FDR and the Shadow of War FDR and the Shadow of War

1933-19451933-1945

The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyGermany

•Blamed for war

•Lost colonies

•New countries formed out theirs

•Paid (war debts) reparations

Germany•Blamed for war

•Lost colonies

•New countries formed out theirs

•Paid (war debts) reparations

A Weak League of NationsA Weak League of NationsA Weak League of NationsA Weak League of Nations

Japan Invades Japan Invades Manchuria 1931Manchuria 1931Japan Invades Japan Invades

Manchuria 1931Manchuria 1931

•1931 into Manchuria•1937 into China and

starts WWII in Asia

•1937, U.S. refuses trade

with Japan until they

withdraw from China…..

•1940 invades Indochina•US froze Japanese

assets, refused to trade oil,

gasoline and steel.

•1931 into Manchuria•1937 into China and

starts WWII in Asia

•1937, U.S. refuses trade

with Japan until they

withdraw from China…..

•1940 invades Indochina•US froze Japanese

assets, refused to trade oil,

gasoline and steel.

American IsolationismAmerican IsolationismCauses: The Great Depression & Disillusionment after Causes: The Great Depression & Disillusionment after WWI- Treaty of Versailles (Germany’s humiliation)WWI- Treaty of Versailles (Germany’s humiliation)

ExamplesExamples: : 1.1. London Economic ConferenceLondon Economic Conference (1933)- a hoped for (1933)- a hoped for

global attack on the global depression.global attack on the global depression.Stabilization of world currencies- a goalStabilization of world currencies- a goalFDR had begun his gold buy back & inflationary policiesFDR had begun his gold buy back & inflationary policiesFDR withdrew the US from the ConferenceFDR withdrew the US from the Conference

* Plunged world into deeper economic crisis= global trend to * Plunged world into deeper economic crisis= global trend to nationalism= solidified grip of dictators?nationalism= solidified grip of dictators?

2. 2. Tydings-McDuffie ActTydings-McDuffie Act (1934)- provided independence for (1934)- provided independence for Philippines (in 1946); US ends army bases there- allowed Philippines (in 1946); US ends army bases there- allowed to possibly have naval bases in future. to possibly have naval bases in future. US abandons a major Pacific possession = resolve of US abandons a major Pacific possession = resolve of Japanese militarists strengthened? Japanese militarists strengthened?

3. 1933--3. 1933--US Formal Recognition of the USSR-US Formal Recognition of the USSR- Hoped for a Hoped for a buffer & counterweight to Germany & Japan. buffer & counterweight to Germany & Japan.

America’s “Good Neighbor” PolicyAmerica’s “Good Neighbor” Policy Orchestrated by Sec. of State Cordell Hull & FDROrchestrated by Sec. of State Cordell Hull & FDRGreat Depression –cooled US enthusiasm for economic Great Depression –cooled US enthusiasm for economic aggressiveness in aggressiveness in Latin AmericaLatin AmericaFDR hoped to get Latin America to help defend the Western FDR hoped to get Latin America to help defend the Western Hemisphere- if neededHemisphere- if needed

1933- US adopted non-intervention policy- renounced armed 1933- US adopted non-intervention policy- renounced armed intervention & Roosevelt Corollary. intervention & Roosevelt Corollary. 1934- 1934- US Marines left Haiti-US Marines left Haiti- most of Platt Amendment ended in most of Platt Amendment ended in Cuba (US retained naval base there)Cuba (US retained naval base there)1934- Philippines have independence- not part of Latin America1934- Philippines have independence- not part of Latin America1936- US relaxed grip on Panama1936- US relaxed grip on Panama1938- Mexican government seized US oil businesses= US 1938- Mexican government seized US oil businesses= US reached a peaceful settlement in 1941 (oil co. lost most) reached a peaceful settlement in 1941 (oil co. lost most)

