10megawatts (MW) is generally accepted as the upper limit of what can be termed small hydro.

This may be stretched to 25 MW and 30 MW in Canada and the United States. Small-scale

hydroelectricity production grew by 28% during 2008 from 2005, raising the total world small-

hydro capacity to 85 GW. Over 70% of this was in China (65 GW), followed by Japan (3.5 GW),

the United States (3 GW), and India (2 GW).

Small hydro plants may be connected to conventional electrical distribution networks as a source

of low-cost renewable energy. Alternatively, small hydro projects may be built in isolated areas

that would be uneconomic to serve from a network, or in areas where there is no national

electrical distribution network. Since small hydro projects usually have minimal reservoirs and

civil construction work, they are seen as having a relatively low environmental impact compared

to large hydro. This decreased environmental impact depends strongly on the balance between

stream flow and power production.

Turbine specifications and application:

Turbine selection is based mostly on the available water head, and less so on the available flow

rate. In general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction turbines are used

for low head sites. Kaplan turbines with adjustable blade pitch are well-adapted to wide ranges of

flow or head conditions, since their peak efficiency can be achieved over a wide range of flow

conditions.Small turbines (mostly under 10 MW) may have horizontal shafts, and even fairly

large bulb-type turbines up to 100 MW or so may be horizontal. Very large Francis and Kaplan

machines usually have vertical shafts because this makes best use of the available head, and

makes installation of a generator more economical. Pelton wheels may be either vertical or

horizontal shaft machines because the size of the machine is so much less than the available

head. Some impulse turbines use multiple water jets per runner to increase specific speed and

balance shaft thrust

Hydro Turbine type

Head (H) Range in Meters Head(H) Range in Feet

Kaplan and Propeller 2 < H < 40 6 < H < 125

Francis 10 < H <350 30 < H < 375

Pelton 50 < H < 1300 150 < H < 5000

Banki – Michell 3 < H < 250 9 < H < 750

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


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Turgo 50 < H < 250 50 < H < 750

Fig: shows the use of different turbine units

We can also find that which can turbine can be used in which place which depend upon the flow

of water and the head of flow. From the figure below it is clear that for small hydro power plants

the most appropriate turbine is Kaplan turbine which don’t require high head or excess flow of

water. We have another option of cross flow turbine which can also be used up to 1 MW. For

large power houses we can use the Francis turbine which can be used up to generation of 1000

MW.

Fig: shows the applications of different turbine units with respect to head and flow.


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CHAPTER

3

Site Information

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Site information

3.3 Access to site

3.4 Geology

3.5 Hydrology

3.6 Preliminary layout


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3.1 Introduction:

The project of mini hydroelectric power plant will be built in the small village Khar in Tehsil

Batkhela, District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa. The site is accessible from all near and

far places though GT road. River swat flows in the valley of Malakand so that come from

Kalam swat and then into Malakand. There is a canal that flows in Batkhela near Khar village

which is connected to the river swat i.e. the water in the batkhela canal comes from river swat

but the flow of water is been controlled by irrigation department and they always try to keep the

supply of water constant in the canal as the water is used for irrigation and generation of

electricity. There are three hydroelectric power houses that runs on the water of batkhela canal,

that’s why the irrigation department always try to keep the supply of water constant in this

canal. There are many small streams go out of batkhela canal that irrigates the nearby crops.

We will also use the water of Batkhela canal for our mini hydroelectric power plant, because

one of the stream that comes out of Batkhela canal flow in village Khar near the project site.

That’s why the site for the project is very feasible because there is natural head already present

also the water will be available the whole year, 12 month in the year and will not dependent on

season. The stream also flow near the project site.

The total population of the Khar village is about 12000 and the total number of houses are about

2000. The area of the village and whole region is not plane, there are many huge ups and down

in the region that’s why the region consider best for the construction of hydroelectric power

plants because power houses can be built on the flow of stream and there is no need to store

water.

3.2 Site Information:

a) Village Khar

b) Tehsil Batkhela

c) District Malakand

d) State KPK

e) Longitude 34°36’52.76

f) Latitude 71°56’15.63


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Fig: Shows the site of project and intake from main canal

3.3 Access to site

The project site is located in village Khar which is accessible easily from all parts of the

state. Village Khar is connected to other parts of the country through main GT road, and

easily accessible and there will be no issue for the transportation of construction materials

to the site.

From To Distance

Batkhela Project site 2.50 km

Dargai Project site 31.0 km

Chakdara Project site 11.50 km

Mardan Project site 62.50 km

Peshawar Project site 122.6 km

Islamabad project site 209.4 km


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3.4 Geology:

Malakand is about 2705 feet above sea level. Geological surveys identifies that the northern part

of Malakand is occupied by the main mineral thrust material also known as Melange Zone rocks.

Composed of volcanic, phyllites, slates, green schist, quartzite and other oceanic metasediments.

The middle part of the Malakand Protected Area comprised metasediments and granitic rocks.