Reciprocal TradeReciprocal Trade AgreementsAgreements 1934 1934

Went hand in hand with the “Good Neighbor" PolicyWent hand in hand with the “Good Neighbor" Policy

orchestrated by Sec. of State Cordell Hull & FDRorchestrated by Sec. of State Cordell Hull & FDR

encouraged encouraged lowering of trade barrierslowering of trade barriers= encourage = encourage trade= globalization.trade= globalization.

negated most of Hawley-Smootnegated most of Hawley-Smoot & gave Pres. Power & gave Pres. Power to lower moreto lower more

21 nations signed on by 193921 nations signed on by 1939

SignificanceSignificance- improved relations between US & Latin - improved relations between US & Latin America= America= reversed high protective tariff policiesreversed high protective tariff policies, , paved way for free trade system to emerge after paved way for free trade system to emerge after WWII. = WWII. = FREE TRADE & GLOBALIZATIONFREE TRADE & GLOBALIZATION

Dictators Rise to PowerDictators Rise to Power

CausesCauses: Chaos after WWI, Great Depression= : Chaos after WWI, Great Depression= totalitarianism (state over self). totalitarianism (state over self).

fascismfascism- aggressive nationalism- aggressive nationalism

1.1. Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin (USSR-1926)- takes over after (USSR-1926)- takes over after Lenin’s death (1924)Lenin’s death (1924)

8-10 million people died during Stalin’s rule.8-10 million people died during Stalin’s rule.

2. 2. Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini (Italy-1922)- (Italy-1922)- • Former school master- became a sort of role model for Former school master- became a sort of role model for

Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler• Attacked Ethiopia in 1935- League of Nations did nothingAttacked Ethiopia in 1935- League of Nations did nothing• After Italy surrenders- Mussolini & wife are executed by After Italy surrenders- Mussolini & wife are executed by

ItaliansItalians

3. 3. Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler

Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler (Germany 1933 by election)- (Germany 1933 by election)- gained popularity by using humiliation of gained popularity by using humiliation of

Versailles Treaty & Depression.Versailles Treaty & Depression.

• 1933- Withdrew Germany from League of 1933- Withdrew Germany from League of Nations Nations • Rearmed GermanyRearmed Germany• 1936- Hitler & Mussolini became allies= 1936- Hitler & Mussolini became allies=

Rome-BerlinRome-Berlin AxisAxis

Militarists Arise in JapanMilitarists Arise in Japan

Emperor Hideki TojoEmperor Hideki Tojo (Japan- 1930) (Japan- 1930) assassinated; assassinated; EmperorEmperor HirohitoHirohito (1926-1989). (1926-1989).

demanded additional living space (because demanded additional living space (because Japan is an island nation)Japan is an island nation)

1934 terminated Washington Naval Treaty1934 terminated Washington Naval Treaty

Increased naval build upIncreased naval build up

1935- quit the League of Nations1935- quit the League of Nations

1940- joined Germany & Italy as allies= 1940- joined Germany & Italy as allies=

Tripartite PactTripartite Pact= = ((Axis PowersAxis Powers))

American Neutrality !! Why??American Neutrality !! Why??

Felt a sense of distance from the happenings in Felt a sense of distance from the happenings in Europe & AsiaEurope & Asia

Anger at debt defaults after WWIAnger at debt defaults after WWI

** ** The Nye Committee ReportThe Nye Committee Report (1934) (1934)

headed by Sen. Gerald Nye (ND) to investigate headed by Sen. Gerald Nye (ND) to investigate “blood business” of WWI.“blood business” of WWI.

placed primary blame of US entry into WWI on placed primary blame of US entry into WWI on munitions makers & bankers.munitions makers & bankers.

Remember- munitions makers & bankers were Remember- munitions makers & bankers were making money BEFORE U.S. entry!! making money BEFORE U.S. entry!!

** ** SignificanceSignificance- American - American ISOLATIONNISMISOLATIONNISM ; AND a ; AND a series of series of Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts were passed. were passed.

****The Neutrality ActsThe Neutrality Acts all stipulated that all stipulated that WHENWHEN the President proclaimed the the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war… existence of a foreign war…

1.1. Neutrality ActNeutrality Act (1935)- (1935)- general embargo on selling arms to general embargo on selling arms to nations at war & warned US citizens not to travel on ships nations at war & warned US citizens not to travel on ships of nations at war.of nations at war.

* passed after Italy invaded Ethiopia* passed after Italy invaded Ethiopia

2. 2. Neutrality ActNeutrality Act (1936)- (1936)- forbade loans to nations at war forbade loans to nations at war (excluded the Spanish Civil War)(excluded the Spanish Civil War)

3. 3. Neutrality ActNeutrality Act (1937)- (1937)- extended provisions of the previous extended provisions of the previous neutrality acts & forbade US ships from transporting neutrality acts & forbade US ships from transporting belligerents or articles of belligerents & forbade US citizens belligerents or articles of belligerents & forbade US citizens from traveling on ships of belligerents. from traveling on ships of belligerents.

Consequences of NeutralityConsequences of Neutrality ? ?

1.1. The Spanish Civil WarThe Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)- Gen. (1936-1939)- Gen. Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco (aided by Germany & Italy) (aided by Germany & Italy) defeated the elected government (aided by defeated the elected government (aided by USSR)= 1USSR)= 1STST Fascist Dictatorship. Fascist Dictatorship.

The elected government of Spain = no help from The elected government of Spain = no help from USUS

2.2. EthiopiaEthiopia (1935)- Mussolini takes control of African (1935)- Mussolini takes control of African nation (nation (NO AID FROM US TO ETHIOPIANO AID FROM US TO ETHIOPIA) )

3.3. AsiaAsia- (1937) Japan’s further invasion of China- - (1937) Japan’s further invasion of China- FDR refused to call it a warFDR refused to call it a war = Japanese continued = Japanese continued to buy oil, scrap metal, & other supplies. to buy oil, scrap metal, & other supplies.

**FDR’s “**FDR’s “Quarantine SpeechQuarantine Speech”- 1937”- 1937

Speech given in Chicago the UNOFFICIAL Speech given in Chicago the UNOFFICIAL “isolationist capital” of US“isolationist capital” of US

proposed proposed economic “quarantine”economic “quarantine” of aggressive of aggressive nations.nations.

UPSET & UPSET & alarmed isolationistsalarmed isolationists (fear a “moral (fear a “moral quarantine” would lead to a “shooting quarantine”) quarantine” would lead to a “shooting quarantine”)

** Dec. 1937- ** Dec. 1937- The Panay Incident-The Panay Incident- Japanese planes Japanese planes sank a US gunboat in Chinese waters (2 killed-30 sank a US gunboat in Chinese waters (2 killed-30 wounded).wounded).

* Japan apologized & paid indemnity. * Japan apologized & paid indemnity.

Hitler’s European GrabHitler’s European Grab1935- Hitler announced mandatory military service1935- Hitler announced mandatory military service1937- marched into the 1937- marched into the RhinelandRhineland 1938- 1938- “Anschluss”“Anschluss” – reunification with – reunification with AustriaAustria1938- Hitler announced claims on the 1938- Hitler announced claims on the Sudetenland Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia). (area of Czechoslovakia). * 1938- *** 1938- **Munich Conference-Munich Conference- British Prime Minster British Prime Minster Neville Chamberlain & other western democratic Neville Chamberlain & other western democratic leaders met with Hitler- gave in to his demand leaders met with Hitler- gave in to his demand ((APPEASEMENTAPPEASEMENT) for the Sudetenland (Hitler ) for the Sudetenland (Hitler promised that was all he wanted).promised that was all he wanted).March 1939- Hitler’s war machine invaded March 1939- Hitler’s war machine invaded allall of of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia. September 1939- Hitler invaded PolandSeptember 1939- Hitler invaded Poland