The granitic rocks are named as Malakand granite and Chakdara and Bazdara granite. The

Malakand Power House tunnel or Benton Tunnel passes through these rock formations. In the

south near Dargai is the ophite rocks, known as Dargai ophiolite. These ophite rocks contains

chromite, soapstone, asbestos, manganese and magnesite.

3.5 Hydrology:

a) Stream/River Batkhela canal

b) Source rain fed & snow melting

c) Distance from river to site 2.20 km

3.6 Preliminary layout:

There is a natural head present at the site of 60 m. The total length of the penstock will be about

75 m. A small forebay will also have to be constructed.

a) Head 60 meter

b) Flow 50 m3/second

c) Distance from river to site 2.20 km

Fig: shows the schematic diagram of power plant


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CHAPTER

4

Power potential

4.1 Estimation of data

4.2 Calculations

4.3 Power output at different periods of time


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4.1 Estimation of data

Flow of water

The flow of water is calculated in liter per second: liter/s

But for standard I will have to convert it into cubic meter per second: m3/s

1 liter per second = 0.001 cubic meter per second

1 ltr/s = m3/s

Density of water

Density of 1 lite of water is 1 kg

Density of 1 m3 of water is 1000 kg

Weight of water

Volume of water can be calculated through formula

Weight of water = Volume of water × Density of water

Height of Head

Height of head of the hydropower plant can be taken in meter (m) or in feet (ft.)

I will use the meter (m) for the head of hydropower plant

Power output

The output of power is normally taken into Megawatt (MW)

But for low generation the power output is shown in Kilo watt (KW)

For the small components the power is shown in watts (W)

1 KW = 1000 W

1 MW = 1000000 W

1 MW = 1000 KW

To show the generation of power in some specific period of time the output is multiplied with

hours

To show the generation of plant for 1 hour the output will be multiplied with 1

To show the annually generation of plant the power will be multiplied with the total hours in the

year i.e. with 8760

The total power that is for some specific period of time will be in kilo watt hour (KWH)


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4.2 Calculations

Estimated data

Volume of water = 1.5 m3/sec

Can also be shown into liter/second

Volume of water = 1500 liter/sec

Density of 1 m3 of water = 1000kg (؞ mass of 1 m3 of water is 1000 kg)

Density of 1 liter of water = 1 kg (؞ mass of 1 liter of water is 1 kg)

Head of power plant = 60 m

Efficiency of power plant = 85% (0.85)

Formula

Weight of water = Volume of water × Density

W = V × D

Power output = Weight of water × Head of power plant × Efficiency

P = W × H × Ƞ

Calculations:

First I will find the weight of water that will flow in the penstock

W = V × D

W = (1.5 m3/s) × (1000 kg)

W = 1500 kg

Also have to show the volume of water with taking volume in liter per sec

W = V × D

W = (1500 liter/sec) × (1 kg)

W = 1500 kg

Now have to find the power output

P = W × H × Ƞ


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P = (1500 kg × 9.18) × (60 m) × (0.85)

P = 702270 W

P = 702.27 KW

This is the rough calculation of the power of the plant that is estimated that the

plant will give.

In one day the power house can generate total power as follow:

P = 702.27 × 24

P = 16854.48 KW

P = MW

4.3 Power output at different periods of time

Now I will calculate the power output in different period of time.

Total power in 1 day:

P = 702.27 × 24

P = 16854.48 KW

P = 16.85448 MW

Total power in 1 week

P = 702.27 × 168

P = 117981.36 KW

P = 117.98136 MW

Total power in 1 month

P = 702.27 × 730

P = 512657.1 KW

P = 512.6571 MW


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Total power in 1 year

P = 702.27 × 8766

P = 6156098.82 KW

P = 6156.09882 MW

Power Generation

Total power KW MW

Total power in 1 day 16854.48 KW 16.85 MW

Total power in 1 week 117981.36 KW 117.98 MW

Total power in 1 month 512657.1 KW 512.65 MW

Total power in 1 year 6156098.82 KW 6156.09 MW

Fig: shows the output of plant at different periods of time


Page | 29

References

Books:

1) Principles of power system By V.K Mehta & Rohit Mehta

2) Power system protection By Ram Badri

3) Electrical technology By B.L Theraja

Sites:

1) http://cornellpump.com/products/hydroturbine.html

2) http://www.rapidtables.com/convert/power/kw-to-megaw.htm

3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hydro

4) http://rehanenergy.com/altenativeenergies/microhydropower/guide-to-mini-hydro-development/

5) http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/1695/1/1635.htm

6) http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/water-generate-electricity-hydropower-plant

7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan

9) http://tribune.com.pk/story/583113/science-technology-and-pakistans-energy-crisis/

http://cornellpump.com/products/hydroturbine.html

http://www.rapidtables.com/convert/power/kw-to-megaw.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hydro

http://rehanenergy.com/altenativeenergies/microhydropower/guide-to-mini-hydro-development/

http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/1695/1/1635.htm

http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/water-generate-electricity-hydropower-plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan

http://tribune.com.pk/story/583113/science-technology-and-pakistans-energy-crisis/