*The Nazi-Soviet Pact*The Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939 1939Agreement between Hitler & StalinAgreement between Hitler & Stalin Hitler’s goal-Hitler’s goal- take the USSR out of the war as a take the USSR out of the war as a threat- then focus all his efforts on defeating France threat- then focus all his efforts on defeating France & Britain.& Britain. the agreement contained the agreement contained a secret deal-a secret deal- Hitler Hitler would invade Poland & the country would be divided would invade Poland & the country would be divided by USSR & Germany. by USSR & Germany. Hitler now demanded Hitler now demanded PolandPolandSeptember 1, 1939- German military launched September 1, 1939- German military launched ““blitzkriegblitzkrieg”” into Poland= Britain & France declare into Poland= Britain & France declare war on Germany= WWII is on in Europe!war on Germany= WWII is on in Europe! WORLD WAR II STARTS IN EUROPE-WORLD WAR II STARTS IN EUROPE--US stated -US stated neutrality- most Americans hoped democracy in neutrality- most Americans hoped democracy in Europe would win! Europe would win!

**The Neutrality Act 1939**The Neutrality Act 1939

KNOWN AS KNOWN AS “CASH & CARRY”“CASH & CARRY”A change in neutralityA change in neutrality for the US for the US Britain & France –ill-prepared for war (needed US planes etc.)Britain & France –ill-prepared for war (needed US planes etc.) Previous neutrality acts prevented US helpPrevious neutrality acts prevented US helpFDR calls joint session of Congress (6 week debate)FDR calls joint session of Congress (6 week debate)

**The Neutrality Act 1939**The Neutrality Act 1939US could sell goods on a “US could sell goods on a “cash & carrycash & carry” basis” basis favored European democracies (allowed Britain & French to favored European democracies (allowed Britain & French to patrol Atlantic) patrol Atlantic) Hurt China (Japanese blockade)Hurt China (Japanese blockade)Spurred US trade= economic upswing= helps solve Spurred US trade= economic upswing= helps solve unemployment= unemployment= LEADS TO END OF GREAT DEPRESSIONLEADS TO END OF GREAT DEPRESSION

FDR given power to declare “FDR given power to declare “danger zonesdanger zones” into which US ships ” into which US ships could not go could not go

““The Phony War”The Phony War”Oct. 1939—to—April 1940Oct. 1939—to—April 1940

Britain & France waited as Hitler sent Britain & France waited as Hitler sent troops from Poland to Francetroops from Poland to France

USSR invaded FinlandUSSR invaded Finland

April 1940- Hitler invaded Denmark & April 1940- Hitler invaded Denmark & NorwayNorway

May 1940- Netherlands & Belgium May 1940- Netherlands & Belgium

NEXT- FRANCENEXT- FRANCE

The Fall of FranceThe Fall of FranceJune 1940- France surrenders to GermanyJune 1940- France surrenders to Germany** ** SHOCKS THE US INTO ACTION…SHOCKS THE US INTO ACTION…

The Miracle at DunkirkThe Miracle at DunkirkBritish & French troops were cornered in Dunkirk British & French troops were cornered in Dunkirk (part of Belgium)(part of Belgium)Hitler surrounded them- could have finished them off Hitler surrounded them- could have finished them off but… he PAUSED!but… he PAUSED!OVER 300,000 British, French, Belgian, Canadian OVER 300,000 British, French, Belgian, Canadian troops evacuated by @ 850 boats launched from troops evacuated by @ 850 boats launched from Britain. Britain.

* Launches * Launches Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill as as Prime MinisterPrime Minister of of Britain Britain

America AwakensAmerica AwakensIf Hitler conquered Britain= he would shops, If Hitler conquered Britain= he would shops, shipyards, & slave labor of western Europe.shipyards, & slave labor of western Europe.US Congress Acted:US Congress Acted:

1.1. Billion Defense BillBillion Defense Bill: $37 Billion (5 times : $37 Billion (5 times larger than any New Deal annual budget.)larger than any New Deal annual budget.)

2.2. Sept. 6, 1940- Sept. 6, 1940- Conscription (Draft) ActConscription (Draft) Act1st peace time draft in US history!1st peace time draft in US history!

3. 3. Havana ConferenceHavana Conference (1940) US & Latin (1940) US & Latin American nations agree to use Monroe American nations agree to use Monroe Doctrine to keep Hitler away from Doctrine to keep Hitler away from Caribbean. Caribbean.

The Battle of BritainThe Battle of BritainAugust 1940- Hitler launched “Operation Sea Lion”August 1940- Hitler launched “Operation Sea Lion”

Nightly air attacks on Britain to prepare for a ground Nightly air attacks on Britain to prepare for a ground invasion.invasion.

RAF defended Britain from German Luftwaffe using RAF defended Britain from German Luftwaffe using radar radar

Americans were sympathetic to BritainAmericans were sympathetic to Britain

““Fortress America” or Aid BritainFortress America” or Aid Britain

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the AlliesAllies: : advocated aid to all democracies short of waradvocated aid to all democracies short of war

America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee: : (isolationists) Charles (isolationists) Charles Lindberg greatest orator.Lindberg greatest orator.

FDR & Destroyers for BasesFDR & Destroyers for BasesBy Sept. 1940- Britain was low on By Sept. 1940- Britain was low on destroyers= threat of starvation by Germany.destroyers= threat of starvation by Germany.

Destroyer for Bases DealDestroyer for Bases Deal (Sept. 1940)- (Sept. 1940)- FDR transfers to Britain 50 old US destroyers FDR transfers to Britain 50 old US destroyers & Britain gave the US 8 defensive base sites & Britain gave the US 8 defensive base sites from Newfoundland to South America.from Newfoundland to South America.

FDR bypassed Congress (presidential FDR bypassed Congress (presidential agreement used)agreement used)

Criticized by America First isolationists & Criticized by America First isolationists & some Republicans some Republicans

Election of 1940Election of 1940Republicans nominated Wendell WillkieRepublicans nominated Wendell Willkie

Former democrat, novice in politics, honestFormer democrat, novice in politics, honest

Republican Platform: condemned FDR’s Republican Platform: condemned FDR’s dictatorship, costly New Dealdictatorship, costly New Deal

FDR announced a break with the 2 term FDR announced a break with the 2 term tradition.tradition.

Democrats met in Chicago & nominated FDRDemocrats met in Chicago & nominated FDR

* both promised to stay out of the war & * both promised to stay out of the war & strengthen US defenses. strengthen US defenses.

FDR reelected to a 3FDR reelected to a 3rdrd term term

**The Lend Lease Act**The Lend Lease ActLate 1940- Britain was running out of money.Late 1940- Britain was running out of money.Bill #1776Bill #1776US would lend or lease US arms to allies (taken US would lend or lease US arms to allies (taken over in allied ships) & when the war ended any over in allied ships) & when the war ended any unused materials would be returned to the US. unused materials would be returned to the US. Like a neighbor who loans a water hose to a Like a neighbor who loans a water hose to a neighbor neighbor Passed by both houses of CongressPassed by both houses of Congress$50 Billion worth of equipment & arms sent by $50 Billion worth of equipment & arms sent by 1945= economic declaration of war by the US.1945= economic declaration of war by the US.Ended any pretense of neutrality by USEnded any pretense of neutrality by USStarted US war factoriesStarted US war factoriesGermany sank Germany sank the Robin Moorthe Robin Moor (US merchant (US merchant ship in May 21, 1941) ship in May 21, 1941)

The Assault on the USSRThe Assault on the USSRJune 1941- one year after the fall of FranceJune 1941- one year after the fall of France1939 Soviet-Nazi Pact- UNEASY- Soviets 1939 Soviet-Nazi Pact- UNEASY- Soviets disagreed with Germany control of Balkansdisagreed with Germany control of BalkansHitler decided to invade USSR & take oil Hitler decided to invade USSR & take oil supplies then focus on destruction of supplies then focus on destruction of Britain. Britain. Good news for democracy- let them kill Good news for democracy- let them kill each other.each other.FDR gave military supplies to USSR, FDR gave military supplies to USSR, extended $1 Billion in lend-lease ($11 extended $1 Billion in lend-lease ($11 Billion total) Billion total)

*The Atlantic Charter (1941)*The Atlantic Charter (1941)

Secret meeting of FDR & Churchill off coast Secret meeting of FDR & Churchill off coast of Newfoundlandof Newfoundland

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter

Called for a “14 Points like” post-war worldCalled for a “14 Points like” post-war world

Opposed annexations, promoted- Self Opposed annexations, promoted- Self determination, disarmament.determination, disarmament.

* called for a new league of nations (later * called for a new league of nations (later the UN)the UN)

Stalin agreed one year later also Stalin agreed one year later also

The US convoy systemThe US convoy systemJuly 1941- FDR used commander in chief powers July 1941- FDR used commander in chief powers to have navy escort lend-lease supplies as far as to have navy escort lend-lease supplies as far as Iceland.Iceland.

Sept. 1941- US Sept. 1941- US GreerGreer attacked without damage attacked without damage

FDR declared FDR declared “shoot on sight”“shoot on sight” policy policy

Oct. 7- US Oct. 7- US KearneyKearney attacked & lost 11 men attacked & lost 11 men

Oct – US Oct – US Reuben JamesReuben James torpedoed & sunk off SW torpedoed & sunk off SW Iceland (100 officers & enlisted dead)Iceland (100 officers & enlisted dead)

Nov. 1941- US Merchant ship could be armed & Nov. 1941- US Merchant ship could be armed & enter combat zones with supplies for Britain.enter combat zones with supplies for Britain.

JapanJapanSept. 1940- Japan and Germany were formal military allies.Sept. 1940- Japan and Germany were formal military allies.Japan still at war with China (stalemate)Japan still at war with China (stalemate)Japan dependent on resources (oil, steel, scrap iron, Japan dependent on resources (oil, steel, scrap iron, aviation gas) from the U.S.aviation gas) from the U.S.Late 1940- U.S. imposed an embargo on supplies bound for Late 1940- U.S. imposed an embargo on supplies bound for Japan.Japan.FDR froze Japanese assets $$ in the US, gas shipments, & FDR froze Japanese assets $$ in the US, gas shipments, & other supplies of war.other supplies of war.Nov. & early Dec. 1941- U.S. & Japanese officials Nov. & early Dec. 1941- U.S. & Japanese officials negotiated= “GET OUT OF CHINA” & limited trade will negotiated= “GET OUT OF CHINA” & limited trade will resumeresumeU.S. Code breakers knew the Japanese decision was for U.S. Code breakers knew the Japanese decision was for war– U.S. cannot shoot firstwar– U.S. cannot shoot firstFDR expected a blow at British Malaya or Philippines FDR expected a blow at British Malaya or Philippines

The attack on Pearl HarborThe attack on Pearl Harbor

**Dec. 7 1941**Dec. 7 19413,000 U.S. casualties- 8 U.S. SHIPS DESTROYED or 3,000 U.S. casualties- 8 U.S. SHIPS DESTROYED or immobilized, MANY U.S. Planes destroyed- 3 U.S. immobilized, MANY U.S. Planes destroyed- 3 U.S. aircraft carriers outside Pearl saved.aircraft carriers outside Pearl saved.Dec. 8- Congress declared war on JapanDec. 8- Congress declared war on JapanDec. 11- Germany, Japan, Italy declared war on the U.S.Dec. 11- Germany, Japan, Italy declared war on the U.S.Significance- U.S. Pacific fleet destroyed or immobilized, Significance- U.S. Pacific fleet destroyed or immobilized, U.S. citizens angeredU.S. citizens angeredAmerican isolationists silenced American isolationists silenced AMERICA IS AT WAR!!AMERICA IS AT WAR!!